BOX SHIFTING MECHANISM

Session 2013-2017

Project Supervisors

Mr.Waqas Javed

Project Group Members

Haseeb Tariq UW-13-ME-BSc-014

Talha Shahid UW-13-ME-BSc-020

Jawad Ahmed UW-13-ME-BSc-022

Mubashir Nizami UW-13-ME-BSc-026

Naveed Ahmed UW-13-ME-BSc-036

Ashiq Ali UW-13-ME-BSc-048

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

WAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE

UNIVERSITY OF WAH, WAH CANTT-PAKISTAN

BOX SHIFTING MECHANISM

This report is submitted to department of Mechanical

Engineering,Wah Engineering College, University of Wah for

the partial fulfillment of the Course Mechanics of Machine ∏ for

the Bachelor’s Degree in

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUPERVISOR: Signature: _____________

Name: MR.WAQAS JAVED

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

WAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE

UNIVERSITY OF WAH,WAH CANTT-PAKISTAN

DEDICATED TO OUR

BELOVED PARENTS,

RESPECTED TEACHERS

& SINCERE FRIENDS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name of ALMIGHTY ALLAH, the most merciful, the most

beneficent, All praises for ALLAH, the honor of this universe

everything in the heaven and earth, glorifies Him. He is the one Who

sent us in the universe among such caring and loving people who

are always there for us, whom we can rely on, whom we can trust,

who are there when we need them, eager to lighten our pain and

shatter our worries away.

Before anybody else, we thanks to our Parents who have always

been a source of moral support and the driving force behind

whatever we do. We would like to pay our gratitude to our honorable

HOD Col. Sibgatullah, Mechanical Engineering Department, Wah

Engineering College, Wah Cantt who have been very kind to us

throughout the study period. We would like to extend our deepest

gratitude and acknowledge the total support and standards of

excellence provided by our dignified faculty members and especially

our project supervisors Mr. Shaid Hussain Shahid and MR.

Waqas Javed for their devoted concern, which they showed

whenever we needed.

The time which was spent over here, the practical and conceptual

knowledge which we gained made this golden time, of course, a

milestone in our professional career.

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PREFACE

Project report espouses the humble efforts of team which is more inspired

than equipped. It covers the design aspects of “Box Shifting Mechanism”.

Box Shifting Mechanism is a small project for shifting of the boxes for the

industrial purpose, used mainly in the packaging and filling department.

A great many manufacturers of fancy wrapped or covered cardboard

boxes used for packaging candies, cakes, and other confections,

cosmetics and other articles are equipped with the so called quad staying

machines by means of which a box blank is folded or set-up into boxlike

form. These set-up boxes are transferred by means of a conveyor to an

operator, who picks up the boxes and places and centres them on

wrappers with which the boxes are to be covered.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. Box shifting mechanism ………………………………..………….…….….1 2. Conveyor System..…………………………………………………………...3 3. Industries that use conveyor systems………………………………..……..4 4. Care and maintenance …………….…………………………………….….5 5. Poor take-up adjustment ………..…………………………….……….…...6 6. Lack of lubrication …………...……………………………….……….…....6 7. Contamination ………………………….…………………………….…......6

8. Product Handling…………………………………………………….……...7

9. Drive Train………………………………………………………………..…7

10. Tracking or Timing………………………………………………..…..……8

11. Growth of conveyor systems………………………………………….……9

CHAPTER 2 METHODS AND MATERIALS 3. Four-bar linkage ……………………………………………………………….10 4. Inversion of Four Bar Mechanism…………………………………………….11

2.2.1 Double Crank Mechanism ………………………………………………... 13

2.2.2 Crank-Rocker Mechanism………………………..………………………….14

2.2.3 Double-Rocker Mechanism…………………………………………………..15

2.2.4 Parallel Crank Mechanism…………………..………………………………16

2.3 Position analysis of Grashof four bar mechanism……………………………16

2.4 Planar four-bar linkage………………………………………………………..19

2.5 Planar quadrilateral linkage……………………………………………….….20

2.6 Design of four bar mechanisms……………………………………………….20

2.7 Systematic Diagram……………………………………………………………21

2.8 Design and Fabrication Methodology…………………………………………22

2.9 Selection of Materials………………………………………………………….23

2.9.1 Linkages………………………………………………………………………23

2.9.2 Dc motor…………………………………………………………….………..24

2.9.3 Dc battery…………………………………………………………………….24

2.9.4 Wooden Frame……………………………………………………………….25

2.10 WORK PLAN…………………………………………………………………25

CHAPTER 3 APPLICATIONS 3 Application and Advantages……………………………………………………28

CHAPTER 4 CONCLUSION 4 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………29

CHAPTER 5 REFERENCES 5 References……………………………………………………………………….3

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Box shifting mechanism

This invention relates to improvements in transfer and conveying devices,

and it relates particularly to devices for transferring set-up cardboard boxes from

a box folding or forming machine to the operator of a semi-automatic box

wrapping machine. A great many manufacturers of fancy wrapped or covered

cardboard boxes used for packaging candies, cakes, and other confections,

cosmetics and other articles are equipped with the so called quad staying

machines by means of which a box blank is folded or set-up into boxlike form.

These set-up boxes are transferred by means of a conveyor to an operator, who

picks up the boxes and places and centres them on wrappers with which the boxes

are to be covered. The boxes and wrappers are then conveyed to a box wrapping

machine where the wrapper is folded around and glued to the box. Usually, the

operation of the wrapping machine is controlled by means of a switch actuated

by the box forming machine so that their operating speeds are related to each

other.

Fully automatic machines are available for both setting up the boxes,

placing them on the wrappers and feeding the assembly to the wrapping machine.

In many instances, however, the cost of replacement of the semi-automatic

machines with fully automatic machines, is so great that it cannot be justified by

the increased rate of production possible with automatic machines.

The principal difference in the rate of operation of the fully automatic

machines and the semi-automatic machines resides in the human factor, namely,

the operator or feeder of the semiautomatic wrapping machine. Considerable

manual dexterity and skill are required to pick up the boxes and centre them

accurately on the wrappers as they move past the operator's station. The

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movements of the operator are further dependent upon the position of the setup

boxes with respect to the operator. With the usual conveyor arrangement, it is

necessary for the operator to reach across the conveyor which feeds the wrapping

machine and pick up a box from the conveyor leading from the quad. Inasmuch

as. The operator must reach across the conveyor to pick up the boxes, the speed

of the operator is decreased. Moreover, the constant reaching and stretching for

the boxes is very tiring so that the operator can Work for only .a relatively short

period of time. This requires the service of another operator or shutting down of

the machines.

We have found that when. The set-up boxes are. Four points into a position

which is closer to the operator and more conveniently located with respect to the

conveyor for feeding the wrapping machine, the efficiency of the operator is

greatly increased, the work is made less tiresome and the output of wrapped boxes

can be increased to such an extent that it is closely, comparable to that of the fully

automatic machines.

The present invention, therefore, has as its principal object the provision of

a device which can be used with box forming and semi-automatic wrapping

machines to transfer the set-up boxes from the conveyor of the box-forming

machine into a position which enables the operator to, pick up and place the boxes

on the wrappers with a minimum of reaching and resulting fatigue.

Other objects of the invention, and the advantages thereof, will become

apparent from the following description of a typical device embodying the

present invention.

In accordance with the present invention, I have provided an article-

controlled transfer mechanism, by means of which the boxes being advanced by

the conveyor of the box-forming machine, are transferred into a position in front

of the operator of the wrapping machine and closely adjacent to the wrappers

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carried by the feed conveyor of the wrapping machine so that the operator can

pick up the boxes and transfer them directly to the wrapper with a minimum of

reaching and other movements.

More particularly, the transfer mechanism includes a pusher member

controlled by means of an electric eye which pushes the set-up boxes from the

conveyor from the box-forming machine on to a table or platform to form an

advancing row of boxes, the nearest one being directly in front of the operator so

that it can be picked up by the operator and transferred to the conveyor of the

wrapping machine.

Moreover, the transfer mechanism can be controlled independently by the

operator to render it ineffective when a damaged or improperly formed box is

discharged from the box former or toby-pass and accumulate boxes when the

wrapping machine is shut down for reloading, adjustment or the like.

My transfer mechanism has been found to increase greatly the rate of

production of the wrapped boxes so that the production rate is comparable to that

of a fully automatic machine, while, at the same time, it is considerably less tiring

to the operator

1.2 Conveyor System

A conveyor system is a common piece of mechanical handling equipment

that moves materials from one location to another. Conveyors are especially

useful in applications involving the transportation of heavy or bulky materials.

Conveyor systems allow quick and efficient transportation for a wide variety of

materials, which make them very popular in the material handling and packaging

industries. Many kinds of conveying systems are available, and are used

according to the various needs of different industries.

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Similarly the same kind of operation done by this box shifting mechanism.

This box shifting machine helps in transfer of boxes smoothly by use of four bars

with a simple arrangement. But it operated by four bar mechanism which converts

rotary motion into reciprocating motion.

1.3 Industries that use conveyor systems

Conveyor systems are used widespread across a range of industries due to

the numerous benefits they provide. Conveyors are able to safely transport

materials from one level to another, which when done by human labor would be

strenuous and expensive. They can be installed almost anywhere, and are much

safer than using a forklift or other machine to move materials.

They can move loads of all shapes, sizes and weights. Also, many have

advanced safety features that help prevent accidents. There are a variety of

options available for running conveying systems, including the hydraulic,

mechanical and fully automated systems, which are equipped to fit individual

needs.

Conveyor systems are commonly used in many industries, including the

automotive, agricultural, computer, electronic, food processing, aerospace,

pharmaceutical, chemical, bottling and canning, print finishing and packaging.

Although a wide variety of materials can be conveyed, some of the most common

include food items such as beans and nuts, bottles and cans, automotive

components, scrap metal, pills and powders, wood and furniture and grain and

animal feed.

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Many factors are important in the accurate selection of a conveyor system. It

is important to know how the conveyor system will be used beforehand. Some

individual areas that are helpful to consider are the required conveyor operations,

such as transportation, accumulation and sorting, the material sizes, weights and

shapes and where the loading and pickup points need to be.

1.4 Care and maintenance

A conveyor system is often the lifeline to a company’s ability to effectively

move its product in a timely fashion. The steps that a company can take to ensure

that it performs at peak capacity, include regular inspections, close monitoring of

motors and reducers, keeping key parts in stock, and proper training of personnel.

Increasing the service life of your conveyor system involves: choosing the

right conveyor type, the right system design and paying attention to regular

maintenance practices.

A conveyor system that is designed properly will last a long time with proper

maintenance. Here are six of the biggest problems to watch for in overhead

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type conveyor systems including I-beam monorails, enclosed track conveyors and

power and free conveyors.

1.5 Poor take-up adjustment:

This is a simple adjustment on most systems yet it is often overlooked. The

chain take-up device ensures that the chain is pulled tight as it leaves the drive unit.

As wear occurs and the chain lengthens, the take-up extends under the force of its

springs. As they extend, the spring force becomes less and the take- up has less

effect. Simply compress the take-up springs and your problem goes away.

Failure to do this can result in chain surging, jamming, and extreme wear

on the track and chain. Take-up adjustment is also important for any conveyor

using belts as a means to power rollers, or belts themselves being the mover. With

poor-take up on belt-driven rollers, the belt may twist into the drive unit and cause

damage, or at the least a noticeable decrease or complete loss of performance may

occur. In the case of belt conveyors, a poor take-up may cause drive unit damage

or may let the belt slip off of the side of the chassis.

1.6 Lack of lubrication:

Chain bearings require lubrication in order to reduce friction. The chain

pull that the drive experiences can double if the bearings are not lubricated. This

can cause the system to overload by either its mechanical or electrical overload

protection. On conveyors that go through hot ovens, lubricators can be left on

constantly or set to turn on every few cycles.

1.7 Contamination:

Paint, powder, acid or alkaline fluids, abrasives, glass bead, steel shot, etc.

can all lead to rapid deterioration of track and chain. Ask any bearing company about

the leading cause of bearing failure and they will point to contamination. Once a

foreign substance lands on the raceway of a bearing or on the track, pitting

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of the surface will occur, and once the surface is compromised, wear will accelerate.

Building shrouds around your conveyors can help prevent the ingress of

contaminants. Or, pressurize the contained area using a simple fan and duct

arrangement. Contamination can also apply to belts and of the motors themselves.

Since the motors can generate a considerable amount of heat, keeping the

surface clean is an almost-free maintenance procedure that can keep heat from

getting trapped by dust and grime, which may lead to motor burnout.

1.8 Product Handling:

In conveyor systems that may be suited for a wide variety of products, such

as those in distribution centers, it is important that each new product be deemed

acceptable for conveying before being run through the materials handling

equipment. Boxes that are too small, too large, too heavy, too light, or too

awkwardly shaped may not convey, or may cause many problems including jams,

excess wear on conveying equipment, motor overloads, belt breakage, or other

damage, and may also consume extra man-hours in terms of picking up cases that

slipped between rollers, or damaged product that was not meant for materials

handling.

If a product such as this manages to make it through most of the system,

the sortation system will most likely be the affected, causing jams and failing to

properly place items where they are assigned. It should also be noted that any and

all cartons handled on any conveyor should be in good shape or spills, jams,

downtime, and possible accidents and injuries may result.

1.9 Drive Train:

Notwithstanding the above, involving take-up adjustment, other parts of

the drive train should be kept in proper shape. Broken O-rings on a Line shaft,

pneumatic parts in disrepair, and motor reducers should also be inspected. Loss

of power to even one or a few rollers on a conveyor can mean the difference

7

between effective and timely delivery, and repetitive nuances that can continually

cost downtime. Bad Belt

1.10 Tracking or Timing:

In a system that uses precisely controlled belts, such as a sorter system,

regular inspections should be made that all belts are traveling at the proper speeds

at all times. While usually a computer controls this with Pulse Position Indicators,

any belt not controlled must be monitored to ensure accuracy and reduce the

likelihood of problems. Timing is also important for any equipment that is

instructed to precisely meter out items, such as a merge where one box pulls from

all lines at one time.

If one were to be mistimed, product would collide and disrupt operation.

Timing is also important wherever a conveyor must "keep track" of where a box

is, or improper operation will result. Since a conveyor system is a critical link in

a company's ability to move its products in a timely fashion, any disruption of its

operation can be costly.

Most downtime can be avoided by taking steps to ensure a system operates at

peak performance, including regular inspections, close monitoring of motors and

reducers, keeping key parts in stock, and proper training of personnel.

1.11 Growth of conveyor systems

As far as growth is concerned the material handling and conveyor system

makers are getting utmost exposure in the industries like automotive,

pharmaceutical, packaging and different production plants. The portable conveyors

are likewise growing fast in the construction sector and by the year 2014 the

purchase rate for conveyor systems in North America, Europe and Asia is likely to

grow even further. Mostly purchased conveyor equipments are Line shaft roller

conveyor, chain conveyors and conveyor belts at packaging factories and industrial

plants where usually product finishing and monitoring are carried.

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Commercial and civil sectors are increasingly implementing conveyors at

airports, shopping malls, etc. The increasing construction of malls and airports

around world shows positive scope and growth for manufacturers of conveyor

belts.

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CHAPTER 2

METHODS AND MATERIALS

2.1 Four-bar linkage

A four-bar linkage, also called a four-bar, is the simplest movable closed

chain linkage. It consists of four bodies, called bars or links, connected in a loop

by four joints. Generally, the joints are configured so the links move in parallel

planes, and the assembly is called a planar four-bar linkage.

If the linkage has four hinged joints with axes angled to intersect in a single

point, then the links move on concentric spheres and the assembly is called a

spherical four-bar linkage. Bennett's linkage is a spatial four-bar linkage with

hinged joints that have their axes angled in a particular way that makes the system

movable.

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2.2 Inversion of Four Bar Mechanism

A mechanism is one in which one of the links of a kinematic chain is fixed.

Different mechanisms can be obtained by fixing different links of the same

kinematic chain. These are called as inversions of the mechanism. By changing

the fixed link, the number of mechanisms which can be obtained is equal to the

number of links. Excepting the original mechanism, all other mechanisms will be

known as inversions of original mechanism. The inversion of a mechanism does

not change the motion of its links relative to each other.

One of the most useful and most common mechanisms is the four-bar

linkage. In this mechanism, the link which can make complete rotation is known

as crank (link 2). The link which oscillates is known as rocker or lever (link 4).

And the link connecting these two is known as coupler (link 3). Link 1 is the

frame.

Inversions of class 1 four bar mechanism:

12. When link 'b' is fixed : Crank Rocker or Crank Lever mechanism, in the

shortest link rotates 360 degree whereas the other link oscillates 13. When link 'a' is fixed : Crank Rocker or Crank Lever mechanism, in the

shortest link rotates 360 degree whereas the other link oscillates

11

5. When link 'd' is fixed : Drag link or Double crank mechanism in which the

links 'a' and 'b' undergoes complete 360 deg motion 6. When link 'c' is fixed: Double rocker or Double lever mechanism in which no

link makes a complete rotation about its joints. In such case it is similar to class

2 four bar mechanisms

A mechanism has been defined above as a kinematic chain in which one

of the links is fixed. From the four bar mechanism, different versions of each

of them can be obtained by fixing any one of the links p, q l or s. Such different

versions, which can be obtained by fixing any of the different links, are called

its “Inversions”.

Many a time, a particular inversion of a mechanism may give rise to

different mechanisms of practical utility, when the proportions of the link

lengths are changed. By this principle of inversion of a four bar chain, several

useful mechanisms can be obtained.

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There are three inversions of four bar mechanisms, which are obtained by

fixing different links of the kinematic chain.

They are:

a) Double Crank Mechanism

b) Crank Rocker Mechanism

c) Double Rocker Mechanism

d) Parallel Crank Mechanism

2.2.1 Double Crank Mechanism

A double crank converts rotary motion from a crank to a second crank or

link in a different plane or axis. It is also known as crank-crank, drag-crank or

rotary-rotary converter. The links p, q and l shown above rotate through one

complete revolution. This is one of the first inversions of four-bar mechanisms. In this discussion, let’s call the link‘s’ the frame as the fixed link. We will call

the link ‘q’ the crank, ‘p’ the coupler and ‘l’ the lever for now. Crank is not

13

defined as the link, which is attached to the driver shaft; rather it’s the link, which

does a complete revolution. And in this configuration, as there are two links, both

q and l, which revolves completely about the hinged point on the frame, both of

them, is cranks. The term is commonly used in automotive technology for the link

in a four bar steering linkage that converts rotation of a steering arm to a centre

link and eventually to tie-rod links which pivot the wheels to be steered. A double

crank is used when the steering arm operates in a plane above the other links. The

double crank converts the sweeping arc of the steering arm to linear motion in the

plane of the other steering links.

2.2.2 Crank-Rocker Mechanism

In a four bar linkage, if the shorter side link revolves and the other rocks (i.e.,

oscillates), it is called a crank-rocker mechanism. In this case, there is only a slight

change, leave the smallest side and connect any of its adjacent side as the frame.

Then (in figure) the smallest side ‘s’ will have full 360 degree revolution while the

other link adjacent to the frame has only oscillating motion (link p).

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This kind of mechanism is hence called a crank-lever mechanism or a crank-

rocker mechanism or a rotary-oscillating converter.

2.2.3 Double-Rocker Mechanism

A linkage in which no link undergoes entire 360-degree revolution but only

oscillations is known as a double-lever mechanism. This linkage results when

the shortest side in the mechanism is made the coupler. The other two links only

get to oscillate in their place. A linkage in which the sum of the longest and

shortest link is less than the sum of the other two sides, is known as a Class I

mechanism, otherwise it’s Class II. This mechanism is achieved when it is Class

II. It’s also called rocker-rocker mechanism, double-rocker mechanism or

oscillating oscillating-converter.

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2.2.4 Parallel Crank Mechanism

If in a 4 bar linkage, two opposite links are parallel and equal in length, then any of

the links can be made fixed, regardless, the two adjacent links will always act as a

pair of cranks, i.e. , both will have complete revolution about their joints on the

frame. The use of such mechanism is made in coupled wheels of locomotives in

which the rotary motion of one wheel is transmitted to the other wheel.

2.3 Position analysis of Grashof four bar mechanism

For a planar four bar linkage, the sum of the shortest and longest links

cannot be greater than the sum of the remaining links if there is to be continuous

relative rotation between two members.

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The position of the points on the links A (Ax, Ay) and B (Bx, By) The coordinates

of the point A are found using trigonometry as follows:

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Where,

The link angles are given by

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2.4 Planar four-bar linkage

Planar four-bar linkages are constructed from four links connected in a loop

by four one degree of freedom joints. A joint may be either a revolute, which is a

hinged joint, denoted by R, or a prismatic, as sliding joint, denoted by P.

A link connected to ground by a hinged joint is usually called a crank. A

link connected to ground by a prismatic joint is called a slider. Sliders are

sometimes considered to be cranks that have a hinged pivot at an extremely long

distance away perpendicular to the travel of the slider.

The link that connects two cranks is called a floating link or coupler. A

coupler that connects a crank and a slider, it is often called a connecting rod.

There are three basic types of planar four-bar linkage depending on the use

of revolute or prismatic joints:

1. Four revolute joints: The planar quadrilateral linkage is formed by four links

and four revolute joints, denoted RRRR. It consists of two cranks connected by a

coupler.

2. Three revolute joints and a prismatic joint: The slider-crank linkage is

constructed from four links connected by three revolute and one prismatic joint,

or RRRP. It can be constructed with crank and a slider connected by the

connecting rod. Or it can be constructed as a two cranks with the slider acting as

the coupler, known as an inverted slider-crank.

3. Two revolute joints and two prismatic joints: The double slider is a PRRP

linkage. This linkage is constructed by connecting two sliders with a coupler link.

If the directions of movement of the two sliders are perpendicular then the

trajectories of the points in the coupler are ellipses and the linkage is known as

an elliptical trammel, or the Trammel of Archimedes.

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Planar four-bar linkages are important mechanisms found in machines. The

kinematics and dynamics of planar four-bar linkages are important topics in

mechanical engineering. Planar four-bar linkages can be designed to guide a wide

variety of movements.

2.5 Planar quadrilateral linkage

Planar quadrilateral linkage, RRRR or 4R linkages have four rotating joints.

One link of the chain is usually fixed, and is called the ground link, fixed link, or the

frame. The two links connected to the frame are called the grounded links and are

generally the input and output links of the system, sometimes called the input link

and output link. The last link is the floating link, which is also called a coupler or

connecting rod because it connects an input to the output. Assuming the frame is

horizontal there are four possibilities for the input and output links

A crank: can rotate a full 360 degrees

A rocker: can rotate through a limited range of angles which does not include 0°

or 180°

A 0-rocker: can rotate through a limited range of angles which includes 0° but

not 180°

A π-rocker: can rotate through a limited range of angles which includes 180° but

not 0°. Some authors do not distinguish between the types of rocker

2.6 Design of four bar mechanisms

The synthesis, or design, of four bar mechanisms is important when aiming

to produce a desired output motion for a specific input motion. In order to

minimize cost and maximize efficiency, a designer will choose the simplest

mechanism possible to accomplish the desired motion. When selecting a

mechanism type to be designed, link lengths must be determined by a process

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called dimensional synthesis. Dimensional synthesis involves an iterate- and-

analyze methodology which in certain circumstances can be an inefficient

process; however, in unique scenarios, exact and detailed procedures to design an

accurate mechanism may not exist.

2.7 Systematic Diagram

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2.8 Design and Fabrication Methodology:

Methodology to Design and Fabrication the Box Sifting Mechanism

1.Analyse the problems in Box Sifting Mechanism

2. Designing the required components.

3. Selection of required materials.

4. Purchasing the materials.

5. Fabrication of the Box Sifting Mechanism

6. Preparation of report and submit.

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2.9 Selection of Materials

Linkages

Dc motor

Dc Adapter (12V)

Wooden Frame

The design and fabrication of box shifting mechanism constructed by

various components such as Lasani board, dc gear motor, dc Adaptor, wooden

stand and wooden pieces. In this wooden frame build by using rectangular

wooden bars.The Lasani boards are cut by using cutting operation. The dc gear

motor fitted on the frame by using bolt and nut joint. Power supply given from

the dc Adaptor (12volts) through copper wires.

2.9.1 Linkages

A mechanical linkage is an assembly of bodies connected to manage forces

and movement. The movement of a body, or link, is studied using geometry so

the link is considered to be rigid. The connections between links are modeled as

providing ideal movement, pure rotation or sliding for example, and are called

joints.

A linkage modeled as a network of rigid links and ideal joints is called a

kinematic chain. Linkages may be constructed from open chains, closed chains,

or a combination of open and closed chains. Each link in a chain is connected by

a joint to one or more other links. Thus, a kinematic chain can be modeled as a

graph in which the links are paths and the joints are vertices, which is called a

linkage graph.

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The movement of an ideal joint is generally associated with a subgroup of

the group of Euclidean displacements. The number of parameters in the subgroup

is called the degrees of freedom (DOF) of the joint. Mechanical linkages are

usually designed to transform a given input force and movement into a desired

output force and movement.

The ratio of the output force to the input force is known as the mechanical

of the linkage, while the ratio of the input speed to the output speed is known as

the speed ratio. The speed ratio and mechanical advantage are defined so they

yield the same number in an ideal linkage.

2.9.2 Dc motor

A windscreen wiper or windshield wiper is a device used to remove rain

and debris from a windscreen or windshield. Almost all motor vehicles,

including trains, watercraft and some aircraft, are equipped with such wipers,

which are usually a legal requirement. A wiper generally consists of an arm,

pivoting at one end and with a long rubber blade attached to the other.

The blade is swung back and forth over the glass, pushing water from its

surface. The speed is normally adjustable, with several continuous speeds and

often one or more "intermittent" settings. Most automobiles use two synchronized

radial type arms, while many commercial vehicles use one or more pantograph

arms.

2.9.3 Dc battery

A battery is a device that can create electricity using a chemical reaction. It

converts energy stored in molecules inside the battery into electricity. They produce

direct current (DC) electricity (electricity that flows in one direction, and does not

switch back and forth). Using the electricity from an outlet in a house or building is

cheaper and uses less energy, but a battery can provide electricity in

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areas that do not have electric power distribution. It is also useful for things that

moved around and cords would get in the way.

2.9.4 Wooden Frame

Wooden frame is a building technique with a "skeleton frame" of vertical

wooden columns and horizontal I-beams, constructed in a rectangular grid to

support the floors, roof and walls of a building which are all attached to the frame.

The development of this technique made the construction of the skyscraper

possible.

2.10 WORK PLAN

STAGE1: Collecting the Materials

The links are drawn by using the auto cad 2010 software then this diagram

printed in a A2 sheet. Then Lasani sheet brought from a shop dimension 610*420.

It will be cutted by using cutting CNC machine and it drilled by the drilling

machine

Dc motor and dc Adaptor brought from an automobile spare shop. After

completing these works the frame would be designed in Carpenter work shop.

STAGE 2: Fabrication of Components

The following components are fabricated for the box shifting machine

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Dc Adaptor

It is used to run the DC motor. When power required then that time it give

the power to the DC motor.

Dc motor

It is used run the whole linkages.

Bolt and Nut

It is used to connect the linkages and used to fix linkages on the frame.

Wooden Frame

It is used hold whole parts of this machine. It is made by using rectangular

wood.

Linkages

These linkages are made by using Lasani boards done by cutting operation

STAGE 3: Process for Fabrication

Welding

In welding process, the electric arc is used to melt the two metals and

joint them permanently. Electrode is used to produce electric arc .The gap

between electrodes and metal is 2mm. If welding is overlapped, it affects the

quality of metal joint. It is used to inter connect the columns.

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Wood Cutting

The square circular shaft and Lasani board cut for our required

dimension by using metal cutter. The circular shaft acts a column of box shifting

machine. The Lasani pieces are act as linkages. Metal cutter cuts all material to

required dimension.

Drilling

Drilling is used to screwing the screw through the drilling. To tight the linkages,

the screw is screwing through the drilling and helps to fix the linkages.

STAGE 4: Assembling the Components

All the components are assembled in a correct manner. Then is will be re

checked again and undergoes to the painting process

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CHAPTER 3

APPLICATION

We can used this mechanism in medical production fields.

We can used this mechanism in bottle filling process

We can used this mechanism in cool drinks production companies.

ADVANTAGES

Lubricants not required.

Simple to construct.

Low speed motor is sufficient

Easy maintenance.

Less skilled operator is sufficient.

Noise of operation is reduced.

MODIFICATIONS

1. Using solar panel we able to run this motor we get more efficiency

2. We are modify it to remove hylem board and use aluminum plate

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CHAPTER 4

CONCLUSION

The box shifting mechanism plays a major role in industries, the process

of transporting or shifting products from one place to another was to be

maintained by conveyors only. So we just successfully altered this with a box

shifting mechanism using the kinematics links and a motor. We had just

implemented our basic mechanical knowledge and designing skills for designing

and fabricating this project successfully.

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CHAPTER 5

REFERENCES

“A Review on Kinematic and Dynamic Analysis of Mechanism” by

Shrikant R. Patel, D. S. Patel, B. D. Patel Research Scholar, Associate

Professor, Assistant Professor

“Dynamic modeling and identification of a slider-crank mechanism” by

Jih-Lian Haa , Rong-Fong Fungb, Kun-Yung Chenb , Shao-Chien Hsienb

“Kinematics and kinetic analysis of the slider-crank mechanism in otto linear four cylinder Z24 engine” Mohammad Ranjbarkohan, Mansour

Rasekh , Abdol Hamid Hoseini , Kamran Kheiralipour and Mohammad

Reza Asadi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)

A Text Book of Automobile Engineering by R. K. Rajput

A Text Book of Theory of Machines by R. S. Khurmi, J.K. Gupta

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CHAPTER 6

PHOTO GRAPH

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