BOTANYThe Study of Plants

Part 1: Classifying Plants1) Plants are fi rst divided into two groups based on whether or not they

have vascular tissue (tube-like cells that carry water & nutrients)

A) Nonvascular plants

Do not have vascular tissue

Body of plant is very small

Examples = mosses

Classifying Plants

B.) Vascular

plants Have vascular

tissue

Can be taller

and live farther

away from

water

Further Classification

2.) Next – vascular plants are divided up

based on whether they have seeds

A)Seedless vascular plants Have adapted leaves to protect the

developing reproductive cells = sporangia

Still need standing water for reproduction

Examples = ferns

Further Classification

B.) Vascular plants with seeds

Seeds = an embryo and its food supply

inside a tough, protective coat Advantage is they are independent of

water for reproduction (like what the amniote egg did for animals)

Even further…

3.) Third division is based on whether the seed

in the vascular plants are enclosed & protected

by fruit or not enclosed & protected by fruit

A) Gymnosperms have naked seeds that are not enclosed

seeds are released by cones (like pinecones) Examples = conifers like cycads, ginkgos and

evergreens

Even Further…B.) Angiosperms

Produce seeds

enclosed in fruits

The fruit provides

protection for the

seeds and helps in

seed dispersal

Examples =

flowering plants

One last division…

4.) One last division of Angiosperms is

based on the number of cotyledons (leaf-

like structures that store or absorb food for

the developing embryo) contained in the

seeds

Monocots vs. Dicots

A) Monocots One seed leaf

Veins on leaves

run parallel

Examples =

grasses

B) Dicots Two seed leaves

Veins on leaves

are netlike

Examples =

trees,

wildflowers

Monocots vs. Dicots

Part 2: Reproduction in PlantsA) Flowers & flowering:

The process of sexual reproduction in flowering plants takes place in a flower. The flower is a complex structure made of several organs. There are many sizes, shapes and colors of flowers, yet all share a basic structure that is made up of four kinds of organs:

Sexual Reproduction

4 organs of a flower1) Petals – colorful structures at the top of a flower stem, used to

attract pollinators

2) Sepals – green leaf-like structures that encircle the stem just below

the petals, protective covering for the flower bud

3) Stamens – male reproductive organ of the flower, made up of the:

a) Anther – at the tip, produces pollen that eventually contains sperm

b) Filament – supports the anther

4) Pistils – female reproductive organ of the flower, made up of the:

a) Stigma – sticky pollen trap at the tip

b) Style – supports the stigmac) Ovary – structure at the bottom that contains ovules (eggs)

Making more flowers…

Pollination

b.) Pollination:

transfer of pollen

grains from the anther

to the stigma

they can be carried by

wind, water or animals

Fertilization

c.) Fertilization:

union of gametes

(egg & sperm)

become a seed

D. Seeds & Fruits:

1) How does fruit form?

A fruit is a structure that contains the

seeds

As seeds develop the surrounding ovary

grows larger and becomes the fruit

Seeds & Fruits

Some have fleshy fruits like apples and

melons

Seeds & Fruits Some have dry fruits like peanuts and

sunflower “seeds”

2.) What are some methods of seed dipersal? Animals through

spitting, digestion ,

gathering or sticking

to fur

Water by floating in

air pockets

Wind – small & light

How are new plants reproduced ASEXUALLY?

Vegetative reproduction:

New plants are produced

from existing plant organs or

parts of organs

New plants have the same genetic makeup as the original plant (remember from before about the advantages & disadvantages of asexual reproduction)

Group Plant Assignment Your group is to research a plant

(chosen from the deck of cards) and make an iMovie about it… Under 2 minutes Creative Informative & Accurate

Include the following information…

Required Information for Plant iMovie Is this plant vascular or non-vascular? What does that

mean? Is this plant Seedless or Have seeds? Fruit or No fruit? Gymnosperm or Angiosperm (or neither)? Monocot or Dicot (or neither)? Does it have flowers? If so, what are they like? How is its pollen typically transferred? (by what) What are its seeds like? Describe its fruit. What are its methods of seed dispersal Does this type of plant undergo vegetative reproduction?

Why or why not? Interesting uses of this plant or other interesting facts

about it (3)