Body Systems: Skeletal and Muscular

Levels of Organization ~ Organ Systems

We have a lot in common with Mr. Frog…“Like what?” you say……..

Frogs Humans• Eukaryotes

• Multi-cellular

• Eukaryotes

• Heterotrophic

• Multi-cellular

• Heterotrophic

Taxonomy(Compare to yourself to Mr. Frog)

Frogs Humans

Domain—EukaryaKingdom—AnimaliaPhylum—ChordataClass—AmphibiaOrder—AnuraFamily—RanidaeGenus— Rana or HylaSpecies— (many)

Domain—EukaryaKingdom—AnimaliaPhylum—ChordataClass—MammaliaOrder—PrimateFamily—HominidaeGenus—HomoSpecies—Sapiens

Skeletal System

Skeletal– Functions (jobs)1. Gives shape and support2. Movement3. Protects internal organs4. Makes blood cells5. Stores calcium and other minerals.

Skeletal– Structures (parts)Marrow- the inner

part of the bone that makes red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Ligaments- tissue that connects one bone to another bone

Cartilage- flexible connective tissue that is found on the ends of bones to reduce friction

Joints—Where 2 bones meetImmoveable (fixed)- does

not move (skull)Pivot- movement around a

point (neck)Ball and Socket- allows

360 degree motion (shoulder and hip)

Hinge- allows for open and close motion (knees and elbows

Sliding- bones glide past one another (hands and feet)

What did one bone say to the other bone? Will you be “jointing”

me tonight for dinner? LOL

How about Mr. Frog? Does he have a skeleton?Frog

HumanYES!!!!

How is Mr. Frog’s skeleton similar to ours?

We both have a skull, ulna, radius, humerus, tibia, fibula and more….

Do all animals have a skeleton like ours?

Scorpion

Sea Urchin

Sting ray

Nautilus

Nope!

Not this guy! His skeleton is an exoskeleton (it is on the outside of his body)

Not this one either. His skeleton is an endoskeleton, but much different than ours.

Not him either! Although he has an endoskeleton, it is still much different than ours.

Nope! At least he has a backbone like us.

Homologous (similar) Structures of other organisms

Homeostasis—Balance in the Body

How does the skeletal system maintain balance in the body?

It maintains the calcium levels in the blood.

It maintains the calcium levels in the blood.

Stimulus / ResponseGive an example of internal and external

stimulus and response.1. Internal Stimulus:

muscles need calcium Response: calcium

leaves the bones and goes to the bloodstream to get to the muscles

1. Internal Stimulus: muscles need calcium

Response: calcium leaves the bones and goes to the bloodstream to get to the muscles

2. External Stimulus: bone is fractured

Response: bones cells and blood begin rebuilding the fractured bone

2. External Stimulus: bone is fractured

Response: bones cells and blood begin rebuilding the fractured bone

Systems working together1. Skeletal and Circulatory

2. Skeletal and Muscular

Bone marrow makes red and white blood cells and platelets.

Muscles contract and relax to make the bones move.

Disorders

Osteoporosis -- weakening of bone due to loss of calcium.Usually in old age.

Disorder: OsteoporosisOsteoporosis is a disorder that is most common in women as they get older. It is the weakening of bones. People with osteoporosis can easily break their bones.

YEAH!

Men CAN and DO still get it, though, but thehormones that women produce make themmore susceptible to it.

Even if you don’t like milk, you should aimto get calcium-rich foods into your diet…such as yogurt, cheese, calcium pills, anddark green veggies like broccoli or spinach.Besides calcium, phosphorus and vitamin D are nutrients thatare also vital in making your bones strong and healthy.

Our Incredible SkeletonIncredible Skeleton Stories

Muscular System --Functions

1. Stability and Posture

2. Motion3. Heat

Production4. Circulation5. Digestion

3 Types of Muscles

Voluntary (control) or Involuntary (no control)??

Cardiac Muscle- muscle found in the heartSkeletal Muscle- muscle attached to your bones and helps you moveSmooth Muscle- lines organs such as blood vessels, stomach and digestive tract.

How are our muscles attached to our bones? Tendons attach our

muscle to our bones.

The skeletal system and the muscular system work together for movement

Try this out on your own arm.

Bend it. Which muscle is “bulging” or shortening? Which one is lengthening?

Straighten it. Now, which muscle is “bulging” or shortening? And lenghthening?

Muscles help us do WORK.What is work and when is it really done?

Work is done when force is applied over a distance.

In which picture is work being

done?

Force Distance

Force Distance

Structures/Types of Muscle, contd.

Skeletal muscles that move your body around come in two varieties: flexors and extensors. Flexors and extensors usually work in pairs, as seen here:

i. flexor – bends a joint (biceps)

ii. extensor – straightens a joint (triceps)

biceps bendsthe arm

tricepsstraightens it

Involuntary Muscles (not in our control)

Food digestion

Circulation

How about Mr. Frog? Does he have muscles that help him move like us?Frog

Human

YES!!!!

How do other organisms move?

Muscular Contractions

Jet Propulsion and Muscular Contractions

Muscular Contractions

Jet Propulsion

Homeostasis—Internal balance in the BodyGive an example of how the Muscular

system maintains balance.1. The muscles in your body keep your blood flowing and breathing going atwhatever rate your body needs at the moment. 2. they allow you todigest food, eliminate certain wastes, and can even warm your body up.

Stimulus / ResponseGive an example of internal and external

stimulus and response.Internal stimulus-Pituitary Gland releases

hormonesResponse- muscles get

larger or gaining muscle

External stimulus-Someone stepping on your

foot

Response- pull away or flinch

DisordersThere are many reasons why someone would be confined to a wheelchair. Brain or nerve damage (paralysis) could be one, but another genetic birth defect that affects thousands around the country is muscular dystrophy.

Muscular dystrophy is a disease where a person’s muscles weakenafter birth and the sick have little control over them. Over time,people with M.D. will often end up in wheelchairs as their musclesfail them. Their minds are completely healthy, though. No curecurrently exists for this disease. The MDA (Jerry’s Kids) is the most prominent charity searching for a cure.

Muscular System Video