blood: the river of life
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Blood: The River of Life. Human Anatomy & Physiology J. Kalinowski Spring 2012. Blood. Only Fluid Tissue Two components Formed elements Leukocytes (WBC) and platelets (buffy coat) equal less than 1% of blood Erythrocytes (RBC) equal 45% of blood Aka. Hematocrit = measure of RBC present - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Human Anatomy & PhysiologyJ. KalinowskiSpring 2012
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Only Fluid Tissue Two components
◦ Formed elements Leukocytes (WBC) and platelets
(buffy coat) equal less than 1% of blood
Erythrocytes (RBC) equal 45% of blood Aka. Hematocrit = measure of RBC
present◦ Plasma (fluid portion) = 55% of blood
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pH = 7.35 – 7.45 Temperature = 38oC or 100.4oF
◦ Slightly higher than body temp. Approx. 8% of body weight
◦ Males have 5-6 L while females have 4-5 L although amount depends on size
Color◦ Oxygen rich blood is scarlet red◦ Oxygen poor blood is dull or rusty red◦ Blood is heavier & more viscous than water
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Symptoms: Headache,
nausea, achy – a lot like the flu
Convulsions & unconsciousness as levels increase
Even though oxygen level is low – person looks very flushed – NOT cyanotic
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Transport:◦ Oxygen◦ Waste products incl. Carbon dioxide◦ Hormones◦ Heat
Maintenance◦ Normal pH◦ Adequate fluid volume
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Prevention:◦Blood loss through clotting mechanisms
◦Infection through white blood cells
◦- example: engulfing TB bacteria
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Structure:◦Few organelles◦Lack mitochondria◦Don’t do aerobic respiration so don’t use up the oxygen that they are carrying
Anucleate◦Only survive ~120 days
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Hemoglobin◦33% of cell weight◦Carries oxygen on iron atoms
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Spectrin◦ to maintain
membrane integrity and change cell shape so cell can travel without rupturing as it squeezes through capillaries
Misc. other proteins help with facilitating gas exchange and other functions
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Biconcave shape increases surface area to volume ratio for gas exchange
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Outnumber WBC 1000 to 1 Women
◦4.3 – 5.2 million RBC per mm3 of blood (about 1 small drop)
Men◦5.1 – 5.8 million RBC per mm3 of
blood◦ women typically have a lower percentage of RBC
which is why they tend to have trouble with Anemia # of blood cells compared to amount of plasma is major factor in blood viscosity◦If blood is too viscous – heart must
work too hard to pump it
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Major function is to carry oxygen Single RBC contains ~250 million
hemoglobin molecules each capable of carrying 4 oxygen atoms
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Protection of hemoglobin◦Enclosed in RBC to prevent fragmentation which would increase blood viscosity
Reminder: ◦If blood is too viscous – heart must work too hard to pump it
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Hematopoiesis: Blood cell formation◦Occurs in red bone marrow (myeloid)
which is found in the ends of long bones and in flat bones
Stem Cell is called Megakaryocyte Hemocytoblasts convert to hemocytes◦Cycle takes 3-5 days
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Erythropoiesis: Red blood cell formation◦ Based on oxygen demands by body Hypoxia: too few RBCs = oxygen
deprivation Too many (polycythemia) = blood
viscosity increases◦ Average production rate = 2 million/sec◦ Controlled hormonally Based on level of available oxygen triggers erythropoietin production in kidney
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Production depends on:◦Fe, vitamin B12, and folic acid
Necessary for DNA synthesis and hemoglobin synthesis
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After 120 days, the RBC is degraded and recycled by Macrophages (cleanup crew)
Hemoglobin is broken down to bilirubin◦ Goes to liver to be excreted◦ Liver damage can cause jaundice affecting
many body organs◦ Review: Bilirubin excess in brain causes
kernicturus
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4000 – 11,000 per mm3
Complete cells with nuclei and various organelles
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Diapedesis◦ Reach infection site by slipping into and out of
blood vessels Ameboid motion
◦ Move through tissue spaces to reach location Chemotaxis
◦ Respond to chemicals released by damaged cells in order to locate damaged area
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Contain specialized granules and lobed nuclei
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Active phagocytes – attracted to inflammation through chemotaxis Numbers increase
during bacterial & fungal infections
Produce white/yellow pus and snot & mucus
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Basophils◦ Located in certain tissues – aka. Mast cells◦ Increase in # during allergy attacks◦ Produce heparin & histamine to cause
vasodilation and attract other WBCx to area of attack
◦ Produce clear watery snot
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Located in intestinal & pulmonary mucosa and in dermis
Increase in number during◦Parasitic infestations and produce
chemicals to counteract allergic reactions
◦Produce greenish snot
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Lack granules Formed in bone marrow and then migrate to
lymphatic tissues – rarely circulate in blood unless needed
2 types
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Lymphocytes Monocytes
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Lymphocytes: 3 types that play an immune system role◦ (B-cells, T-cell, and Natural Killer cells) T-cells (several types)
Attack virus infected & tumor cells B-cells (several types)
Produce antibodies (immunoglobulins) for long term immunity
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Monocytes◦ Very mobile, aggressive macrophages◦ Increase in number during chronic infections
(such as tuberculosis) and act against viruses and bacteria in long term infections
◦ Activate lymphocytes to start immune response
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Activated by specific chemicals in response to infections, toxins, tumor cells, etc.
Granulocytes produced and stored in bone marrow as needed
Granulocytes have short life span - .5 to 9 days – die fighting invaders
Agranulocytes may live days to years depending on type
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Straw colored, sticky fluid matrix 90% water - 10% dissolved proteins,
gases, wastes, etc. Plasma proteins produced by liver:
know functions:◦ Albumin – water balance◦ Fibrinogen - clotting◦ Alpha & beta globulins - transport◦ Gamma globulins - immunity
Homeostatic levels maintained by various organs
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Formed by megakaryocytes (stem cells) Fragments of cells that clump together to
form a seal at damaged BV locations Not a complete cell – lack nuclei and
organelles so short life span
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Platelet plug formation◦ Normally, platelets and endothelium are both
positively charged so they repel each other and the endothelial wall of BV
◦ When endothelium ruptured, +platelets contact negative collagen fibers
◦ Chemical changes cause platelets to swell and stick together and to the wall
◦ Chemicals are released to attract more platelets to seal cuts
◦ Platelet plug is formed – effective in sealing small vascular nicks
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Aspirin inhibits platelet plug formation and prolonged bleeding may occur◦ In small doses, it inhibits unnecessary clotting
thus preventing heart attacks & strokes Aspirin is an anticoagulant
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Vascular Spasms◦ . initiated by serotonin released from anchored
platelets and stimulation of local pain receptors cause BV to spasm
◦ vasoconstriction narrows BV decreasing blood loss
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Coagulation – blood clotting Critical events that occur:
◦ Thromboplastin released by injured tissue◦ interacts with prothrombin activator (PF3)◦ Which converts prothrombin to thrombin◦ Which joins fibrinogen molecules into a fibrin
mesh◦ Which traps RBCs and pulls edges closer
together
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Medical Animation Library: Blood Clotting
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More than 30 substances involved◦ Procoagulant – promotes clotting◦ Anticoagulant – inhibits clotting
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When body is in homeostasis – there are several mechanisms that prevent clotting when it should NOT occur and enhance clotting when it SHOULD occur.
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When normal cell regeneration begins, clot becomes unnecessary
Plasmin (clot buster) is released until clot is dissolved totally.
release typically begins within 2 days and continues until clot dissolved
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RBCs contain antigens (glycoproteins) for cell recognition◦ 30 common varieties - over 100 "family antigens"◦ common antigens - ABO and Rh cause vigorous
transfusion reactions ◦ others mainly used for ID purposes (paternity,
inheritance, etc. - only typed in cases of several transfusions (cumulative effect)
ABO blood groups◦ based on presence or absence of A or B
antigens on RBCs◦ plasma antibodies act against foreign
antigens not present on that individual's RBCs
◦ see chart
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Rh+ 85% of Americans - carry Rh antigen on RBC
Rh- don't have antigen on RBCRh- can go into Rh+ BUT Rh+ cannot go into Rh-
less severe transfusion reaction (hemolysis of donor RBCs) - doesn't usually occur until 2nd transfusion due to body's reaction time
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can cause erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn)
if Rh- woman carries Rh+ baby◦ 1st baby is usually okay due to reaction time
unless there was a bleeding problem during the pregnancy or a previous miscarriage or abortion.
◦ 2nd baby will have its blood cells attacked by mother’s antibodies-
◦ Rhogam shot can prevent this if injected at 28 weeks of pregnancy and again right after birth.
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In case of blood loss, body tries to:◦ 1. reduce BV volume to maintain circulation to
vital organs◦ 2. step up production of RBCs for replacement
15-30% loss - pallor & weakness over 30% - severe shock may be fatal substantial blood loss - whole blood transfusion Plasma, electrolyte solutions ( Ringer's solution)
etc. can be used to increase blood volume while body steps up production of RBCs
Whole Blood transfusions can be given but blood must be typed and matched to prevent transfusion reaction
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Mismatched RBCs antigens attacked by plasma antibodies
agglutination of foreign RBCs can:◦ clog small BV - reduce blood flow◦ lysed RBCs release hemoglobin into blood-
reduced oxygen capacity - blocks kidneytubules and causes renal shutdown
Reactions: fever, chills, vomiting Treatment: alkaline fluids to dilute
hemoglobin, diuretics to increase urine flow to flush kidneys
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