biosatellite a press kit

8/8/2019 Biosatellite A Press Kit

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a ANATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION TE WO 2-4155N EWS WASHINGTON,D.C. .2054T WO 3-6925

FOR RELEASE: FRIDAY P.M.December 9, i966RELEASE No: 66-312

BIOSATELLITE AFIRST IN SERIES

OF SPACE STUDIES

The United States will begin a large-scale study of basicbiology in space with the launching of the first of a seriesof Biosatellites.

Successful completion of the Biosatellite program will pro-vide answers to questions of great scientific interest about anumber of basic biological processes.

The first of these spacecraft -- Blosatellite A -- will belaunched by the National Aeronautics and Space Admrinistrationfrom Cape Kennedy, Fla., no earlier thc." Dec. 14.

Experiments selected to determine the effects of the spaceenvironment on various life processes will be orbited in thespacecraft for three days -- 47 orbits of the Earth.

The biological specimens chosen for Biosatellite flightshave been intensively studied in ground laboratories, includingw!.ny phenomena of the space environment which can be simulatedon the ground. The most important factor that cannot besimulated on Earth is weightlessness. Biosatellite will provideweightlessness of 1/100,000th of Earth gravity.

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Effects of weightlessness on various life processes willbe studied on experimental organisms including pepper plants,wheat seedlings, frog eggs and amoeba. These experiments willstudy physiological effects at three different levels oforganization:

- growth and form of entire plants and animals- structure of growth of cells and tissues- basic biochemistry of the cell.

One experiment, for example, will observe the root growthof the wheat seedling. The direction of root growth is deter-mined by gravity. How will zero gravity affect this?

Another biologically significant factor of the spaceenvironment is cosmic radiation and the radiation associatedwith solar flares. While much information is available onthe genetic and physiological effects of radiation on manyorganisms, little is known about whether comparable effects willresult from radiation exposure under conditions of weightlessness.

Thus, a second objective of the Biosatellite A mission isto determine whether the effects of radiation on organisms inweightlessness are the same, greater or less than they areknown to be on the same organisms on Earth.

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-3-Organisms chosen to provide the most comprehensive data

on this question include bacteria, common bread mold, aflowering plant, a flour beetle, a parasitic wasp, and both thelarvae and adult of the common fruit fly. In orbit, they willbe irradiated with gamma rays from an on-board radiation sourceof Strontium 85.

The bacteria will contain a latent virus which can beactivated and subsequently kill the bacteria upon exposure toextremely low doses of radiation. In the bread mold, precisedata can be obtained on the frequency of mutation in twodifferent genes.

The flour beetle and flowering plant are both very sensitiveto radiation and are unusually suitable for mutation rate studiesat low exposures. The parasitic wasp has the advantage that allof the genetic effects can be detected in one generation inone experiment. Existing genetic information on the fruit flyis the most complete for any organism so it is an extremelyvaluable organism for radiobiological experiments.

The 13 biological experiments will be carried out in a170-mile high-circular orbit by a seven-foot-long, 940-poundspacecraft.

Biosatellite A will be launched by a two-stage Thrust-Augmented Improved Delta vehicle which will not require itscustomary so-id-fuel third stage.

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-4-The Biosatellite consists of three main sections -- an

Adapter Section which remains in orbit; the Reentry Vehiclewhich carries the retrorocket and heat shield for reentry intothe Earth's atmosphere; and the Experiment Capsule which con-tains the scientific experiments, life support equipment andrecovery equipment.

The 440-pound Reentry Vehicle -- a four-foot-long bluntcone -- will reenter the Earth's atmosphere over the PacificOcean, deploy a parachute and radio its position. Plans callfor the capsule to be recovered in the air by the U. S. AirForce.

The 280-pound Experiment Capsule will be flown to temporaryNASA laboratories at Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, for pre-liminary examination. The scientific investigators then willreturn their experiments to their home laboratories for moredetailed study and analysis.

In orbit, a suitable gas mixture at a sea level pressure,power, data recording, and radio telemetry to ground stationswill support the experiments. The temperature will be main-tained at 65 to 75 degrees F.

If aerial recovery is not successful, the ExperimentsCapsule will land in the ocean and send signals to search shipsand aircraft.

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-6-The Biosatellites are ouilt by the General Electric Co.,

Reentry Systems Dept., Philadelphia, Pa. The Delta is builtby the Douglas Aircraft Co., Santa Monica, Calif.

The 13 scientific experiments for Biosatellite A are pro-vided by six universities, three industrial firms and fourgovernment laboratories.

Biosatellite studies were recommended to NASA by theNational Academy of Sciences in 1963. Over 100 proposals weresuggested originally for the program.

(END OF GENERAL RELEASE; BACKGROUND INFORMATION FOLLOWS)

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-7-THE BIOSATELLITE A SPACECRAFT

The Biosatellite A spacecraft performs most of thefunctions of a manned spacecraft on a smaller scale.It divides into: the Adapter Section, which remains

in orbit, and the Reentry Vehicle, which returns theExperiments Capsule to the surface of the Earth.

Adapter SectionThe 400-pound Adapter is a six-foot-long cylinder-cone from 40 to 57 inches in diameter, which houses allsystems needed in orbit, and not needed for recovery. Theseare: attitude control system, main radio transmitter, radioreceiver, command decoder, several programmers, orbitalbattery, power controller, and tracking beacon.

Stability and Attitude ControlThe attitude control system has two functions.It positions the Reentry Vehicle for reentry.It stabilizes the spacecraft in orbit so that rotationalforces are less than 1/100,000 G for 95 per cent of the time(much more weightlessness than manned spacecraft).For most of the mission, it does not maintain the space-craft in a fixed orbital attitude, but merely prevents it fromrotating faster than about once in 20 minutes. Slight space-craft decelerations are caused by atmospheric drag of sevenmillionths G at orbital altitude.The on-orbit stabilization system consists of storedhigh-pressure nitrogen gas, six cold-gas thruster jets, andthree motion-sensing gyros. The gyros sense tiny motions inthree perpendicular axes. The jets fire selectively toeliminate motions, producing accelerations of less than1/10,000 G.For reentry, the spacecraft must be aligned precisely

to its orbital path, facing backward, and pitched downward36 degrees.For this, two infrared horizon scanners align the space-craft in pitch and roll to the deorbit attitude.

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-8-For yaw, a magnetometer senses the Earth's magnetic field.Ground commands transmit data to bias the magnetometer to accountfor the direction of the Earth's field lines at the geographicalpoint of retrofire. The magnetometer is used as a referenceto line up the spacecraft in yaw with its orbital path.With the required deorbit attitude in all three axes,

the Reentry Vehicle can separate and the retrorocket fire.Reentry Vehicle and Experiments Capsule

The atmosphere entry vehicle is a 40-inch-base-diameterblunt cone. It contains the Experiment Capsule and separationand entry systems. Its thrust cone carries a retro-rocket andspin nozzle. Its cup-shaped, fiberglass forebody enclosesthe Experiment Capsule, and is comp)tely covered by itsphenolic nylon heat shield. Its thermal cover at the aftend houses the parachutes and their deployment mechanisms.The Exper'ments Capsule is an aluminum blunt cone,slightly smaller than the Reentry Vehicle, with six Gubicfeet of payload space. It provides life support for theexperiments and carries the recovery system.

Separation and Entry SystemsThe separation system is controlled by a programmedseries of switches.which first transfer electric circuits inthe Experiments Capsule from batteries in the Adapter Sectionto those in the Capsule. They then order physical disconnectof the electric lines to the Adapter. They fire explosivepinpullers. This allows spring actuators to drive the

Adapter and Reentry Vehicles apart at about one foot persecond.At 2.5 seconds after separALion: two cold-gas Jets spinup the Reentry Vehicle to 57 rpm. The A-45 solid rocket inthe thrust cone burns for ten seconds, producing 10,200pounds of thrust, and slowing the vehicle by 420 mph. Asecond pair of gas Jets then despins the vehicle to no morethan 12 rpm.Explosive bolts separate the thrust cone, and the spin-up system. The slowed vehicle then descends and enters theatmosphere. Aerodynamic forces turn it to heat-shield-forward, and the ablative shield dissipates entry heating.

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-9-Recovery System

The recovery system is part of the Experiments Capsule.It consists of a two-parachute system, radio transmitters,flashing light, and dye marker if sea recovery is needed.About 17 minutes after retrofire at 80,000 feet altitude,explosive bolts eject the Reentry Vehicle's aft thermal cover,deploying a 19 square foot drogue chute. The chute slowsthe Experiments Capsule, causing the Reentry Vehicle's fore-body with heat shield to fall away. Ten seconds later, thereefed main chute deploys to 72 square feet. Cutters dis-reef the main chute, opening it to 505 square feet. At about10,000 feet, the main chute has slowed descent of the capsuleto 18.5 mph.For sea landing, recovery radio beacon and light operate

12 hours. The white light flashes 52 to 75 times per minute.Command, Programming, Entry Timing

Commands for spacecraft operations come from the ground,or from one of five on-board programmer-timers in the ReentryVehicle.Ground commands cannot be received by the Reentry Vehicleonce it separates fro m the Adapter, and all entry and recoverycommands are from two programmer-timers.Each programmer measures time intervals and containslogic circuits to originate commands in timed sequence.The main programmer-timer provides regular time pulses.

It commands experiments, heaters, and many other systems.The separation timer has the key job of commandingseparation and retrofire at thre precise time on orbit toreach the planned recovery point. It is started by groundcommand, timed to one-tenth of a second, which orders anexactly calculated time delay (40 minutes to 7.5 hours) beforethe beginning of separation commands.The back-up separation timer can also, if needed, startseparation events by timed ground command.The deorbit timer in the Reentry Veh1cle sends the

commands for spin-up, retrofire, and despin. The recoverytimer starts by deceleration switch, and issues recoverycommands.

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Ground commands are received by one of two redundant setsof command receivers and decoders in the Adapter. Theseroute commands to: tracking beacon; telemetry transmitters;programmers, separation programmer; attitude gyros, infraredhorizon scanners, and magnetometer and experiment camera,feeding and fixing systems, radiation source.The ground command system uses a varying-tone digital

technique with a capacity of 70 separate commands, of which51 are used. Frequency of the command receivers is 148-159 mc.Telemetry and Data Retrieval

The spacecraft carries two sets of two-watt telemetrytransmitters, digital sampling and coding equipment. One setin the Adapter lends data to the ground during orbit. Theother in the Experiments Capsule sends data after separation.Additional data is stored by the seven-channel tape recorderin the Experiments Capsule. This recorder stores experiment,engineering and force data during launch and recovery---and forup to six hours after sea landing, if required.Orbital telemetry is sent at 136.68 me in the reliable,low-power pulse code modulation mode. Data "words" haveseven data bits each, and are sent at a rate of one 256-wordframe per second.Data returned reports: spacecraft attitude, nitrogengas storage temperature and pressure, temperatures throughoutthe spacecraft; electrical voltage levels and currentdistribution; Experiments Capsule air supply; and fixing,feeding, temperatures, and camera operation of individual

experiments.Deorbit telemetry is sent at 240.2 me in an FM-FM mode.It reports spin-up, retrofire, and despin.

TrackingThe spacecraft reports its position by tracking beacon,with a continuous signal at 136.05 mc. One of two redundantbeacons is selected by command to radiate 100 milliwatt via anomnidirectional antenna. Tracking stations measure position of

the spacecraft, and this data is used to calculate the space-craft orbit.The homing beacon in the Recovery Capsule has a peakpower of 7.5 watts and frequency of 242 megacycles.

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Radiation and Life SupportWithin the Experiments Capsule, the experiments are locatedin fore and aft groups. The forward group includes the sevenradiation experiments, located ahead of the Strontium 85radiation source. The source is isolated in a tungsten-nickel-copper sphere, which is oened on command by spring mechanismin orbit (releasing a 180 cone of radiation) and closed by

command prior to entry or automatically as a result of entryforces.The radiation experiments are placed concentricallyaround the source so that they get one of nine radiation doselevels (from 200 to 5000 rads) during the three-day mission.The forward section contains dosimeters to check totalradiation. It is walled off from the rest of the capsule bya laminated aluminum-tungsten-aluminum backscatter shield.The aft section contains the general biology experimentsand control versions of the radiation experiments.The life support system consists of a high pressure spherecontaining air, a circulating fan, metering and pressureregulating system. Relative humidity is controlled at 40-70per cent by silica gel absorbers.

Temperature ControlA passive system in the Adapter holds internal temp-eratures between 0 degrees and 100 degrees F. It consistsof a 28-layer aluminized mylar insulation blanket, attachedto the vehicle skin.Ci bouts in the blanket allow dissipation of internalheat by radiation. Reflective exterior coatings providefurther passive control of temperature.Eight low-flltx heaters, attached to the Experiment Capsulewalls, and controlled by thermostats maintain about 70 degrees

F. interior temperature on orbit.During entry, Capsule temperatures may reach briefly 100degrees F., and insulation prevents them from rising higher.Low-power heaters in the spacecraft batteries and in theinfrared sensors of the horizon scanners prevent them fromfreezing. The ten-watt heaters in the sensors can bring them tnoperating temperature for deorbit of 50 degrees F. in about oneorbit.

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Electric PowerThe electric power subsystem consists of batteries,inverters, converters, regulators, and distribution circuits.These include a large silver-zinc 330-ampere-hour, 28-voltstorage battery in the Adapter for power in orbit. There aresmall, special purpose batteries as follows: two smallthermal batteries in the thrust cone for retrofire operations,four smaller silver-zinc batteries in the Experiments Capsuleto provide power during recovery---including six hours of lifesupport and 12 hours of radio beacon and flashing light.

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SCIENTIFIC EXPERIMENTSTo evaluate the genetic effects of radiation under weight-lessness, the biologists will determine the frequencies of chro-mosome breakage and the frequencies of mutation at many differentgenetic loci.Basic mechanisms to be studied by the non-irradiated ex-periments include: cell division, synchrony and orientationof cell division, alteration in division and growth in cells ofa developing embryo, effects on the basic structure of proto-plasm, effects on enzymes (those concerned with cell divisionand those governing energy conversion), orientation to gravityof leaves, roots and shoots of various plants.All biological material will be examined upon return forgrowth, changes in shape (morphology), changes in structure oftissue and cells (cytology and histology), and for biochemical

changes. The experimenters will use light and electron micro-scopes, chromatography, and many other analytical techniques.All 13 experiments will have identical control versions onthe ground, subjected to conditions close to those of the flightexperiments, except for weightlessness. The radiation experi-ments will also have non-irradiated replicas aboard the space-craft. These experiments will supply further data on the effectsof weightlessness alone.

RADIATION EXPERIMENTSVirus Activation in Lysogenic (latent virus-carrying) Bacteria -NUS Corporation

The primary purpose of this experiment is to see how viruses,which are incorporated as pieces of genetic information, in thechromosomes of certain bacteria are produced under weightlessnesswith and without radiation. The process of virus formation inlysogenic bacteria is highly sensitive to environmental stress.Virus formation results from upsetting a fine biochemical balancewhich controls a specific series of steps in the transfer of ge-netic information to form protein. Previous Soviet studies onlysogenic bacteria indicated that they are a most sensitive ma-terial to the conditions of space flight.When lysogenic bacteria are irradiated, the virus geneticinformation is activated, thereby producing mature viruses. Thesemultiply rapidly within the bacterial cell. When a critical num-ber is formed (about 100), the bacteria burst (or lyse).

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Three experiment packages consisting of 16 chambers, eachcontaining lysogenic bacteria, will be mounted so that they re-ceive doses of 500, 1,000 and 2,500 roentgens, respectively. Anon-irradiated package of 48 chambers will indicate the effectof weightlessness alone. During flight, these bacteria willmultiply through about 20 generations and produce viruses.After return to Earth, the cultures of bacteria and theviruses will be analyzed to see how many were produced underweightlessness with and without radiation. The bacteria them-selves will be studied further to see if there are changes instructure, whether they are capable of producing viruses andhow many viruses they are capable of producing. The ratio ofliving to dead bacterial cells will also be determined. Twodifferent species of lysogenic bacteria will be tested; one wasespecially synthesized for this program.A total of over 40,000 cultures will be made from this ma-terial. An even greater number of assays must be performed on

ground control material to determine whether there is any effectof space flight.Genetic Effects on Neuros oro (Orange Bread Mold) - AtomicEergy Commission, oak Rige National Laboratory

This experiment was selected primarily because the frequen-cies of mutation in two different genes can be measured directly.In addition, a wide range of mutations can be detected, rangingfrom subtle molecular changes in the gene, to loss of the geneby chromosome breakage. The experimenters will determine whetherthe frequency of gene mutation and chromosome breakage producedby radiation will change with weightlessness and whether thereis any difference in the array of mutations recovered.

The spores of the mold are collected on filter paper discsand the sandwich consisting of these filter papers and thin li-thium fluoride disc dosimeters (to measure the radiation dose)are sealed in stacks of 10 in the experiment packages. Four ofthese packages are placed at different distances from the radia-tion source to vary the exposure per filter from 500 to 6,000roentgens. A non-irradiated control package will be carried be-hind the radiation sheild on the spacecraft. This arrangementwill be duplicated on the ground to provide simultaneous ground-based control data.The retrieval, the flight material and the ground controlmaterial will be returned to Oak Ridge National Laboratory forgenetic analysis.

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The experimenters will then compare the samples irradiatedduring flight with those irradiated in the simultaneous ground-based control. They will determine the levels of survival andthe frequency of mutations in two different genes that controlsequential steps in the same metabolic pathway. Samples of mu-tants will then be analyzed by a series of genetic tests to char-acterize the genetic alteration in each at the molecular level.Mutation in Tradescantia (A Native Wild Flower) - Atomic EnergyCommission, Brookhaven National Laboratory

The purpose of this experiment is primarily to determinewhether ionizing radiation, combined with weightlessness, willproduce a different frequency of mutation in plant cells thanradiation alone.The plant selected for the experiment is a special strainof the common spiderwort, a blue flowering, roadside plant na-tive to many parts of Southern and Central United States. Thisplant is easy to handle experimentally, has a small number (12)of large chromosomes ideally suited for detailed studies of ra-

diation injury, and a high mutation rate of a gene determiningflower petal color. This gene has about the same radio-sensi-tivity as those in mammalian cells, and there is a large baek-log of data concerning its response to ionizing radiation.In the experiment, roots of young Tradescantia plants willbe sealed in tubes filled with nutrient solution and the flowerbuds arranged in single tiers for uniform exposure to the gammaradiation. Radiation-induced effects will appear as color chan-ges in the flowers a few days after retrieval. These changesare caused by mutating the flower color gene in some of the so-matic cells in the petals and stamen hairs in such a way thatthe normal blue coloration fails to develop and is replaced bypink. Successive divisions of the cell with the mutant geneproduces a row or cluster of pink cells. The number of pinkmutant cells can be counted easily with the aid of a microscopeand from these counts, a mutation rate can be calculated. Com-parisons are then made with the ground-based specimens.A control sample of Tradescantia will be exposed to thesame effects of weightlessness but will be in a special com-partment shielded from the radiation source. Any differencesin mutation frequencies observed can then be attributed toweightlessness, decreased gravity or other environmental stressesassociated with the flight.The experiment package consists of 32 small plants growingin nutrient solution in small vials maintained in a plastichousing which holds the plants at a set distance from the gammasource. A total exposure of about 300 roentgens is expected inthe forward compartment and at most only a few roentgens in theshielded area.

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-1'1Genetic Effects on Habrobracon 1A Parasitic Wasp) - AtomicEnergy Commission, Oak Ridge National Laboratory; North Caro-lina State University, Raleigh; Southwestern University, Mem-phis; and Osaka University, Japan

The genetic effects of the combination of radiation andweightlessness, as well as other aspects of flight dynamics,will be measured using male and female parasitic wasps. Theseinsects are unique in that all of the genetic damage to the en-tire set of chromosomes cal. be measured in one experiment, most-ly by direct counts of egg mortality. This is possible becausenormal male offspring come from unfertilized eggs.

In this type of experiment, dominant lethality which cor-responds to different types of chromosomes aberration is re-flected by death of embryos after treatment of either or bothparents. Other kinds of cellular damage can be assessed bystudying fecundity, fertility and life span.Recessive gene damage and specific chromosomal breakageevents in the second generation are measured in the survivingoffspring by analyzing their egg mortality and adult viability.When packed in place in the Biosatellite, four differentdoses of radiation are obtained. To determine dosage exactly,miniature dosimeters made of radio-sensitive glass are placedclose to the wasps.

The Genetic Effects of Weightlessness and of Weightlessness inCombination with Radiation in Drosophil-a (Fruit Flies) intTheAul and Pupae Sages - Rce Unvers ~yThis experiment combines known genetic changes in succeeding

generations of fruit flies under radiation alone with changes oc-curring under both weightlessness and radiation. In addition,genetic effects of weightlessness alone, under space flight con-ditions, will be looked for.Radiation-induced visible mutations result from alterationsto genes at specific locations fruit fly chromosomes and includechanges in eye and body color, structure of wings and shape ofbristles, as well as lethal mutations which result in death ofthe developing embryo. Under normal gravity, researchers candetect mutations in 10 genes in the first generation, and in thesecond generation the killing effect of the lethals can be de-tected, as well as chromosomal breaks. These breaks result inchromosome fragments which re-combine in various ways to formrearrangements known as translocations. Experimenters will alsolook for changes in the giant chromosomes of the salivary glandsof the larvae under the microscope.

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Some of the fruit fly adults will be x-irradiated immediatelyprior to launch. Frequency of lethal mutations and chromosometranslocations occurring during flight will then be compared witlthe frequencies obtained on Earth for possible differences. Oneof the experiment packages containing 8 cubicals will receiveabout 2,000 roentgens of radiation. The other package of 8 cubicals will be shielded from the radiation. Each cubical containsan agar-based nutrient to feed the Drosophila.Embryo Development in Drosophila (Fruit Fly) Larvae - BowlingGreen State University

The purpose of this experiment is to study the effects ofradiation combined with weightlessness on the developing organism.Fruit fly embryos are extremely sensitive to radiation, andknown amounts produce measurable chromosomal changes in the cellsof exposed individuals. A special strain of Drosophila melano-aasterhich easily allows for the detection of chromosome break-age ollowing irradiation will be used. This type of damage re-sults in areas of dead tissue in the rapidly dividing and de-

veloping cells of the larvae; if extensive enough, this may leadto premature death of the individual.On retrieval, the over-all mortality will be determined. Thesurvivors will be sectioned and/or have squash preparations madeof their cells for direct microscopic studies of the effects onthe chromosomes. This is primarily a study of developing organ-isms but some larvae will be carried out to the adult stage inorder that their reproductive cells may be analyzed for lethalmutations.The experimental package consists of eight square modulescontaining nutrient and larvae. The package containing around

500 larvae will be mounted at the point at which it will receiveabout 1,300 roentgen of radiation; a similar package containingabout 500 larvae will be located in a portion of the satelliteshielded from the radiation. Two additional packages, each con-taining 500 larvae, will serve as ground-based irradiated andnon-irradiated controls, respectively.Development in Tribolium (a Flour Beetle) - University ofCalifornia, Berkeley

In this experiment, the effect of weightlessness, as wellas the effect of the combination of weightlessness and radiationon the development of flour beetles, will be studied.Many chemical and physical agents have the ability to en-hance or detract from the radiation effects on living organisms.

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Increased temperature, for example, increases the wingabnormalities resulting from exposure to radiation. This ex-periment would demonstrate any modification of the radiationeffect in Tribolium due to weightlessness.Gravity-dependence of Tribolium development from pupae toadult will also be studied.Radiation-sensitive young pupae will be flown, a portion ofwhich will be x-irradiated before flight with about 1,300 radsto sensitize them to the relatively small dose of about 100 to200 rads obtained in flight.Each of the two experiment packages consists of three com-partments containing pupae, a thermostatically-controlled stripheater, and insulating materials. The heater maintains thebeetles at a temperature of about 860F. at which they normallygrow.

GENERAL BIOLOGY EXPERIMENTSEffects of Weightlessness on Feedina and Growth of the GiantMulti-nucleate Amoeba Pelomyxa Carolinensis - Colorado StateUniversity and General Electric Company (MSD)

The experiment is designed to study the effects of weight-lessness on nutrition and nuclear division of both starved andfed amoeba. Throughout the three-day mission, different groupsof amoeba will be preserved. Some of these amoeba will be fedat various intervals before preservation. Upon retrieval, thefeeding processes during weightlessness and structure involvedin nutrition will be analyzed in these organisms. Nuclear di-vision will be studied in the preserved amoeba and amoeba re-covered alive.Examination of the preserved amoeba with both light andelectron microscopes will include morphological descriptionsof the resting and dividing nuclei, mitochondria, lysosomesand food vacuole constituents. Cytochemical studies will lo-calize the enzymes involved in the digestion of food. Com-parison with amoeba from ground-based experiments will allow apartitioning of the effects of the space flight.Under all conditions studied in ground-based experiments,the nuclei divide in a synchronous manner. The amoeba subjected

to various periods of weightlessness will be analyzed to determinewhether synchronous nuclear division continues in space.-more-


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The experiment package contains 24 cylindrical plasticchambers, each divided into three compartments. One compart-ment contains amoeba, another paramecia (one-celled animals onwhich the amoeba feed), and the third contains preservative. Aspring-driven piston triggered by a timing mechanism first mixesamoeba and paramecia. After a feeding period, the piston ad-vances another step and the preservative is released.Sub-gravitational Effects on Frog Eggs - NASA Ames ResearchCenter, Mountain View, Calif.

The purpose of this experiment is to seek effects at thecellular and sub-cellular level on developing frog embryos underweightlessness. These effects will be studied starting with thefertilized egg through a series of developmental stages to thetadpole.The experimenter will be looking for abnormalities in cellstructure, effects on cell division, and growth effects on em-

bryonic structure. He will also look for abnormalities in mi-totic spindle formation (part of the cell division apparatus),as well as effects on specific stages in the development of em-bryonic organisms.Frog-eggs were chosen because of their known response togravity. They have a heavy end which rotates down after fer-tilization of the egg. In a series of classic experiments, themaintenance of fertilized frog eggs in an inverted position hasproduced a variety of developmental abnormalities. The responseof this material to weightlessness may provide some insight intothe role of gravity in such cellular processes and the necessity

of a gravitational field for embryonic orientation and development.Eggs will be fertilized at room temperature, then cooled to41 degrees F. to retard the first cell division. In orbit, aheater will raise the temperature to about 70 degrees F. to be-gin cell division. At various times preservation will stop em-bryonic growth. The embryos will be studied microscopicallyupon retrieval. Some of the embryos will be returned alive toallow them to develop into tadpoles and frogs.The experiment package consists of an assembly of 16 cyl-indrical lucite chambers divided by a piston. On one side ofthe piston is a preservative; on the other, fertilized frog eggs.

The spring-driven piston releases preservative into the egg cham-ber upon signal.-more-


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Effects on Form, Tissues and Biochemistry of Wheat Seedlings -For the first time the growth of plants from seeds willtake place free from the Earth's gravitational field. Seventy-eight wheat seedlings will be orbited to study the effects ofweightlessness on their growth. The seeds will germinate inthe dark in four sealed chambers. Growth of seedlings in twochambers will be stopped at 48 to 60 hours after launch. The

other 48 seedlings will be returned alive, then photographedand used for special studies. A few will be planted to observeeffects of weightless environment on later growth.The seedlings will be divided among researchers at threeinstitutions as follows:a. Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H.The experimenter has been studying the hormonal processesby which a typical plant maintains its erect form in spite ofthe force of gravity. He has found characteristic curvature ofthe leaves and branches when a plant is allowed to grow in hislaboratory attached to a clinostat that keel the stem horizontalwhile the plant is rotated slowly about its axis. By using a newsystem for germinating wheat seeds in moist air on a clinostat,he has found similar growth curvatures in roots. Such curvaturesappear to be controlled by an unbalanced distribution of growthregulators in the absence of unidirectional gravity under whichall life has evolved on Earth.Although the horizontal rotation method of growing plantsprevents the normal response to gravity, some effects of gravi-tational force cannot be eliminated on Earth. The growth ofwheat seedling in the Biosatellite will be the first test ever

made of the effects of weightlessness on the form of a plant andthe orientation of its organs.b. Emory University, Atlanta, Ga.The Emory experimenters will stuay their group of wheatseedlings for changes in size and internal structure duringweightlessness. They will look for variations in the chemistryof tissues and in cell structures of both roots and shoots ofseedlings fixed in orbit, of plants returned alive, and thosegerminated in flight and grown to maturity.These experimenters have already grown seedlings at 10 Gto 300 G and observed adaptive changes in shape and size andsignificant changes in protein and carbohydrate synthesis andlocalization due to increased gravity. They have also notedchemical changes in tissues of plants grown on a clinostat.These data form a background for comparison of seedlings grownunder weightlessness.

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c. North American Aviation, Inc.The NAA experimenters will study the wheat roots, shootsand remaining seeds for biological changes caused by weight-lessness. The physical properties and rates of reaction ofkey enzymes in the various pathways of metabolism and ener-getics will be examined and compared with effects found in theground-based controls.This should produce basic data on biochemical activitywithin plant cells under weightlessness.

Leaf Angle and Biochemical Effects on the Pepper Plant - NorthAmerican Aviation, Inc.It has long been known that higher plants depend on gravity-sensing mechanisms for orientation of plant organs. The rootsgrown downward into the Earth, the main stem in an upward mannerand the leaves essentially in a plane horizontal to the Earth.The purpose of this experiment is to determine if the leaf will

remain in a normal position under the conditions of weightlessness.Four one-month old pepper plants will be flown in individualcontainers. They will be illuminated for five seconds every 10minutes and photographed from the top and side during the periodof illumination throughout duration of orbit. On return, thefilm will be processed for an evaluation of the leaf angles.Comparison with ground-based control plants will be made to de-termine the magnitude of the effect of orbital weightlessness.Since it is also known that the gravity-sensing mechanismsinvolve biochemical changes in the leaves, an additional five

plants will be analyzed for carbohydrates and amino acids. Acomparison with ground-based controls will indicate the magni-tude of biochemical changes under orbital weightlessness.

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-22-DELTA LAUNCH VEHICLE

The Biosatellite A will be launched into orbit by a two-stage, Thrust-Augmented Delta launch vehicle. All previousDeltas have used three stages.The 92-foot-tall Delta will carry three strap-on solidrockerz on its first stage to give it a lift-off thrust of328,000 pounds. The Delta and the Biosatellite spacecraft willundergo a countdown of 14 hours and 40 minutes at Complex 17

before lifting off on an azimuth of 109 degrees from true North.Special facilities and procedures allow insertion of liveorganisms into the Experiments Capsule, using an air-conditionedenvironment, within the last five hours before launch.Delta will go over Cape Kennedy's horizon about sevenminutes after lift-off and a radio command at that time will setan accelerometer in the second stage to activate the cut-oTfsystem at the orbit injection point.

Thrust-Augmented Delta CharacteristicsHeight: 92 feet (includes shroud)Maximum Diameter: 8 feet (without attached solids)Lift-off Weight: about 75 tonsLift-off Thrust: 328,000 (includes strap-on solids)First Stage(liquid only): Modified Air Force Thor, producedby Douglas Aircraft Co., enginesproduced by Rocketdyne Division ofNorth American AviationDiameter: 8 feetHeight: 51 feetPropellants: RP-'. kerosene is the fuel and liquidoxygen (LOX) is the oxidizer for theThor stageThrust: 172,000Burning Time: About 2 minutes, 45 secondsWeight: Approximately 68 tons (includingsolids)

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Strap-on Solids: Three solid propellant rockets pro-duced by the Thiokol Chemical Corp.Diameter: 31 inchesHeight: 19.8 feetWeight: 27,510 (9,170 each)Burning Time: 43 secondsSecond Stage: Produced by the Douglas Aircraft Co.,utilizing the Aerojet General Corp.,AJ 10-118E Propulsion System.Propellants: Liquid--unsymmetrical dimethyl

hydrazine (UDMH) for the fuel andred fuming nitric acid for theoxidizer.Diameter: 4.7 feet compared to 2.7 feet forthe earlier Deltas)Height: 16 feetWeight: 7 tons (compared to 2-1/2 tons forthe earlier Deltas)Thrust: About 7,800 poundsBurning Time: 400 seconds (compared to 150 secondsfor earlier Deltas)Guidance: Western Electric Co.

Nominal Delta Flight EventsIGNITION BURN OUT ALTITUDE SURFACE VELOCITYEVENT (seconds) (seconds) (Haut. mi.) RANGE (mi.) (mph)

Strap-on solids T minus 0 +43 6.2 3 1,900First stage (Thor) T minus 0 +150 53 88 10,600Second stage T + 154 +551 170 1,076 17,350

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-24-TRACKING AND RECOVERY

Tracking, comiziand, and data readout for Biosatellite Awill be by NASA's Satellite Tracking and Data AcquisitionNetwork (STADAN), headquartered at Goddard Space Flight Center.

Immediately after launch, spacecraft control will movefrom Cape Kennedy to the Biosatellite Operations Control Centerat Goddard in Greenbelt, Md. It will remain there until afterthe final deorbit command is sent to the spacecraft. Afterthis, responsibility for retrieval of the Experiments Capsulewill shift to the Recovery Force.Four STADAN stations will be used throughout the mission:Fort Meyers, Fla.; Quito, Ecuador; Lima, Peru; and Santiago,Chile. A fifth at Johannesburg, South Africa, will be used onthe first and final orbits, and on others in case of emergency.The STADAN stations at Rosman, N. C.; Mojave, Calif.; andOroral, Australia, are trained and will assist on request, aswill the manned spaceflight station at Canarvon, Australia, andthe United States Air Force station at Kaena Point, Hawaii.On the last few orbits, if the main deorbit programmerfails, Johannesburg will start the backup deorbit programmer.Computer facilities at Goddard will calculate the Bio-satellite orbit during the first few revolutions. Orbit datawill be used to pinpoint the planned recovery area in the mid-Pacific, as well as emergency recovery areas for each day,On each orbit, one STADAN station will send commands andreceive tracking and performance data.The STADAN stations will see the spacecraft for from fourto six minutes each pass for transmitting, receiving, andtracking.On passes over Fort Meyers, data will be returned toBiosatellite Control via high speed (1,792 bits-per-second) datalink instead of being recorded at the station for later trans-mission.This will allow real time monitoring of spacecraft responseto commands on Fort Meyers passes, and most critical commandswill be sent from there. Other STADAN stations will transmitdata as required by Biosatellite Control, for spacecraft

operation and response to contingencies.For recovery, a voice link will join the Biosatellite con-trol center at Goddard to the Air Force recovery control facility,and voice and teletype circuits will link Biosatellite Controland the deorbit monitoring ship.

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AAA281-7

BIOSATELLITE TELEMETRY AND COMMAND COVERAG.... 196 Mi. ALTITUDE (NASA STADAN NET). . . . . . . . .. . . s'. . . . . . . .. .......

0Wi. TO , ECUADORSA TIAGO

:NIONAL AIR;AUIC ANA ADM-'"'A, '''7 A N' I.,,, " N,,

AMS QUERCii MOFTTFIL CADIORN4A


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Telemetry from the Experiments Capsule will be receivedby recovery stations, aircraft, and ships.Following the mission, all recorded data from the flightwill be sent to the Goddard Center for processing and distri-bution to experimenters.

Recovery OperationsRecovery of the Experiments Capsule will be made by U.S.Air Force organizations and other government agencies.Since the experiments are highly perishable, a prime objec-tive will be to return them to laboratories within six hours.Primary method of recovery is in the air as the Capsuledescends by parachute from orbit.Recovery operations are as follows: The Goddard Center willcompute recovery areas. The Biosatellite mission director atGoddard will order time and place of recovery from 4.5 to 7.5hours in advance. Planned orbits put all recovery areas in theregion of the Hawaiian Islands.Aerial recovery will be by an aircraft of the designatedUSAF recovery agency. If aerial recovery does not take place,search aircraft will locate the Capsule by its radio beacon,light, and dye marker.In case of sea landing, retrieval will be by:1) helicopter recovery with SCUBA divers; 2) surface to

air pickup with Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service personnelerecting a balloon station. A balloon would hold a line aloftattached to the capsule for aircraft snatch from the water; 3)if the capsule overshoots, USAF recovery agency will begin remotearea retrieval operations.Organizations taking part in recovery incluue: the designatedUSAF recovery agency; USAF Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Service,NASA's Ames and Goddard Centers; and General Electric Co.,spacecraft contractor.Support agencies are: the Weather Forecastiig Service;Hickam Air Force Base; the Federal Aviation Agency; Western TestRange; and Pacific Missile Range.

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AAA281-6

RECOVERY ORBITS

RE VRY ZONEA X .'-- , OHe'.'

II'P

NATIONAL AiPONAUTICSAND SPACEADMINISTRAIIONAMESRESEARCHENTERMOHITTI FLIlD CALIFORNIA


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Facilities include: fixed-wing aircraft; two recoveryships with helicopters; one aircraft based at Samoa; balloonkits for direct sea-pickup; voice and teletype links betweenall ships, aircraft, bases and control centers.

FLIGHT SEQUENCEThese are the planned events in the Delta-Biosatellite A

three day mission:The main Delta engine and three solid strap-on motors fire

together. The solid motors burn for 43 seconds and theirburned-out casings are jettisoned at 70 seconds after launch.The main engine burns out after two minutes and 27 seconds.Three seconds later the Delta second stage ignites, and thefirst stage separates and falls away. The shroud covering thespacecraft is jettisoned at two minutes and 47 seconds afterlaunch.The second stage engines burn for six minutes and 23seconds with burnout just under nine minutes after launch.Injection into the first of 47 orbits occurs at second-stageburnout. One minute later, separation of launch vehicle andspacecraft occurs.

Orbital EventsWith separation, attitude control system is turned on tostabilize the spacecraft, and the boom for the reentrymagnetometer is deployed.Ten minutes after launch, the main programmer-timer com-

mands the pepper plant camera to operate. It then photographsthe leaf angle every ten minutes for the duration of the mission.At 30 minutes after launch, the main programmer commandsan increase in temperature of frog eggs to speed cell division.At 32 minutes, Johannesburg acquires the spacecraft andreads out the first telemetry. At one hour, the main program-mer orders opening of the gamma radiation source. Also thefirst group of amoeba is fixed and others ara fed. The firstpair of frog eggs is fixed.At 96 minutes, the Fort Meyers station first acquires.

It commands readout of telemetry, and restabilization of thespacecraft. Backup commands are also sent to insure that on-board commands have been carried out.(Commands for data readout and attitude stabilization willnow be sent once each orbit.)

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At two hours after launch, the second pair of frog eggsis fixed and at three hours, the third pair.At 3.25 hours, Quito first acquires the satellite; at4.9 hours, Lima acquires; and at 6.5 hours, Santiago acquires.At 12 hours, the second group of amoebae is fixed, andothers fed. At launch plus one day, the third group of amoebaeis fixed and others fed.At 32.13 hours, the fourth pair of frog eggs is fixed, andat 38.5 hours, the fifth pair.At two days, the fourth group of amoebae is fixed, and othersfed. The first group of wheat seedlings is fixed.At 56.13 hours, time to planned entry point is loaded intothe separation timer. The magnetometer is turned on, and itsbias is adjusted to account for direction of the Earth's magneticfield at the planned entry point.At 57.7 hours, the second group of wheat seedlings isfixed, and at 62.5 hours, the separation timer starts, and horizonsensors turn on.At 64.13 hours, Fort Meyers commands the attitude for retro-fire and deorbit. At 68.9 hours, the fourth group of amoebaeis fixed and others fed. Thesixth pair of frog eggs is fixed.(At about 69.5 hours, in case the main timer fails,Johannesburg will order start of the back-up separation timerto insure entry.)

Recovery EventsOne and a half orbits before separation, ground commandarms the separation sequence.At 400 seconds before separation, the separation program-mer-timer begins to command separation events. It turns onthe deorbit telemetry transmitter, resets the recovery programmer,and switches the capsule heater to the battery in the capsule.At 15 seconds before separation, the programmer turns onthe recovery beacon, and at four seconds, it orders electrical

disconnect of Adapter Section and Experiments Capsule. Atthree seconds, it activates capsule batteries.At 1.35 seconds, electrical disconnect of Adapter and retro-fire cone occurs, and the deorbit programmer-timer starts.

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BIOSATELLITE RECOVERY SEQUENCE

Tpo- 249m T,0- 18Sm Tpo- I3Am Tpo- 1 Tlp- 1827m To - 8 25m Tro- ItO7mTS- 40) Ts- l1s T5- 39s TS 0 Ts+ 205s TS+33Qs Ts+ 1405s1 ACTNATEECOR I SHfT OWR O- EC SONECT 1SEPARATIONSIGNAL I RN SPIN P I RET ROOCKETGNITION I RN DESPIN T p - 1 8M.l2RPCaHERYVAON INTERNALsoI c ADAPTER-RN 2 PRPUERS RRD Ts+1555s3 RESETECOMR 2 COPLETEKT ETWEEN TP- 18351 1 RN &SN SEPARATE I T/CSEPARATIONPRGAR RELAYS ORBIT Ts-3s

3 ARM ERY PFORAM4 RECVEtBEAZN ON Tpo- 1832

T - 1 8- If tT - 135sTs-472 I EtEC. ISONNCT. IT?.Ts-MDISCONC ADAPTF-TXC:t Jm: ,STARTSUEG

Tr T j- 48s T1 0 l po-3 Tpo 0Ts+ sm Ts+ T1+sm Ts+1825m Ts+l83mI E10P ER TIs+ TS+"TTRMALCOlER 3-OROWECHUTE I AG ECUTNTERSO ORGE CHUENEI ElhUNERGIU 1ECOVEY YTE I AFT IV~.~0. 1 IBDU~WTN RlEEFINGINETIECT5 AIS3FT. AlT. 4.For1Y SEPARATION 2 OROGUEHUE S MAINCHEITEPENS 2 MAIN HUTEODISREEFS

20110FT mI E-SICH CLSES 2PACKEXTRACTEO S RtLASIG IGHTON SEPARATESMAIN REEFEDSTRIPSPEN Ts =REENTRY VEHICLE SEPARATION

TPD = PARACHUTE DEPLOYMENT


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At separation, two days and 21.5 hours after launch, theprogrammer orders separation; pin pullers fire; Adapter Sectionand Reentry Vehicle move apart.Two seconds later, the deorbit timer orders spin-up ofthe Reentry Vehicle for stable attitude; and 3.3 seconds after

separation, retrofire slows the capsule by 420 mph.At 14 seconds, despin occurs, and at 16 seconds, the burned-out retrofire cone separates from the Reentry Vehicle.At 17.5 minutes after separation, at 80,000 feet, adeceleration switch starts the recovery programmer. Thirtyseconds later, the programmer orders the Vehicle's aft thermalcover to eject; drogue chute deploys, causing fall-away of theVehicle's forebody; the recovery light begins flashing.Ten seconds later, the drogue chute pulls out the mainchute from the Experiments Capsule. The main chute opens reefed,

and five seconds later, cutters disreef it.Aerial recovery then occurs. If aerial recovery is notaccomplished, the capsule lands in the ocean at 44.7 minutes afterseparation.A dye marker is released; light and radio beacon continueto operate. Ten minutes later, recovery telemetry stops.Life support batteries operate for six hours. Radio and lightfunction for 12 hours after sea-landing.

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BIOSATELLITE PROJEC TEAMNASA Headquarters, Washington, D.C.

Dr. Homer E. Newell, Associate Administrator for SpaceScience and ApplicationsDr. Orr E. Reynolds, Director, Bioscience ProgramsThomas P. Dallow, Biosatellite Program ManagerDr. Joseph F. Saunders, Biosatellite Program ScientistRobert W. Manville, Delta Program Manager

Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif.H. Julian Allen, DirectorRobert M. Crane, Assistant Director for DevelopmentCharles A. Wilson, Biosatellite Project ManagerBonne C. Look, Biosatellite Spacecraft Systems ManagerDr. G. Dale Smith, Biosatellite Experiments and LifeSupport ManagerDr. Lester W. Wolterink, Biosatellite Project ScientistJohn W. Dyer, Biosatellite Assistant Operations Manager.

John F. Kennedy Space Center, Kennedy Space Center, Fla.Robert H. Gray, Assistant Director for Unmanned LaunchOperationsHugh A. Weston, Jr., Chief, Delta OR rations

Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbe't, Md.William B. Schindler, Delta Project ManagerEldon A. Volkmer, Biosat1itte Tracking and Data SystemsManager

Biosatellite Project OfficialsGeneral Electric Company (Sracecraft Prime Contractor),Philalelphia, Pa.

Hilliard W. Paige, Vice President and General Manager ofthe Missile and Space Division.Mark Morton, General Manager, Reentry Systems DepartmentNicolas J. Dragann, Biosatellite Program ManagerV. C. Deliberato, Systems Integration Program ManagerJohn T. Glancey, Biosatellite Spacecraft Program ManagerMilton Ostrander, Flight Operations Program Manager

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-30-Bio3atellite Experimenters

General Biology ExperimentsAmoeba

Principal Investigator: Dr. Richard W. PriceColorado State UniversityFort Collins, ColoradoCo-Investigator: Dr. Donald E. EkbergGeneral Electric CompanyPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania

Frog EggsPrincipal Investigator: Dr. Richard S. Youngi&xobiology DivisionNASA Ames Research CenterMoffett Field, California

Wheat Seedlings (three experiments)Principal Investigator: Dr. Charles J. LyonDartmouth CollegeHanover, New HampshirePrincipal Investigator: Dr. Stephen W. Gray

Emory UniversityAtlanta, GeorgiaCo-Investigator: Dr. Betty F. EdwardsEmory UniversityAtlanta, GeorgiaPrincipal Investigator: Dr. Herbert M. ConradNorth American AviationDowney, CaliforniaCo-Investigator: Dr. Samuel Pi JohnsonNorth American AviationDowney, California

Pepper PlantPrincipal Investigator: Dr. Samuel P. Johnson

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Radiation ExperimentsTradescantia (Blue Wildflower)

Principal Investigator: Dr. Arnold H. SparrowBrookhaven National Lab.Upton, L.I., New YorkCo-Investigator: Mr. L. A. SchairerBrookhaven National Lab.Upton, L.I., Now York

Neurospora (Orange Bread Mold)Principal Investigator: Dr. Frederic J. de SerresOak Ridge National Lab.Oak Ridge, TennesseeCo-Investigator: Dr. Brooke B. Webber

(same address)Habrobracon (Parasitic Wasp)

Principal Investigtntor: Dr. R. C. von BorstelOak Ridg3 National Lab.Oak Ridge, TennesseeTribolium (Flour Beetle)

Principal Investigator: Dr. John V. SlaterUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, CaliforniaAdult Drosophila (Fruit Fly)

Principal Investigator: Dr. Edgar AltenburgRice UniversityHouston, TexasCo-Investigator: Dr. Luolin BrowningRice UnIversityHouston, Texas

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Drosophila Larvae (Fruit Fly)Principal Investigator: Dr. Irwin I. OsterBrowling Green StateUniversityBowling Green, Ohio

Lysogenic (Rupturing) BacteriaPrincipal Investigatcr: Dr. Rudolf H. T. MattoniNUS CorporationHawthorne, California

Biosatellite A Industrial TeamBiosatellite A Contractors and Sub-Contractors

Prime Contractor:Geneval Electric CompanyReentry Systems DepartmentPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania

Major Sub-Contractors & VendorsIrving Air Chute Company, Inc.Irvin Para-Space CenterGlendale, CaliforniaCTS CorporationRidgefie-d, ConnecticutEagle Picher Industries, Inc.Joplin, MissouriFairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.Fairchild Controls DivisionBayshore L.I., New YorkMidwestern Instruments, Inc.Tulsa, OklahomaSchoenstedt Instrument CompanySilver Spring, MarylandSystron-Donner CorporationConcord, CaliforniaElectro Mechanical Research, Inc.Sarasota, Florida

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Stellar Metrics Inc.Santa Barbara, CaliforniaUnited Aircraft Corp.Hamilton Standard DivislonWindsor Locks, ConnecticutData Control Systems, Inc.Danbury, ConnecticutAvco CorporationElectronics and Ordnance DivisionWilmington, MassachusettsGeneral Devices, Inc.Princeton, New JerseyColumbia Research Laboratories, Inc.Woodlyn, PennsylvaniaApplied Electronics Corporation.of N. J.Metuchen, New JerseySterer Engineering and Manufacturing Co.Los Angeles, CaliforniaBarnes Engineering Co.Stamford, ConnecticutThiokol Chemical Corp.Elkton, Maryland

Experiment Flight HardwareNorth American Aviation, Inc.Space and Information s'ystems DivisionDowney, CaliforniaGeneral Electric CompanyReentry Systems DepartmentPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania

Recovery Operations HardwareIrving Air Chute Co., Inc.Lexington, Kentucky

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Inflatable Technology, Inc.Vee-Line DivisionCosta Mesa, CaliforniaLaunch Vehicle Contractor

Douglas Aircraft CompanySanta Monica, Calj:fornia

-End-

biosatellite a press kit

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