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8 November 2011Last updated at 00:29 GMT

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Myths about our mindsBy Andrew Luck-Baker Producer, Radio 4's Mind MythsThe human brain is the most complex entity in the known universe and despitethe best endeavors of scientists, there are still many mysteries about the 1.5kg(3.3lb) crinkled blob between our ears.

Here are just a few of the many myths about our brains and how they work.

PEOPLE USE ONLY 10% OF THEIR BRAINS
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The brain scan put pay to the myth we only useone 10th of our brains

I remember first hearing that we used just a 10th of our brains in the 1970s when I wasat school.

And how amazing, I thought, that there might be a way to unlock that whopping 90% ofunused brain capacity.

What would not be possible with all of my grey matter in action?

It was nonsense back then, and technological leaps in brain scanning have now provedthis for all to see.

"Functional imaging has shown us that there are very few parts of the brain that can't beactivated by something," says Prof Sophie Scott of the Institute of Cognitive Science atUniversity College, London.

Even doing something simple, such as clenching your fist, uses much more than 10% ofthe brain. A functional brain scan reveals that a vast number of brain cells spring intoaction as they plan and initiate the contraction of muscles in your fingers and palm.

THE LEFT BRAIN VERSUS THE RIGHT BRAIN

Anatomically, the brain is divided into two halves - the left hemisphere and the right one.There is some division of labor between them.

Continue reading the main story

Find out more
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Claudia Hammond presents Mind Myths on BBC Radio 4 at 21:00 on Tuesday, 8 November2011.

The programme is part of Radio 4's Brain Season.

Read more about the Brain Season

Read more about Mind Myths

"There are really big differences between the left and the right sides of the brain," saysProf Scott.

"But that's never what people actually mean when you hear the terms used out in awider discourse. That's very frustrating."

From some self-improvement books and business management courses, you mightthink the two hemispheres are in effect two separate entities.

The left is portrayed as the seat of logic and rationality. The right is described as thefont of intuition and creativity. Therefore, if you are a logical person, you use your leftbrain more. If you are more touchy-feely and artistic, you are right-brained.

According to the myth, we would all be more successful and fulfilled people if we learntto tap the full potential of both hemispheres.

Prof Scott says individuals do differ in the way they think through problems and reflecton the world, but this has nothing to do with different balances of power between theirhemispheres.

"Some people have really good visual imagery. Some people have good auditoryimagery. There is lots of variation out there in how we take information in and process it.

"But boiling it down into a left brain 'logical' and right brain 'creative' approach does notfollow from what we see in how the brain operates. Also it also suggests you could beusing one hemisphere more than the other and that's not really how it works."
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The two sides communicate with each other and work together via a complex wodge ofneural cabling known as the corpus callosum. The two sides of the brains arecomplementary and work in concert.

A FULL MOON INCREASES ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR

A full moon has long been associated with thingsthat go bump in the night

In folklore, a full moon is associated with insanity - hence the word lunacy - werewolvesand all manner of unpleasant happenings.

However, when psychologists and statisticians have looked into the matter, a lunarinfluence on the human brain and behavior remains elusive.

Overwhelmingly they have failed to discover a correlation between the timing of a fullmoon and events such as assaults, arrests, suicides, calls to crisis centres, psychiatricadmissions, poisonings and vehicle accidents.

Eric Chudler, who has compiled a long list of the research, says: "Most of the data - andthere have been many studies - find that there is not an association between the phase

of the moon and any of those abnormal behaviors."

Many believers of the full moon myth work in law enforcement and health professions.

Police officers and hospital staff frequently witness horrific and upsetting events.

Mr. Chudler suggests that when these traumatic things happen, workers are much morelikely to notice a full moon shining in the sky than they are to register more modest halfor quarter moons.

Consequently, they only make a connection with accidents or crimes when the moon isat its most obvious and symbolically significant.

LISTENING TO MOZART MAKES YOU MORE INTELLIGENT

Classical composer Amadeus Mozart is at the heart of an idea which blossomed in the1990s.


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Mozart's music was credited with special powers

People started to believe that playing the music of Mozart to young children wouldenhance their brain development and make them more intelligent.

And unlike the other myths this one had a notion of truth about it.

The neuro-nonsensical notion became known as the Mozart effect. And the IQ claimsstarted with a science paper in the journal Nature in 1993.

The research described an experiment in which Californian university students did aseries of spatial reasoning tasks.

The students who heard a Mozart piano piece before the testing began did a bit betterthan those who listened to relaxation tape music or silence.

But the sonata-charged enhancement disappeared after about 15 minutes.

Within a couple of years, the media had snowballed this interesting observation into theconcept that playing Mozart to young children made them brainier.

Companies marketed and sold CDs of the musical genius' works for this purpose. In theUSA in 1998, the state of Georgia issued mothers of newborn babies with their ownMozart discs.

Some people theorised that the musical structures of Mozart's compositions had aspecial biological influence on the brain's wiring.

In subsequent studies, the truth turned out to be more mundane.

It emerged that any piece of stimulating music just before a series of brain teasersmakes you more alert and enthusiastic so you perform a little better.


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Mind Mythspresented by Claudia Hammond will be on Radio 4 on Tuesday, 8November at 21:00 GMT and repeated at 15.30 GMT on Wednesday, 9 November.

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7/9

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