Blood :importance in diagnosis

By- Roqqaiya MuftiDepartment of BiochemistryVBSPU,jaunpur

Blood :-introduction THE FLUID CIRCULATING THROUGH

OUT THE BODYCarrier of carbon dioxide and oxygen to and

from the lungCarries nourishment to the tisue.And take away waste product s to kidney.Blood makes up about 7_8% body

weight,which amounts to about 5 liters in adult human.

Components of blood The blood circulating is reffered to as ‘WHOLE

BLOOD’.

whole blood is made up of several different components each with specific applications.

The blood can be consider to be a specialized tissue composed of many different kinds of cellular matrix component such as the red blood cell, white blood cell, platelets and plasma.

What are red cells?Red cells or erythrocyte constitute the majority

of cells in the blood. Approximately a quarter of the cell in the human body are red blood cell.

Why red in color?

These cells’ cytoplasm is rich in hemoglobin an iron containing biomolecules that can bind oxygen and is responsible for the blood’s red color.

FUNCTION:Travel throughout the body, deliver oxygen to

tissue and remove carbon dioxide to lungs.

This role of the red cells is essential to prevent damage to organs.

The hemoglobin in the cell is an excellent acid base buffer, so are responsible for most of the acid _ base buffering power of whole blood.

What are platelets?Platelets or thrombocytes are colorless,

irregularly shaped bodies found in blood.

FUNCTIONSThe primary role of platelets is to prevent

bleeding in injured blood vessels walls by forming an aggregate at the site of injury

Platelets can also be participate in blood coagulation, inflammation and wound healing.

What are white cells?White blood cells or leucocytes cells travel

throughout the body and protect against bacteria and viruses.

There are different types of white blood cells (granulocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes)

The lymphocytes help with immune defense.White blood cells can also carry so many

viruses and bacteria.They occur outside the blood as well in the

spleen, liver and lymph node.

What is plasma?Plasma is a protein-salt solutions that acts as

a transportation medium for the other blood components.

The red cells, white cells and the platelets are suspended in the plasma.

Plasma is straw colored clear liquid that is 90% water.

FUNCTIONThe plasma is the cell free fluid matrix of the

blood ,which is obtained after centrifugation of anticoagulant treated blood.

Plasma helps with clotting, fighting infection,maintaing blood pressure and immunity. in addition, it contain minerals(e.g. sodium and potassium)

What is coagulation?COAGULATION is a complex process by which blood

from clots.Blood must be remain fluid with in the vasculature

and yet clot quickly when expose to no endothelial surface at a site of vascular injury.

It is an important part of HEMOSTASIS(the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel),where in a damaged blood vessel wall is covered by a platelets and fibrin containing clot to sop bleeding and begin repair of the damage vessel.

Disorder of coagulation can lead to an increased risk of bleeding(hemorrhage) or clotting(thrombosis).

CLOTTING FACTORS

CLOTTING MECHANISM

Presence of antigen on erythrocytes

Blood related disorderANEMIA:Sickle cell disease(SCD) also known as sickle

cell anemia(SCA),means defiency of hemoglobin in the blood.

Normally our blood cell are round and flexible they move easily through blood vessel. In sickle cell anemia, the RBCs become rigid and sticky and are shaped like sickle . These irregularly shaped cell can get stuck in small blood vessel ,and slows down the or block blood flow.

Types of anemia1. BLOOD LOSS ANEMIA: After rapid hemorrhage the body replace

the fluid portion of plasma into 3 days, but this leaves a low concentration of red blood cell.if a second hemorrhage does not occur the red blood concentration usually returns to normal within3-6 weeks. Inchronic blood loss a person frequently canot absorb enough iron from the intestine to form hemoglobin as rapidly it lost

2- APLASTIC ANEMIA: Bone marrow aplasia means lack of

functioning bone marrow. Peaople with severaplastia usually dies unless treated with blood transfusion,which can temporarily increase the number of red blood cell, or by bone marrow.

Occur due to high dose of radiation or chemotherapy for cancer treatment can damage stem cell or high dose of certain chemicals such as insecticides or benzene in gasoline.

3-MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA: Loss of vitamin B12 , folic acid can lead to

slow reproduction of erythrocytes in the bone marrow .As a result the red cell grow too large ,with odd shape ,and are called megaloblasts.

Thank

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