blood tests. hematology the study of blood, its functions, and composition blood is composed of 4...
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Blood TestsBlood Tests
HematologyHematology
The study of blood, its functions, and composition
Blood is composed of 4 parts◦(1) Plasma Liquid
where the other components are suspended in
◦(2) Red blood cells◦(3) White blood cells◦(4) Platelets
Drawing Blood SpecimensDrawing Blood Specimens
Venipuncture◦Requires puncturing a
vein with a needle and collecting blood into either a tube or syringe
◦Most common sites are the median cubital and cephalic veins of the forearm
3 Methods…
Drawing Blood SpecimensDrawing Blood Specimens(1) Evacuation SystemsEquipment: The VACUTAINER system is used. Including a special double-pointed needle, a plastic needle holder/adapter, and collection tubesCollection tubes are sealed to create a vacuumEasy to collect several samples, tubes collect the exact amount needed, collection tubes are prepared with additives, contamination is reducedMost common
Drawing Blood SpecimensDrawing Blood Specimens(1) Evacuation SystemsThe Vacutainer system
Stopper Colour
Test Types
Yellow Blood cultures
Blue Coagulation studies
RedBlood chemistries, AIDS antibody, viral studies, serologic tests, blood grouping and typing
Gold or Red/BlackTests requiring blood serum
Green Electrolyte studies, arterial blood gases
Lavender Hematology studies
GrayBlood glucose
Drawing Blood SpecimensDrawing Blood Specimens
(2) Needle and Syringe SystemsFor patients with small or fragile veinsEvacuation system may cause veins to
collapseSmaller needles can be used and
healthcare worker has control over plunger speed
Sample is collected in the syringe and must be transferred to a collection tube
Drawing Blood SpecimensDrawing Blood Specimens(2) Needle and Syringe Systems
Drawing Blood SpecimensDrawing Blood Specimens
(3) Butterfly SystemsAlso for patients with small or fragile veinsEquipment: butterfly needle, tubing, a plastic needle holder/adapter, and collection tubesFlexible wings simplify insertion and the inserted needle remains completely undisturbed while collecting, thereby reducing trauma
Drawing Blood SpecimensDrawing Blood Specimens
(3) Butterfly Systems
What is your blood type?What is your blood type?
Type AType AAntigen A is
present on the surface of red blood cells
Also have antibody B in plasma
Antibody B only binds to antigen B*
Type BType B
Antigen B present on the surface of the red blood cells
Antibody A present in plasma
What happens when Type What happens when Type A is given Type B? A is given Type B?
Results in clumping of RBCs and possible hemolysis - the rupturing of RBCs, which releases hemoglobin
The released hemoglobin can block the renal tubules and cause kidney failure and death
Type ABType AB
Both antigen A and antigen B on surface of RBC’s
Have neither antibody A or B in plasma
Called universal recipients can receive all ABO blood types
Type OType OHave neither
antigen A nor BHowever, they do
have antibody A and antibody B in plasma
Called universal donors blood can give to most people regardless of recipient’s blood type
Blood Type
Rh Factor (Rhesus)
• The Rhesus factor is another antigen on the red blood cell
• It is inherited• Individuals who have this antigen are said
to be Rh positive (85% of Canadians) individuals who do not have this antigen are Rh negative
• Rh negative may donate to Rh positive, but should not receive their blood
Hmmm???