Biotechnology

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Comparative genomics also has been used to identify recently mobilized transposons in genetically diverse humans. For example, over 600 recent transposon insertions were identified by examining DNA resequencing traces from 36 genetically diverse humans.

Tbl 1 Which transposable elements are active in the human genome? (2007) Ryan E. Mills et al. Trends in Genetics 23: 183-191

DNA fingerprinting using RFLPs

Visualizing differences in DNA sequence by using restriction enzymes

Sequence 1

Sequence 2

Restriction Enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences

EnzymeRecognitionSequence Cut

EcoRI 5'GAATTC3'CTTAAG

5'---G AATT C---3'3'---CTTAA G--- 5'

BamHI 5'GGATCC3'CCTAGG

5'---G GATCC---3'3'---CCTAG G---5'

HindIII 5'AAGCTT3'TTCGAA

5'---A AGCTT---3'3'---TTCGA A---5'

TaqI 5'TCGA3'AGCT

5'---T CGA---3'3'---AGC T---5'

AluI 5'AGCT3'TCGA

5'---AG CT---3'3'---TC GA---5'

Examples of some restriction enzymes…

Visualizing differences in DNA sequence by using restriction enzymes

Sequence 1

Sequence 2

Separating DNA on a gel by size

• Gel electrophoresis

Fig 20.11

Visualizing differences in DNA sequence by RFLPs

DNA fingerprinting

DNA fingerprinting

DNA fingerprinting

Can DNA be obtained from hair?

How can DNA be obtained from such a small sample?

The inventor of PCR

Polymerase Chain Reaction:amplifying DNA

Fig 20.14

Polymerase Chain Reaction

Polymerase Chain Reaction:Primers allow specific regions to be amplified.

The inventor of PCR

PCR animation http://www.dnalc.org/ddnalc/resources/pcr.html

Areas of DNA from very small samples can be amplified by PCR, and then cut with

restriction enzymes for RFLP analysis.

What is the largest scale experiment that is being currently performed?