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Guide to small plantHow your Council can reduce emissions

from small plant and improve local air quality!



Introduction 2

Local Council Small Plant Fleets 3

Council Fleet Characteristics 4

What are the benefits of a Clean Green Fleet? 5

Do Councils have any legal obligations to reduce emissions ? 6

Fact Sheets 8

Small Plant Engine Types

Small Plant Emissions

Emissions Standards

Preparing a Fleet Inventory

Determining Fleet Standards Compliance

Introducing Equipment Usage Logs

Conducting a Land Use Audit

Using Environmental Selection Criteria to

assess Small Plant

Staff Involvement

Maintenance Programs

Techniques & Tips for Equipment Operators

Alternative Fuels and Equipment Operators

Further Information 9

References 10

Table of Contents

1



Over the past few years, Local Council's have focussed their attention on reducing

emissions from vehicle fleets and larger equipment. Minimal attention has been

given however to small plant fleets which are rapidly increasing in size and

therefore in impact on local air quality.

This guide will outline measures that Local Council's can take to improve

environmental performance by reducing the level of emissions produced by

Small Plant Fleets.

How to use this guideThis guide will provide Fleet Managers with a background to the emissions from

small plant and provide steps on how to reduce emissions from their Local

Government small plant equipment. This booklet provides a summary and the

attached fact sheets provide more detail on the steps.

Why has this guide been developed?This guide has been developed as part of the New South Wales Government's

Clean Air Fund. Parramatta City Council has received funding to examine ways

to improve local air quality through the reduction of emissions from small plant.

What is small plant?Small plant is classified as any diesel or petrol powered equipment that has

an engine size of 25 horsepower or less. Equipment is generally available in

either two-stroke or four-stroke, with some types available in both engine sizes.

The most common equipment used and owned by Council are blowers,

brushcutters,chainsaws, generators, pumps and high pressure cleaners.

Introduction

2

DID YOU KNOW?

All combustion engines produce

emissions that are harmful to the

environment and to us but two-stroke

engines generally produce twice as

many emissions as 4-stroke engines due to the differences in engine design.



Most common equipment used by council

Equipment Type Engine Type

Blowers 2-stroke

Brushcutters 2-stroke & 4-stroke

Chainsaws 2-stroke

Compactors 4-stroke

Edgers 2-stroke & 4-stroke

Generators 4-stroke

Hedge trimmers 2-stroke

High pressure cleaners 4-stroke

Pumps 4-stroke

Push mowers 2-stroke & 4-stroke

Ride-on lawnmowers 2-stroke & 4-stroke

Roadbreakers 4-stroke

Saws 4-stroke

Vacuums 2-stroke

3

Local Council Small Plant Fleets



About 80% of local councils in

Sydney own and operate their own

small plant fleets. These fleets have

similar characteristics:

• over half of a small plant fleet is made up of hand-held

2-stroke engine equipment

• the remainder of the fleet is made up of a mix of 2 and4-stroke equipment

• approximately 90% of Local Council fleets are powered

by petrol with about 10% powered by diesel

• the equipment turnover rate is high, with most

equipment being replaced every few years

Initiatives that are currently being investigated or introduced by Local Councils

within Sydney include:

• Replacing two-stroke

equipment with four-stroke equipment

• Replacing petrol powered golf course equipment with

electrically powered equipment

• Review and revamp of existing maintenance programs

• Trial of various fuel additives

Council Fleet Characteristics

4

As the majority of Local Councils have a

heavy reliance on hand-held equipment

with 2-stroke petrol engines, the

potential to produce pollutants is high.

As small plant is turned over on

a regular basis, new equipment

can be selected based on their

emission reducing capacities.

This is a simple and effective emission

reduction method.



Benefits to Council:• Promotion of Council as a leader in environmental

improvements and innovations

• Meeting OH & S requirements

• Improved working conditions for staff

• Meeting Council Air Quality requirements

• Cost savings

Benefits for Fleet Managers:• Costs savings through reductions in equipment maintenance, reductions

in fuel usage and longer equipment life

• Increased productivity through fewer maintenance problems

• Meeting Council Air Quality requirements

• Meeting or exceeding environmental obligations

Benefits for Outdoor Staff:• Improved working conditions

• Fewer problems with equipment

• Knowledge of contribution to environment protection

Benefits to The Community:• Cleaner environment

• Improved health and amenity through reductions in air pollution

• Opportunity to obtain information and follow

Council's example

Benefits for The Environment:• Reduction in pollutants produced

• Improvements in air quality

• Improvements in water and landscape quality

5

What are the benefits of a Clean Green Fleet ?



At present there are no Australian Federal or State regulations or standards

relating to the control of emissions from off-road, petrol-powered, small plant.

Other countries have adopted emission standards for this type of equipment

including:

• US Environment Protection Authority (EPA) Standards

• California Air Resources Board Standards (ARB)

• Euro Standards

To ensure that the lowest levels of emissions are produced, all equipment pur-

chased should meet one of these standards. Check with your dealer to see if

the equipment complies or, if using State Contract 369, try to ensure that the

equipment chosen meets the above standards.

Given that the US EPA and ARB Standards will soon merge, equipment complyingwith these standards will be the most widely available. The following table sum-

marises the emission standards for all small equipment classes. This table can

be used to compare equipment models or can be provided to your dealers or

suppliers to assist in determining equipment standards compliance for your fleet

purchases.

Diesel emission standards are currently being developed by the US EPA.

Given that diesel equipment makes up only a small proportion of small plant

fleets, the focus of these Fact Sheets will remain on petrol powered equipment.

Once the diesel standards come into effect, equipment can be selected based

on whether it complies with these standards or not.

6

Do Councils have any legal obligations

to reduce emissions ?



US EPA 2006: Phase II Emission Standards (g/k W – hr)

Equipment Classes:

Small SI Engine Classes

Non-hand held Hand held

Class I Class II Class III Class IV Class V

<225cc ≥225cc <20cc 20cc ≥ x <50cc ≥50cc

Class HC + NOx NMHC + NOx CO Effective Date

I 16.1 14.8 610 8/1/2007 or 8/1/2003*

II 18.0 16.7 610 2001**

II 16.6 15.3 610 2002

II 15.0 14.0 610 2003

II 13.6 11.3 610 2004

II 12.1 11.3 610 2005 & laterIII 238 - - 2002

III 175 - - 2003

III 113 - - 2004

III 50 - - 2005

III 50 - - 2006

III 50 - - 2007 & later

IV 196 - - 2002

IV 148 - - 2003

IV 99 - - 2004IV 50 - - 2005

IV 50 - - 2006

IV 50 - - 2007 & later

V - - - 2002

V - - - 2003

V 143 - - 2004

V 119 - - 2005

V 96 - - 2006

V 72 - - 2007 & later

* For new families initially produced on or after this date

** Engine families must meet these standards if production starts on 9/1/2000 or later. If production period for a family is over 1 year, replace above date with 1/1/2000 7



The following Fact Sheets are aimed at improving the environmental

performance of Small Plant Fleets.

Fact Sheet Index

8

Getting Started

Fact Sheet 1: What are Small Plant Emissions ?

Fact Sheet 2: What are the Small Plant Engine Types ?

Understanding your small plant fleet

Fact Sheet 3: Determining Fleet Standards Compliance

Fact Sheet 4: Preparing a Fleet Inventory

Fact Sheet 5: Introducing Equipment Usage Logs

Fact Sheet 6: Conducting a Land use Audit

Reducing emissionsFact Sheet 7: Using Environmental Selection Criteria

to Assess Small Plant

Fact Sheet 8: Staff Involvement

Fact Sheet 9: Maintenance Programs

Fact Sheet 10: Techniques & Tips for Equipment Operators

The future of emission reductionsFact Sheet 11: Alternative Fuels and Equipment Technology



9

Further Information

Contact Parramatta City Council for further information

on small plant emissions on:

Parramatta City Council

PO Box 32

PARRAMATTA NSW 2124

Ph: (02) 9806 5000

Fax: 9806 5917

Email: [email protected]

Website: http://www.parracity.nsw.gov.au



Australian Biodiesel Consultancy

http://www.biodiesel.net.au/documents/glossyflier.pdf

BAA (2003) Biodiesel Facts . Biodiesel Association of Australia, Homebush South.

http://www.biodiesel.org.au/

Beer, T. et al (2001) Comparison of Transport Fuels: Final Report (EV45A/2/F3C) to

the Australian Greenhouse Office on the Stage 2 study of Life-cycle Emissions

Analysis of Alternative Fuels for Heavy Vehicles . CSIRO, Aspendale,Vic.

http://www.greenhouse.gov.au/transport/comparison/index.html#part1

DITR (2002) Alternative Fuels . Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources,

Canberra. http://www.industry.gov.au

Environment Australia (2002) Biofuels Market Barrier Study . Environment Australia,

Canberra. http://www/ea/gov.au/atmosphere/transport/biofuels/index.html

HowStuffWorks (2003) How Two-Stroke Engines Work . HowStuffWorks, Inc, North

Carolina. http://science.howstuffworks.com/two-stroke1.htm

McCall, J. (2002) The oil on ethanol in fuel . Motor Trader’s Association of NSW,

Sydney. http://www.mtansw.com.au/art.php?arch+a200211&show=77

National Pollutant Inventory (2002) Emission Estimation Technique Manual for

Combustion Engines. V. 2.2 . Environment Australia, Canberra. p. 40.

www.npi.gov.au

Redmon, D (2002) Stop Making Sense: How Four Strokes Work . E-Motorworks

International, Inc., California. http://www.speedoptions.com/articles/2492/

US EPA (2003) Small Engine Standards: Answers To Commonly Asked Questions From Dealers And Distributors . United States Environment Protection Authority,

Washington. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/f98025.htm

US EPA (1997) A Common Sense Primer . United States Environment Protection

Authority, Washington. http://www.epa.gov/oar/primer/

VIC EPA (2002) Air Issues: Carbon Monoxide . Victorian Environment Protection

Authority, Southbank. http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/Air/Issues/air_co.asp

Personal Communication

Carras, Dr J., Manager, Urban and Industrial Air Quality, CSIRO Energy Technology,

17 March, 2003

References

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