Nat Sci 1

Biological Science

Topic Outline Grading system

House Rules Topic lessons

- Introduction

- The Living Kingdoms

- The Chemistry of Life

- Cell Structure and Function

- Skeletal System

Grading System Class standing 2/3 Examination 1/3(% /3)

Requirements for Class Standing Quizzes 40% Assignments 20% Seat work/ OR 30% Attendance 10%

( 100% x 2)/3=CS Grade

1/3 of the exam +CS = your Grade

House Rules During exam no cheating. When caught

cheating automatic zero(40 grade). Submit assignments on time, late submission

will not be accepted. In case when you are absent let your classmate submit your assignment.

In case when you are absent, inform your teacher or submit a letter when you back to class.

Comply all the requirements to avoid to get a low grade or failed grade.

House Rules When you copy an assignment make sure you

understand the content because when the teacher asked, you are able to answer the question.

The grade you receive would depend on the scores that you give to your teacher. Your teacher will just compute and gave you the total.

Before the exam make sure you have reviewed all the topics discussed. Sometimes the contents exam were already taken during your quizzes.

What is Biology?

BIOLOGY – is the study of living organism which includes:

- structural function

- origin

- evolution classification, interrelationships

- ecology

Fields of Biology

2 Major Divisions

1. Botany – the scientific study of plants

2. Zoology – deals with the study of all aspects of animal life.

Branches of Zoology

1. Anatomy -the study of body parts and their location

2. Ecology- study of interrelationships of organisms in the habitat.

3. Embryology -it is the study of the formation and development of an individual from gametes to an organism

Branches of Zoology

4. Evolution – the study of change undergone by species through the ages.

5. Genetics – the study of genes, heredity and variation.

6. Morphology – study on form and structure of organism

7. Cytology – study of cells

8. Histology – study of tissues.

Branches of Zoology

9. Gross Anatomy – it is a study of microscopic structure of tissues and organs. (mix anatomy and histology)

10. Paleozoology – the study of animal fossils

11. Physiology – the study of how body parts function and how they work.

Other specialized sciences

A. Taxonomy – naming, describing, classifying living organism.

Some variations:

a.1. Apiculture – study of bees

a.2. Anthropology – study of man

a.3. Carcinology – study of crabs

a.4. Conchology – study of shells

Assignment #1

Identify the specialized discipline. Write your answer on a ½ sheet of paper:

1. Helminthology- study of worms2. Entomology - study of insects3. Herpetology - study of reptiles and amphibians4. Ichthyology - study of fishes5. Lchenology - study of lichens6. Malacology - study of soft-bodied animals

cont.......7. Mycology - study of fungi8. Ornithology - study of birds9. Parasitology - study of parasites10. Phycology - study of algae11. Protozoology - study of one-celled

organism12. Virology - study of virus13. Microbiology - study of microorganisms14. Mammalogy - study of mammals15. Helmithology - study of worms

Other Sciences linked to Biology

1. Astronomy

2. chemistry

3. Geology

4. mathematics

5. Physics

What is Science?

Science is an objective, logical and repeatable attempt to understand the principles and forces operating the natural universe.

Derived from Latin verb “scientia” which means “to know”

Process of Science

Scientific Method – way of gaining information about the world by forming possible solutions to questions followed by rigorous testing to determine if the proposed solutions are valid.

Ideal Steps to scientific process.

1. observation – defining the problem

2. Question Formulation – asking about your observation

3. Exploration of Alternative Resources-

gathering more information about the observation.

4. Hypothesis Formation - one or more falsifiable explanation for the observation.

cont....

5. Experimentation

experiment is a re-creation of an event or occurrence in a way that enables a scientist to support or disprove a hypothesis.

6. Theory formation

- is a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested with little modifications

7. Law Fomation/ Generalizations

- the observed regularities in the study

theory:

= systematic sets of concepts that relate data, explain the concept of the study and serve to guide the future research

Assignment # 2

What are the limitations of Science?

Limitations of Science

1. The type of questions can be answered

2. The time it may to find and answer

3. The lack of absolute certainty in the answer.

4. The inability to make moral or value judgements.

How do we start to study in biology ?

To start with biology we deal in by component parts (units) because life was placed in hierarchy of organization with the smallest and simplest units at the bottom and the largest and most complex at the top.

1. atoms

The smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist alone or in combination.

2. Molecules

A small unit of matter

3. Cell

The fundmental unit of living things.

3. Tissue

A group of cells with similar function.

For ex. Areolar tissue (the shown fig.)

6. Organ

A group of tissues with overall function

for example: heart

7. Organ System

A group of cell, tissues and organs that perform a specific major function

8. Individual/ Complex Organism

The total interaction of the organ systems

9. PopulationGroup of similar

individual who tend to mate with each other in a limited georgraphic area

10. Species

Group of similar individuals who tend to mate and produce viable, fertile offsprings.

Pithecophaga jefferyi

11. Community

the relationships of smaller groups of organisms with each other and their environment.

12. EcosystemThe relationship of smaller groups of

organisms with each other and their environment

13. Biosphere

Emergent Properties of Life

1. Organization

2. Energy acquisition and Release

3. Reproduction and Heredity

4. Growth and Development

5. Homeostasis

6. Adaptation

7. Detection and Response to Stimuli

8. Interactions

The distinguishing properties that are unique to living things.

The Living Kingdoms

Kingdoms are divisions of living nature categorizing living thins to express their line or phylogeny

When these kingdoms of life established?

In the beginning.......

There are two (2) kingdoms

established by C____ L ____ (1778)

- he pioneered the biological nomenclature.

Life

Regnum Animale (Animal Kingdom)

Regnum Vegetabile (Plant kingdom)

In 1674, Antonie Van LeeuwenhoekThe “father of microscopy”

Invented the simple microscope and observed the single celled organisms.

......1866... Richard Owen, John Hogg and

Ernst Haeckel proposed the 3rd kingdom

Life

Kingom protista

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Plantae

1938.....Herbert CopelandProposed the fourth kingdom, after the invention

of the electron microscope.

Life

Life

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Monera (bacteria, Blue-green algae

Eukaryotic

Prokaryotes

Kingdom Animalia

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Monera (bacteria, Blue-green algae)

1960 – as proposed by Edouard Chatton

1970 onwards...- increasing emphasis on molecular level

comparisons of genes.

Carl Woese divided the prokaryotes (Kingdom Monera) into two groups, called Eubacteria and Archaebacteria, stressing that there was as much genetic difference between these two groups as between either of them and all eukaryotes.

6 kingdoms

The six-kingdom system is still recognizably an expansion of the original two-kingdom system: Animalia remains; the original category of plants has been split into Plantae and Fungi; and single-celled organisms have been introduced and split into Bacteria, Archaea and Protista.

In 2004, a review article by Simpson and Roger noted that the Protista were "a grab-bag for all eukaryotes that are not animals, plants or fungi". They argued that only monophyletic groups – an ancestor and all of its descendents – should be accepted as formal ranks in a classification.

As of April 2010, there appears to be a consensus that the six supergroup model does not reflect the true phylogeny of the eukaryotes, although there is no agreement as to the model which should replace it

Summary

First Quiz20 minutes

Chemistry Of Life

Most of the activities of the cell involves changes.

The cell is the smallest structural unit of an organism that has all the attributes of life.

cell organelles which are composed of big molecules from different compounds

these organic compounds are:

1. carbohydrates 4. vitamins

2. proteins 5. Lipids

3. Nucleic Acid

Carbohydrates (energy source)

Three main types

a. Monosaccharide

glucose – the blood sugar

b. Disaccharide

sucrose – from sugar cane

lactose – from milk

maltose - from malt

c. Polysaccharide – starch and cellulose (plant)

Proteins

- Building blocks

- Regulates chemical activities

Lipids

Are heterogeneous group that have a greasy characteristics and insoluble to water.

a. fats

b. phospholipids

c. Steroids

Phospholipids

Steroids

Responsible for growth and development

example:

estrogen - female hormone

testosterone - male hormone

GH - responsible for growth

Vitamins

Another organic component that also responsible for development and growth.

1. Vitamin A – formed in the liver from carotenoid pigments found in green leafy vegetables.

2. Vitamin D – has two forms

Vitamin D-2 and Vit D- 3

= both to prevent the disease rickets

= source is the sun and cod liver oil

Vit D is required for normal growth and absorption of calcium and Phosphorus by the intestine.

Vit E known as tocopherol needed for normal growth and development.

Vit K – for anti-hemorrhagic and necessary in prothrombin synthesis

Vitamin B complex - necessary for metabolism

Vitamin C- ascorbic acid

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids – complex high-molecular

weight macromolecules composed of nucleotide

- it is a constituents of genes and viuses.

A. DNA

B. RNA

Inorganic ComponentsThese include minerals and water.

1. Sulfur – component of proteins.

2. Phosphorus – for maintenance of bone and teeth, nerves and muscle activity. Controls blood clotting and cell permeability

3. Potassium – cell conduction

4. Chlorine – important in fluid balance

5. Magnesium – component and activator of many coenzymes

6. Iron – component of hemoglobin pigment and some enzymes

7. Iodine – Essential for the synthesis of thyroxin in the thyroid gland.

8. Calcium – present in teeth and cell wall needed in muscular contraction and blood clotting.

Cell Structure and Function

Three division of the cell1. cell membrane

2. cytoplasm

3. Nucleus

Two cell domain:

1. Eukaryotic cell 2. Prokaryotic cell

Assignment #3

Make a table to differentiate the prokaryotic cell from the

eukaryotic cell

Skeletal System

Function:

1. To support and give shape to the body.

2. To protect the vital organs and tissues of the body.

3. To aid in movement by giving muscles something firm to work against.

4. Site of hematopoisis

5. Storage of minerals and fats.

Types of Skeletal System

1. hydrostatic skeleton

2. endoskeleton

3. exoskeleton

ComponentsA. Cartilage

- it is a translucent elastic connective tissue.

- made up of cells called chondrocytes.

B. Bone

- are hard largely calcareous tissues most of the skeleton of a vertebral animal.

- are mineralized connective tissues.

Types of Bone Tissue

1. Compact Bone – closely pact osteons or haversian systems.

2. Spongy Bone – it consist of plates (trabeculae) that looks like a honeycomb network of rigid bars.

Bone Formation• Intramembranous Ossification – involves

replacement of sheet-like tissue membranes with bony tissue.

• Endochondral Ossification – It involves the conversion of cartilage into bone

ASSIGNMENT #4

DRAW THE TWO PROCESSES OF BONE FORMATION IN A SHORT

BOND PAPER

Skeletal organization

a skeleton has 206 bones

(number may vary per

person).The skleton is

divided into the axial and

appendicular skeletons.

Axial skeleton

a1-1: Cranium: 8 bones

                        1 Frontal bone

                        2 Parietal bones

                        1 Occipital bone

                        2 Temporal bones

                        1 sphenoid

                        1 Ethmoid

  a1-2: Face: 14 bones

      2 maxillary bones

      2 Palatine bones

      2 Zygomatic bones

      2 Lacrimal bones

      2 Nasal bones

      1 Vomer

      2 Inferior nasal conchae

      1 Mandible

a2- Hyoid bone: thin bone located in the upper throat, supporting the tongue.

 

a3- Vertebral column

a3-1 Cervical vertebrae

        a3-2 Thoracic

vertebrae

        a3-3 Lumbar

vertebrae

        a3-4 Sacral

vertebrae

        a3-5 Coccygeal

vertebrae

a5- Sternum

b- Appendicular skeleton

b1- Upper limb        b1-1: Pectoral girdle:                        Clavicle                        Scapula        b1-2 Upper arm: Humerus        b1-3 Lower arm: Ulna                                    Radius        b1-4 Wrist: 8 Carpal bones        b1-5 Hand: 5 Metacarpal bones                           Phalanges

b2- Lower limb

        b2-1 Pelvic girdle: Coxal bones

        b2-2 Upper leg: Femur

        b2-3 Lower leg: Tibia

                                    Fibula

        b2-4 Ankle: 7 tarsal bones

        b2-5 Foot: 5 Metatarsal bones and phalanges

5-5. Joints

Connect bone to bone.  Can be non movable, slightly movable or fully movable.

Classified as fibrous, cartilaginous or synovial joints.

- Fibrous joints: Bones are connected with collagen fibers. Ex: cranium bones (non movable)

- Cartilagenous joints: cartilage between the bones. Ex: ribs to sternum (non movable)

- Synovial joints: full mobility possible

5-6. Diseases and disorders of the skeletal system

- Sprains:  Stretched or torn ligaments à pain, swelling, bruising.  A slight stretch will heal slowly because this tissue does not have blood vessels and a torn ligament will need surgery for repair. (a strain is a pulled muscle)

- Bursitis and tendonitis: inflammation of the bursa and tendons due to injury or repeated use (tennis elbow)

- Arthritis: joint inflammation. 

-Osteoarthritis is a wear and tear due to age of the cartilage of the articulation. Common in older people. Painful because there is friction and inflammation between the surface of the 2 bones.

- rheumatoid arthritis: the person's immune system attack the cartilage of the joints which become deformed and non functional.