biotech time line

Biotech Time LineBiotech Time Line

A selection of highlightsA selection of highlights


Humans domesticate crops and livestockHumans domesticate crops and livestock

4000 BC4000 BC


1660s1660s

Antoine van Leewenhoek discovers the Antoine van Leewenhoek discovers the microscope.microscope.

Allows us to see the microscopic world, Allows us to see the microscopic world, including bacteria.including bacteria.


17971797

Edward Jenner innoculates a child with Edward Jenner innoculates a child with viral vaccine against small pox.viral vaccine against small pox.


18571857

Louis Pasteur proposes microbes cause Louis Pasteur proposes microbes cause fermentation.fermentation.


18651865

An Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel An Austrian monk named Gregor Mendel begins his study of genetics while cross-begins his study of genetics while cross-breeding pea plantsbreeding pea plants

Father of GeneticsFather of Genetics


18691869

Johann Friedrich Miescher isolated and Johann Friedrich Miescher isolated and analyzed DNA as a macromolecule for the analyzed DNA as a macromolecule for the first time.first time.


19171917

Karl Erecky first uses the term Karl Erecky first uses the term biotechnology in a book he publishes in biotechnology in a book he publishes in Germany where he discusses converting Germany where he discusses converting raw materials into more use products.raw materials into more use products.


19431943

Penicillin is mass-produced by Andrew Penicillin is mass-produced by Andrew Moyer just in time to help thousands of Moyer just in time to help thousands of injured soldiersinjured soldiers

Sir Alexander Fleming is credited with its Sir Alexander Fleming is credited with its discovery in 1928.discovery in 1928.


19441944

Oswald Avery, along with MacLeod and Oswald Avery, along with MacLeod and McCarty, proves that genes and McCarty, proves that genes and chromosomes are made of DNAchromosomes are made of DNA


19531953

Watson and Crick publish the structure of Watson and Crick publish the structure of DNA in the journal Nature.DNA in the journal Nature.

They received the Nobel Prize in Medicine They received the Nobel Prize in Medicine along with Wilkins and Franklinalong with Wilkins and Franklin


19661966

Marshall Nirenburg, along with Khorana Marshall Nirenburg, along with Khorana and Holley, demonstrated the sequences and Holley, demonstrated the sequences of three bases (codons) on DNA of three bases (codons) on DNA determine each of the 20 amino acidsdetermine each of the 20 amino acids

Nobel prizeNobel prize


19701970

Restriction enzymes that cut genetic Restriction enzymes that cut genetic material and paste them together was material and paste them together was discovered.discovered.


19731973

Cohen and Boyer create the first Cohen and Boyer create the first recombinant DNA technology that allows recombinant DNA technology that allows scientists to splice DNA from one scientists to splice DNA from one organism into anotherorganism into another


19751975

Kohler and Milstein produce monoclonal Kohler and Milstein produce monoclonal antibodies by fusing the specific antibody-antibodies by fusing the specific antibody-producing plasma cells with a tumor cellproducing plasma cells with a tumor cell

Made way for a very effective diagnostic Made way for a very effective diagnostic and therapeutic tooland therapeutic tool


19781978

California company, Genetech, is first California company, Genetech, is first company to produce a recombinant drug company to produce a recombinant drug (insulin)(insulin)


19801980

Diamond vs Chakrabarty Supreme Court Diamond vs Chakrabarty Supreme Court Case ruled that genetically altered life can Case ruled that genetically altered life can be patented by the one who altered it.be patented by the one who altered it.


19831983

Kary Mullis creates the Polymerase Chain Kary Mullis creates the Polymerase Chain Reaction as a tool for amplifying, or Reaction as a tool for amplifying, or copying, DNA in vitro.copying, DNA in vitro.


19841984

Sir Alec Jeffreys develops the tool of DNA Sir Alec Jeffreys develops the tool of DNA typing, also known as DNA fingerprintingtyping, also known as DNA fingerprinting

Major tool used in forensicsMajor tool used in forensics


19861986

First recombinant vaccine for humans was First recombinant vaccine for humans was produced for hepatitisproduced for hepatitis


19971997

Ian Wilmut successfully cloned the first Ian Wilmut successfully cloned the first mammal, a sheep named Dollymammal, a sheep named Dolly


19981998

First human embryonic stem cell lines First human embryonic stem cell lines were producedwere produced


20032003

Human Genome Project was completed.Human Genome Project was completed.

Started in 1990 with the task of Started in 1990 with the task of sequencing every gene in the human cell.sequencing every gene in the human cell.

Found the sequence of over 24,000 Found the sequence of over 24,000 genes.genes.


20072007

Dr. Anthony Atala of WFIRM announces Dr. Anthony Atala of WFIRM announces the discovery of stem cells found in the discovery of stem cells found in amniotic fluidamniotic fluid


20082008

Armed Forces Institute of Regenerative Armed Forces Institute of Regenerative Medicine is formed to research Medicine is formed to research regenerative medicine technology that can regenerative medicine technology that can be used to treat injured soldiersbe used to treat injured soldiers


20102010

First synthetic cell is created by the labs of First synthetic cell is created by the labs of Craig Ventor, a major player in the Human Craig Ventor, a major player in the Human Genome ProjectGenome Project

Types of CompaniesTypes of Companies

Research and DevelopmentResearch and Development

Full Service: single product lineFull Service: single product line

Full Service: diversified product linesFull Service: diversified product lines

Contract ManufacturersContract Manufacturers

Organizational StructureOrganizational Structure

CEO

CFO COO CIO VP R&D VP Medical

Finance Accounting Mfg QC QA ProgrammersPhD scientists

Research AssistantsFormulation Raw Materials Document control

Clinical Affairs RegulatoryMaterials

Filling

In process and finished goods Compliance

Receiving and Distribution

TypistsInspectors

Chief ExecutivesChief Executives

CEO: Chief Executive OfficerCEO: Chief Executive Officer

COO: Chief Operations OfficerCOO: Chief Operations Officer

CIO: Chief Information OfficerCIO: Chief Information Officer

CFO: Chief Financial OfficerCFO: Chief Financial Officer

VP Research and DevelopmentVP Research and Development

VP Medical or Medical AffairsVP Medical or Medical Affairs

VP Sales and MarketingVP Sales and Marketing

Careers in BiotechCareers in Biotech

Research scientistResearch scientist

Design and carryout experimentsDesign and carryout experiments

Associates -PhD Associates -PhD

Internships and fellowships Internships and fellowships

$35-85 $35-85

Quality ControlQuality Control

Monitors quality of product and servicesMonitors quality of product and services

BA or MS BA or MS

Trained as an engineer or scientist and Trained as an engineer or scientist and move in to QC role after yrs of experience move in to QC role after yrs of experience

$71K $71K

Quality AssuranceQuality Assurance

Monitors the process for qualityMonitors the process for quality

BA or MS BA or MS

Trained in Business, Engineering, Trained in Business, Engineering, Statistics and then moves into QA role Statistics and then moves into QA role after yrs of exp. after yrs of exp.

$89K $89K

Bio-processing EngineerBio-processing Engineer

Monitor and develops the process of drug Monitor and develops the process of drug manufacturing in a develop systemmanufacturing in a develop system

BS BS

College courses and on the job College courses and on the job

$70K $70K

Bio-StatisticianBio-Statistician

Design research projects and analyze dataDesign research projects and analyze data

MS or PhD MS or PhD

Statistics, biostatistics or applied math Statistics, biostatistics or applied math

$70K $70K

MetrologyMetrology

Develops processes and systems to Develops processes and systems to measure objectsmeasure objects

HS or above HS or above

Math, science, and technology Math, science, and technology

$59 K $59 K

Regulatory AffairsRegulatory Affairs

Assure proper legal paperwork has been Assure proper legal paperwork has been completed for FDAcompleted for FDA

BS, MS, PhD, Law degree BS, MS, PhD, Law degree

On the jobOn the job

Complete certification Complete certification

$40-100k $40-100k

Clinical AffairsClinical Affairs

Designing and monitoring clinical trials Designing and monitoring clinical trials with human patientswith human patients

BS, MS, RN, PhD, MD, Law degree BS, MS, RN, PhD, MD, Law degree

On the job On the job

$70 - $150K $70 - $150K

Biomedical EngineerBiomedical Engineer

Designs machines and equipment of Designs machines and equipment of patient carepatient care

BS or MS BS or MS

On the job On the job

$75K $75K

Intellectual Property OfficerIntellectual Property Officer

Maintain information and documentation Maintain information and documentation on discoveries made by a company on discoveries made by a company

MS or PhD MS or PhD

Trained in other science and move into Trained in other science and move into positionposition

$75K $75K

Maintenance & Instrumentation Maintenance & Instrumentation TechnicianTechnician

Testing, maintaining, and troubleshooting Testing, maintaining, and troubleshooting equipmentequipment

AAS AAS

Electronics, technology Electronics, technology

$47K $47K

Patent LawyerPatent Lawyer

Represents company for filing patents for Represents company for filing patents for ownership of products and ideasownership of products and ideas

Law degree Law degree

Fellowship Fellowship

$115K $115K

Sales and MarketingSales and Marketing

Advertise and market productsAdvertise and market products

BS and MS BS and MS

Management, sells, marketing Management, sells, marketing

$78K $78K

Forensic PsychiatristForensic Psychiatrist

Focuses on how mental health affects Focuses on how mental health affects legal issueslegal issues

4 yrs college+ 4 yrs med school + 4 yrs 4 yrs college+ 4 yrs med school + 4 yrs residency residency

1 yr of fellowship and board certification1 yr of fellowship and board certification

$140-180K $140-180K

Forensic PathologistForensic Pathologist

Performs autopsies and determines the Performs autopsies and determines the cause, mechanism and manner of deathcause, mechanism and manner of death

4 yrs college+ 4 yrs med school + 4 yrs 4 yrs college+ 4 yrs med school + 4 yrs residency residency

1 yr of fellowship and board certification1 yr of fellowship and board certification

Mastery of several disciplines Mastery of several disciplines

$75-200K $75-200K

STEM Careers PaySTEM Careers Pay

$65,000

$38,000

$64,000

$67,000

$75,000

$70,000

All STEM Occupations

All Occupations

Life Science

Computer Technology

Engineering

Mathematical Sciences

It Pays to Stay in SchoolIt Pays to Stay in School


20112011

A Federal Court of Appeals upheld the A Federal Court of Appeals upheld the rights of science companies to hold rights of science companies to hold patents on genes that they have patents on genes that they have sequencedsequenced

biotech time line

Documents

biotech time line1973cohen

biotech time line2007dr

dnabiotech time line1953watson

structure of dna

recombinant dna technology

dna fingerprintingmajor

tool of dna typing

human cell