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Brazilian Network and School on Green Chemistry
Rio de Janeiro, 09/11/2010
Prof. Dr. José Osvaldo B. carioca – UFC;
Prof. Dr. Peter Siedl – EQ -UFRJ;
Prof. Dr. Eduardo Falabella – Petrobras/UFRJ;
Porf. Dr. Caetano Morais – EQ-UFRJ
Prof. Dr. Dávilla – EQ-UFRJ;
Prof. Dr. Claudio Nascimento – IQ-UFRJ;
Porf. Dra. Ofélia Araújo –EQ-UFRJ;
Profa. Dra. Fátima Ludovico – PUC /UFRJ
Contents
I - Preliminary ideas;
II - The proposal -
a green chemistry network as institution;
III- Relevant information
1-Veneza meeting . 1988 Italian network. INCA
(Encontro Itália – Argentina on Green Chem. Summer Course)
2-Falabella; Petrobras Rep. in the Program Clean Tech.-UNIDO
3-Evaluation on CTPetro grants – CNSL project was considered an important seed to the Brazilian Green Chemistry Program;
4- ANP/FINEP/CNPq recommended to create a group on green chemistry looking to additives to oil industry at CGEE;
5- It was created a work group on green chemistry at National Institute of Technology at Rio de Janeiro, where the group start to meet and develop ideas on green chemistry for Brazil.
6- Workshop on Green Chemistry – November 2007
7- CGEE – Workshop – Doc. For the Brazilian Program on GC.
I. Preliminary work – Background
Environmental Impacts – new paradigm
Produção de Energia Energias renováveis, Biocombustíveis
Produção Industrial Tecnologias Limpas, Controle das Emissões, Uso de
Materiais Renováveis e Biodegradáveis, Tratamento de Efluentes,
Reuso de Águas Industriais, etc..
Produção Agrícola/Florestal Proteção contra desmatamentos, erosão,
Contaminação do lençol freático, etc.
Sistema Habitacional Processamento de Lixo Urbano e Industrial, Esgotos;
Sistema Terciário Resíduos sólidos, etc.
IMPACTS
Chemical
Processes
Productive
systems
Environmental
Environmental Impacts >>> Green Chemistry – Historical points
• Historical (William, “the Conqueror”; 1027; XXVI Century – Forest UK)
(Barry and Commoner – 1960; I= PCB; Conc. de CO2 atmosfera)
• Seniors Advisers to ECE (1971) Non – Waste Production Systems
• Club of Rome (1971) Limits to growth (Uncontrolled System)
• United Nations System Summits on Environment
• Industry - Responsible Care Principle (1987)
• EPA (1991 – 1992) – Green Chemistry• STOCKHOLM SUMMIT (1972)• RIO CONFERENCE (1992)
IPCC (1992) IntroducedUNFCCC (1992)KYOTO (1997)MDLBIODIVERSITY CONVETION
• JOHANESBURG (2002)•COPENAGUE (2009)
BRAZILIAN LAWS• Bio Safety (1995)• Environmental Crime (1998)• Urban Policy (2001)• Conservation Unit (2005)• Innovation (2005)• Biodiversity (On going)• National Commission for Chem. Safety
Química Verde - Economia e o Meio Ambiente
“THE THREE BOTTOM LINE PRINCIPLE”
Química Verde - O Principio Geral para Empresas
EIA – RIMA, Lei
A REDE E A ESCOLA BRASILEIRA DE QUÍMICA VERDEhttp://www.cgee.org.br/atividades/redirect.php?idProduto=6528
Programa apresentado na 4ª Conf. Nac. De Ciência e Tecnologia, BSB-DF
Conselho
Executivo
Núcleo de
Regulação e
Certificação
(NRC)
Coordenação
da Rede
Brasileira de
Química Verde
(RBQV)
Escola
Brasileira de
Química Verde
(EBQV)
Rede de
Laboratórios
Associados
(RLA)
II - Química Verde – A Proposta Brasileira
Green Chemistry Principles
Green Chemistry – A desirable integration
Academia &Institutions
EPA, INCA, IUPAC
Brazilian Network on Green Chemistry
Governments & Multilateral Institutions
UN, ECE
Summit, Conferences & Protocols
Industry & International Chemical Associations
ICCA, ACC, ICPA,ABIQUIM
Responsible Care
Program
National Commission for Chemical Safety
Country Chemicals
Management Profile
Selected topics
Chemical Industry Structure: Traditional versus Renewable
The Desirable Country Ministries Integration:
III – Relevant information
Table 10: Brazilian Agribusiness Performance :2003 - 2006
Source: CEPEA/ESALQ/USP
YEAR BRAZILIAN GNP
(Millions US$)
AGRIBUSINESS
PARTICIPATION
(%)
2003 506,784 30.6
2004 603,993 29.9
2005 795,924 27.9
2006 1,067,600
Table 11: External Sales of the Brazilian Agribusiness Main
Exports Products (Period: May/2004 - Abril/2005)
EXPORTED PRODUCTS (%)
Coffee 5,9
Fruits Juice 2,9
Leather 3,5
Leather Derivates 4,1
Sugar 7,5
Cellulose and Paper 7,5
Soya Complex 24,5
Meat 16,5
Tobacco’s and Cigarettes raw material 3,6
Wood and byproducts 7,9
Other 16,1
Total 100,0
Source: Ministry of Agro-Husbandry [50]
Table 12: Data on the External Sales of Brazilian Fruit
Years US $ Millions
2004 375.0
2003 335.3
2002 241.0
70th decade 50.0
Source: Reference [51]
Table 13: Brazilian Bio-Products Exports Aiming at Pharmaceutical Purposes
REFERRED
ITEM
2003
US$ FOB
2004
US$ FOB
2005
US$ FOB
2006
US$ FOB
Seeds, fruits, grains, plants,
straw, etc…
4.338.706.231 5.473.852.451 5.425.243.422 5.753.768.853
Gums, resins, juices and
vegetable extracts
39.118.791 39.356.615 46.618.043 47.447.575
Organic Chemical Products 1.305.512.025 1.542.534.203 1.916.911.146 2.116.368.714
Pharmaceutical Products 280.748.997 352.619.366 474.494.467 622.128.690
Starches like materials and
enzymes
149.560.676 180.946.631 194.787.149 220.645.966
Total 6.113.646.720 7.589.309.266 8.058.054.227 8.760.359.798
Source: Reference [52]
Figure 2: Brazilian PIB Percentage Distribution in the Agribusiness Chain (3003)
Table 8: Sectors World Wide Sales Products Based in Bioresources
SECTORSMINIMUM
(US $ Billions)
MAXIMUM
(US $ Billions)
Pharmaceutical 75 150
Medical Botanic 20 40
Agricultural Seeds 300 450
Ornamental Horticulture 16 19
Pesticides 0.6 3
Cosmetics 2.6 2.8
Industrial Enzymes 60 120
Total 474.2 784.8
Source: K.Kate and L.Sarah [42]
Table 6: Annual Number of Country Hot Spots by Brazilian Regions
(Data obtained in the period of June to December)
941256771Federal District
65,49979,95143,13733,362Center-west
5,2112,6551,7243,972South
15,80212,4947,1469,865Southeast
68,34459,45545,12424,645Northeast
58,13377,98848,57732,278North
212,989232,543145,708104,122Brazil
2003200220012000
ANNUAL NUMBER OF COUNTRY HOT SPOTSBRAZILIAN
GREAT REGIONS
Source: IBGE [25]
4.1 General Environmental Considerations
Table 3. Total Carbon Emissions by Economic Sectors (Gg /year); (1994 – 2005)
SECTORS 1994 % 2005 %
Energetic 7,602 12,0 15,278 12,0
Residential 4,152 7,0 4,207 7,0
Commercial & Public 947 2,0 984 2,0
Agro husbandry 3,415 6,0 4037 6,0
Transports 25,423 40,0 36,876 40,0
Industrial 19,698 31,0 27,801 31,0
Non-Energetic Consu. 1,738 3,0 1,940 3,0
Total 62,975 100,0 91123 100,0
Source: Ministry of Science and Technology [30]
Table 4: Percentage Emissions of Some Industrial Sectors(1996)
SECTORS DBO SS SO2 NO2 CO COV
Non – Metallic Minerals 0.1 0.1 9.8 12.0 1.5 1.3
Metalwork 0.1 81.6 19.2 15.5 33.2 6.9
Non-Iron Metallurgy 13.2 8.3 19.2 1.2 9.9 1.9
Paper and Graphics 26.9 4.0 5.6 5.8 7.1 4.0
Chemicals and
Petrochemicals
23.3 2.8 33.8 46.2 41.5 57.6
Milk Manufacture and
Dairy
23.7 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0
Vegetable Oil Refining 0.7 0.0 4.0 2.7 0.4 300
Other Sectors 12.0 3.1 8.4 16.5 6.4 25.3
Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
Source: Reference [31]
Table 5: Amount of Solid Residue Collected According to its Final Destination
78.82,021.921.2545.32,567.2Federal District
55.67,954.844.46341.714,296.0Center-west
53.410,618.946.69,255.919,874.0South
57.581,428.542.560,188.3141,616.8Southeast
63.426,338.836.615,219.041,557.8Northeast
86,69,585.213.41,431.911,067.1North
59.5135,926.240.592,466.8228, 413.0Brazil
INADEQUATE
TOTAL RELATIVE
Ton/Day (%)
ADEQUATE
TOTAL RELATIVE
Ton/Day (%)
TOTAL
COLLECTD
(Ton/Day)
BRAZILIAN
GREAT REGIONS
Source: IBGE [25]
4. - Agribusiness and the Green Chemistry
4.1 Agribusiness in Latin America
• Agriculture represents 30% of GNP in Africa, South Asia; and 20% in East Asia & Pacific; and about 10% in Central Asia, Latin America and Caribbean.
• Agricultural products account for 30% of exports in Africa, Latin America & Caribbean; about 20% in South Asia and East Asia & Pacific, and 5% in Middle East & North Africa;
• Rural people make up 70% of total population in South Asia, Africa and East Asia & Pacific; about 50% in Middle East & North Africa; and about 30% in Central Asia, Latin America & Caribbean.
World Bank vision to action [39]
Table 8: Sectors World Wide Sales Products Based in Bioresources
SECTORSMINIMUM
(US $ Billions)
MAXIMUM
(US $ Billions)
Pharmaceutical 75 150
Medical Botanic 20 40
Agricultural Seeds 300 450
Ornamental Horticulture 16 19
Pesticides 0.6 3
Cosmetics 2.6 2.8
Industrial Enzymes 60 120
Total 474.2 784.8
Source: K.Kate and L.Sarah [42]
Table 6: Annual Number of Country Hot Spots by Brazilian Regions
(Data obtained in the period of June to December)
941256771Federal District
65,49979,95143,13733,362Center-west
5,2112,6551,7243,972South
15,80212,4947,1469,865Southeast
68,34459,45545,12424,645Northeast
58,13377,98848,57732,278North
212,989232,543145,708104,122Brazil
2003200220012000
ANNUAL NUMBER OF COUNTRY HOT SPOTSBRAZILIAN
GREAT REGIONS
Source: IBGE [25]
Table 7: Data on Domestic Wastewater Generated and Treated in Brazil
58.4161,537279,838Federal District
51.1338,224661,804Center-west
46.2463,4761,002,832South
27.23,059,34911,249,344Southeast
78.31,248,5951,595,358Northeast
45.327,52760,741North
35.35,137,17114,570,079Brazil
(%)TOTAL (m3)
DAILY TREATED VOLUMEDAILY TOTAL
VOLUME
GENERATED (M3)
BRAZIL AND
BRAZILIAN
REGIONS
Source: IBGE [25]
4. - Agribusiness and the Green Chemistry
4.1 Agribusiness in Latin America
• Agriculture represents 30% of GNP in Africa, South Asia; and 20% in East Asia & Pacific; and about 10% in Central Asia, Latin America and Caribbean.
• Agricultural products account for 30% of exports in Africa, Latin America & Caribbean; about 20% in South Asia and East Asia & Pacific, and 5% in Middle East & North Africa;
• Rural people make up 70% of total population in South Asia, Africa and East Asia & Pacific; about 50% in Middle East & North Africa; and about 30% in Central Asia, Latin America & Caribbean.
World Bank vision to action [39]
Table 8: Sectors World Wide Sales Products Based in Bioresources
SECTORSMINIMUM
(US $ Billions)
MAXIMUM
(US $ Billions)
Pharmaceutical 75 150
Medical Botanic 20 40
Agricultural Seeds 300 450
Ornamental Horticulture 16 19
Pesticides 0.6 3
Cosmetics 2.6 2.8
Industrial Enzymes 60 120
Total 474.2 784.8
Source: K.Kate and L.Sarah [42]
Table 9: Trade of Vegetable Species inside Producers Regions
Country and/or Region Species Number
Brazil 57,000
Colombia 45,000
Venezuela 24,000
Mexico 18,000
Peru 18,000
Australia 26,000
United States & South Africa 22,000
Indonesia 18,000
Europe 12,000
Japan 3,000
Source: Fernandes, L.R.R.M.V. [40]
Table 10: Brazilian Agribusiness Performance :2003 - 2006
Source: CEPEA/ESALQ/USP
YEAR BRAZILIAN GNP
(Millions US$)
AGRIBUSINESS
PARTICIPATION
(%)
2003 506,784 30.6
2004 603,993 29.9
2005 795,924 27.9
2006 1,067,600
Table 11: External Sales of the Brazilian Agribusiness Main
Exports Products (Period: May/2004 - Abril/2005)
EXPORTED PRODUCTS (%)
Coffee 5,9
Fruits Juice 2,9
Leather 3,5
Leather Derivates 4,1
Sugar 7,5
Cellulose and Paper 7,5
Soya Complex 24,5
Meat 16,5
Tobacco’s and Cigarettes raw material 3,6
Wood and byproducts 7,9
Other 16,1
Total 100,0
Source: Ministry of Agro-Husbandry [50]
Table 12: Data on the External Sales of Brazilian Fruit
Years US $ Millions
2004 375.0
2003 335.3
2002 241.0
70th decade 50.0
Source: Reference [51]
Table 13: Brazilian Bio-Products Exports Aiming at Pharmaceutical Purposes
REFERRED
ITEM
2003
US$ FOB
2004
US$ FOB
2005
US$ FOB
2006
US$ FOB
Seeds, fruits, grains, plants,
straw, etc…
4.338.706.231 5.473.852.451 5.425.243.422 5.753.768.853
Gums, resins, juices and
vegetable extracts
39.118.791 39.356.615 46.618.043 47.447.575
Organic Chemical Products 1.305.512.025 1.542.534.203 1.916.911.146 2.116.368.714
Pharmaceutical Products 280.748.997 352.619.366 474.494.467 622.128.690
Starches like materials and
enzymes
149.560.676 180.946.631 194.787.149 220.645.966
Total 6.113.646.720 7.589.309.266 8.058.054.227 8.760.359.798
Source: Reference [52]
Figure 2: Brazilian PIB Percentage Distribution in the Agribusiness Chain (3003)
4.1. Brazilian Chemical Industry
Table 14: Worldwide Chemical Industry Ranking - 2003
GNP
RANKING
CHEMICAL
RANK
COUNTRY CHEMICAL SALES
(US$ Billions)
1 1 USA 458
2 2 Japan 201
3 3 Germany 154
7 4 China 118
5 5 France 99
6 6 Italy 74
14 7 South Coreia 60
4 8 United Kingdom 55
18 9 Belgium 50
12 10 Brazil 45
Source: Reference [65]
Table 16: Chemical Dependence of the Fine Chemicals
SECTOR
IMPORTATION (US$ millions)
2002 2003 2004
Additives ND ND ND
Aroma & Fragrances ND ND ND
Catalysts 51.938 65.948 82.353
Dyes & Pigments 131.128 130.899 163.134
Agricultural Defensives 725.180 931.037 1.463.926
Animal Defensives ND ND ND
Pharmaceuticals 863.400 886.000 1.085.000
Medicines 1.527.817 1.512.266 1.784.802
TOTAL 3.299.463 3.526.150 4.579.215 Source: ABIFINA [67]
• Basic chemical products represent the most important segment of the chemical industry. Economically, they are characterized by its low add-value;
• The total sales of the chemical sector is about 81.6 billions of US$ in 2006, and shows a an annual increase rate of about 6.1%;
• Each of these sectors shows a smoothly increasing in its sales in the period analyzed, which performance depend on their own characteristics;
• In contrast to the basic products, the others sectors shows a small contributions, but fortunately they have expressive add value and are intensive in knowledge;
Comments on Table 15:
Table 15: Net Sales Evolution of Brazilian Chemical Industry´s
(US$ billions)
SEGMENTS 1990 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006%
a.a.
Chemical
products for
industrial use
19.0 19.2 19.9 18.5 22.8 19.4 24.1 33.0 39,4 45.4 5.6
Pharmaceutical
products
2.7 5.0 7.6 8.7 6.7 5.2 5.6 6.8 9.2 10.9 9,1
Perfumes and
cosmetics
1.6 2.4 4.2 4.3 3.4 2.8 3.1 3.9 5.5 6.9 9,6
Fertilizers 2.3 2.2 3.0 2.9 3.0 3.3 4.3 5.6 5.5 5.6 5,7
Soaps and
detergents (1)
2.0 2.0 2.8 3.1 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.7 3.9 4.6 5,3
Crop Protection 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.6 2.5 1.9 3.4 4.9 4.2 3.9 8,2
Paints and
varnishes
1.7 1.8 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.9 2.1 1,3
Others 1.4 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.3 3,2
TOTAL 31.8 35.6 42.8 43.8 43.6 37.3 45.5 60.2 71.6 81.6 6,1
Source: ABIQUIM [66]
Table 7: Data on Domestic Wastewater Generated and Treated in Brazil
58.4161,537279,838Federal District
51.1338,224661,804Center-west
46.2463,4761,002,832South
27.23,059,34911,249,344Southeast
78.31,248,5951,595,358Northeast
45.327,52760,741North
35.35,137,17114,570,079Brazil
(%)TOTAL (m3)
DAILY TREATED VOLUMEDAILY TOTAL
VOLUME
GENERATED (M3)
BRAZIL AND
BRAZILIAN
REGIONS
Source: IBGE [25]