boosting wind and solar energy: opportunities and ...dryer vacuum microwave oven clothes dryer air...
TRANSCRIPT
Lucy Pao April 2019
Boosting Wind and Solar Energy: Opportunities
and Technological Challenges
Lucy Pao
Palmer Endowed Chair ProfessorElectrical, Computer, & Energy Engineering
Lucy Pao April 2019
Boosting Wind and Solar Energy: Opportunities
and Technological Challenges
Lucy Pao
Palmer Endowed Chair ProfessorElectrical, Computer, & Energy Engineering
Lucy Pao April 2019
How much power do you use?
[ images from overstock.com, pcworld.com, apple.com, tesla.com ]
Laptop Mobilephone
TV
Dishwasher
( 103 W = 1 kW )Area
heater
Coffee machine
Toaster
Electric kettle
Iron
Hair blow dryer
Vacuum
Microwave
Oven
Clothes dryer
Air conditioner
~ 1000 W~ 1 W ~ 10 W
~ 100 W
Electric vehicle charging~ 1 kW to 100 kW
106 W = 1 MW
109 W = 1 GW
~ Small Town
~ City
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Lucy Pao April 2019
Units of Power and Energy
Dishwasher
( 103 W = 1 kW )Area
heater
Coffee machine
Toaster
Electric kettle
Iron
Hair blow dryer
Vacuum
Microwave
Oven
Clothes dryer
Air conditioner
~ 1000 W
Energy1 kWh = 1 kW for 1 hour
Electric vehicle charging~ 1 kW to 100 kW
[ images from overstock.com, pcworld.com, apple.com, tesla.com ]
106 W = 1 MW
109 W = 1 GW
~ Small Town
~ City
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Lucy Pao April 2019
Renewable Energy & The Power Grid
[ images from constructionreviewonline.com, proprofs.com, gapenergysolutions.com, resilience.org ]
Hydro
Wind
Solar PV
Grid Integration
3
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How does hydropower work?
[ image from Hydropower 101 on yourtube.com ]4
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How much hydropower is there?� End-of-2017
global installed hydropower capacity was 1,267 GW; expected to increase3% annually over next 25 years
� EU has 293 GW
� Austria has 14 GW
[ end-of-2017 data from hydropower.org ]5
China27%
US8%
Brazil8%
Canada6%
Japan4%India
4%Russia
4%Norway
3%
Turkey2%
France2%
Other32%
Lucy Pao April 2019
[ image from Hydropower 101 on yourtube.com ]
Hydropower Advantage: if there is sufficient water Æ can control the amount of power generated
in similar way as with coal or natural gas
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Lucy Pao April 2019
Renewable Energy & The Power Grid
[ images from constructionreviewonline.com, proprofs.com, gapenergysolutions.com, resilience.org ]
Hydro
Wind
Solar PV
Grid Integration
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Lucy Pao April 2019
How does wind power work?
[ figure from www.energyland.emsd.gov.hk
based upon originalfrom US Dept. of Energy ]
Tower Generator
� Goal is to maximize power generation
7
Lucy Pao April 2019[data from gwec.net, navigant.com, and 2017 Wind Technologies Market Report (LBNL)]
� End-of-2017global installed wind capacity was 539 GW; average annual growth of 16% over last decade
� EU has 169 GW; average annual growth of 10%
� Austria has 2.8 GW; average annual growth of 11%
How much wind power is there?
China36%
US17%Germany
9%
India6%
Spain4%
UK3%
France3%
Canada2%
Brazil2%
Italy2%
Other16%
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Hydro: World: 1267 GWEU: 293 GWAustria: 14 GW
Lucy Pao April 2019
Renewable Energy & The Power Grid
[ images from constructionreviewonline.com, proprofs.com, gapenergysolutions.com, resilience.org ]
Hydro
Wind
Solar PV
Grid Integration
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Lucy Pao April 2019
How does solar PV work?
� PV panel consists of layers of material that produce electricity when light shines on it
� Lower-end PV solar cells now achieve about 14-17% efficiency
� Higher-end solar cells can achieve about 20-30% efficiency
� Research laboratories have demonstrated > 40%
� Goal is to maximize power generation [ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell ]
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Lucy Pao April 2019
� End-of-2017 global installed solar PV capacity was 403 GW; average annual growth of 38% over last decade
� EU has 107 GW; average annual growth of 26%
� Austria has 1.25 GW; average annual growth of 44%
How much solar PV power is there?
[ Data from iea-pvps.org ]12
China32%
US13%
Japan12%
Germany10%
Italy5%
India5%
UK3%
France2%
Australia2%
Other16%
Wind: World: 593 GWEU: 169 GWAustria: 2.8 GW
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Growth of Hydro, Wind, and Solar PV
12
Year
Glo
bal I
nsta
lled
Cap
acity
(GW
)
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Wind and Solar PV Penetration
[ Source: 2017 Wind Technologies Market Report, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab ]
Approximate Wind Penetration, end of 2017
[ 2017 solar data from iea-pvps.org ]
Approximate Solar PV Penetration, end of 2017
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Lucy Pao April 2019
Renewable Energy & The Power Grid
[ images from constructionreviewonline.com, proprofs.com, gapenergysolutions.com, resilience.org ]
Hydro
Wind
Solar PV
Grid Integration
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Power Systems
When power demanded and power generated are approximately equal, synchronous generators on a network tend to stabilize each other.
Large mismatches between demanded and generated power causes destabilization of the grid.
[Based upon a slide from Mark Ahlstrom of WindLogics]
Most traditional power plants have synchronous generators.
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Generation Load
Grid Frequency Fluctuations
fgrid = 50 Hz fgrid < 50 Hz fgrid > 50 Hz
[Slide courtesy of Jacob Aho]
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Generation Load
Frequency Drops if Electrical Power Generated < Electrical Load
fgrid = 50 Hz fgrid < 50 Hz fgrid > 50 Hz
Equivalent PowerGeneration
[Slide courtesy of Jacob Aho]
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Generation Load
fgrid = 50 Hz fgrid < 50 Hz fgrid > 50 Hz
Equivalent PowerGeneration
[Slide courtesy of Jacob Aho]
Frequency Rises if Electrical Power Generated > Electrical Load
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Balancing Electrical Generation and Load
�Traditionally, generation is controlled to match varying load� Operational reserves needed� Imbalance causes frequency variations on utility grid
Generation
coal nuclear hydrogas
Load
appliances,lighting, gadgets,cooling, heating, etc.
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Balancing Electrical Generation and Load
Large frequency fluctuations can cause load shedding, or even blackouts
�Traditionally, generation is controlled to match varying load� Operational reserves needed� Imbalance causes frequency variations on utility grid
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Lucy Pao April 2019
Changes due to Wind and Solar PV
� Wind turbines and solar PV arrays are typically decoupled from the grid through their power electronics� In the past, wind and solar generally have not participated
in “balancing services”� Creates increased burden on remaining generating units
Generation
coal nuclear hydrogas
windsolar
Load
appliances,lighting, gadgets,cooling, heating, battery charging, etc.
etc.
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Lucy Pao April 2019
How does wind power work?
[ figure from www.energyland.emsd.gov.hk
based upon originalfrom US Dept. of Energy ]
Tower
Gear box
High-speed shaft
Generator
Low-speed shaft � Goal is to maximize power generation
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Lucy Pao April 2019
How does solar PV work?
� PV panel consists of layers of material that produce electricity when light shines on it
� Lower-end PV solar cells now achieve about 11-15% efficiency
� Higher-end solar cells can achieve about 20-30% efficiency
� Research laboratories have demonstrated > 40%
� Goal is to maximize power generation [ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_cell ]
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Possible Solution: APC of Wind and Solar
� Active Power Control of Wind and Solar PV Power Plants
� De-rate wind and solar power plants
� Enable wind turbines and solar photovoltaic panels to follow changing power reference commands
[figure from a presentation by A. Kowli, original from SVK (Swedish national grid)]
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Lucy Pao April 2019
Wind Turbine Field Test Results[ 2013 – 2015, Aho, Buckspan, Fleming, Pao ]
Rated Power
IdealField Test Input
-0.15
-0.1
-0.05
0
Freq
Dev
iatio
n[H
z]
500510520530540550
Pow
er [k
W]
0 50 100 150 200Time [s]
Commanded PowerGenerated Power
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Solar PV Array Field Test Results[ 2016 – 2017, Hoke, Shirazi, Chakraborty, Muljadi, Maksimovic ]
7 7.5 8 8.5 9Time [s]
-1
-0.5
0
Freq
Dev
[Hz]
1
2
3
Pow
er [k
W]
ActualIdeal
Estimate of Possible PowerCommanded PowerGenerated Power
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Other Possible Solutions
� Curtail wind and solar as needed
� More transmission lines
� Improved wind and solar forecasts
� Demand-side management� Thermal storage� Time-of-use pricing and “optimal”
pricing strategies
[figure from a presentation by A. Kowli, original from SVK (Swedish national grid)]
� Storage (at GWh scale)� Expensive� Effect of millions of electric
vehicles, whose batteries can be either a load or a supply
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Pumped Hydro as a Means of Storage
[ image from antinuclear.net ]24
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Summary
While there are many challenges, there are many solution possibilities.
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Acknowledgments
Research supported by:
as well as other industry (who wish to remain
anonymous)
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April 2018
Current students, recent postdoc: Daughter:
Michael Sinner
Lucy Pao
R. Arnold Braker
Christopher Bay(2017-2018)
Daniel Zalkind
NikharAbbas
DavidPasleyjoined
in August2018
Acknowledgments
27
Sarah Pao
Radzihovsky
Lucy Pao April 2019
Vielen Dank!