Prepared By students:

3/4/2011

1.Raveen Ismail2.Kajeen Salih3.Rojan Abdullah

University of duhokCollege of nursing

• Giving Simple introduction about skeletal system

• Definition of bone tumor• Bone tumor Classification • The staging of bone tumors • Clinical

features ,causes ,complications ,risk factors of bone tumor

• Diagnostic tests , treatment , epidemiology for bone tumor

• Applying nursing process for patient with bone tumor ,home care

My Objectives

• The Skeletal System • The skeleton is the name given to the collection

of bones that holds our body up. It does three major jobs.

A. It protects our vital organs such as the brain, the heart, and the lungs.

B. It gives us the shape that we haveC. It allows us to move..  • .  When we were born our skeleton had around

350 bones. By the time we become an adult, we will only have around 206 bones

Introduction

• Bone comes in several shapes and sizes the structure and composition of bone is the same in all. Bone is composed of protein , minerals and cells.

shaft (diaphysis )

neckHead

(epiphysis)

A tumor is a lump or mass of tissue that forms when cells divide uncontrollably. A growing tumor may replace healthy tissue with abnormal tissue. It may weaken the bone, causing it to break (fracture).

Bone tumor

• In 1980 Enneking described a system for staging

(bone tumors )Based on three criteria:1. Extent of the tumor(tumor size)2. Metastasis of the tumor3. The grade of the tumor

Staging of bone tumor

metastasis Size of tumor grade stages

M0 T1 G1 Stage IA

M0 T2 G1 Stage IB

M0 T1 G2 Stage IIA

M0 T2 G2 Stage IIB

M1 T1 or T2 G1 or G2 Stage III

G1=low grade (tumor grade is less than25%)G2=high grade(tumor grade is more than 25%)

T1=size of tumor is 8cm or less than 8 cm T2=size of tumor is greater than 8cm M0=no regional or distant metastasis M1=regional or distant metastasis

Staging of bone tumor

Bone tumorprimary

Benign tumors: for ex. osteochondroma

malignant tumors: for ex Ewing's sarcoma

secondary

Metastatic tumors

Classification

• Originate in the bone and may be noncancerous or cancerous.

Primary bone tumors

Malignant Benignlife-threatening Difficult to remove and recurs after excision.

Rarely life-threatening Easier to remove and does not recur after excision.

Rapid growthCells multiply rapidly

Slow growthCells multiply slowly.

spreads to other sites if not removed or destroyedFixed or ulcerating mass.

Never spread to other sites (metastasize).Mobile mass.

The difference between benign and malignant

tumors

Are cancerous tumors that originate elsewhere in the body for eg.prostate and then spread to bone ,The most common cancers that spread to the bone are cancer of the:

1. Breast 2. Kidney 3. Lung 4. Prostate 5. ThyroidThese forms of cancer usually affect older people

metastatic tumors

The Most Common Area For Effecting Bone Tumor

toes

The cause of bone tumors is unknown. They often arise in areas of rapid growth

Inherited genetic mutations Radiation Trauma

Causes

1. Age

2. Combinations of radiation and chemotherapy for treating prior cancer

3. Certain kinds of anticancer drugs (alkylating agents)

4. Family history of bone cancer

5. An overactive parathyroid gland

6. Multiple benign tumors

7. Paget's disease

8. osteomyelitis

9. Radiation

Risk factors

1. Movement problems2. Stiff bones3. Bone lumps and masses4. Bone tenderness5. Anemia 6. Weight loss, Fatigue7. Bone pain, may be worse at night8. fevers and night sweats9. Bone fracture, especially fracture from slight injury

(trauma) 10.Note ! Some benign tumors have no symptoms

Clinical features

1. Delayed wound healing2. Nutritional deficiency 3. Infection4. Hypercalcaemia5. muscle wasting, bone weakening 6. pathological fracture7. temporary burn to the skin and

fatigue from radiation therapy

Complications

8. nausea, vomiting, mouth sores, hair loss, and lowered resistance to infection from chemotherapy.

9. infection of the surgical site and possible blood clotting disturbances from surgery.

10. Pain11. Spread of the cancer to other

nearby tissues (metastasis)

Complications

Blood testBone biopsyBone scan computed tomography

(CT).MRI ( magnetic resonance imaging )X-ray of boneCT scanBone densitometry for determining

bone minerals density

Diagnosis & Tests

Open Biopsy

Needle Biopsy

insert a needle into the tumor to remove some tissue

small incision is made and the tissue is removed

removal of a sample of bone tissue to test for cancer cells.

Bone biopsy:

Systemic therapy Local therapy

1.Chemotherapy2. hormone therapy3. Immunotherapy ex. Interferon α

1.Radiation therapy2. surgery

Treatment

• Hormone therapy removal of the organs which produce

hormones which can promote the growth of certain types of cancer (such as testosterone in males and estrogen in females), or drug therapy to keep the hormones from promoting cancer growth.

• Chemotherapy used to kill tumor cells when they have

spread into the blood stream

Systemic therapy

• Radiation TherapyRadiation therapy uses high-dose x-

rays to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. may be given either before or after surgery

Local therapy

Surgical Treatment

Amputation

Rotationplasty

Bone graft

Artificial bone

removes all or part of an arm or leg when the tumor is large and/or nerves and blood vessels are involved.

is a form of amputation, in which the patient's foot is turned upwards in a 180 degree turn and the upturned foot is used as a knee.

affected bone is removed, bone from elsewhere from the body is taken.

affected bone is removed, putting an artificial bone in.

Local therapy

Narcoticsanalgesics

Ex. Biphosphonates are drugs that can be used to reduce bone pain

and slow down bone damage in people who have cancer that has spread to their bones,increase bone strength

Ex. Metastron also known as strontium-89 chloride is an intravenous medication given to help with the pain and can be given in three month intervals

Pain medications

• Age: Bone tumor are more common in children and young adults when bones grow rapidly

• The incidence of bone cancer is higher in families with familial cancer syndromes. The incidence of bone cancer in children is approximately 5 cases per million children each year , in united states

Epidemiology

Nursing assessment Nursing diagnosisNursing planningNursing ImplementationNursing evaluation

Nursing process

Collection Of Subjective Data:1. Bone pain in the area of the tumor , may be worse at

night, pain is generally described as dull and achy2. pain may or may not get worse with activity3. Fatigue, anxiety

Collection Of Objective Data:1. Bone lumps and masses determining the location and size of

tumor ,soft tissue swelling2. Stiff bones3. Weight loss4. Bone fracture, especially fracture from slight injury (trauma) 5. fevers and night sweats6. Movement problems7. Anemia

Nursing assessment

Acute or chronic pain related to the pathologic process and surgery

Control of pain

Administer analgesics as necessary. Make sure the patient has received his analgesic before morning care or any activity that may increase painRegularly monitor the patient’s degree of pain and the effectiveness of analgesics and other pain relief measures, such as positioning.

Experiences no pain or decreased pain

Nursing evaluation

Nursing Implementation

Nursing Planning

Nursing Diagnosis

1

Nursing evaluation

Nursing Implementation

Nursing Planning

Nursing Diagnosis

Deficient knowledge related to the disease process and therapeutic regimen

Giving knowledge about the disease process and treatment regimen

Promoting understanding of the disease process and treatment regimen(Provide foods high in protein, vitamins and folic acid)Don’t give I.M. injections or take rectal temperatureDuring radiation therapy or chemotherapy, take measures to reduce adverse reactions, such as providing the patient with plenty of fluids to drink and saline mouthwash for gargling

Described disease process and treatment regimen

2

Nursing evaluation

Nursing Implementation

Nursing Planning

Nursing Diagnosis

Risk for injury: pathologic fracture related to tumor and metastasis

Absence of complicationAbsence of pathologic fracture

The effective extremities must be supported and handled gently

Exhibits absence of complication

3

Nursing evaluation

Nursing Implementation

Nursing Planning

Nursing Diagnosis

Risk for situational low self-esteem related to loss of body part

Improved self-esteem

(Promoting self –Esteem)Try to help the patient develop a positive attitude toward recovery and urge him to resume an independent lifestyle

Demonstrate positive self –concept

4

Nursing evaluation

Nursing Implementation

Nursing Planning

Nursing Diagnosis

Ineffective coping related to fear of the unknown ,perception of disease process

Effective pattern of coping

(Promoting coping skills)Encourages the patient and family to verbalize their fears ,concerns, and feelings

Demonstrates effective coping pattern

5

Home care • teach the patient addresses medication

dressing treatment regimen and the importance of physical and occupational therapy program

• the nurse teach weight Bearing limitation and special handling to prevent pathologic fractures

• it is important that the patient and family know sign a symptoms of possible complication for continuing care and report it to the doctor

Home care

• Consume diet to promote healing and health

• Use of effective coping strategies.

• Maintain role performance.• Nutrition and diet Provide foods high in protein, vitamins

and folic acid and decrease diet contain high amount of calcium .

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_tumor

http://www.medicinenet.com/bone_cancer/article.htm

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001230.htm

http://www.differencebetween.net/science/health/difference-between-benign-and-malignant/

References

Books1. Writer :Patricia M , Dillon Book :nursing health assessment Edition :second edition Pages :467_470 Year :2003

References

Books2.Writer :Suzanne C .smltzor Book :medical and surgical nursing Edition :eleventh edition pages:2419_2413 year :2008

References

Thanks for all