biomateriais #02 - introduction
TRANSCRIPT
Biomateriais
MIEB/MEMAT
2011/2012
BiomaterialsBiomaterials
Class #02 – Biomaterials, Introduction
Jorge F J Coelho
Departamento de Engenharia Química
Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia
Universidade de Coimbra
Definition
History
Classification
Applications
SummarySummary
“… is any material, natural or man-made, that comprises whole or part
of a living structure or biomedical device which performs, augments, or
replaces a natural function”
“… is a nonviable material used in medical device, intended to interact with a biological systems”
“… is a synthetic or natural material used to replace part of a living
system or to function in intimate contact with living tissue”
DefinitionDefinition
“A biomaterial can bedefined as any materialused to make devices toreplace a part or afunction of the body in asafe, reliable, economic,and physiologicallyacceptable manner.”
Park Joon, Lakes R.S., “Biomaterials – An Introduction”, 3rd edition, Springer;
DefinitionDefinition
“… is a systematically and pharmacologically inert substance designed for
implantation within or incorporation with living systems”
“… constitute part of medical implants, extracorporeal devices, and
disposables that have been utilized in medicine, surgery, dentistry, and
veterinary medicine as well as in every aspect of patient health care”
“… is any substance (other than a drug) or combination of substances,
synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used for any period of time, as a
whole or as a part of a system which treats, augments, or replaces any
tissue, organ, or function of the body”
DefinitionDefinition
WHAT??????
There is no definition universally accepted of biomaterial!
We will address in our lectures biomaterials as materials (syntheticand natural) that are used in contact with biological systems
DefinitionDefinition
Dental Implants in Early Civilizations
Mayan PeopleNacre teeth from sea shells
600 A.D.
RomansIron and gold teeth
200 A.D.
HistoryHistory
Linen Sutures
600 A.D.
Greeks Gold wire sutures
200 A.D.
1816
Philip Physick Lead wire sutures 1849
J. Marion SimsSilver wire sutures
HistoryHistory
Sutures
Egyptians
Contact lenses concept
1508
Leonardo DaVinci
Glass contact lens
1860
Adolf Fick
HistoryHistory
Contact Lenses
20th Century – Materials Revolution
Bone plates used to fix fractures
Introduction of stainless steel and cobalt chromium alloys
1930’s
1938 First total hip prosthesis (P. Wiles)
Most implants prior to 1939 had a low probability of success because of poor understanding of biocompatibility and sterilization
HistoryHistory
Early 1900’s
Polymers in medicine: PMMA bone repair; cellulose for dialysis; nylon sutures
PET (polymer fiber) vascular grafts1953
1960 First commercial heart valves
1940’s
1952 Mechanical heart valve
1958 Cemented* (PMMA) joint replacement
1970’s PEO** (polyethyleneoxide) protein resistant thin film coating
1976 Artificial heart (W. Kolff, Prof. Emeritus)
HistoryHistory
“Cleaned up” commodity materials used extensively
“A biomaterial is a nonviable material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems”
1980
1987 Definition of a biomaterial (Williams)
1994 The word “nonviable” is removed from the definition of a biomaterial
Lycra, Teflon, Polyethene, GoreTex, Silastic, Dacron
HistoryHistory
“A biomaterial is a material used in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems”
After 1980 – Tissue Engineering Revolution
Yannas et al. Artificial skin from collagen and glycosaminoglycan
Langer and Vacanti1993
Definition of “Tissue Engineering”
Metallic tantalum foam bone scaffold
Tissue engineered skin
HistoryHistory
1980
HistoryHistory
Biomaterials Today
Protein adsorption
Biospecific biomaterials
Nonfouling materials
Healing and the foreign body reaction
HistoryHistory
Biomaterials Today
Controlled release
Tissue engineering
Regenerative medicine
Biomimetics
“Nanobiotechnology”
HistoryHistory
Biomimetics is the process of understanding and applying biological principles to
human designs. When scientists make a machine that mimics what an organism does
Biomaterials - ClassificationBiomaterials - Classification
Polymers
Polyethylene
HydrogelsCellulose
Natural Polymers
Silicones
Synthetic Polymers
Poly(vinyl chloride)
Teflon
NylonNatural Altered
Polymers
Polymers
Biomaterials - ClassificationBiomaterials - Classification
Biomaterials -PolymersBiomaterials -Polymers
Nylon , Silicone , Rubber , Polyester , Polytetrafluoroethylene
Biomaterials -PolymersBiomaterials -Polymers
AdvantagesResilient; easy to fabricate; high elasticity; low density; price
DisadvantagesNot strong; low mechanical strain; deforms with time; may degrade
ExamplesSutures, blood vessels, other soft tissues, hip socket, tissue engineering
Biomaterials -PolymersBiomaterials -Polymers
Ceramics
Glasses
Carbon
Ceramic-Glasses
Bioglass
CalciumPhosphates
Silicates
Hydroxyapatite
Alumina
Zirconia Titania
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioactive_glasshttp://www.azom.com/Details.asp?ArticleID=3625
Biomaterials -CeramicsBiomaterials -Ceramics
Alumina Zirconia , Calcium Phosphates Including Hydroxyapatite , Carbon
Biomaterials -CeramicsBiomaterials -Ceramics
Biomaterials -CeramicsBiomaterials -Ceramics
AdvantagesGood compatibility; corrosion resistance; inert
DisadvantagesBrittle; not resilient; week in tension; difficult to manufacture; high density; price
ExamplesDental and orthopedic implants, neuroestimulation
Ceramics
Biomaterials -CeramicsBiomaterials -Ceramics
Metals
Stainless Steels
Cobalt-Based Alloys
Titanium-Based Alloys
Gold
Silver
Platinum
Biomaterials - MetalsBiomaterials - Metals
Ti and its alloys , Co-Cr alloys , Au , Ag Stainless Steels
Biomaterials - MetalsBiomaterials - Metals
Biomaterials - MetalsBiomaterials - Metals
AdvantagesHigh tension force; high use resistance; strong; tough ductile;
DisadvantagesCorrosion in physiological medium; high density; low biocompatibility, difficult to make; price
ExamplesJoint replacements, dental root implants, pacer and suture wires, bone plates and screws
Metals
Biomaterials - MetalsBiomaterials - Metals
Composites
PE / HA particles
Hydrogels/PET fibers
Particle-Reinforced
Fiber-Reinforced
• Composites are engineered materials made from two or more constituent materials withsignificantly different physical or chemical properties and which remain separate and distinct on amacroscopic level within the finished structure.
Biomaterials - CompositesBiomaterials - Composites
Composites
Biomaterials - CompositesBiomaterials - Composites
AdvantagesGood compatibility; corrosion resistance; inert material; strong; tailor-made
DisadvantagesDifficult to manufacture; price
ExamplesBone cement, dental resin, artificial valves
Composites
Biomaterials - CompositesBiomaterials - Composites
Mechanical, Chemical, Physical
and Surface Properties
Capacity to be… machinable,
moldable, extrudable, etc…
Non-carcinogenic, non-pyrogenic,
nontoxic, non-allergenic, blood
compatible, non-inflammatory, non
degradable (only if that is pretended)
Not destroyed or changed by
typical sterilizing techniques such
as autoclaving, dry heat,
radiation, ethylene oxide
Biomaterials Biomaterials
Right density
Biocompatible
Sterilizable
Right mechanical strength
Chemically inert and stable
Non toxic and no carcinogenic
To be used as a biomaterial
Biomaterials - Features Biomaterials - Features
Biomaterials - Features Biomaterials - Features
The material must not leach or release soluble componentsinto the living system, unless that release is intentional
The living systems must not degrade the implant, unless thisdegradation is intentional
Relatively inexpensive, reproducible and easy to fabricateand process on a large scale
To be used as a biomaterial
Biomaterials - Features Biomaterials - Features
Chemical analysis
Physical analysis
Biocompatibility analysis
“in vivo” tests
“in vitro” tests
Surface characterization
Biomaterials – Main Characterizations Biomaterials – Main Characterizations
Cancer
Thrombosis
Destruction of enzymes
Toxic or allergic reactions
Adverse immune responses
Damage to adjacent tissues
Alteration of plasma proteins
should carry out the task for which was thought and must NOT cause
Ideal Biomaterial Ideal Biomaterial
Biomaterials – Applications Biomaterials – Applications
Biomaterials – Applications Biomaterials – Applications
The need for biomaterials stems from inability to treat many diseases,
injuries and conditions with other therapies or procedures:
Replacement of body part that lost function (total hip, heart)
Biomaterials – Applications Biomaterials – Applications
Correct abnormalities (spinal rod)
Biomaterials – Applications Biomaterials – Applications
Assist in healing (sutures, drug release)
Biomaterials – Applications Biomaterials – Applications
Improve function (intraocular lenses)
Biomaterials – Applications Biomaterials – Applications
It usually consists of a plastic
lens with plastic side struts,
called haptics, to hold the lens
in place within the capsular bag.
Biomaterials – Applications Biomaterials – Applications
Intraocular lenses usually replace the
existing crystalline lens because it has
been clouded over by a cataract, or as a
form of refractive surgery to change the
eye’s optical power.
There are foldable intraocular lenses made of acrylic or silicone (simple
surgery) or inflexible lenses (typically made of PMMA) that require a
larger incision.
Major complication:
Capsule opacification caused by proliferation and migration of
residual lens epithelial cells into the visual axis
Biomaterials – Applications Biomaterials – Applications
Intraocular lenses
Biomaterials – Applications Biomaterials – Applications
Intraocular lenses
The lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea,
helps to refract light to be focused on the retina.
Cataract is a clouding that develops in the crystalline
lens of the eye or in its envelope, varying in degree
from slight to complete opacity and obstructing the
passage of light.
Biomaterials – Applications Biomaterials – Applications
Intraocular lenses
Improve function (pacemaker, stent)
Biomaterials – Applications Biomaterials – Applications
A stent is either an expandable wire form or perforated tube that is
inserted into an artery, blood vessel, or other duct to hold the structure
open.
They are to unblock and keep open tube-shaped structures in the body.
Stents
Biomaterials – Applications Biomaterials – Applications
An intraluminal coronary artery
stent is a small, self-expanding,
metal mesh tube that is placed
inside a coronary artery after
balloon angioplasty to prevent
the artery from reclosing.
Risks of stents and stent placement may include:
Blood clot
Allergic reaction to stent material
Rupture of the duct or vessel when the stent is inserted
Stents
Biomaterials – Applications Biomaterials – Applications
Biomaterials – Applications Biomaterials – Applications
Further referencesFurther references
RATNER, B.; HOFFMAN A.; SCHOEN, F.; LEMONS, J.; “Biomaterials
Science”, 2nd Edition, Elsevier
DEE, K.; PULEO, D.; BIZIOS, R.; “ Tissue-Biomaterial Interactions”, Wiley
PARK, J.; LAKES, S.; “Biomaterials: An Introduction”, 3rd Edition, Springer
CALLISTER J., “Material Science and Engineering: An Introduction”, 6th
Edition, Wiley
GIL, H.; ROCHA, J.; BRANQUINHO, J.; ALVES, P.; CALVINHO, P.; “Polymeric
Biomaterials”, Open and Distance Learning for Training in Biotechnology,
Universidade de Coimbra
Further referencesFurther references
AcknowledgementAcknowledgement
For the content of this lecture:
Carlos Boto
Rita Gabriel
Eduardo Palmieri
Nathália Schmidt
Vinicius Magalhães
Joana Mendes
Mariline Alves