body organization and terminology
DESCRIPTION
Body Organization and Terminology. Lab Exercise 2 Bio 160. Body Cavities. Axial – Head, neck and trunk. Appendicular – Upper and lower limbs. Body Cavities. Dorsal cavity – back side – formed by cranium and vertebrae. Cranial cavity – contains brain. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Body Organization and Terminology
Lab Exercise 2Bio 160
Body Cavities
• Axial – Head, neck and trunk
• Appendicular – Upper and lower limbs
Body Cavities
• Dorsal cavity – back side – formed by cranium and vertebrae
Cranial cavity – contains brain
Vertebral (spinal) canal – contains spinal cord
Body Cavities
• Ventral Cavity – Belly side - organs inside are collectively called visceralined with serous membrane (parietal and visceral) (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium)
Thoracic cavity
Pleural cavity - contains lungs (parietal and visceral pleura)
Body CavitiesMediastinum - mass of soft tissue
between lungs from sternum to vertebral column; includes heart in pericardial cavity (parietal and visceral pericardium), aorta, esophagus and trachea
Body Cavities Abdominopelvic cavity - lined with parietal
and visceral peritoneum (diaphragm divides the thoracic from abdominopelvic)
Abdominal
Pelvic
Body Cavities
• Smaller cavities within the head
Oral cavity
Nasal cavity and sinuses
Orbital cavity
Middle ear cavity
Organ Systems
• Integumentary system – Body covering
Skin
Hair and nails
• Skeletal system – Support and protection of soft tissue, production of blood cells and storage of calcium
Bones
Organ Systems
Ligaments
• Muscular system – Movement, posture maintenance and heat production
Cartilage
Skeletal muscles
Tendons
Organ Systems
• Nervous system – Receives sensory information, interprets information and stimulates effectors (ex. muscles or glands)
Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves
Organ Systems• Endocrine system – Secretes hormones
Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries and Testes
Thymus
Organ Systems
• Cardiovascular system – Transport of gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes throughout body
Heart
Arteries
Veins
Organ Systems• Lymphatic system – Transports fluids back to
bloodstream and some fats away from digestive system, also helps fight infections
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph nodes
Thymus
Spleen
Organ Systems• Digestive system – Breaks down food into
simpler forms that can be absorbed by the body
Mouth Tongue
Teeth
Salivary glands
Pharnyx
Organ Systems
Stomach Liver Gallbladder
Pancreas
Small Intestines
Large Intestines
Esophagus
Organ Systems• Respiratory system – Move air in and out and
exchange gases between the blood and air
Nasal cavity and Pharnyx Larnyx
Trachea
Bronchi
Lungs
Organ Systems• Urinary system – Removes wastes from blood
and maintains the body’s water and salt balance
Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Organ Systems• Male Reproductive system –Production and
delivery of male reproductive cells (sperm)
Scrotum
Testes
Penis
Urethra
Organ Systems• Female Reproductive system –Production and
maintenance of female reproductive cells (eggs)
Ovaries
Uterine tubes (Oviducts; Fallopian tubes)
Uterus
Vagina
Anatomical Position
• body upright facing observer
• arms at side
• palms facing forward
Directional Terms (anatomical directions)
• Dorsal – back side
• Ventral – belly side
• Anterior – that part which goes first (= ventral because belly goes first when we proceed (anterior = ventral only in bipeds and not in quadripeds))
Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (2)
• Posterior – that part which follows (posterior = dorsal)
• Superior – toward head or above another structure
• Inferior – away from the head or below another structure
Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (3)
• Lateral – away from midline
• Medial – toward midline
• Superficial – near the surface
• Deep – more internal than superficial parts
Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (4)
• Proximal
– nearer to point of attachment of an extremity to trunk (ex. humerus is proximal to radius)
– nearer to point of reference (origin) (ex. proximal convoluted tubules in kidney nephrons)
Directional Terms (anatomical directions) (5)
• Distal
– further from attachment of an extremity to trunk
– further from point of reference (origin)
Body Planes & Sections
• Plane – imaginary flat surface
• Section – flat surface resulting from a cut made through the structure
1) Sagittal - section resulting from a plane that divides the body into right and left portions
Body Planes & Sections (2)2) Frontal (Coronal) - section resulting from
a plane that divides body into front and back (anterior and posterior)
3) Transverse (cross) (xs) - section resulting from a plane that divides body into superior and inferior portions along a horizontal plane (actually any section that is a right angle to the length of a structure) (a slice of bread is a cross section of a loaf of bread)
Body Regions
• Review Body Regions in text, pages 14-17, Fig 1.15&1.16