Blood

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Instructor: Terry E. Jones

A. Functions1. Regulates body heat

2. Transports respiratory gases 3. Transports Nutrients 4. Maintains electrolytes

Galena Park High SchoolA&

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B. Components 1. Plasma a. Liquid part of blood b. Contains dissolved ions c. Contains gases

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d. Contains proteins e. Contains hormones f. Cellular wastes g. Dissolved nutrients

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2. Formed Elements – Solids a. Erythrocytes-Red blood cells 1. Lack nuclei

2. Take oxygen to cells 3. 5 million/cubic ml

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b. Leukocytes-white blood cells 1. Have cell organelles

2. Used to kill bacteria and viruses 3. Can leave the blood vessels and move about in other tissues

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c. Types of white blood cells 1. Neutropils-phagocytes at sites of infection 2. Eosinophils-Combat allergies and parasitic worms

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3. Basophils-cause vessels to be leaky with histamine 4. Lymphocytes-found in lymph tissue, immune response T-cells are formed from lymphocytes

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5. Monocytes-change into large macrophages to attack infections d. Platelets 1. Large cells that explode into many fragments 2. Needed for blood clotting

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C. Blood Clotting Process 1. Injury to a blood vessel occurs exposing collagen fibers 2. Platelets stick to the collagen fibers and release serotonin

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3. Serotonin attracts more platelets 4. At the same time, damaged tissue

sends out thromboplastin, a blood clotting factor

5. Serotonin causes the vessel to shrink reducing blood loss

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6. PF3 and calcium ions are attracted to the injured site.

7. Prothrombin makes thrombin an enzyme

8. Thrombin joins the fibrinogen into fibrin molecules

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9. Fibrin traps RBC and forms the basis of the clot

10. Within an hour the clot squeezes out the serum from the clot and pulls together the edges of the injury.

11. Blood normally clots in 3-6 minutes.

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12 . Sterile gauze and Pressure a. Rough gauze provides a surface for platelets to attach quickly b. Pressure causes cells to rupture releasing more thromboplastin to speed up the clotting process

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D. Blood Antigens 1. Antigens are makers that are recognized by a body’s defense as

foreign 2. Blood types have these markers

so it is important to get the right blood to avoid serious damage

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E. Blood types 1. AB Group a. Have A and B antigens

b. Antibodies-None c. Can receive A, B, AB and O blood – universal recipient

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2. B Group a. Has B antigens

b. Antibodies-Anti A c. Can receive B and O blood

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3. A Group a. Has A antigens

b. Antibodies-Anti B c. Can receive A and O blood

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3. O Group a. Has no antigens

b. Antibodies-Anti B, anti B c. Can receive O blood d. Is a universal donor

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A. Anemia1. Low blood oxygen delivery

2. Causes a. Bone marrow cancer

b. Blood infections c. Lack of Vitamin B12

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B. Sickle Cell Anemia1. Causes low flow of oxygen to cells

2. Genetic disorder 3. RBC’s have a sickle shape 4. Carry less oxygen, rupture easily

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5. Occurs mostly in the black population of the malarial belt of Africa 6. Two forms of the gene and the disease is present 6. One form of the gene and one normal causes the sickle cells to stick to the sides of vessels and the parasite starves to death

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C. Blood Clots 1. Clotting of blood in normal vessels 2. Causes-pooling of blood, inactivity, physical trauma, accumulation of fatty material, slow flowing blood 3. Treatment- aspirin, warfarin, heparin which are blood thinners

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C. Hemophilia1. Blood does not clot

2. Genetic-lack of any of the clotting factors 3. Treatment-manufactured blood clotting factors 4. Injury avoidance

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D. Hemolytic Disease of the Newborns1. The fetus and mother’s blood are

different types 2. Mother creates antibodies that attack the fetus 3. Treatment-transfusion before birth 4. First child usually okay, second one is affected

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