biology - fly lab results

Chung 1

Lani Chung

Mr. Nakamura

Biology Period 2B

13 May 2012

Data Collection and Processing: Fly Lab

Raw Data:

Cross Type of Fly Number of Flies

Curved Wing Cross #1 Male Wild 608

Curved Wing Cross #1 Male Curved 0

Curved Wing Cross #1 Female Wild 599

Curved Wing Cross #1 Female Curved 0

Curved Wing Cross #2 Male Wild 457

Curved Wing Cross #2 Male Curved 151

Curved Wing Cross #2 Female Wild 426

Curved Wing Cross #2 Female Curved 145

Apterous Wing Cross #1 Male Wild 593

Apterous Wing Cross #1 Male Apterous 0

Apterous Wing Cross #1 Female Wild 609

Apterous Wing Cross #1 Female Apterous 0

Apterous Wing Cross #2 Male Wild 438

Apterous Wing Cross #2 Male Apterous 139

Apterous Wing Cross #2 Female Wild 462

Apterous Wing Cross #2 Female Apterous 158

Singed Bristles Cross #1 Male Wild 590

Singed Bristles Cross #1 Male Singed 0

Singed Bristles Cross #1 Female Wild 620

Singed Bristles Cross #1 Female Singed 0

Singed Bristles Cross #2 Male Wild 289

Singed Bristles Cross #2 Male Singed 300

Singed Bristles Cross #2 Female Wild 601

Singed Bristles Cross #2 Female Singed 0

Chung 2

Stubble Bristles Cross #1 Male Wild 294

Stubble Bristles Cross #1 Male Stubble 296

Stubble Bristles Cross #1 Female Wild 297

Stubble Bristles Cross #1 Female Stubble 319

Stubble Bristles Cross #2 Male Wild 615

Stubble Bristles Cross #2 Male Stubble 0

Stubble Bristles Cross #2 Female Wild 599

Stubble Bristles Cross #2 Female Stubble 0

Dumpy Wings Cross #1 Male Wild 612

Dumpy Wings Cross #1 Male Dumpy 0

Dumpy Wings Cross #1 Female Wild 609

Dumpy Wings Cross #1 Female Dumpy 0

Dumpy Wings Cross #2 Male Wild 437

Dumpy Wings Cross #2 Male Dumpy 152

Dumpy Wings Cross #2 Female Wild 448

Dumpy Wings Cross #2 Female Dumpy 159

Vestigial Wings Cross #1 Male Wild 599

Vestigial Wings Cross #1 Male Vestigial 0

Vestigial Wings Cross #1 Female Wild 594

Vestigial Wings Cross #1 Female Vestigial 0

Vestigial Wings Cross #2 Male Wild 436

Vestigial Wings Cross #2 Male Vestigial 173

Vestigial Wings Cross #2 Female Wild 436

Vestigial Wings Cross #2 Female Vestigial 151

Scalloped Wings Cross #1 Male Wild 614

Scalloped Wings Cross #1 Male Scalloped 0

Scalloped Wings Cross #1 Female Wild 629

Scalloped Wings Cross #1 Female Scalloped 0

Scalloped Wings Cross #2 Male Wild 302

Scalloped Wings Cross #2 Male Scalloped 275

Scalloped Wings Cross #2 Female Wild 611

Chung 3

Scalloped Wings Cross #2 Female Scalloped 0

Star Eyes Cross #1 Male Wild 297

Star Eyes Cross #1 Male Star 312

Star Eyes Cross #1 Female Wild 314

Star Eyes Cross #1 Female Star 272

Star Eyes Cross #2 Male Wild 579

Star Eyes Cross #2 Male Star 0

Star Eyes Cross #2 Female Wild 589

Star Eyes Cross #2 Female Star 0

Data Processing and Analysis:

1. Curved Wing Cross #1: Female Wild Type and Male Curved Wings:

Punnett Squares:

Dominant Trait: *A=Curved; a=Wild

A A

A Aa Aa

A Aa Aa

Ratio – 4 Curved : 0 Wild

Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Curved

a a

A Aa Aa

A Aa Aa

Ratio – 4 Wild : 0 Curved

Chi Square Test:

Fly Observation Expected Obs-Exp (Obs-Exp)2 (Obs−exp)2exp

Male Wild 608 603.5 4.5 20.25 0.034

Male Curved 0 0 0 0 0

Female Wild 599 603.5 -4.5 20.25 0.034

Female Curved 0 0 0 0 0

X2 Total: 0.067

Chung 4

P-Value: 95%

Curved Wing Cross #2: Female Heterozygous Wild Type and Male Heterozygous Wild Type

Punnett Squares:


A a

A AA Aa

A Aa aa


Chi Square Test:


Male Wild 457 442.125 14. 875 221.266 0.500

Male Curved 151 147.375 3.625 13.141 0.089

Female Wild 426 442.125 -16.125 260.016 0.588

Female Curved 145 147.375 -2.375 5.641 0.038

X2 Total: 1.216

P-Value: 80%

Conclusion:

According to the data that was collected, the trait for curved wings is a recessive trait since in the

first cross there were zero flies that showed the curved wing trait. And when the chi-square was

done for the first cross with the expected result showing a recessive relationship for the curved

wing trait, the p-value was calculated as 95%. This indicates that the hypothesis can be accepted.

Then in the second cross when two heterozygous wild type flies were crossed, a ratio of 3 Wild

Type to 1 Curved was found which correlated very closely with the observed data. And when the

chi-square was done for the second cross, the p-value was calculated as 80%, indicating that the

hypothesis could be accepted.

Chung 5

2. Apterous Wing Cross #1: Female Wild Type and Male Apterous Wings:

Punnett Squares:

Dominant Trait: *A=Apterous; a=Wild

A A

A Aa Aa

A Aa Aa

Ratio – 4 Apterous : 0 Wild

Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Apterous

a a

A Aa Aa

A Aa Aa

Ratio – 4 Wild : 0 Apterous

Chi Square Test:


Male Wild 593 601 -8 64 0.106

Male Apterous 0 0 0 0 0

Female Wild 609 601 8 64 0.106

Female Apterous 0 0 0 0 0

X2 Total: 0.213

P-Value: 95%

Apterous Wing Cross #2: Female Heterozygous Wild Type and Male Heterozygous Wild Type

Punnett Squares:


A a

A AA Aa

A Aa aa


Chi Square Test:


Chung 6

Male Wild 438 448.875 -10.875 118.266 0.263

Male Apterous 139 149.625 -10.625 112.891 0.754

Female Wild 462 448.875 13.125 172.266 0.384

Female Apterous 158 149.625 8.375 70.141 0.469

X2 Total: 1.87

P-Value: 70%

Conclusion:

According to the data that was collected, the trait for apterous wings is a recessive trait as the

first cross showed that no flies exhibited apterous wings. And when the chi-square was done for

the first cross with the expected result showing a recessive relationship for the apterous wing

trait, the p-value was calculated as 95%. This indicates that the hypothesis can be accepted. Then

in the second cross when two heterozygous wild type flies were crossed, a ratio of 3 Wild Type

to 1 Apterous was found which correlated very closely with the observed data. And when the

chi-square was done for the second cross, the p-value was calculated as 70%, indicating that the

hypothesis could be accepted.

3. Singed Bristles Cross #1: Female Wild Type and Male Singed Antennae

Punnett Squares:

Dominant Trait: *A=Singed; a=Wild

A A

A Aa Aa

A Aa Aa

Ratio – 4 Singed : 0 Wild

Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Singed

a a

A Aa Aa

A Aa Aa

Ratio – 4 Wild : 0 Singed

Chi Square Test:


Chung 7

Male Wild 590 605 -15 225 0.372

Male Singed 0 0 0 0 0

Female Wild 620 605 15 225 0.372

Female Singed 0 0 0 0 0

X2 Total: 0.744

P-Value: 80%

Singed Bristles Cross #2: Female Heterozygous Wild Type and Male Heterozygous Wild Type

Punnett Squares:

Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Singed

A a

A AA Aa

A Aa aa

Ratio – 3 Wild : 1 Singed

Recessive Sex-Linked Trait: *XN=Wild; Xn=Singed

XN Y

XN XNXN XNY

Xn XNXn XnY

Ratio – 2 Female Wild : 1 Male Wild : 1Male Singed

Chi Square Test:


Male Wild 289 297.5 -8.5 72.25 0.243

Male Singed 300 297.5 2.5 6.25 0.021

Female Wild 601 595 6 36 0.121

Female Singed 0 0 0 0 0

X2 Total: 0.385

P-Value: 95%

Conclusion:

According to the data that was collected, singed bristles is a recessive sex-linked trait. The trait

was proven to be recessive because in the first cross, there were no flies that exhibited the singed

bristles trait. And upon conducting the chi-square analysis for the first cross with the expected

Chung 8

values corresponding to a recessive pattern of inheritance, the p-value was shown to be 80%

which means the hypothesis can be accepted. Then in the second cross, the results revealed that

only female singed flies were not existent, meaning that the trait could be sex-linked. So upon

crossing two wild flies with the female fly being heterozygous, the expected ratio and results

were very similar to the observed results. Then after conducting the chi-square analysis, the p-

value was an acceptable 95% which indicates the trait is sex-linked recessive.

4. Stubble Bristles Cross #1: Female Wild and Male Stubble Bristles:

Punnett Squares:

Dominant Trait: *A=Stubble; a=Wild

A A

A Aa Aa

A Aa Aa

Ratio – 4 Stubble : 0 Wild

Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Stubble

a a

A Aa Aa

A Aa Aa

Ratio – 4 Wild : 0 Stubble

Lethal Dominant Trait: *A=Stubble; a=Wild

A a

A Aa aa

A Aa aa


Chi Square Test:


Male Wild 294 301.5 -7.5 56.25 0.187

Male Stubble 296 301.5 -5.5 30.25 0.100

Female Wild 297 301.5 -4.5 20.25 0.067

Female Stubble 319 301.5 17.5 306.25 1.016

X2 Total: 1.37

Chung 9

P-Value: 70%

Stubble Bristles Cross #2: Female Wild Type and Male Wild Type:

Punnett Squares:

Dominant Trait: *A=Stubble; a=Wild

a a

A aa aa

A aa aa


Chi Square Test:


Male Wild 615 607 8 64 0.105

Male Stubble 0 0 0 0 0

Female Wild 599 607 -8 64 0.105

Female Stubble 0 0 0 0 0

X2 Total: 0.21

P-Value: 95%

Conclusion:

Based on the collected data, stubble bristles seems to be a lethal dominant trait. This is because

in the first cross, the ratio of the observed data seemed to be 1 Stubble : 1 Wild. However, the

only way for this to happen is if the trait for stubble bristles is heterozygous. And according to

fly lab rules, a breeding fly with a lethal dominant trait will automatically be heterozygous

instead of the usual homozygous. To confirm the hypothesis that the trait is lethal dominant, the

data was run through the chi-square analysis and the p-value was calculated to be 70% which is

considered acceptable. Then in the second cross, two wild type flies were crossed in order to see

if the wild type was truly recessive. The results of the cross corresponded to the hypothesis that

Chung 10

was formulated as only wild flies were generated and the p-value calculated was 95%,

confirming that the original hypothesis that stubble bristles is a lethal dominant trait is accurate.

5. Dumpy Wings Cross #1: Female Wild Type and Male Dumpy Wings:

Punnett Squares:

Dominant Trait: *A=Dumpy; a=Wild

A A

A Aa Aa

A Aa Aa

Ratio – 4 Dumpy : 0 Wild

Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Dumpy

a a

A Aa Aa

A Aa Aa

Ratio – 4 Wild : 0 Dumpy

Chi Square Test:


Male Wild 612 609.5 2.5 6.25 0.010

Male Dumpy 0 0 0 0 0

Female Wild 609 609.5 -0.5 0.25 0.0004

Female Dumpy 0 0 0 0 0

X2 Total: 0.010

P-Value: 95%

Dumpy Wings Cross #2: Female Heterozygous Wild Type and Male Heterozygous Wild Type

Punnett Squares:

Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Dumpy

A a

Chung 11

A AA Aa

A Aa aa

Ratio – 3 Wild : 1 Dumpy

Chi Square Test:


Male Wild 437 448.5 -11.5 132.25 0.295

Male Dumpy 152 149.5 2.5 6.25 0.042

Female Wild 448 448.5 -0.5 0.25 0.0006

Female Dumpy 159 149.5 9.5 90.25 0.604

X2 Total: 0.941

P-Value: 80%

Conclusion:

According to the collected data, dumpy wings is a recessive trait. This was concluded because in

the first cross, all the fly offspring were wild while none were dumpy winged. And upon

conducting the chi-square analysis with the expected results corresponding to a recessive

inheritance pattern, the resulting p-value was 95%. This means that the hypothesis is legitimate

and that the null hypothesis can be accepted. Then in the second cross, the two wild flies that

were mated produced offspring with a 3 Wild : 1 Dumpy ratio which is very similar to that of the

observed results. The chi-square results of the second cross also turned out to be 80% which is

acceptable and thus proves that dumpy wings is indeed a recessive trait.

6. Vestigial Wings Cross #1: Female Wild and Male Vestigial Wings:

Punnett Squares:

Dominant Trait: *A=Vestigial; a=Wild

A A

A Aa Aa

Chung 12

A Aa Aa

Ratio – 4 Vestigial : 0 Wild

Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Vestigial

a a

A Aa Aa

A Aa Aa

Ratio – 4 Wild : 0 Vestigial

Chi Square Test:


Male Wild 599 596.5 2.5 6.25 0.010

Male Vestigial 0 0 0 0 0

Female Wild 594 596.5 -2.5 6.25 0.010

Female Vestigial 0 0 0 0 0

X2 Total: 0.021

P-Value: 95%

Vestigial Wings Cross #2: Female Heterozygous Wild Type and Male Heterozygous Wild Type:

Punnett Squares:

Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Vestigial

A a

A AA Aa

A Aa aa

Ratio – 3 Wild : 1 Vestigial

Chi Square Test:


Male Wild 436 448.5 -12.5 156.25 1.231

Chung 13

Male Vestigial 173 149.5 23.5 552.25 3.694

Female Wild 436 448.5 -12.5 156.25 1.231

Female Vestigial 151 149.5 1.5 2.25 0.015

X2 Total: 6.171

P-Value: 10%

Conclusion:

Based on the gathered data, vestigial wings is a recessive trait. This was concluded based on the

fact that there were only wild flies born in the first cross. And upon conducting the chi-square

analysis with the expected results corresponding to a recessive inheritance pattern, the resulting

p-value was 95%. This means that the hypothesis is legitimate and that the null hypothesis can be

accepted. Then in the second cross, the two wild flies that were mated produced offspring with a

3 Wild : 1 Vestigial ratio which is very similar to that of the observed results. The chi-square

results of the second cross also turned out to be 10% which is a bit low but still acceptable, thus

proving that vestigial wings is a recessive trait.

7. Scalloped Wings Cross #1: Female Wild Type and Male Scalloped Wings:

Punnett Squares:

Dominant Trait: *A=Scalloped; a=Wild

A A

A Aa Aa

A Aa Aa

Ratio – 4 Scalloped : 0 Wild

Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Scalloped

a a

A Aa Aa

A Aa Aa

Ratio – 4 Wild : 0 Scalloped

Chi Square Test:


Chung 14

Male Wild 614 621.5 -7.5 56.25 0.091

Male Scalloped 0 0 0 0 0

Female Wild 629 621.5 7.5 56.25 0.091

Female Scalloped 0 0 0 0 0

X2 Total: 0.181

P-Value: 95%

Scalloped Wings Cross #2: Female Heterozygous Wild Type and Male Heterozygous Wild Type:

Punnett Squares:

Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Scalloped

A a

A AA Aa

A Aa aa

Ratio – 3 Wild : 1 Scalloped

Recessive Sex-Linked Trait: *XN=Wild; Xn=Scalloped

XN Y

XN XNXN XNY

Xn XNXn XnY

Ratio – 2 Female Wild : 1 Male Wild : 1Male Scalloped

Chi Square Test:


Male Wild 302 297 5 25 0.084

Male Scalloped 275 297 -22 484 1.630

Female Wild 611 594 17 289 0.487

Female Scalloped 0 0 0 0 0

X2 Total: 2.201

P-Value: 50%

Conclusion:

According to the data that was collected, having scalloped wings is a recessive sex-linked trait.

The trait was proven to be recessive because in the first cross, there were no flies that had

scalloped wings. And upon conducting the chi-square analysis for the first cross with the

Chung 15

expected values corresponding to a recessive pattern of inheritance, the p-value was shown to be

95% which means the hypothesis can be accepted. Then in the second cross, the results revealed

that only female scalloped flies were not existent, meaning that the trait could be sex-linked. So

upon crossing two wild flies with the female fly being heterozygous, the expected ratio and

results were very similar to the observed results. Then after conducting the chi-square analysis,

the p-value was an acceptable 50% which indicates the trait is sex-linked recessive.

8. Star Eyes Cross #1: Female Wild and Male Star Eyes

Punnett Squares:

Dominant Trait: *A=Star; a=Wild

A A

A Aa Aa

A Aa Aa

Ratio – 4 Star : 0 Wild

Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Star

a a

A Aa Aa

A Aa Aa

Ratio – 4 Wild : 0 Star

Lethal Dominant Trait: *A=Star Eyes; a=Wild

A a

A Aa aa

A Aa aa

Ratio – 2 Wild : 2 Star

Chi Square Test:


Male Wild 297 298.75 -1.75 3.063 0.010

Male Star 312 298.75 13.25 175.563 0.588

Female Wild 314 298.75 15.75 248.063 0.830

Female Star 272 298.75 -26.75 715.563 2.395

X2 Total: 3.823

Chung 16

P-Value: 30%

Star Eyes Cross #2: Female Star Eyes and Male Star Eyes:

Punnett Squares:

Dominant Trait: *A=Star; a=Wild

A a

A AA Aa

A Aa aa

Ratio – 3 Star : 1 Wild

Chi Square Test:


Male Wild 579 584 -5 25 0.043

Male Star 0 0 0 0 0

Female Wild 589 584 5 25 0.043

Female Star 0 0 0 0 0

X2 Total: 0.086

P-Value: 95%

Conclusion:

Based on the collected data, star eyes seem to be a lethal dominant trait. This is because in the

first cross, the ratio of the observed data seemed to be 1 Star : 1 Wild. However, the only way for

this to happen is if the trait for star eyes is heterozygous. And according to fly lab rules, a

breeding fly with a lethal dominant trait will automatically be heterozygous instead of the usual

homozygous. To confirm the hypothesis that the trait is lethal dominant, the data was run

through the chi-square analysis and the p-value was calculated to be 30% which is considered

acceptable. Then in the second cross, two wild type flies were crossed in order to see if the wild

type was truly recessive. The results of the cross corresponded to the hypothesis that was

formulated as only wild flies were generated and the p-value calculated was 95%, confirming

that the original hypothesis that star eyes is a lethal dominant trait is accurate.

biology - fly lab results

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