body composition for mmune system · 5 webster‘s new world medical dictionary (3rd ed.). houghton...

The importance of a Healthy Body Composition for the Immune System

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Content

The Human Body Composition 3

Healthy Cells 4

Muscle Mass - Strong Immune System 6

How does Visceral Fat affect the Immune System 7

Body Water 8

InBody 770 Body Composition Analysis 9

Phase Angle 10

Skeletal Muscle Mass 11

Visceral Fat 12

Body Water & Water Balance 13

Please Contact Us! 14

References 15

Photo credits 16

Application Paper | Immune system


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Weight alone doesn't say much!

Examining the human body in its individual structures is an effective way to identify individual

risks and deficits and to actively work on a stronger immune system through appropriate

measures. Various models are known from anthropology to divide the structure of the human

body. The model of the body compartments helps here. These body compartments

represent the various tissues and fluids in the human body.

The one-compartment model considers the body as a whole and therefore only deals with the

total body weight. It is not possible to make a qualitative statement about possible health risks

using the one-compartment model, since it is not exactly clear what the total body mass consists

of. In modern therapy and research, the four-compartment model is used as the basis for

assessment.

Water

Body Weight

The Human Body Composition

The one-compartment model

The four-compartment model

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MineralsProtein Fat


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An important factor for a strong immune system

In the bone marrow, our blood-forming system is created from the blood stem cells. Different cell

types with various tasks and functions are formed from these stem cells. The large variety of

white blood cells, the so-called leukocytes, make up a large part of our immune system.

Lymphocytes

The most important group among the immune cells are the lymphocytes [1]. They

form the basis for the acquired immune system and the immunological memory. One billion

lymphocytes are constantly on the lookout for pathogens. Receptors on the cell surface

allow the cells to recognize their targets. A lymphocyte can only recognize one specific

antigen because it only has a large number of one specific receptor on the cell surface.

Nevertheless, the body can effectively fight pathogens that have already occurred by

storing a few copies of antigens. In the event that the pathogen reappears, the immune cells

with the corresponding receptors are produced millions of times and the pathogen can be

destroyed. You have a so-called "immunological memory" [2,3]. Lymphocytes include T-

lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes, natural killer cells and their more specialized successor cells.

T-lymphocytes are responsible for the cellular immune response and mature in the thymus. The

body's own cells, which are affected by viruses or mutations, are destroyed and antigens are

attacked and destroyed directly.

Healthy Cells

1 Edward S. Gloub , The Cellular Basis of the Immune Response, 2nd Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA (1981): 11-132 Crotty, S., & Ahmed, R. (2004, June). Immunological memory in humans. In Seminars in immunology. (Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 197-203). Academic Press.

3 Crotty, Shane, et al. „Cutting edge: long-term B cell memory in humans after smallpox vaccination.“ The Journal of Immunology 171.10 (2003): 4969-4973.

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Healthy Cells

B lymphocytes arise in the bone marrow and represent the humoral immune response. Large

quantities of antibodies are produced with their successor cells, the plasma cells [4].

Natural killer cells belong to the innate immune system. They track down tumor cells or virus-

infected cells and kill them.

Monocytes and macrophages belong to the group of phagocytes (phagocytes). They are largely

responsible for the regulation of the immune response and emit a variety of chemical

messengers to regulate the strength of the immune response. Monocytes move in the

bloodstream and look for pathogens. They develop into macrophages as soon as they

penetrate the tissue.

Granulocytes represent the largest group of leukocytes. The commonality between

the different subgroups is that all granulocytes contain filled granules from different enzymes

and bacteria-killing substances in their cells [5].

Dendritic cells can form both from monocytes and from precursor cells of T lymphocytes.

They have a very specific structure and shape, which enables them to catch and digest

pathogens and to present fragments of them on their surface for other immune cells. They

are mainly present on surface fabrics, such as of the skin or throat, but can also to be found

in large numbers in the inner mucous membranes.

4 Charles Janeway, Paul Travers, Mark Walport, Mark Shlomchik: Immunologie. 5. Auflage, Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2002

5 Webster‘s New World Medical Dictionary (3rd ed.). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 181.

The humoral immune response (from lat.

[H] umor = moisture also juice, liquid) is

the part of the body's immune response

that is mediated by the non-cellular

components of body fluids. Together with

the cellular immune response, it forms the

immune system of higher organisms [5].

Humoral immune response:

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What does the immune system have to do with muscles?

The study by Mariani et al. (1999) showed that senior adults with higher skeletal muscle

mass had a higher number of immune cells in the blood, which indicates that muscles are

related to the immune system [6]. In addition, muscle activation leads to the production of

myokines in the muscle cells supporting a potential relationship between muscle activation

an immune function [7]. Regular exercise of moderate intensity has been related to an

increase of T lymphocytes, showing that this type of exercises can support and potentially

improve immunity [8].

Basically, regular exercise has a positive influence on the body [8, 9] namely:

strengthening the immune system

the increase of skeletal muscle mass

the reduction of body fat mass

the increase of bone density

These effects of regular exercise reduce the risk of diseases such as diabetes II,

obesity, different types of cancer and cardiovascular diseases [10]. In addition, it

has been shown that older adults with low skeletal muscle mass are at greater

risk of cardiovascular disease [11].

Muscle Mass - Strong Immune System

The musculature is an organ system that,

together with the bones, joints, tendons

and ligaments, forms the human support

and musculoskeletal system. The skeletal

muscles can be influenced arbitrarily by

physical activity and act like a medicine for

the body.

Myokines are hormone-like messenger

substances that are released by the

skeletal muscles through movement and

contraction. The myokines train our

immune system and protect us effectively

against diseases.

Muscle function:

What are myokines?

6 Mariani, E. et al. (1999). Vitamin D, thyroid hormones and muscle mass influence natural killer (NK) innate immunity in healthy nonagenarians and centenarians. 7 Pedersen, B. K., & Febbraio, M. A. (2008). Muscle as an endocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6. Physiological reviews, 88(4), 1379-1406.

8 Simpson, R. J., Kunz, H., Agha, N., & Graff, R. (2015). Exercise and the regulation of immune functions. In Progress in molecular biology and translational science (Vol. 135, pp. 355-380). Academic Press.

9 Wayne, L. & Westcott, PhD. (2012). Resistance Training is Medicine: Effects of Strenght Training on Health.

10 Brandt, C., & Pedersen, B. K. (2010). The role of exercise-induced myokines in muscle homeostasis and the defense against chronic diseases. BioMed Research International, 2010.

11 Ricardo Aurelio Carvalho Sampaio et al. (2014) Arterial stiffness is associated with low skeletal muscle mass in Japanese community-dwelling older adults .

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How does Visceral Fat affect the Immune System

Our body fat is divided into subcutaneous

fat (under the skin) and visceral fat (in the

abdominal cavity). The visceral fat serves to

protect the internal organs and as an energy

reserve. However, increased storage of

visceral fat poses health risks.

Definition of visceral fat:

Visceral fat is a separate part of body composition analysis.

Current literature shows that visceral fat in particular, in contrast to subcutaneous fat,

emits more inflammatory messengers and thus impairs the functions of the immune system

[12]. In addition, other studies show that a high visceral fat percentage also increases the

risk of numerous complications such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes II,

obesity, glucose and fat metabolism disorders, fatty liver and the metabolic syndrome

[12-18]. An accumulation of visceral fat leads to an increased production of adipokines [13].

These adipokines, in conjunction with the increased accumulation of macrophages, increase

the inflammatory processes and the development of insulin resistance. This can result in an

increased risk of complications and thus a weakened immune system [12, 17]. These

complications are for example diabetes II, lipid metabolism disorders, fatty liver and high blood

pressure [16]. Regular strength training and a balanced diet can reduce the visceral

fat. This reduces the risk of harmful inflammatory reactions and improves the overall

immune system [8, 20].

12 de Heredia, F. P., Gómez-Martínez, S. & and Marcos, A. (2012). Chronic and degenerative diseases. Obesity, inflammation and the immune system. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 71: 332–338.

13 P. Mancuso: The role of adipokines in chronic inflammation. In: ImmunoTargets and therapy. Band 5, 2016, S. 47–56.

14 Shafqat, M. N. & Haider, M. (2018). Subcutaneous to visceral fat ratio: a possible risk factor for metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy 11: 129–130.

15 Barroso, T. A., Marins, L. B., Alves, R., Gonçalves, A. C. S., Barroso, S. G. & de Souza Rocha, G. (2017). Association of Central Obesity with The Incidence of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors. International Journal of Cardiova-scular

Sciences 30 (5): 416-424.

16 Gruzdeva, O., Borodkina, D., Uchasova, E., Dyleva, Y. & Barbarash, O. (2018). Localization of fat depots and cardiovascular risk. Lipids in Health and Disease 17:218.

17 Janochovaa, K., Haluzika, M., Buzgab, M. (2019). Visceral fat and insulin resistance – what we know? Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub. 163 (1): 19-27.

18 Kim, J. A., Choi, C. J. & Yum, K. S. (2006). Cut-off Values of Visceral Fat Area and Waist Circumference: Diagnostic Criteria for Abdominal Obesity in a Korean Population. J Korean Med Sci 21: 1048-53.

19 Shida T., Akiyama, K., Oh, S. & Sawai, A. (2018). Skeletal muscle mass to visceral fat area ratio is an important determinant affecting hepatic conditions of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol 53: 535–547.

20 Schmidt, F. M., Weschenfelder, J., Sander, C., Minkwitz, J. et al. (2015).Inflammatory Cytokines in General and Central Obesity and Modulating Effects of Physical Activity. PLoS ONE 10 (3): 0121971.

Adipokines are a group of endocrine-active

proteins from adipose tissue, such as

cytokines or peptide hormones. Adipokines

have anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory

properties and connect the metabolism with

the immune system. With malnutrition, anti-

inflammatory adipokines increase and pro-

inflammatory decrease. With an increase of

adipose tissue above normal metabolic

status it works the other way around. [13]

Adipokine:

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Body Water

The body water describes the water

contained in the body fluids. This is made up

of intracellular and extracellular body water

and serves as a solvent, building material,

temperature regulator and means of

transport.

Definition body water:A balanced body water for a strong immune system

In addition to the immune cells and other influencing factors, a balanced body water balance also

plays an important role for the immune system [21]. Body water is responsible for the transport

of numerous substances in the fluid compartments, which include the supply of cells with

nutrients and the excretion of urinary substances [22].

Studies have shown that edema (water retention) and dehydration are very serious causes of the

occurance and development of diseases [23].

If the fluid balance is not balanced, this may be due to an imbalance of the extracellular water in

relation to the total body water. Edema occurs when the extracellular water is in a high ratio to

the total body water. Dehydration occurs when the extracellular water has a low ratio to the

total body water. Imbalances can either affect the whole body or only occur in isolated

regions. Water retention can have various causes, such as congestive heart failure,

kidney disease or liver diseases [24].

21 Calder, P. C., Carr, A. C., Gombart, A. F. & Eggersdorfer, M. (2020). Optimal Nutritional Status for a Well-Functioning Immune System is an Important Factor to Protect Against Viral Infections. Preprints, 2020030199.

22 Köhnke, K. (2011). Der Wasserhaushalt und die ernährungsphysiologische Bedeutung von Wasser und Getränken. Ernährungsumschau 1: 88-95.

23 Leach, R. M., Brotherton, A., Stroud, M., Richard Thompso, R. (2013). Nutrition and fluid balance must be taken seriously. BMJ 346.

24 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20366493?p=1

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InBody 770 Body Composition Analysis

Numerous indicators of the immune system can be determined using body composition analysis. The following pages will show how the below points can be evaluated and which statements can be derived about the immune system.

the Health of the Cells

the Skeletal Muscle Mass

the Visceral Fat

the Body Water & Water Balance

to the result sheet interpretation

learn more

learn more

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The direct segmental multi-frequency measurement / bioelectrical impedance analysis(DSM-MFBIA) from InBody


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n nd cato o cell health

Cell health can be determined using bioelectrical impedance analysis. To do this, the

phase angle is determined. The phase angle is used for assessing the health of the

human body and the nutritional status of the cells [25,26]. The larger the phase angle,

the more resistant and healthier the cell membranes [25,27]. A small phase angle is

associated with malnutrition and mortality rate [28,29].

25 Kim, H. S. et al (2015). Clinical Application of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis and its Phase Angle for Nutritional Assessment of Critically III Patients. Journal of the Korean Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 7(2), 54-61.26 Mattar J, et al. Application of total body bioimpedance to the critically ill patient. New Horizons 1995, Volume 4, No, 4: 493-503.27 Al-Kalaldeh, M., et al (2018). Assessment of nutritional status of critically ill patients using the malnutrition universal screening tool and phase angle. Topics in Clinical Nutrition, 33(2), 134-143.28 Stapel, S. N., et al (2018). Bioelectrical impedance analysis-derived phase angle at admission as a predictor of 90-day mortality in intensive care patients. European journal of clinical nutrition, 72(7), 1019-1025.29 Ott M, et al. (1995). Bioelectrical impedance analysis as a predictor of survival in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology, 9:20-25.

Ma

(kg/m²)

(%)

Skelettmuskelmasse

Zielgewicht

Gesamt +/-

davon Fett

davon Muskeln

Rechter Arm

Linker Arm

Rumpf

Rechtes Bein

Linkes Bein

Intrazelluläres Wasser

Extrazelluläres Wasser

Grundumsatz

Taille-Hüfte-Verhältnis

Körperzellmasse

Scannen Sie den QR-Code,

um detaillierte Erklärungen zu

den Ergebnissen zu sehen.

Neueste Gesamt

RUSkelettmuskelmasse

Körper-Masse-Index

In Bezug auf ideales Gewicht In Bezug auf aktuelles Gewicht

Healthy Cell

HighPhase Angle

HighPhase Angle

LowPhase Angle

LowPhase Angle

Unhealthy Cell

biological

technological

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URUR

High phase angle = healthy cell

Above 3.5° [25,27]

Low phase angle = unhealthy cell

Below 3.5° [25,27]

Active immune system

Good food supply

Healthy water ratio

Rapid regeneration

In order to measure the phase angle, a

current pulse of 50 kHz is sent through the

cell. Depending on the state of the cell

membrane, there will be a delay of the

voltage curve, causing a shift between

the current and voltage curve (phase shift).

A large delay of the voltage curve is the result

of an intact and healthy cell. In case of a

damaged cell, there is a smaller delay,

therefore a smaller phase shift. A small

phase angle (shift) often occurs in

combination with low muscle mass and

simultaneous edema formation.

A "D" stands for an athletic body type. Relative to your own body weight, a D-shape has relatively

more muscle mass than fat mass. High muscle mass is related to a higher number of immune cells in

the bl ood, therefore indicating a stronger immune system [6]. Muscle building training leads to an

increase of muscle mass, and can therefore be a basis for a strong immu ne system [6, 9].

A "C" stands for a weak body type. Relative to your own body weight, a C-shape has relatively less

muscle mass than fat mass. Too low muscle mass (sarcopenia) increases the risk of numerous

complications, such as cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis and frailty [11,30,31]. It is therefore

advisable to build up sufficient muscle mass to prevent possible complications.


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The C-shape

Fettleibigkeitsanalyse

Segmentale Mageranalyse

Körperzusammensetzungsanalyse

Geschlecht Datum / TestzeitID AlterGröße

www.InBody.dewww.facebook.com/InBodyDeutschland

Werte Fettfreie Masse Gewicht

Mineralien

Proteine

Gesamt-körperwasser

Körper-fettmasse

in Lösung

Über

Unter Normal Über

Unter Normal Über EZW/GKW

Rumpf

Linker Arm

Rechter Arm

(kg/m²)

Körperfett (%)

20,8

20,9

59,1

weiblich

Viszeraler Fettbereich

Punkte

Gewichtsempfehlung

Die Punktzahl bewertet die Körperzusammensetzung. Eine muskulöse Person kann über 100 Punkte erhalten.

Zielgewicht

Gesamt +/-

davon Fett

davon Muskeln

Rechter Arm

Linker Arm

Rumpf

Rechtes Bein

Linkes Bein

Segmentale Fettanalyse

Zusätzliche Daten

Alter

Fitnessbewertung

BMIKörper-Masse-Index



The D-shape




Werte Fettfreie Masse Gewicht

Mineralien

Proteine

Gesamt-körperwasser

Körper-fettmasse

in Lösung

Über

Unter Normal Über

(kg/m²)

Körperfett (%)

24,2

51,3

16,8

weiblich

Viszeraler Fettbereich

Punkte

Gewichtsempfehlung


Zielgewicht

Gesamt +/-

davon Fett

davon Muskeln

Alter

Fitnessbewertung


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The relationship between muscle mass, weight and body fat mass

Physical activity has proven to be an effective medicine for people. It has positive effects

on strengthening the immune system, increasing skeletal muscle mass, reducing body fat

mass, increasing bone density [8,9] and thus lowering the risk of diseases such as type 2

diabetes mellitus, obesity, cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer [10].

Through movement and muscular contractions, myokines are produced in the muscle

cells, which promote the build-up of T lymphocytes to strengthen the immune system

[7,8].

30 He, H., Liu, Y., Tian, Q., Papasian, C. J., Hu, T., & Deng, H. W. (2016). Relationship of sarcopenia and body composition with osteoporosis. Osteoporosis International, 27(2), 473-482.31 Evans, W. J., Paolisso, G., Abbatecola, A. M., Corsonello, A., Bustacchini, S., Strollo, F., & Lattanzio, F. (2010). Frailty and muscle metabolism dysregulation in the elderly. Biogerontology, 11(5), 527-536.

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Underestimated health risk

Körperwasseranalyse


Segmentale Mageranalyse

Muskel-Fett-Analyse




Punkte

Gewichtsempfehlung


Zielgewicht

Gesamt +/-

davon Fett

davon Muskeln

Rechter Arm

Linker Arm

Rumpf

Rechtes Bein

Linkes Bein

Segmentale Fettanalyse

Zusätzliche DatenIntrazelluläres Wasser

Extrazelluläres Wasser

Grundumsatz

Taille-Hüfte-Verhältnis

Körperzellmasse

QR-Code zur ErgebnisauswertungScannen Sie den QR-Code,

um detaillierte Erklärungen zu

den Ergebnissen zu sehen.

Fitnessbewertung



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Interpretation: If the visceral fat area is above the medically recognized risk limit of 100 cm², there is an increased risk for the numerous secondary diseases related to high visceral fat (hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes II, etc.) [12-18]. In addition, with aging visceral fat can increase which also increases the associated risk of complications, see the grey cloud. To prevent this pattern, people should take care of their visceral fat by changing their lifestyle.

Conclusion: Aim for a visceral fat area in the light grey area (below 100 cm²).

Visceral fat refers to the fat in the free abdominal cavity, which surrounds the internal

organs and is not visible from the outside. Current literature shows that visceral fat in

particular, in contrast to subcutaneous fat, emits more inflammatory messengers and thus

impairs the functions of the immune system [12]. Studies show that increased visceral fat

is correlated with an increased production of adipokines [13]. These adipokines, together

with the increased accumulation of macrophages, increase the inflammatory processes

and the development of insulin resistance [17]. Therefore, these are associated with an

increased risk of secondary diseases and thus also a weakened immune system [12, 17].

Regular physical activity can reduce the visceral fat, thus preventing the harmful

inflammatory reactions and improving the immune system [8,20].

Application Paper |

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Body Water

The body water describes the water contained in the body fluids. It is composed of the

intracellular and extracellular body water and serves as a solvent, building material, temperature regulator and means of transport. Balanced body water plays an essential role in the fight against diseases and injury [23]. The body water ensures the transport of numerous substances in the liquid compartments. These include supplying the cells with nutrients and excreting urinary substances [22]. An increased loss of water from the blood and tissue, negatively affects the flow properties of the blood and urinary

substances are no longer excreted to a sufficient extent. A sufficient supply of oxygen to the muscle and brain cells can therefore no longer be guaranteed. With inflammation,

the permeability of the blood vessels often changes [32], which is why water can

accumulate in the surrounding tissue. Water retention is related to many diseases such as

cardiovascular, kidney and liver diseases [24] and can support the development of

diseases [23].

The E W ratio is the ratio of extracellular

water to total body water and an important

indicator for a balanced water balance.

= Normal range: 0.360 - 0.390

>Water retention, edema, (extremely) low intracellular water

< Normal range: Dehydration, high intracellular water

The normal range between 0.360-0.390 is

based on the knowledge that in a healthy

person the ratio between intra- and

extracellular water should be 62% to 38%

resoectivily. The ECW ratio is therefore

calculated using the formula ECW / TBW

(total body water).

Published by 2020 32 Pober, J. S., & Sessa, W. C. (2014). Inflammation and the blood microvascular system. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in biology, 7(1), a016345. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a016345


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More success with the InBody consulting concept

The InBody consulting concept consists of a cycle of monitoring and measures. Your success will

be measurable and the motivation of your customers / patients will be promoted. As a healthcare

provider, you can benefit from an established system that can be excellently implemented in

your facility through extensive further training, effective marketing material and helpful advisory

tools.

Make an appointment with us today!

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1. Edward S. Gloub , The Cellular Basis of the ImmuneResponse, 2nd Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc.Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA (1981): 11-13

2. Crotty, S., & Ahmed, R. (2004, June). Immunologicalmemory in humans. In Seminars in immunology. (Vol. 16,No. 3, pp. 197-203). Academic Press.

3. Crotty, Shane, et al. „Cutting edge: long-term B cellmemory in humans after smallpox vaccination.“ TheJournal of Immunology 171.10 (2003): 4969-4973.

4. Charles Janeway, Paul Travers, Mark Walport, MarkShlomchik: Immunologie. 5. Auflage, SpektrumAkademischer Verlag, Heidelberg 2002

5. Webster‘s New World Medical Dictionary (3rd ed.).Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

6. Mariani, E. et al. (1999). Vitamin D, thyroid hormonesand muscle mass influence natural killer (NK) innateimmunity in healthy nonagenarians and centenarians.

7. Pedersen, B. K., & Febbraio, M. A. (2008). Muscle as anendocrine organ: focus on muscle-derived interleukin-6.Physiological reviews, 88(4), 1379-1406.

8. Simpson, R. J., Kunz, H., Agha, N., & Graff, R. (2015).Exercise and the regulation of immune functions. InProgress in molecular biology and translational science(Vol. 135, pp. 355-380). Academic Press.

9. Wayne, L. & Westcott, PhD. (2012). Resistance Trainingis Medicine: Effects of Strenght Training on Health.

References

10. Brandt, C., & Pedersen, B. K. (2010). The role ofexercise-induced myokines in muscle homeostasis andthe defense against chronic diseases. BioMed ResearchInternational, 2010.

11. Ricardo Aurelio Carvalho Sampaio et al. (2014)Arterial stiffness is associated with low skeletal musclemass in Japanese community-dwelling older adults.

12. de Heredia, F. P., Gómez-Martínez, S. & andMarcos, A. (2012). Chronic and degenerative diseases.Obesity, inflammation and the immunesystem.Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 71: 332–338.

13. P. Mancuso: The role of adipokines in chronicinflammation. In: ImmunoTargets and therapy. Band 5,2016, S. 47–56.

14. Shafqat, M. N. & Haider, M. (2018). Subcutaneousto visceral fat ratio: a possible risk factor for metabolicsyndrome and cardiovascular diseases. Diabetes,Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy11: 129–130.

15. Barroso, T. A., Marins, L. B., Alves, R., Gonçalves, A.C. S., Barroso, S. G. & de Souza Rocha, G. (2017).Association of Central Obesity with The Incidence ofCardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors.International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences 30(5): 416-424.

16. Gruzdeva, O., Borodkina, D., Uchasova, E., Dyleva,Y. & Barbarash, O. (2018). Localization of fat depotsand cardiovascular risk. Lipids in Health and Disease17:218.

17. Janochovaa, K., Haluzika, M., Buzgab, M. (2019).Visceral fat and insulin resistance – what we know?Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc CzechRepub. 63 (1): 19-27.

18. Kim, J. A., Choi, C. J. & Yum, K. S. (2006). CutoffValues of Visceral Fat Area and Waist Circumference:Diagnostic Criteria for Abdominal Obesity in a KoreanPopulation. J Korean Med Sci 21: 1048-53.

19. Shida T., Akiyama, K., Oh, S. & Sawai, A. (2018).Skeletal muscle mass to visceral fat area ratio is animportant determinant affecting hepatic conditions ofnon-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol 53:535–547.

20. Schmidt, F. M., Weschenfelder, J., Sander, C.,Minkwitz, J. et al. (2015).Inflammatory Cytokines inGeneral and Central Obesity and Modulating Effects ofPhysical Activity. PLoS ONE 10 (3): 0121971.

21 Calder, P. C., Carr, A. C., Gombart, A. F. & Eggersdorfer, M. (2020). Optimal Nutritional Status for a Well-Functioning Immune System is an Important Factor to Protect Against Viral Infections. P reprints, 2020030199.

22 Köhnke, K. (2011). Der Wasserhaushalt und die ernährungsphysiologische Bedeutung von Wasser und Getränken. Ernährungsumschau 1: 88-95.

23 Leach, R. M., Brotherton, A., Stroud, M., Richard Thompso, R. (2013). Nutrition and fluid balance must be taken seriously. BMJ 346.

24 https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/edema/symptoms-causes/syc-20366493?p=1

25. Kim, H. S., Lee, E. S., Lee, Y. J., Jae Ho Lee, C. T. L., &Cho, Y. J. (2015). Clinical Application of BioelectricalImpedance Analysis and its Phase Angle for NutritionalAssessment of Critically III Patients. Journal of theKorean Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition,7(2), 54-61.

26. Mattar J, et al. Application of total bodybioimpedance to the critically ill patient. New Horizons1995, Volume 4, No, 4: 493-503.

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Page 1: Findings sheet (InBody)

Page 4: Compartment models (InBody)

Page 5: Illustration lymphocytes (Adobe Stock/fotomek)

Page 6: Schematic representation of leukocytes (Adobe Stock/timonina)

Page 7: Human muscles (Adobe Stock/adimas)

Page 8: Visceral fat(InBody)

Page 9: water (Fotolia/Robert)

Page 10: InBody 770 during measurement (InBody)

Page 11: Schematic representation of the phase angle (InBody)

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