Bringing Order with Laws and Leadership

• As Germanic law codes were codified, preserving details of the early German kingdoms for historians, principles of Roman law were also incorporated.

• The Rule of Law– Legal Codes– Wergeld

Chapter 7

• The Anglo-Saxon kingdoms struggled to integrate Christianity and Roman learning into their own customs and traditions of law and learning.

Anglo-Saxon England: Forwarding Learning and Law

• The Venerable Bede: Recording Science and History– Bede’s History

• Governing the Kingdom– Witan– Royal Offices

• Alfred the Great: King and Scholar– Danelaw– Alfred’s Translations

Chapter 7

• Charlemagne, who represented the melding of classical, Germanic, and Christian traditions, linked religion and politics to consolidate his rule over an empire.

Charlemagne and the Carolingians: A New European Empire

• Charlemagne’s Kingdom– Administering the Realm

• Linking Politics and Religion– Charlemagne’s Coronation

• Negotiating with Byzantium and Islam

• An Intellectual Rebirth– Establishing Schools– Correcting Texts

Struggle for Order in the Church

• The church was dominated by monarchs in the 8th and 9th centuries, but during this period, planted seeds for the future, which included the founding of the Cluniac order.

• Monasteries Contribute to an Ordered World– Cluniac Reform

Chapter 7

• With the division of Charlemagne’s empire among his descendants, the empire was left vulnerable to the invasions of Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims, whose conquests in Carolingian territory negatively impacted the church, centralized authority, and stimulated learning.

Order Interrupted: Vikings and Other Invaders

• Competing for the Realm: Charlemagne’s Descendants– Treaty of Verdun

– New Invaders

• “The Wrath of the Northmen”: Scandinavian Life and Values– Viking Ships

• Viking Travels and Conquests– Western Explorations

– European Settlements

• An Age of Invasions: Assessing the Legacy– Vikings convert

Chapter 7

• A new social order, founded upon Carolingian ideals, linked all people from the peasantry to the king in a contractual system of mutual obligation

• Peasants and Lords: Mutual Obligations on the Medieval Manor– Manor Layout– Serf’s Obligations

Manors and Feudal Ties: Order Emerging from Chaos

• Life in the Manorial Village– Village life

• Noble Warriors: Feudal Obligations Among the Elite– Lords and Vassals– Feudal Complexities

• Merriment, Marriage, and Medicine: A Noble’s Life– Marriage Ties– Medicine

Chapter 8

• Agricultural innovations led to an expansion of Europe’s population and changing conditions for those who worked the land.

• Harnessing the Power of Water and Wind

Those Who Work: Agricultural Labor

• New Agricultural Techniques– Three-Field Cultivation

• The Population Doubles– Life Span– New Freedoms– Environmental Consequences

Chapter 8

• Medieval towns offered an ambiguous mix of opportunities and limitations for many residents as these towns flourished with the increase in trade.

Those Outside the Order: Town Life

• Communes and Guilds: Life in a Medieval Town– Communes and Guilds– Urban Jews

• The Widening Web of Trad– Champagne Fairs– Hanseatic League

• The Glory of God: Church Architecture– Gothic Architecture– Stained Glass

Those Outside the Order: Town Life

• The Rise of Universities– Advanced Degrees

• Scholasticism: The Height of Medieval Philosophy– Anselm and Abelard– Thomas Aquinas

• Discovering the Physical World– Hildegard of Bingen– Experimental Science

Chapter 8

• Nobles and knights refined the ideals of chivalry in the poetry and literature that accompanied the feudalistic social order.

• Castles: Medieval Homes and Heavens– Living Quarters

Those Who Fight: Nobles and Knights

• The Ideals of Chivalry– Jousts and Tournaments

• The Literature of Chivalry

• In Praise of Romantic Love– Courtly Love

Chapter 8

• Kings in the High Middle Ages struggled against their nobles to exert centralized authority, transforming the map of Europe in the process.

The Rise of Centralized Monarchies

• England: From Conquest to Parliament– Conquest of England

– Henry I and II

– Magna Carta

– Parliament

• The Spanish Reconquer Their Lands– The Reconquest

• France and Its Patient Kings– Capetian Dynasty

– Louis IX

– Philip IV

The Rise of Centralized Monarchies

• The Myth of Universal Rule: The Holy Roman Empire– Saxon Dynasty– Salian Dynasty– Hohenstaufen Dynasty– Hapsburg Dynasty

Chapter 8

• Church leaders also stove toward centralization, which often led them into conflicts with secular leaders and the Muslim and Byzantine empires.

• A Call for Church Reform

Those Who Pray: Imperial Popes and Expanding Christendom

• The Investiture Controversy– Concordat of Worms– Thomas Becket– Innocent III

• Christians on the March: The Crusades, 1096-1291– Islam Strengthened– Pope Urban’s Call– Crusader States– Subsequent Crusades– Knights Templars– Crusaders Expelled

Those Who Pray: Imperial Popes and Expanding Christendom

• Criticism of the Church– Waldensians

• The Church Accommodates: Franciscans and Dominicans– Francis of Assisi– Dominican Order

• The Church Suppresses: the Albigensian Crusade and the Inquisition– Albigensian Crusade– The Inquisition

Chapter 9

• population growth of Europeans was checked by famine and the plague, disasters which were then followed by revolts of peasants and townspeople.

Economic and Social Misery

• Famine– Bad Weather

• The Black Death: Bubonic Plague– Flagellants– Anti-Semitism

• The Peasants and Townspeople Revolt– John Ball– Urban Revolts

Chapter 9

• The Church faced crisis again as secular rulers denied the supremacy of papal authority and factions within the church vied for power.

Imperial Papacy Besieged

• Popes Move to Avignon– Return to Rome

• Things Get Worse: The Great Schism

• The Conciliar Movement

• New Critics of the Church– John Wycliffe– Jan Hus

Chapter 9

• The prolonged conflict between France and England broke down the feudal system, aided the consolidation of the French monarchy, and weakened the English throne.

More Destruction: The Hundred Years’ War, 1337-1453

• England VS. France– New Weapons– English Victories– A Seesaw Battle

• Joan of Arc– Joan Executed

• Results of the War– Wars of the Roses

Chapter 9

• Philosophers, writers, and artists responded to the disasters of the fourteenth century by reconsidering old problems and offering new ideas and insights.

Responses to Disaster and Despair

• William of Ockham Reconsiders Scholasticism

• New Literary Giants– Dante– Boccaccio– Chaucer

• A New View: Jan Van Eyck– Realism and Symbolism

Chapter 9

• New empires arose in the east as Europeans struggled between localism and centralism.

Empires in the East

• Eastern Universalism: The Mongols– Mongol Empire– Marco Polo

• The Ottoman Empire, ca. 1300-1566– Conquest of Constantinople– Suleiman I

• Russia: The Third Rome– Ivan III