biology pp
DESCRIPTION
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Lysosomes
• Tiny sacs filled with fluid containing enzymes
• Enable the cell to process its nutrients• Responsible for destroying the cell after it
has died• Main sites of digestion, that is the break-
down of structures, within cells
What is a Lysosome?
• Waste disposal system of the cell, therefore referred to as “suicide bags”
• Found in most eukaryotic cells, that is, in all animal cells and in certain insectivorous plants
Structure of Lysosomes• Spherical, small sacs• Outer surface is formed by a single membrane
which is; resistant to digestion prevents the release of enzymes which would
destroy cell membrane• Contains hydrolytic enzymes and work best in
an acidic environment• Contents of lysosomes are acidic
Function of Lysosomes
i. Digestion of ingested food Primary lysosome fuses with the food
vacuole forming secondary lysosome In the secondary lysosome, the enzymes are
released and the materials inside are digested
ii. Autophagy process A process which unwanted structures within
the cell such as worn-out organelles are engulfed and digested
iii. Act as important role in the defence system
Phagocytic vacuoles are formed by white blood cells when engulfing bacteria
The lysosomal enzymes released into these vacuoles rupture the cell walls of bacteria
iv. Autolysis Self-digestion of a cell through the release of
enzymes of lysosomes within the cellThis occurs after cells die or in some
differentiation process
Mitochondrion
What is a Mitochondrion?• Membrane-bound organelle found in most
eukaryotic cells• Acts as the “powerhouse of the cell”
generates most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through the process of cellular respiration
Structure of Mitochondrion • Have different shapes and sizes• Generally rod-shaped • Has two membranes, a smooth outer membrane
and an inner membrane• The outer one being separated from inner by a
narrow fluid-filled space called the intermembrane space
• The inner membrane is folded extensively into shelves called cristae
Functions of Mitochondria Sites of cellular aerobic respirationThe matrix contains enzymes of the Krebs cycleThe highly folded cristae increase the surface
area for the electron transport chain reactions.The energy released is harnessed in the
synthesis of ATP for use by energy-consuming activities of the cell
DNA in the mitochondria enables the mitochondria to replicate during cell division
Chloroplasts
What is a Chloroplast?
• A type of organelle that contains chlorophyll and other photosynthesis pigments
• Site of photosynthesis in eukaryotic cells• Present in photosynthetic cells
Structure of Chloroplast• Large organelle • Biconvex, disc-shaped structure • Bounded by a double membrane. Two
membranes separated by a small intermembrane space
• A series of interconnecting flattened membrane-bounded sacs, called the thylakoids, are found in the stoma
• Thylakoid membranes May be stacked into grana Surrounded by the semi-fluid stroma. The
stroma contains the enzymes which catalyse light-independent reactions.
Contains the circular DNA, ribosomes, starch granules which act as temporary carbohydrate store, and lipid globules
Functions of ChloroplastsSite of photosynthesis The grana and thylakoid membrane provide
large surface areas for chlorophyll and accessory pigments to be located to trap light energy and carry out production of ATP and NADPH
The stroma contains enzymes to carry out light-independent (Calvin cycle) reaction and the production of high energy organic molecules, for example, sugar molecules