biomedical engineering.pptx
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Kapita selektaTRANSCRIPT
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An Introduction to Biomedical Engineering
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Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 2010
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Earnings distribution by engineering specialty, May 2008
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 2010
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Average Starting Salaries: July 2009 survey by the National Association of Colleges and Employers
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, 2010
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Why Biomedical Engineering?
Promising future developmentsImprove medicine, save lives
Numerous possibilities based upon level of biology and engineering specialty
And, of course. . . .BIOLOGY!
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Types of problems
Interface between biological and non-biological materials
Design, modeling, and construction of biologically-analogous technologies
Understanding and improving upon biological limitations
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Overview
Terminology, disciplines, curriculum
Case Study: Heart and lung machine
Case Study: Neuroengineering - neural prostheses
(If there’s time - Case Study: Biochemical Engineering – tissue regeneration)
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Overview
Terminology, disciplines, curriculum
Case Study: Heart and lung machine
Case Study: Neuroengineering - neural prostheses
(If there’s time - Case Study: Biochemical Engineering – tissue regeneration)
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TerminologyBiomedical engineering
Bioengineering
Also, “biological engineering” and others . . .
Biotechnology
Often used interchangeably with “biomedical engineering”. When distinguishing between the two, typically bioengineering tends to refer to engineering using biological substances, often at a higher level of biology than biotechnology.
The use of engineering science and math to tackle problems in medicine. When distinguished from “bioengineering,” focuses more on the machine/device/non-biological type of research.
Term that is generally similar to “bioengineering,” but, in comparison, refers most specifically to direct manipulation and use of living biological substances.
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Disciplines
Biomechatronics
Bioinstrumentation
Aims to integrate mechanical, electrical, and biological parts togethere.g. sieve electrodes, advanced mechanical prosthetics
Construction of devices for measuring aspects of physiological status e.g. Electrocardiography (EKG), Electroencephalography (EEG),
Sieve electrode design
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Biomaterials
Biomechanics
Development of materials either derived from biological sources or synthetic, generally used for medical applications
Study of mechanics as applied to biological structures
e.g. Biopolymers, scaffold material for tissue engineering, coating for transplants
e.g. Musculoskeletal mechanics, trauma injury analysis12 lead EKG configurations
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DisciplinesBionics
Cellular, tissue, genetic engineering
Also known as “biomimetics”, using biological mechanisms as an inspiration for engineered technology
e.g. gecko grip, velcro, architectural features
Manipulation of living cells to replace/improve existing functions or to impart unique function
e.g. GMO crops, tissue regeneration
Gecko foot and carbon nanotube imitation
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Medical imaging
Bionanotechnology
e.g. X-ray, CAT, MRI, fMRI, PET, ultrasound
Visualization of anatomy and physiology, essential for modern diagnosis and treatment
e.g. DNA nanotechnology and computing
Combination of nanotechnology and biology
Set of fMRI data
Boxes made with “DNA origami”
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Case Study: Heart and Lung Machine
Replaces roles of heart and lungs during surgery
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Heart and Lung Machine
First attempted surgery with heart and lung machine in 1951 by Dr. Clarence DennisFirst successful surgery in 1953 by Dr. John Gibbon
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Heart and Lung Machine, Components
Pump
Oxygenator
Roller pump –ciruclating rotor physically displaces fluid through tubing
Centrifugal pump – motion of fluid through an impeller (a type of rotor) propels the liquid forward
Connective tubing – PVC or silicone rubber
Traditionally, a bubble oxygenator was used, but this has since been replaced by membrane-coated oxygenators
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Case Study: Neural prostheses
Potential for overlap between chemical, electrical, and mechanical backgrounds
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Neural prostheses - Neurons
Neurons are a specialized form of cell
Signaling via chemical and electrical impulses
Responsible for quick information transfer in the body
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Neural prostheses – BrainGate
Project based at Brown hoping to restore some activity to quadriplegics
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Neural prostheses – BrainGate
Calibration tests
Monkey plays game with joystick, moving arm in response to visual cues
As the monkey’s arm moves in the desired direction, brain activity is recorded
This firing activity must be decoded to understand the correlation between firing pattern and directional movement
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Neural prostheses – A different approach
Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR)
Relocate nerves from arm to chest
Electrode picks up neuron firing in chest
Software analyzes firing and drives actuator
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Neural prostheses – Robotics technology
Research on replicating human function
Sensory feedback
Challenges:
Linking to biological inputs
Complexity of biology (arm alone is controlled by more than 70 muscles) Controlled strength