briyakasvinieyakmyy rbesircagmun smrab;mnussrkb;rub · 7¼56 3 000...

1¼56

r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2005 briyakasvinieyaKmYy RbesIrCagmun sMrab;mnusSRKb;rUb esckþIsegçb FnaKarBiPBelak v:asIugetan DIsIu

30500

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2¼56

© 2004 FnaKarGnþrCatisMrab;ksagRbeTseLIgvij nigGPivDÆn_¼ FnaKarBiPBelak 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington,D.C. 20433 TUrs½BÞ³ 202-473-1000

GIuneFINit³ www.worldbank.org

GIuEml³ [email protected]

rkSasiT§iRKb;y:ag. 1 2 3 4 07 06 05 04 Rkb nigkarrcnaxagkñúg³ s‘Usan eR)an sµúItl½r-Susan Brown Schmidler

karrcnarUbPaBelIRkb tambBa¢arbs;Rkum {r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak}/ © Linda Frichtel ÉksarenHsegçbr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2005 EdlCakare)aHBum<pSayrYmKña rbs;FnaKar BiPBelak nigkare)aHBum<pSayénsaklviTüal½yGuksVt. enHCaplitplrbs;buKÁlikénFnaKar BiPBelak. karrkeXIj/ karbkRsay nigesckþIsnñidæanTaMgLay Edl)ansMEdgecjenATIenH minEmnsuT§EtqøúHbBa©aMg BITsSn³rbs;KN³kmµkarnaykRbtibtþiénFnaKarBiPBelak nigrdæaPi)al TaMgLay EdlBYkeKtMNageGayeT. FnaKarBiPBelak minFanaPaBCak;lak;énTinñn½yTaMgLay EdlmanenAkñúgkare)aHBum<pSayenHeT nigminTTYlxusRtUvGVITaMgGs; cMeBaHplvi)akNamYyénkar eRbIR)as;Tinñn½yTaMgenaH. siT§inana nigkarGnuBaØat ÉksarenAkñúgkic©karenH RtUv)aneKrkSasiT§iftcMlg. karftcMlg nig¼b¤bMElgEpñkNamYy b¤ esckþITaMgRsugénkic©karenH edayKµankarGnuBaØat GacCakarrMelaPelIc,ab;CaFrman. FnaKar BiPBelak elIkTwkcitþdl;karpSBVpSaykic©karTaMgLayrbs;eK ehIytamFmµta eKnwgpþl;kar GnuBaØatCUn edayKµanbg¥g;.

edIm,IsMukarGnuBaØatftcMlg b¤e)aHBum<eLIgvij nUvEpñkNamYyénkic©karenH sUmepJIsMeNI rYm CamYyB½t’maneBjelj eTAkan;mCÄmNÐlCMrHsiT§iftcMlg-the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470, www.copyright.com.

sUmepJIral;sMeNIsMusiT§i nigsMuGaCJabNÑ rYmTaMgsiT§ibnÞab;bnSMnana eTAkan;kariyal½yGñk e)aHBum<pSay énFnaKarBiPBelak-the Office of the Publisher,World Bank, 1818 H Street N.W.,Washington, DC 20433, fax 202-522-2422, e-mail [email protected]. ISBN 0-8213-6005-1 ISSN 0163-5085

3¼56

matikaénr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2005 esckþIsegçb 1

briyakasvinieyaK KWCaktþad¾sMxan; énkMeNInesdækic© nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk 1 karxitxMedaHRsayéføcMNay haniP½y nig]bsKÁnana cMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECg 4 karrIkcMerIn EtgEtTamTareRcInelIsBIkarpøas;bþÚrnana enAkñúgbNþaeKalneya)aypøÚvkar 5 CadMeNIrkar minEmnCaRBwtþikarN_eT 7 karepþateTAelIkarpþl;eKalkarN_RKwH 9 karQanecjeRkAeKalkarN_RKwH EtgEtTak;TgnwgbBaðaRtUvRbQmmuxCabEnßm 12 shKmn_GnþrCatiGace)aHédCYy 14

Epñk 1 karEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK 17 1> briyakasvinieyaK kMeNInesdækic© nigPaBRkIRk 19

karEsVgyl;GMBIbriyakasvinieyaK 20 rebobEdlkarEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK eFVIeGaymankMeNInesdækic© nigkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk 24 kartMrg;eKaledAepþatkarykcitþTukdak; eTAelIkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk 31 karbegáItbriyakasvinieyaKmYyRbesIrCagmun sMrab;mnusSRKb;rUb 35

2> karRbQmnwgbBaðacMeBaHmuxsMxan;² 36 PaBtantwgCamUldæan³ etIRtUveRCIserIsykRkumh‘un b¤mYyplRbeyaCn_saFarN³? 37 karTb;sáat;kareqøótEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_ 40 karksagPaBKYreGayeCOTukcitþ)an 45 karbMpuskareCOCak;CasaFarN³ nigPaBRsbc,ab; 50 karFanaeGaykarykcitþTukdak;rbs;eKalneya)ay qøúHbBa©aMgBIPaBrwgmaMl¥énsßab½n 53 kareFVIeGayrIkcMerIneTAmux 54

3> karxMRbwgERbgedaHRsayrebobvar³d¾FMTUlay 56 briyakasvinieyaK kñúgnamCakBa©b;kmµvtßúmYy 56 karkMNt;GaTiPaB 58

4¼56

karcat;EcgeFVIkMENTMrg;buKÁlmñak;² 68 karrkSasMTuHeTAmux 71 karBRgwgsmtßPaBTaMgLay 74

Epñk 2 karpþl;eKalkarN_RKwH 77 4> sßirPaB nigsnþisux 79

karbBa¢ak;;kmµsiT§ielIdIFøI nigRTBüsm,tþiepSg²eTot 80 karsMrYldl;karRbtibtþitamkic©snüa 80 karkat;bnßy]Rkidækmµ 89 karbBa©b;karykGclnRTBüÉkCn edIm,IeRbICasaFarN³ edayKµansMNg 92

5> viFankarRKb;RKg nigkarykBn§ 95 kareFVIniy½tkmµRkumh‘un 95 karykBn§BIRkumh‘un 106 karRKb;RKgtamc,ab; nigkarykBn§ enAtamRBMEdn 111

6> hirBaØvtßú nigehdæarcnasm<½n§ 115 TIpSarhirBaØvtßú 115 ehdæarcnasm<½n§ -kartP¢ab;Rkumh‘unTaMgLay nigkarBRgIk»kasl¥² 124

7> kMlaMgBlkmµ nigTIpSarkargar 136 karGPivDÆkMlaMgBlkmµmYyEdlmanCMnaj nigsuxPaBl¥ 137 karEkécñGnþraKmn_nana eGaymanRbeyaCn_dl;kmµkr-buKÁlikTaMgGs; 141 karCYykmµkr-buKÁlik eGayts‘UCMnHkarlM)ak CamYynwgkarpøas;bþÚr)an 151

Epñk 3 karQanecjeRkABIeKalkarN_RKwH 157 8> GnþraKmn_mYycMnYnEdleK)aneRCIserIs 159

eRKOgTak;Taj -nigGnÞak;nana- énGnþraKmn_mYycMnYnEdleK)aneRCIserIs 159 bTBiesaFn_enAkñúgvis½ymYycMnYn 163

5¼56

9> bTBaØtþi nigsþg;daGnþrCati 175 rebobcat;Ecg nigbriyakasvinieyaKGnþrCati 175 karEklMGPaBKYreGayeCOTukcitþ)an 176 karbMpuskarRsuHRsYlKña 180 karedaHRsayplvi)ak\tRBagTukCaGnþrCatinana 182 bNþabBaðacMeBaHmux naeBlGnaKt 184

Epñk 4 rebobEdlshKmn_GnþrCatiGacCYy)an 187 10> rebobEdlshKmn_GacCYy)an 189

karbM)at;karxusqÁgnana enAkñúgRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn 189 karpþl;CMnYykan;EtmanRbsiT§iPaBeLIg 190 karxMRbwgedaHRsayrebobvar³ Tak;TgnwgcMeNHdwgsMxan;² 195

kMNt;sMKal;GMBIÉksareyag 198 kMNt;sMKal;cugGtßbT 198 Éksareyag 210 GaMgDIkaT½rmYycMnYnEdleK)aneRCIserIs 243 karvas;briyakasvinieyaK 244 bBaðaRtUvRbQmmux kñúgkarvas;briyakasvinieyaK 244 viFankarfµI² rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak 245 kMNt;sMKal;bec©keTs 250

GaMgDIkaT½rGPivDÆn_BiPBelakmYycMnYn EdleK)aneRCIserIs 253 RbPBTinñn½y nigviFIsa®sþ 253 karpøas;bþÚrnana enAkñúgbNþaRbB½n§KNenyüCati 253 karcat;fñak;esdækic© nigbNþaviFankarsrub 254 Bakübec©keTs nigRbeTsEdlTak;Tg 254 kMNt;sMKal;bec©keTs 265

6¼56

buBVkfa

r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelakenH niyayGMBIkarbegáIt»kasnana sMrab;mnusSTaMgLay edIm,IGac rMedaHxøÜnecjrYcBIPaBRkIRk nigEklMGCIvPaBrbs;xøÜneGay)anRbesIreLIg. enHCakarniyayGMBIkarbegáIt briyakasmYy EdlbNþaRkumh‘un nigshRKasRKb;RbePT -rab;cab;BIksikr nigshRKastUctac rhUt dl;bNþaGaCIvkmµplitkmµfñak;mUldæan fñak;Cati nigfñak;BhuCati- man»kasl¥² nigmaneRKOgelIkTwkcitþnana sMrab;karvinieyaKRbkbedayplitPaBx<s;/ begáItkargarTaMgLay nigBRgIkskmµPaBesdækic© ehIytamry³ enH cUlrYmeFVIeGaymankMeNInesdækic© nigkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. dUcenH r)aykarN_BinitüBicarNaelIbBaða cMeBaHmuxd¾sMxan; énkarGPivDÆ.

karBRgIk»kasl¥² sMrab;mnusSTaMgLay enAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn KWCakgVl;EdlRtUvcat;viFan karPøam² rbs;rdæaPi)alTaMgLay nigrbs;shKmn_saklelak. RbmaNCitBak;kNþalénRbCaCn enAelI BiPBelak rs;enAedaymancMNUlRbcaMéf¶ ticCag 2 duløaGaemrik ehIymanmnusSRbmaN 1 100 lan nak; rs;enAy:agy:ab;yWun edaymancMNUlRbcaMéf¶ ticCag 1 duløaGaemrik. RbCaCnekµg² manCagBIrdg énGRta mFüménGñkGt;kargareFVI enAkñúgRKb;tMbn; ehIykñúgry³eBl 30 qñaMxagmux kMeNInRbCaCnnwgbEnßm mnusSCit 2 000 lan nak; eTot eTAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn. karEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK enAkñúg bNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn KWCaRbkard¾sMxan; kñúgkarpþl;kargar nig»kasl¥² sMrab;mnusSekµg² RBmTaMg ksagBiPBelakmYyRbkbedayPaBrYmbBa©ÚlKña mantulüPaB nigsnþiPaB.

eKeXIjmandMNwgl¥². rdæaPi)alkan;EteRcIneLIg TTYlsÁal;fa eKalneya)ay nig\riyabfnana rbs;BYkeK edIrtYy:agsMxan; kñúgkarkMNt;RTg;RTaybriyakasvinieyaK enAkñúgsgÁmrbs;BYkeK ehIyBYkeK kMBugeFVIkarpøas;bþÚr. RbeTscin nigRbeTs\NÐa )anpþl;]TahrN_nanad¾KYreGaycab;GarmµN_³ PaBRbesIr eLIgénbriyakasvinieyaK enAkñúgRbeTsTaMgenH )aneFVIeGaymankMeNInesdækic© nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk )any:agRcIn enAkñúgRbvtþisa®sþ. rdæaPi)alCaeRcIneTot k¾kMBugdak;bBa©ÚlbBaðaenHeTAkñúgrebobvar³rbs;xøÜnEdr k¾b:uEnþ enAmankarrIkcMerIneTAmuxyWt² nigminesµICMhaneT. rdæaPi)alnana enAEtdak;TMgn;CakarcMNaymin caM)ac; eTAelIRkumh‘un nigshRKasTaMgLay EdlbegáItCaPaBminc,as;las; nigkarRbfuyRbfand¾sMxan; RBmTaMgbegáIteGayman]bsKÁKµanehtupl cMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECg.

r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelakqñaMenH KWCakarpSayTI 27 enAkñúges‘rIénkic©kard¾sMxan;rbs;FnaKarBiPB elak kñúgkarBinitüemIl etImanGVI²EdlrdæaPi)alnanaGaceFVI)an edIm,IbegáItbriyakasvinieyaKRbesIrCagmun sMrab;sgÁmrbs;BYkeK. tamry³karcab;epþImkarsikSaRsavRCavfµImYy EdlrYmmankarGegátelIRkumh‘uncMnYnCit

7¼56

3 000 enAkñúgRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIncMnYn 53/ Tinñn½yfµI²epSgeTot nigkarsikSakrNInana enAtamRbeTsTaMg Lay r)aykarN_enH cgRkg)ancMNucsMxan;²cMnYn 4.

TImYy r)aykarN_)anepþateTAelIRbkarfa eKaledAKYrEtCakarbegáItbriyakasvinieyaKmYy Edl RbesIrCagmun sMrab;mnusSRKb;rUb -enAkñúgTisedABIr. briyakasénkarvinieyaK KYrEtpþl;RbeyaCn_dl;sgÁm TaMgmUl minEmncMeBaHEtRkumh‘unTaMgLayeT. dUcenH viFanRKb;RKg nigkarykBn§ EdleKerobcMcgRkg)an RtwmRtUv KWCaEpñkd¾sMxan;énbriyakasvinieyaKl¥/ mü:ageTot briyakasvinieyak KYrEtRKbdNþb;elIRkumh‘un RKb;RbePT minEmnTak;TgEtnwgRkumh‘unFM² b¤Rkumh‘unEdlman\T§iBlxøaMgenaHeLIy. Rkumh‘unTaMgLay TaMgtUc TaMgFM TaMgkñúgRbeTs nigmkBIbreTs RBmTaMgbNþaRkumh‘unmanbec©kviTüaTab nigx<s; suT§Etpþl; viPaKTand¾sMxan; nigbMeBjeGayKñaeTAvijeTAmk eFVIeGaymankMeNInesdækic© nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk.

TIBIr/ r)aykarN_)anTajehtuplfa karxMRbwgERbgTaMgLay edIm,IEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK RtUvEt QanhYsBIkarRKan;Etkat;bnßyéføcMNayGaCIvkmµnana. éføcMNayTaMgenaH enAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn BitCa GacF¶n;F¶rsMebIm rhUtmantMélCaeRcIndgelIsBIGVIEdlRkumh‘unRtUvbg;CaBn§dar. b:uEnþ karRbfuyRbfanTak; TgnwgeKalneya)ay )anlb;elIkgVl;nanarbs;Rkumh‘unTaMgLay enAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn ehIyGac eFVIeGayeRKOgelIkTwkcitþ sMrab;karvinieyaKGs;\T§iBl. mü:ageTot ]bsKÁcMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECg enAbnþman y:agTUlMTUlay eFVIeGayRkumh‘unTaMgLayElgcab;GarmµN_nwgeRKOgelIkTwkcitþnana edIm,IeFVIkarécñRbDitfµI² nigbegáInplitPaB. rdæaPi)alTaMgLay RtUvEtedaHRsayTidæPaBTaMgbI énbriyakasvinieyaKl¥.

TIbI r)aykarN_sgát;F¶n;eTAelIRbkarfa karrIkcMerIneTAmux TamTarGVIEdlelIsBIkarpøas;bþÚrnana enAkñúg bNþaeKalneya)aypøÚvkar. KMlatKñarvageKalneya)ayTaMgLay nigkarRbtibtþieKalneya)ayTaMgenaH GacmanTMhMFMsMebIm rYmCamYynwgesdækic©minpøÚvkard¾TUlay enAkñúgRbeTskMBugrIkcMerInCaeRcIn Edlpþl;Ca Psþútagd¾Cak;lak;. rdæaPi)alTaMgLay RtUvEttP¢ab;KMlatTaMgenH nigedaHRsayRbPBd¾eRCACagenH rbs; braC½yéneKalneya)ay EdlGacbMpøajbriyakasvinieyaKl¥. rdæaPi)alTaMgLay RtUvEtxitxMRbyuT§nwg GMeBIBukrlYy nigTMrg;epSg²eTot énkareqøótEsVgrkRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn edIm,IksagPaBGaceCOTukcitþ)an CamYyRkumh‘unTaMgLay/ bMpuskareCOCak;CasaFrN³ nigPaBRtwmRtUvtamc,ab; nigbBa¢ak;fa GnþraKmn_ eKalneya)ayTaMgLay RtUv)aneKerobcMeLIg edIm,ItMrUvtamlkçxNÐnanaenAtammUldæan.

CabBa©b; r)aykarN_enH BinitüemIlyuT§sa®sþnana sMrab;edaHRsayrebobvar³d¾FMTUlayenH. vasgát; F¶n;fa eKminTamTarPaB\tex©aHeT nigfa eKmincaM)ac;eFVIkargarTaMgGs; RBm²KñaeLIy. k¾b:uEnþkarrIkcMerIn eTAmux TamTareGayrdæaPi)alTaMgLay edaHRsay]bsKÁsMxan;² tamrebobEdlpþl;kareCOTukcitþ eFVIeGay Rkumh‘unTaMgLaysMerccitþvinieyaK -nigrkSadMeNIrkarl¥ énkarEklMGEdlkMBugRbRBwtþeTA. karBüayam nwg)ansMerc.

8¼56

karrkeXIjTaMgenH mankarKaMRTedaykarviPaKlMGit rYmCamYy]TahrN_CaeRcIn EdleK)anBiPakSa enAkñúgr)aykarN_TaMgmUl. karerobrab;TaMgenH KYrEtpþl;karemIleXIjy:agc,as; dl;Gñktak;EtgeKalneya )ayTaMgLay nigdl;GñkTaMgLayNa EdlykcitþTukdak;nwgkMeNInesdækic© nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk enAkñúg bNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn.

karEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK KWCaRKwHsMxan;TImYy ényuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_TUeTArbs;FnaKarBiPBelak. r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2005 bMeBjb®gÁb;eTAelIr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak BIqñaMeTA Edl)an edaHRsaybBaðaKnøwHénRKwHsMxan;TIBIr rbs;yuT§sa®sþenH³ karvinieyaKcUlmk nigkarpþl;GMNacdl;RbCaCn edIm,ITajykplRbeyaCn_BI»kasl¥². srubeTA r)aykarN_TaMgBIrenH pþl;eyabl; nigkarsikSaRsavRCavd¾ Cak;lak; EdlnwgCYyFnaKarBiPBelak nigédKUTaMgLayrbs;eyIg GnuvtþnUvesckþIRsémrYmrbs;eyIg -enaHKW BiPBelakKµanPaBRkIRk.

eCm DI v:ulhVinsun-James D. Wolfensohn

RbFanFnaKarBiPBelak

9¼56

esckþIEføgGMNrKuN

r)aykarN_enH erobcMeLIgedayRkumkargarmYy dwknaMedayelak v:arIk sµúIt-Warrick Smith ehIy smaCikRkumkargarenHman m:arI halv:at-eRDoém:eyI-Marry Hallward-Driemeier/ kaGIuv tata-Gaive

Tata/ cc køak-George Klarke/ ér: edsaGIu-Rai Desai/ TImU:TI eGovIn-Thimoty Irwin/ rIqat emsIuk-Richard Messick/ esþhVaNU sáareb:ta-Stefano Scarpetta nig eGkaetrINa v:U®sþÚknUtUv:a-Ekaterina

Vostroknutova. elGUr:a køaeBI-Leora Klapper nig s‘UnIta KIEKrI-Sinita Kikeri k¾)ancUlrYmeFVIkic©kar enHEdr. RkumkargarenH)anTTYlkarcUlrYmCYyBIsMNak; y:an;nI ecn-Yanni Chen/ GaLicsan;RDU kUy:UkarU-Alexandru Cojocaru/ es‘NaGIuda Eh‘rNan;eds-Zenaida Hernandez eTv:Uday emnKIsÞÚ-Tewodaj

Mengistu/ køavDIy:U GIu m:ugetenRkU-Claudio E. Montenegro nig edvIt sÞÚGat-David Stewart. Gñk eroberogGtßbTCabnþbnÞab;mkenHKW Rb‘Us r:Us-Larsun-Bruce Ross-Larson. kargarenH )ancab;epþImeLIg eRkamkardwknaMrbs; nIkULas EsÞn-Nicolas Stern nigRbRBwtþeTAeRkamkardwknaMTUeTArbs; Rbg;sV½r bYKIj:úg-François Bourguignon.

GñkTaMgLay TaMgGñkenAkñúg nigGñkeRkAFnaKarBiPBelak Edl)anpþl;eyabl;cab;GarmµN_nanad¾man RbeyaCn_ rYmman dar:un Gaesm:UKøÚ-Daron Acemoglu/ eGrIk Eb‘køÚhV-Erik Berglöf/ r:Ub‘Ín eb‘ÍEKs-Robin

Burgess/ ha-CUn caMg-Ha-Joon Chang/ san;tay:aNan; eDv:ar:ay:an-Shantayanan Devarajan/ edvIt dULa-David Dollar/ cUn hal;TIv:an;eKI-John Haltiwanger/ ém:eKIl ekøn-Michael Klein/ hUv:at ):ak;-Howard Pack nig Lan; RBItEQt-Lant Pritchett. RkumGñkTinñn½yGPivDÆn_ )anpþl;karcUlrYm eTAkñúg]b sm<½n§sþIBITinñn½y nigCaGñkmanParkic©eRCIserIsGaMgDIkarT½rTaMgLay énkarGPivDÆBiPBelak. kic©karenH )anTTYlkar]btßmÖKaMRT cMeBaHkarRsavRCavCamUldæanTaMgLayCaeRcIn BIhirBaØb,TanénmUlniFiRtwsþd¾sb,úrs BIRksYgGPivDÆn_GnþrCatiéncRkPBGg;eKøs RBmTaMg BIrdæaPi)als‘uyEGt nigsVIús.

Rkumkargar)aneFVIkarBieRKaHeyabl;y:agTUlMTUlay sMrab;r)aykarN_enH kñúgenaHman sikçasalaenA TIRkugEbrLaMg/ daerssaLam/ Lúg/ jÚedløI/ esogéh nigv:asIugetan DIsIu RBmTaMgsnñisITtamvIedGU CamYy kEnøgnana énRbeTseRbsIul/ eGsIub/ kaetm:aLa/ hugDUr:as;/ Cb:un/ lIbg;/ nIkar:aka/ rUsIu nigEs‘b‘Í nig m:ugetenRkU RBmTaMgkarBiPakSatambNþajGIuneFINit elIesckþIRBagr)aykarN_enH. GñkcUlrYmTaMgLay kñúgsikçasala/ snñisITtamvIedGU nigkarBiPakSaTaMgenH rYmmanGñksikSaRsavRCav/ m®nþIrdæaPi)al nigbNþa buKÁliksßab½nrdæaPi)al nigsßab½nnanaénEpñkÉkCn.

10¼56

erebka sU‘KI-Rebeca Sugui )anbMerIkargar CaGñkCMnYykarRbtibtþisMrab;RkumkargarenH/ GUeplIy:a v:aLadUlIt-Ofelia Valladolid CaCMnYykarénkmµviFI É m:aFU Gar:Ur:a-Madhur Arora nigecsun vIkT½r-Jason Victor CaGñkCMnYykar rbs;Rkumbec©keTsenH. eGv:an;eKlIn san;tU dUmIgkU-Evangeline Santo

Domingo )anbMerIkargarCaCMnYykarrbs;GñkdwknaMskmµPaBRkum.

kariyal½ye)aHBum<pSayrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak CaGñksMrbsMrYlkarrcnaesovePA kareroberogGtßbT nigkarplit eRkamkarcat;Ecgrbs; s‘Usan; RkahaM-Susan Graham/ ednIs Eb‘sWr:ug-Danise Bergeron nig y:aENt saesIu-Janette Sasser.

esckþIsegçb

briyakasvinieyaKmYyRbesIrCagmun sMrab;mnusSRKb;rUb

Rkumh‘unÉkCnTaMgLay KWCaebHdUgéndMeNIrkarGPivDÆ. edayedIrtameKaledAEsVgrkplcMNUl Rkumh‘unRKb;RbePT -rab;cab;taMgBIksikr nigkarshRKinFuntUcTaMgLay rhUtdl;bNþaGaCIvkmµplitkmµ fñak;mUldæan fñak;Cati nigfñak;BhuCati- vinieyaKeTAelIKMnitfµI² nigeRKOgCMnYyfµI² EdlCYyBRgwgRKwHénkMeNIn esdækic© nigPaBrugerOg. Rkumh‘unÉkCnTaMgLay )anpþl;kargar RbmaN 90° -edaypþl;»kasl¥² eGay mnusSTaMgLayGacGnuvtþeTBekaslürbs;BYkeK nigEklMGsßanPaBrbs;BYkeK. Rkumh‘unÉkCnTaMgLay pþl;CaTMnij nigesvacaM)ac; sMrab;ciBa©wmCIvit nigEklMGkMritCIvPaB. BYkeK k¾CaRbPBd¾cMbgéncMNUlBn§dar EdlrYmcMENkpþl;fvikadl;EpñksaFarN³ b¤vis½ysuxaPi)al Gb;rM nigesvakmµepSg²eTot. dUcenH Rkumh‘un TaMgLay KWCaGñkedIrtYsMxan; kñúgkarEsVgrkkMeNInesdækic© nigkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk.

etIGVIeTA CaGñkkMNt;karcUlrYmcMENkrbs;Rkumh‘unTaMgLay eTAkñúgsgÁm? RbkarsMxan;KWbriyakas vinieyaK -ktþaTaMgLayEdlGaRs½ynwgmUldæan¼RbeTsnImYy² CaGñkkMNt;RTg;RTayén»kasl¥² nigeRKOg elIkTwkcitþnana sMrab;eGayRkumh‘unvinieyaKRbkbedayplitPaBx<s; begáItkargarfµI² nigBRgIkskmµ PaBrbs;xøÜn ¬RbGb; 1¦. eKalneya)ay nig\riyabfrbs;rdæaPi)al edIrtYy:agsMxan; kñúgkarkMNt;RTg;RTay rbs;briyakasvinieyaK. \T§iBlrbs;rdæaPi)almankMritkMNt; eTAelIktþananadUcCaPUmisa®sþBitEmn b:uEnþeK man\T§iBld¾skþisiTi§ eTAelIsnþisuxénkmµsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tþi viFInanasMrab;eFVIviFanRKb;RKg nigkarykBn§dar

11¼56

¬TaMgenAtamRBMEdn nigenAkñúgrgVg;RBMEdn¦ karpþl;ehdæarcnasm<½n§ dMeNIrkarénTIpSarhirBaØvtßú nigTIpSar kargar RBmTaMglkçN³epSg² eToténGPi)alkic© dUcCaGMeBIBukrlYy.

karEklMGeKalneya)ay nig\riyabfrbs;rdæaPi)al EdlkMNt;lkçN³briyakasvinieyaK KWCa mUldæanRKwHEdleFVIeGaymankMeNInesdækic© nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. RbkarenH eFVIeGaykarrIkcMerIn mansar³sMxan;Biess sMrab;rdæaPi)alénbNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn -enATIenaH RbCaCnRbmaN 1 200 lan nak; rs;enAedaymancMNUlRbcaMéf¶ ticCa 1 duløaGaemrik/ RbCaCnekµg²mancMnYnelIsBIBIrdgénGRtaKµan kargareFVI ehIybMErbMrYlRbCasa®sþ nwgbEnßmRbCaCn 2 000 lan nak;eTot kñúgry³eBl 30 qñaMxagmux. karbegáInkargar nig»kasepSg²eTot sMrab;RbCaCnekµg² mansar³sMxan;Nas; kñúgkarbegáItBiPBelakmYy RbkbedaykarrYmsM)ac;Kña/ mantulüPaB nigmansnþiPaB.

Tinñn½yfµI²BIFnaKarBiPBelak)anpþl;TidæPaBfµIRsLag GMBIlkçN³énkarERbRbYl énbriyakasvinieyaK enATUTaMgBiPBelak -RBmTaMgGMBIrebobEdlvaman\T§iBleTAelIkMeNInesdækic© nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. Tinñn½yTaMgenH rYmmankarGegátnanaelIbriyakasvinieyaK EdlRKbdNþb;elIRkumh‘uncMnYnCag 26 000 enA kñúgRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIncMnYn 53 nigKMerag{kareFVIGaCIvkmµ} Edl)aneRbobeFobrbbc,ab;nana enAkñúgRbeTs Cag 130 ¬RbGb; 2¦. r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2005 erobcMeLIgedayEp¥kelITinñn½yTaMgenaH/ PsþútagfµI²epSgeTot nigemeronnanaEdlekItecjmkBIbTBiesaFn_GnþrCati kñúgbMNgbgðajBIGVI² Edl rdæaPi)alRKb;Can;fñak;GaceFVI)an edIm,IbegáItbriyakasvinieyaKmYyRbesIrCagmun -briyakasvinieyaKEdl pþl;RbeyaCn_dl;sgÁmTaMgmUl minEmnsMrab;EtRkumh‘unTaMgLayeT nigEdlRKbdNþb;elI Rkumh‘unTaMgGs; minEmnEtRkumh‘unFM² b¤Rkumh‘unEdlmanTMnak;TMngCamYyneya)ayenaHeT. niyayeGayxøI enaHKWCa briyakasvinieyaKmYyd¾RbesIr sMrab;mnusSRKb;rUb.

lkçN³énkarERbRbYlxusBIKña rbs;briyakasvinieyaK

eKalneya)ay nig\riyabfnanarbs;rdæaPi)al CaGñkkMNt;RTg;RTayén»kas nigeRKOgelIkTwkcitþ sMrab;Rkumh‘unTaMgLay tamry³\T§iBlrbs;BYkeKeTAelI éføcMNay/ haniP½y nig]bsKÁnanacMeBaHkarRbkYt RbECg. ktþaTaMgbIenH manGtßn½ysMxan;sMrab;Rkumh‘unTaMgLay -RBmTaMgsMrab;kMeNInesdækic© nigkarkat; bnßyPaBRkIRk.

éføcMNay

R)ak;éføQñÜl rUbFatuedImnana nigcMNayTaMgLayRbhak;RbEhlKñaenH KWCakarcMNayFmµtaEdl Tak;Tgnwgral;skmµPaBBaNiC¢kmµ. b:uEnþ manéføcMNayCaeRcIneTot EdlekItecjmkpÞal;CagenH BIbNþa

12¼56

eKalneya)ay nig\riyabfrbs;rdæaPi)al. Bn§dar Ca]TahrN_c,as;CageK. eRkABIenH rdæaPi)alTaMgLay k¾mantYnaTId¾sMxan;pgEdr kñúgkaredaHRsaybraC½yenAelITIpSar edaypþl;TMnijsaFarN³ nigCYyKaMRT dl;karpþl;ehdæarcnasm<½n§. PaBTn;exSaykñúgkarRbtibtþikargarrbs;rdæaPi)al edIm,IbMeBjtYnaTITaMgenH Gac begáInéføcMNaynanay:ageRcIn sMrab;Rkumh‘unTaMgLay nigeFVIeGay»kasénkarvinieyaKCaeRcIn minGacpþl; plcMeNj. etIplvi)akGaRkk;TaMgenaH manTMhMb:uNÑa? karGegátrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak bgðajfa éføcMNay srubeTAelIehdæarcnasm<½n§EdlminGacrMBwg)an/ karlM)akkñúgkarRbtibtþitamkic©snüa/ ]Rkidækmµ/ GMeBIBuk rlYy nigviFankarRKb;RKg GacmancMnYndl;eTA 25 PaKry énéfølk; -b¤mYyeRcInCagbIdgénéføBn§nana Edl Rkumh‘unRtUvbg;tamFmµta. TaMgkMrit TaMgsmasPaBénéføcMNayTaMgenH ERbRbYlxusKñaCaxøaMg enAtamRbeTs TaMgLay ¬rUb 1¦.

éføcMNay k¾manvimaRtCaeBlevlapgEdr. karGegátrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak elIRkumh‘unTaMgLay )anbBa¢ak;c,as;BIkarERbRbYlxusKñaCaxøaMg kñúgkarcMNayeBl edIm,IykTMnijqøgkat;sßab½nKy nigedIm,ITTYl )anTUrs½BÞmYyExS RBmTaMgbrimaNeBlevlaEdlRkumh‘unTaMgLayRtUvcMNay kñúgkaredaHRsaykargarCamYy m®nþInana. KMerag{kareFVIGaCIvkmµ} rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak bgðajfa ry³eBlRtUvcMNaysMrab;cuHbBa¢IGaCIvkmµ fµImYy ERbRbYlBI 2 éf¶ enARbeTsGU®sþalI eTAdl; 200 éf¶ enARbeTséhTI.

RbGb; 1> etIBakü{briyakasvinieyaK} mann½ydUcemþc? briyakasvinieyaK KWCakMrglkçxNÐTaMgLayeTAtamRbeTsnImYy² EdlkMNt;RTg;RTayén»kas

nigeRKOgelIkTwkcitþnana sMrab;eGayRkumh‘unTaMgLay GacvinieyaK)an RbkbedayplitPaBx<s; begáIt kargar nigBRgIkskmµPaBrbs;xøÜn. eKalneya)ay nig\riyabfnana rbs;rdæaPi)al CH\T§iBly:agxøaMg eTAelIbriyakasvinieyaK tamry³GMeBIrbs;BYkeKeTAelIéføcMNay haniP½y nig]bsKÁcMeBaHkarRbkYt RbECg -RbkarTaMgLayenH KWCacMNucepþatkarcab;GarmµN_rbs;r)aykarN_enH.

Rkumh‘unTaMgLay KWCacMNuccab;epþImrbs;RkbxNÐeKalenH. r)aykarN_enHeRbIBakü{Rkumh‘unTaMg Lay} edIm,IrYmbBa©ÚlPñak;garesdækic©ÉkCnTaMgGs; rab;cab;BIbNþaksikr nigshRKintUctac dl;bNþa RKwHsßanplitkmµkñúgRbeTs nigbNþasaCIvkmµBhuCati edayminKitBITMhM skmµPaB b¤sßanPaBc,ab;CapøÚvkar eLIy.

bøg;edkenAkñúgrUbxageRkam tageGaykarsMerccitþvinieyaK nigskmµPaBTaMgLay rbs;BYkeK. Rkum h‘unTaMgLayCaGñksMerccitþ fanwgecjéføcMNaynanakñúgeBlbc©úb,nñ edIm,Ipøas;bþÚr b¤begáInplitkmµ naeBl GnaKt dUcCakarcMNayeTAelIeRKOgm:asIun eRKOgsMrYlkargarnana RBmTaMgkarsikSaRsavRCav nigkar

13¼56

GPivDÆ. Rkumh‘unTaMgLayQaneTAsMerccitþ CamYynwgsmtßPaB nigyuT§sa®sþxus²Kña. karsMerccitþrbs; BYkeK kMNt;edaybMNgR)afñaEsVgrkplcMeNj -ehIylT§PaBTTYlplcMeNj Etgrg\T§iBlBIkar cMNay haniP½y nig]bsKÁnanacMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECg EdlTak;TgCamYynwg»kas. brimaN nigplitPaB énkarvinieyaK EdleK)ansMerceFVI rYmcMENkeFVIeGaymankMeNInesdækic© nigkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk.

briyakasvinieyaKl¥ minRKan;EtCakarbegáItplcMeNjsMrab;Rkumh‘unTaMgLayeT -RbsinebI enHCa eKalbMNg enaHcMNucRtUvBicarNaGacbRgYmmkenARtwm karbnßyéføcMNay nighaniP½yeGayenACa Gb,brma. briyakasvinieyaKl¥ KWsMedAelIkarEklMGlT§plTaMgLaysMrab;sgÁmTaMgmUl. éføcMNay nighaniP½ynana CakarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;Rkumh‘unTaMgLay. mü:ageTot karkat;bnßy]bsKÁcMeBaHkarRbkYt RbECg nwgBRgIk»kasnana bMpuskarécñRbDitfµI nigFanafa plRbeyaCn_énkarEklMGskmµPaBplitkmµ RtUv)anEckrMElkCamYyGñkeRbIR)as; nigGñkeFVIkargarTaMgLay.

bøg;QrenAkñúgrUb tageGaybriyakasvinieyaK. TidæPaBmYycMnYnénbriyakasvinieyaK rYmmanTItaMg

PUmisa®sþ nigcMNg;cMNUlcitþrbs;GñkeRbIR)as; Bi)aknwgeGayrdæaPi)alERbRbYltamNas;. b:uEnþ rdæaPi)al TaMgLay man\T§iBlCakarsMerceRcInCagenH eTAelIktþaepSg²eTotmYycMnYnFM. \T§iBlCak;lak;nana eTAelIéføcMNay haniP½y nig]bsKÁnana EdleK)anelIkeLIg enAkñúgr)aykarN_enH manTMnak;TMngy:ag CitsñiT§ CamYyeKalneya)ayEdlBak;B½n§nwg\riyabfénkarvinieyaK. edayehtuenH FmµCatiCakarsMlwg emIleTAmuxrbs;karvinieyaK )anKUssMKal;elIsar³sMxan;énsßirPaB nigsnþisux CaBiess snþisuxénc,ab; kmµsiT§i. viFanRKb;RKg nigkarykBn§dar pþl;sar³sMxan;dl;kmµsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tþii nigmankarGnuvtþlMdab; TImYy eTAelIéføcMNay/ haniP½y nig]bsKÁcMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECg. hirBaØvtßú ehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigkMlaMg Blkmµ KWCameFüa)ayplitkmµd¾sMxan; sMrab;skmµPaBvinieyaKTaMgLay.

b:uEnþ Rkumh‘unTaMgLay minEmnykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHEteKalneya)aypøÚvkar Etmü:agenaHeT. BYkeK

14¼56

vaytMélelIrebobRbtibtþieKalneya)ayTaMgenaH enAkñúgkarGnuvtþ. mü:ageTot Rkumh‘unTaMgLay ¬dUcCa PaKIBak;B½n§ÉeTot²Edr¦ Etgsakl,gCH\T§iBleTAelIeKalneya)ay tamviFIEdlpþl;PaBGnueRKaHdl;BYk eK. dUcenH bBaðananaTak;Tgnwg\riyabfrbs;rdæaPi)al nigGPi)alkic© kñúgn½yTUlaybMput -rYmTaMgGMeBI BukrlYy nigPaBGaceCOTukcitþ)an- mansar³sMxan;CaKnøwH. enAeBlRtUveFVIkarsMerccitþelIkarvinieyaK Rkumh‘unTaMgLayEtgEtsÞg;emIl \T§iBleTAvijeTAmk rbs;eKalneya)aypøÚvkar niglkçN³sMKal;nana énGPi)alkic©.

karEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK KWCacMNucsMxan;TImYy ényuT§sa®sþGPivDÆn_TUeTArbs;FnaKarBiPB elak. kmµviFIbMeBjbEnßmd¾sMxan;mYyeTot EdleK)anbBa¢ak;enAkñúgcMNucsMxan;TIBIrényuT§sa®sþ rbs; FnaKarBiPBelak KWRtUvvinieyaKeTAelIkarBRgwgkMlaMgCUnRbCaCn eGayBYkKat;GacTajykplRbeyaCn_ BI»kasTaMgLayenaH. r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2004³ kareFVIeGayesvaTaMgLaybMerIdl;GñkRkIRk )anepþateTAelITidæPaBKnøwH éncMNucsMxan;TIBIrenH.

haniP½y edayehtufa karsMerccitþvinieyaKTaMgGs; CakarsMlwgemIleTAmux enaHkarvinicä½yrbs;Rkumh‘unTaMg

Lay eTAelIGnaKt KWCaRbkarsMxan;Nas;. haniP½yCaeRcIn cMeBaHRkumh‘unTaMgLay rYmmankarykcitþTuk dak;mineTogTat;rbs;GtifiCn nigKURbECgnana KWCaEpñkFmµtaénkarvinieyaK ehIyRkumh‘unTMagGs; KYrEtTTYl r:ab;rghaniP½yTaMgenaH. k¾b:uEnþ rdæaPi)almantYnaTId¾sMxan;RtUveFVI kñúgkarbegáItbrisßand¾mansßirPaB nigman snþisux edayrYmTaMgkic©karBarkmµsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tþipgEdr. PaBmineTogTat;éneKalneya)ay/ GsßirPaB m:aRkUesdækic© nigviFanRKb;RKgtamTMenIgcitþ k¾GaceFVIeGayGab;GYrdl;»kasnana nigbgçÚctMéleRKOgelIkTwk citþ sMrab;karvinieyaKEdr. karGegátnanarbs;FnaKarBiPBelak bgðajfa haniP½yTak;TgnwgeKalneya)ay manTMgn;CageK enAkñúgcMeNamkgVl;nanaénbriyakasvinieyaK enAkñúgRbeTskMBugrIkcMerInTaMgLay ¬rUb 2¦. karGegátTaMgenaH k¾)anbBa¢ak;eGayeXIjpgEdr GMBIPaBxusKñamYycMnYn enAkñúgRbeTsTaMgenaH ¬rUb 3¦.

RbGb; 2> RbPBfµI²énTinñn½yGMBIbriyakasvinieyaK )anmkBIFnaKarBiPBelak karxMRbwgERbgnanaBImun edIm,IEsVgyl;GMBIrebobEdlbNþaeKalneya)ay nigsßab½nrdæaPi)al man

\T§iBleTAelIkMeNInesdækic© )anEp¥kelIGaMgDIkaT½rcMruH rbs;Rkbx½NÐsßab½nénRbeTsenaH dUcCanItirdæ nig GMeBIBukrlYy. kargarenH)anbegáItTidæPaBnanad¾manRbeyaCn_ kñúgenaH RbkarsMxan;²CageKman karFana kmµsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tþi nigGPi)alkic©l¥ EdlCasñÚlénkMeNInesdækic©. b:uEnþ Tinñn½ycMruHTaMgenaH )anpþl;

teTATMB½rbnÞab;

http://www.worldbank.org.kh/pdf/wdr200502.pdf

15¼56

TidæPaBmineBjelj eTAelIlkçN³minesµIsac;énkarcat;Ecgsßab½n eFobnwgRbeTsepSgKña nigenAkñúg RbeTsEtmYy b¤plvi)akénkarcat;EcgenaH eTAelIkarsMerccitþvinieyaK rbs;Rkumh‘unRbePTepSgKña. Tinñn½yTaMgenHk¾bgákarlM)akpgEdr kñúgkarEjkplnanarbs;GMeBIéneKalneya)ayepSg²Kña eFobnwg sßab½nTaMgLay. karkMhitlT§PaBenH )anbMpusbMNgEjkskçIPaBTaMgLay eGaydac;edayELk²BIKña Cagmun.

fµI²enH FnaKarBiPBelak)anpþl;CaviPaKTaneTAkñúgkarxMRbwgERbgenH edaycab;epþImkarpþÜcepþImKMnit FM² cMnYnBIr edIm,IEsVgyl;BIrebobEdlKuNPaBénbriyakasvinieyaKrbs;TINamYy man\T§iBleTAelIkar sMerccitþvinieyaKnana nigeTAelIKuNPaBkargarrbs;Rkumh‘unTaMgLay EdlcUlrYmeFVIeGaymankMeNIn esdækic© nigkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk³

• karGegátnanaelIbriyakasvinieyaK³ eK)ansmÖasCamYyRkumh‘unCasMNakyfaPaBmYycMnYn edIm,I RbmUlkar):an;RbmaNGMBI]bsKÁnana EdlRkumh‘unTaMgLaykMBugRbQmmux RBmTaMgTinñn½yCa brimaNd¾Cak;lak; sþIBIrgVas;énbriyakasvinieyaK nigKuNPaBkargarrbs;Rkumh‘un. kargarenH)an GnuBaØateGayeKP¢ab;GaMgDIkaT½rénkarvinieyaK CamYynwgKuNPaBkargarrbs;Rkumh‘un edIm,Iyl;)an RbesIrCagmunGMBI\T§iBlrbs;va eTAelIplitPaB/ karsMerccitþvinieyaK nigkarsMerccitþpþl;kargar. kñúgkrNICaeRcIn eK)anbBa©ÚlEdnsmtßkic©fñak;eRkamCatinana edIm,IRbmUlTinñn½yBIbMErbMrYleTAtam kEnøgepSg² enAkñúgRbeTsNamYy. eK)ancab;epþImkarGegátTaMgenH kñúúgqñaM 2001 ehIytaMgBIeBl enaHmk eK)aneFVIkarGegátfµI²cMnYn 20 kñúgmYyqñaM². r)aykarN_enH Ep¥kelIlT§plBImun² rbs; kargarenH edayRKbdNþb;elIRkumh‘un cMnYnCag 26 000 enAkñúg 53 RbeTs. karGegátnana elIbriyakasvinieyaK ksageLIgenAelIbNþakarGegátelIbrisßanGaCIvkmµBiPBelak EdleK)ancab; epþImeFVIBIqñaM 1999 nigRKbdNþb;elIsMNakRkumh‘unticCagenH ehIyEp¥kxøaMgCag eTAelITinñn½yEdl eKTTYl)antamry³karsegát nigyl;eXIj.

• KMerag{kareFVIGaCIvkmµ}³ KMeragenHcgRkgkarviPaKeRbobeFobB½t’man sþIBIRbtibtþikarénrbbniy½tkmµ c,ab; enAkñúgRbeTsCag 130. varaykarN_GMBIéføcMNayénkareFVIGaCIvkmµ sMrab;Rkumh‘unEdleK kMNt;edaysnµt;mYy ehIyRbtibtþikarCMnYj Ep¥kelIkaryl;eXIjrbs;GñkÉkeTsnana EdleK)an eRCIserIsenAtammUldæan ¬Gñkc,ab; KNenyükr¦. B½t’manCabEg¥kenH rYmmaneBlevla nigéfø cMNay sMrab;eKarBtameKalneya)ay nigRkbxNÐc,ab; -kñúgenaHman c,ab;GaCIvkmµ karCMrujeGay Rbtibtþitamkic©snüa nigc,ab;kargar. eK)ane)aHBum<pSayr)aykarN_TImYy enAqñaM 2003 rYmCamYy kareFVIbc©úb,nñPaBCaerogral;qñaM EdlsMrbkalviPaKCamYyRbFanbTbEnßmnana.

edIm,IbMeBjbEnßmeTAelIkarpþÜcepþImKMnitTaMgenH r)aykarN_)ansmÖas shRKintUctaccMnYn 3 250

16¼56

nak; enAkñúgesdækic©minpøÚvkar enAkñúgRbeTscMnYn 11. fµI²enH eKkMBugeFVIbBa©b;nUvkarGegátnana elI briyakasvinieyaK enAkñúgRbeTsTaMg 11 enH. eK)anpþl;B½t’manlMGit Tak;TgnwgTinñn½yfµI²enaH enAkñúg r)aykarN_enH ehIyk¾)anpþl;CUnpgEdrenAkñúgEvbsay³ http://econ.worldbank.org/wdr/wdr2005. RbPB³ Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2003); Burgess and Venables (2003); Pritchett (2004).

17¼56

rUb 1> éføcMNaynana ERbRbYlxusBIKñaCaxøaMg eFobnwgkMrit nigsmasPaB

kMNt;sMKal;³ karGegátenH )anesñIeGaybNþaRkumh‘uncuHbBa¢IRtwmRtUv raykarN_GMBItMélénkarcMNayCaR)ak; Kiteday pÞal;CacMENkénkarlk; b¤mYyCaeBlevla. {karlM)akkñúgkarCMrujeGayRbtibtþitamkic©snüa} RKbelIcMENkén meFüa)ayplitkmµEdlsßitkñúgkarRBmeRBogKñaCabrimaN ¬føwgedaymeFüa)ayplitkmµCavtßúFatuedIm eFobnwgéfølk; srub¦ nigkarbg;R)ak;yWty:av ¬KitCacMENkénR)ak;RtUvbg;srub edayeRbIGRtakarR)ak; 10 PaKry sMrab;ry³eBlmFüm énkarbg;R)ak;yWty:av¦. {niy½tkmµc,ab;} RKbelIkarRKb;RKgeBlevla EdlRtUvcMNayedIm,IedaHRsaykargar CamYy m®nþInana ¬føwgCaéføcMNayénsMNgelIkarRKb;RKg eFobnwgéfølk;srub¦ nigKMlatkñúgkarpþl;kargar eFobnwgkMriteRKag Tuk edaysaréføcMNayEpñkviFanRKb;RKg Tak;TgnwgkarCYl nigbBaÄb;kargarbuKÁlik-kmµkr ¬føwgedayéføcMNaysrub elIkMlaMgBlkmµ enAkñúgéfølk;¦. {sMNUk} CaéføcMNaysrubénsMNUkTaMgLay KitCacMENkénéfølk;. {]Rkidækmµ} CaTwkR)ak;srubEdl)at;bg;edaykarlYc/ éføcMNayelIsnþisux nigkarbg;R)ak;éføkarBar ¬KitCacMENkénéfølk;¦. {ehdæa rcnasm<½n§minGacrMBwg)an} rYmmankarxatbg;karlk; edaysarkardac;famBl nigTUrKmnaKmn_nana RBmTaMgedaysar karxatbg; b¤xUcTMnij kñúgkargardwkCBa¢Ún. eK)aneRCIserIsRbeTsnanamkdak;kñúgenH edIm,IbgðajBIlMdab;énbMErbMrYl. RbPB³ karGegátnanaelIbriyakasvinieyaK rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak.

]bsKÁcMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECg

Rkumh‘unTaMgLay Etgcg;CYbnwgkarRbkYtRbECgtic CaCagkarRbkYtRbECgeRcIn. b:uEnþ ]bsKÁnana cMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECg Edlpþl;RbeyaCn_dl;Rkumh‘unmYycMnYn EtgEtbdiesF»kasnana nigbegáInéføcMNay cMeBaHRkumh‘unmYycMnYneTot nigcMeBaHGñkeRbIR)as;TaMgLay. ]bsKÁTaMgenaH k¾Gacbnßykarcab;GarmµN_ cMeBaHeRKOgelIkTwkcitþ sMrab;eGayRkumh‘unEdlTTYlkic©karBar KitKUrécñRbDitfµI nigbegáInplitPaBrbs; BYkeK pgEdr. ]bsKÁmYycMnYnekIteLIgBIlkçN³FmµCatinana dUcCa cMgay nigTMhMénkarsnSMsMéceFobnwg

18¼56

rUb 2> haniP½ynanaTak;TgnwgeKalneya)ay lb;elIeKkñúgcMeNamkgVl;cMeBaHbriyakasvinieyaK rbs;Rkumh‘unTaMgLay

kMNt;sMKal;³ enHCaPaKryénRbeTsEdl)anraykarN_enAkñúgkarGegát 48 RbeTs fabBaðaenHCa]bsKÁFMCageK. RbPB³ karGegátnanaelIbriyakasvinieyaK rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak.

rUb 3> kgVl;GMBIbNþahaniP½yTak;TgnwgeKalneya)ay ERbRbYlxusBIKñay:agxøaMg enAtamRbeTsnana.

kMNt;sMKal;³ cMnYntUcCag bBa¢ak;famankgVl;ticCag. RbeTsEdleK)aneRCIserIsenH KWedIm,IbgðajBITMhMénbMErbMrYl. RbPB³ karGegátnanaelIbriyakasvinieyaK rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak.

19¼56

karbegáInkMritplitkmµ EdlTak;Tgnwgbec©kviTüaBiess². éføcMNayx<s; nighaniP½yx<s; GacmanGMeBIdUcCa ]bsKÁcMeBaHkarcUleTAkan;TIpSar. rdæaPi)alTaMgLayk¾man\T§iBlCa]bsKÁnana edaypÞal;CagenH tamry³ viFanénkarcUleTAkan; nigecjBITIpSar RBmTaMgkarykcitþTukdak;rbs;BYkeK cMeBaH\riyabfRbqaMgkarRbkYt RbECgrbs;Rkumh‘unnana. eTaHbIIeKBi)akvas; enAkñúgkMritcMruHcUlKñakþI karGegátnana)anbgðajfa rebobEdl Rkumh‘unnanaTTYlsm<aFénkarRbkYtRbECg enAtamRbeTsTaMgLay ERbRbYlxusBIKñaCaxøaMg. Ca]TahrN_ eK)anraykarN_fa sm<aFénkarRbkYtRbECg manGtßn½ysMxan;cMeBaH 90 PaKryénbNþaRkumh‘unenARbeTs b:ULÚj ÉcMeBaHbNþaRkumh‘unenARbeTses‘GrsIu manRkumh‘unEt 40 PaKryb:ueNÑaHEdlyl;dUcenaH.

rUb 4> bMErbMrYllkçxNÐnanaénbriyakasvinieyaK enAkñúgRbeTsmYy - Tinñn½yBIRbeTscin

RbPB³ karGegátnanaelIbriyakasvinieyaK rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak.

karERbRbYlxusBIKña enAkñúgRbeTsTaMgLay nigenAkñúgcMeNamRkumh‘unnana

briyakasvinieyaKEdlERbRbYlxusBIKñaeFobnwgvimaRtTaMgenH minEmnRbRBwtþeTAEtrvagRbeTsepSg² KñaeT Etk¾xusKñaenAkñúgRbeTsEtmYypgEdr dUcmankareRbobeFobkñúgcMeNamTIRkugmYycMnYnenAkñúgRbeTscin CakarbBa¢ak;c,as;Rsab; ¬rUb 4¦. bMErbMrYlnana GacekItecjmkBIPaBxusKña enAkñúgbNþaeKalneya)ay nig \riyabfrbs;rdæaPi)alfñak;eRkamCati b¤mYytamviFIcat;Ecgrbs;eKalneya)ayCatiTaMgLay. briyakas

20¼56

vinieyaKnanamanTMenareTArkPaBsaTrticCag enAkñúgtMbn;CnbT edaybnßy»kasnanasMrab;ksikr nigRkum h‘unEdlminTak;TgnwgksikmµTaMgLay.

sUm,IEtenAkñúgTIkEnøgEtmYy k¾lkçxNÐdUcKñaGacb:HBal;Rkumh‘unepSgKña tamEbbxus²BIKñaEdr. Rbkar enHGacBit cMeBaHskmµPaBesdækic©xusKña -ksikr ]sSahkr nigCagkat;sk; GacmanTsSnvis½y nig GaTiPaBxus²BIKña. TidæPaBCaeRcInénbriyakasvinieyaKminl¥ k¾CH\T§iBlGaRkk;F¶n;F¶rCageK cMeBaHRkumh‘un tUc² nigGñkeFVIskmµPaBesdækic©minpøÚvkar pgEdr ¬rUb 5¦.

rUb 5> Rkumh‘untUc² nigminpøÚvkarTaMgLay EtgRtUvrgeRKaHF¶n;F¶rCageK edaysarkarkMhitnanaén briyakasvinieyaK

kMNt;sMKal;³ enHCaTinñn½yBI 10 RbeTs EdleK)anGegátCapøÚvkar nigminpøÚvkar edayKiteTAtamvis½yén]sSahkmµ/ RbeTs/ PaBCam©as;kmµsiT§i nigGayuRkumh‘un. RbPB³ karGegátnanaelIbriyakasvinieyaK rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak RBmTaMgkarGegátrbs;r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak elIbNþaRkumh‘untUctac nigminpøÚvkar.

rebobEdlbriyakasvinieyaKCH\T§iBleTAelIkMeNInesdækic© nigPaBRkIRk

CaFmµta Rkumh‘unTaMgLayEtgKitKUrGMBIbriyakasvinieyaK. sgÁmTaMgLay k¾KYrKitKUrGMBIRbkar enHEdr. karEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK edIrtYy:agsMxan; kñúgkarCMrujkMeNInesdækic© nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. etIva RbRBwtþeTAy:agdUcemþc?

karCMrujkMeNInesdækic©

21¼56

edaysarRbCaCnkan;EtekIneRcIneLIg kMeNInesdækic©pþl;EtmeFüa)ay EdlGacRTRTg;karEklMGkMrit CIvPaBb:ueNÑaH. briyakasvinieyaKl¥ CMrujkMeNInesdækic© edayelIkTwkcitþkarvinieyaK nigplitPaBx<s;Cag mun. karvinieyaKRTRTg;kMeNInesdækic© edaynaMyknUvmeFüa)ayplitkmµeRcInCagmun eTAkñúgdMeNIrkar plitkmµ. karvinieyaKBIbreTs kMBugEtkøayeTACamansar³sMxan;Cagmun enAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn. k¾b:uEnþ PaKeRcInelIslb;énkarvinieyaKÉkCn enAEtCakarvinieyaKBIkñúgépÞRbeTsdEdl ¬rUb 6¦.

rUb 6> karvinieyaKÉkCnBIkñúgépÞRbeTs elIslb;elIkarvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs

kMNt;sMKal;³ enHCaTinñn½ymFümRbcaMqñaM rbs;RbeTskMBugrIkcMerIncMnYn 92. RbPB³ ;FnaKarBiPBelak (2004b).

briyakasvinieyaKl¥mYy elIkTwkcitþRkumh‘unTaMgLayeGayvinieyaK edaykat;bnßyéføcMNayKµan ehtupl/ haniP½y nig]bsKÁTaMgLaycMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECg. CalT§plénbNþakMENTMrg;briyakas vinieyaK karvinieyaKÉkCn kñúgnamCaPaKcMENkénplitplkñúgRbeTssrub enAkñúgRbeTscin nig\NÐa )anekIneLIgesÞIrEteTVdg ÉenAkñúgRbeTsG‘Ukg;da va)anekIneLIgelIsBIeTVdg. eK)ansMKal;eXIjc,as; nUvlT§pldUcKñaenH tamry³PsþútagCaeRcIneTot enAkMrittUctac. enARbeTsb:ULÚj r:Um:anI rUsIu søÚv:aKI nigG‘uyERkn Rkumh‘unTaMgLayEdleCOfa kmµsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tþirbs;BYkeKRtUv)anFana )anvinieyaKrvagBI 14 eTA 40 PaKry énplcMNUl eTAkñúgGaCIvkmµrbs;eK eRcInCagGñkEdlmineCO 1. ksikrTaMgLayenA RbeTséf EdlmankarFanakmµsiT§idIFøI )anvinieyaKeRcInCagmunCaxøaMg eTAkñúgdIrbs;eK eFVIeGaylT§plekIn x<s;CagmunRbmaN 14-25 PaKry elIsBIGñkEdleFVIkarelIdImanKuNPaBdUcKña EtKµankarbBa¢ak;kmµsiT§i 2. karbnßy]bsKÁcMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECg enAkñúgvis½yTUrKmnaKmn_ enAkñúgbNþaqñaM 1990 )anRBElgsMTuHénkar

22¼56

vinieyaKfµI² -rYmTaMgshRKintUc² enAkñúgRbeTsbg;køaeds nigGU‘kg;da. Tinñn½yfñak;Rkumh‘un bgðajfa karEk lMGlT§PaBRbemIleXIjCamun)anéneKalneya)ay GacbegáInRbU)ab‘ÍlIeténkarvinieyaKfµI² rbs;Rkumh‘un nana RbmaNCag 30 PaKry ¬rUb 7¦.

rUb 7> karEklMGlT§PaBRbemIleXIjCamun)anéneKalneya)ay GacbegáInRbU)ab‘ÍlIeténkarvinieyaKfµI² rbs;Rkumh‘unnana RbmaNCag 30 PaKry

kMNt;sMKal;³ kMeNInCaPaKry eFobnwgRkumh‘unTaMgLayEdlraykarN_fa KµankarEklMGlT§PaBRbemIleXIjCamun )an. karnimµitKMrU Ep¥kelIcMelIynanarbs;Rkumh‘un eTAnwgkarGegát enAkñúgRbeTscMnYn 80 edayKitbBa©ÚltMbn;/ TMhMén Rkumh‘un nigvis½y. RbPB³ karGegátelIbrisßanGaCIvkmµrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak.

k¾b:uEnþ minEmnRKan;EtbrimaNénkarvinieyaKeT EdlmanGtßn½y cMeBaHkMeNInesdækic©enaH -KWplitPaB EdlCaGñkbegáInlT§plenaH 3. karsikSananaenAtamRbeTsTaMgLay BitCabgðajfa ktþaplitPaBTaMgmUl manPaKcMENkénkMeNInesdækic© enAkñúgplitplkñúgRbeTssrub esµInwgkarRbmUlpþúMmUlFnEdr ¬rUb 8¦.

rUb 8> plitPaBmanPaKcMENky:agFMenAkñúgplitplkñúgRbeTssrub

kMNt;sMKal;³ RbPBénkMeNInesdækic© sMrab; 84 RbeTs BIqñaM 1960 dl; 2000. TFP -Total Factor Productivity. RbPB³ Bosworth and Collins (2003).

23¼56

briyakasvinieyaKl¥ elIkTwkcitþeGaymanplitPaBx<s;Cagmun tamry³karpþl;»kas nigeRKOgelIk Twkcitþnana sMrab;eGayRkumh‘unTaMgLayGPivDÆ/ sMrb nigTTYlykrebobeFVIGaCIvkmµRbesIrCagmun -min RKan;EtbNþanvkmµénFatunanaEdlmantMélGacTTYl):atg;enaHeT Etk¾Tak;TgpgEdr nwgrebobRbesIrCagmun sMrab;cat;EcgdMeNIrkarplitkmµ/ karEckcayTMnij nigkarykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHGtifiCn. etIvaTamTarGVIxøH? ]bsKÁTab cMeBaHkarpSBVpSayKMnitfµI² rYmTaMg]bsKÁcMeBaHkarnaMcUleRKOgcRkTMenIb nigkarEktMrUvviFIcat;Ecg kargar KWCaRbkarsMxan;Nas;. mü:ageTot brisßanEdlbMpusdMeNIrkarRbkYtRbECg Edlelak y:UeshV s‘UmBIET-Joseph Schumpeter )anehAfa {karbMpøajEbbsßabna} 4 KWCabrisßanmYyEdlenAkñúgenaH Rkumh‘un TaMgLayman»kas nigeRKOgelIkTwkcitþnana sMrab;sakl,gKMnitTaMgLayrbs;BYkeK/ RtUvxMRbwgERbgedIm,I eCaKC½y nigrIkcMerIneLIg b¤Føak;cuH. briyakasvinieyaKl¥ bgáPaBgayRsYl sMrab;eGayRkumh‘unTaMgLay cUleTAkan; nigecjBITIpSar enAkñúgdMeNIrkarEdlrYmviPaKTan eFVIeGaymanplitPaBx<s;Cagmun nigmankMeNIn elOnCagmun. karcUleTAkan;TIpSar GacmancMENkRbmaNCag 30 PaKry énkMeNInplitPaB. mü:ageTot y:agehacNas; 50 PaKry énRkumh‘unTaMgLayEdl)anraykarN_BIsm<aFénkarRbkYtRbECgxøaMg Etgman TMenar eTAeFVIkarécñRbDitfµI² cMENkÉbNþaRkumh‘unEdl)anraykarN_faKµansm<aFénkarRbkYtRbECg BMuman TMenarEbbenHeT ¬rUb 9¦.

rUb 9> sm<aFénkarRbkYtRbECgxøaMgCag eFVIeGaymankarécñRbDitfµIeRcInCag

kMNt;sMKal;³ kMeNInCaPaKry KiteFobnwgRkumh‘unTaMgLayEdlraykarN_faKµansm<aFénkarRbkYtRbECg. enHCa Tinñn½yBIRbeTscMnYn 27 énGWr:ubxagekIt nigGasIukNþal. RbPB³ karGegátbriyakasvinieyaKrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak¼BEEPS II. karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk

karEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK CaRbkarsMxan;Nas; kñúgkarRbyuT§nwgPaBRkIRk. eKGacemIleXIjviPaK TanenHtamviFIBIr. TImYy enAkMritcMruHcUlKña kMeNInesdækic©Tak;TgKñay:agCitsñiT§ CamYykarkat;bnßyPaB RkIRk ¬rUb 10¦.

teTATMB½rbnÞab;


24¼56

rUb 10> karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkmanTMnak;TMngy:agCitsñiT§ CamYykMeNInesdækic©

kMNt;sMKal;³ Tinñn½ysMrab;RbeTsGUkg;da CaTinñn½yBIqñaM 1992-2000 nigeRbIR)as;kMriténPaBRkIRkfñak;Catirbs;RbeTs enH eyageTAtamTinñn½yEdlman. RbPB³ Chen and Ravallion (2004)/ FnaKarBiPBelak (2004b).

TIBIr eKGaceXIjviPaKTanenHkñúgTMrg;fa briyakasvinieyaKl¥ cUlrYmEklMGCIvPaBRbCaCnedaypÞal; -tamry³smtßPaBCaeRcInrbs;BYkeK -kñúgnamCanieyaCit shRKin GñkeRbIR)as; GñkeRbIehdæarcnasm<½n§ hirBaØvtßú nigRTBüsm,tþi nigCaGñkTTYlesva.

kñúgnamCanieyaCit³ karsikSarbs;FnaKarBiPBelak{sMelgGñkRk} )anrkeXIjfa RbCaCnRkIRk)an cat;TukkarmankargareFVI -eTaHtamry³karRbkbrbredayxøÜnÉgkþI b¤BIR)ak;QñÜlnanakþI- faCapøÚvd¾l¥RbesIr sMrab;edIrecjBIPaBRkIRk ¬rUb 11¦. RbCaBlrdæekµg² maneRcInCagBIrdgénGRtaGt;kargareFVImFüm enAkñúg RKb;tMbn; 5. enAkñúgRbeTskMBugrIkcMerInCaeRcIn RbCaCnCagBak;kNþal eFVIkarenAkñúgesdækic©minpøÚvkar Edl lkçxNÐkargar GacmanlkçN³y:ab;yWun ¬rUb 12¦. kMeNInrMBwgTukénRbCaCn enAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugrIk cMerIn BRgwgsar³sMxan;énkarBenøÓnkarbegáItkargareGay)aneRcInCagmun nigRbesIrCagmun enAkñúgRbeTs kMBugrIkcMerInTaMgenaH. etIkargarTaMgenaHekItecjmkBITINa? kargarPaKeRcIn ekItecjmkBIEpñkÉkCn Edl enAkñúgRbeTsPaKeRcIn vamanRbmaN 90 PaKry énkarpþl;kargarsrub ehIyenAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYn dUcCa EG‘lsalv:aD½r nig\NÐa vamandl;eTA 95 PaKry 6. »kasTTYl)ankargarnanaRbesIrCagmun k¾begáIn eRKOgelIkTwkcitþ sMrab;eGayRbCaCnvinieyaKeTAelIkarGb;rM nigCMnajnana -dUcenH vaCakarxitxMCabEnßm edIm,IEklMGkarGPivDÆmnusS. Rkumh‘unplitkmµPaKeRcIn Edlrs;enA)anedaysarbriyakasvinieyaKl¥ k¾Gacpþl;R)ak;kMérRbesIrCagmun nigGacvinieyaKeRcInCagmun eTAelIkarbNþúHbNþal 7.

25¼56

rUb 11> R)ak;cMNUl)anmkBIkarRbkbrbrxøÜnÉg nigBIR)ak;QñÜlCapøÚvecjBIPaBRkIRk

kMNt;sMKal;³ r)aykarN_nana )anBinitüemIlRbCaCnRkIRk 60 000 nak; elIrebobEdlBYkeKemIleXIjesckþIsgÇwm énkarrMedaHxøÜnecjBIPaBRkIRk. RbPB³ Naryan and others (2000).

rUb 12> esdækic©minpøÚvkar mansar³sMxan;Nas; cMeBaHbNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn

RbPB³ Schneider (2002).

26¼56

kñúgnamCashRKin³ RbCaCnRkIRkCaeRcInrylannak; RbkbrbrciBa©wmCIvitedayeFVICashRKintUctac -dUcCaksikr/ Gñklk;TMnijtamfñl;/ GñkeFVIkartampÞH nigmuxrbrepSg² CaeRcIneTot- EdlPaKeRcIn sßitenA kñúgesdækic©minpøÚvkar. karGegátnanasMrab;r)aykarN_enH bgðajfa Rkumh‘unnanaenAkñúgesdækic©minpøÚvkar CYbnwg]bsKÁCaeRcIn dUcRkumh‘unTaMgLayeTotEdr kñúgenaHman eRKaHfñak;cMeBaHkmµsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tþi/ PaBminGacRbemIleXIjCamun)anéneKalneya)ay RBmTaMgkarkMhitlT§PaBTTYl)anhirBaØvtßú nigesva saFarN³TaMgLay. karbn§ÚrbnßykarkMhitTaMgenH nwgbegáInplcMNUlrbs;bNþashRKintUctacTaMgLay nigGnuBaØateGayBYkeKGacBRgIkskmµPaBrbs;xøÜn)an. briyakasvinieyaKl¥ k¾begáIneRKOgelIkTwkcitþpg Edr eGayBYkeKP¢ab;xøÜneTAnwgesdækic©pøÚvkar.

kñúgnamCaGñkeRbIR)as;³ briyakasvinieyaKl¥ nwgBRgIkRbePT nigkat;bnßyéføcMNayénTMnij nig esvaTaMgLay rYmTaMgGVI²EdlRbCaCneRbIR)as;. Ca]TahrN_ PaBRbesIreLIgénbriyakasvinieyaK )an bnÞabtMélcMNIGahar enAkñúgRbeTsnana dUcCaeGtüÚBI kaNa eknj:a evotNam nigsMb‘Í 8. eK)an):an; RbmaNeXIjfa karbnÞabr)aMgcMeBaHkarcUleTAkan;TIpSar 10 PaKry )anbnÞabtMélbEnßmelIéføcMNay RbmaN 6 PaKry 9.

kñúgnamGñkeRbIR)as;ehdæarcnasm<½n§/ hirBaØvtßú nigRTBüsm,tþi³ karEklMGehdæarcnasm<½n§/ hirBaØvtßú nigkmµsiT§ielIGclnRTBü Gacpþl;plRbeyaCn_y:agTUlMTUlay dl;TUTaMgshKmn_. karsßabnapøÚv CnbTnwgCYy dl;Rkumh‘unTaMgLay ehIyenARbeTsm:ar:uk viFankarenHk¾)anbegáIncMnYnsisSEdlcUleron salabzmsikSaBI 28 PaKry eTAdl; 68 PaKry pgEdr 10. karBRgIklT§PaBTTYl)anhirBaØvtßú nwgCYy Rkumh‘unTaMgLay kñúgkarBRgIkGaCIvkmµnana ehIyk¾CYyRbCaCnRkIRkqøgputsßanPaBGasnñnanakñúgRKYsar edaysuvtßiPaB nigGacGb;rMkUn² rbs;BYkKat;)an pgEdr. ebIsinCaeKpþl;karFanakmµsiT§ielIdIFøICak;lak; Cagmun enaHeKGacelIkTwkcitþdl;karvinieyaK nigCYysMrYllT§PaBTTYl)anhirBaØvtßú. RbeTseb:rU k¾)anrk eXIjEdrfa viFankarenH )anbgálkçxNÐl¥eGayRbCaCnEdlrs;enAtamPUmiGnaFibetyü begáInR)ak;cMNUl rbs;xøÜn tamry³kareFVIkargareRcInem:agCagmun enAeRkApÞH 11.

kñúgnamCaGñkTTYlesva b¤karepÞrR)ak;TaMgLayEdleRbIfvika)anmkBIBn§dar³ Rkumh‘un TaMgLay nigskmµPaBrbs;BYkeK KWCaRbPBcMbgénbNþaR)ak;cMNUlBIBn§dar sMrab;rdæaPi)al ehIykarrIkcMerIn énskmµPaBesdækic©nana EtgbegáItBn§dar)aneRcInCagmun. dUcenH briyakasvinieyaKl¥ GacBRgIkFnFan rdæaPi)al nigbgálkçN³eGayeKpþl;fvikadl;esvakmµsaFarN³TaMgLay ¬kñúgenaHman suxaPi)al nigGb;rM¦ RBmTaMgepÞrR)ak;eTAeGaysmaCiksgÁmTaMgLayNa EdlsßitkñúgsßanPaBlM)aky:ab;yWun.

karEklMGbriyakasvinieyaKmYycMnYn pþl;plRbeyaCn_y:agTUlMTUlay eTAeGaysgÁmTaMgmUl -dUcCa sßirPaBm:aRkUesdækic©RbesIrCagmun nigmanGMeBIBukrlYyticCagmun. karEklMGmYycMnYneTot man\T§iBlcM

27¼56

eKaledACag eTAelITItaMgPUmisa®sþ b¤skmµPaBNamYy edaybegáIt»kasnana sMrab;eGayrdæaPi)alCH \T§iBleTAelIkarEbgEckplRbeyaCn_TaMgLay. rdæaPi)al GacerobcMbegáItbriyakasvinieyaKTaMgLay eGaymanlkçN³{ywteyagGñkRk}Cagmun edayepþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelI]bsKÁnana enATIkEnøgEdl GñkRkrs;enA nigeTAelI]bsKánanacMeBaHskmµPaB EdlGñkRkTaMgLayTajykplRbeyaCn_BIenaH rYmTaMg smtßPaBnanarbs;BYkeK kñúgnamCanieyaCit shRKin GñkeRbIR)as; b¤GñkeRbIehdæarcnasm<½n§ hirBaØvtßú nigRTBüsm,tþi. RbkarenHmann½yfa viFInanasMrab;CYyywteyagGñkRk minEmnkMhitmkenARtwmkarxMRbwg ERbgepþatkarykcitþTukdak; eTAelIEt]bsKÁEdlRkumh‘untUc² CYbRbTHeLIy.

karRbQmnwgbBaðacMeBaHmuxsMxan;²

manRbeTskan;EteRcIneLIg kMBugEklMGbriyakasvinieyaKrbs;BYkeK ehIykMBugRbmUlrgVan; CakMeNIn esdækic©elOnCagmun nigPaBRkIRkticCagmun. CaerOy² CaCMnYseGayrgVan;FM² karrIkcMerIneTAmux eRcInEtman dMeNIryWt niglM)ak. etIvabNþalmkBImUlehtuGVI?

PaBtantwgCamUldæan

sgÁmnanaTTYl)anplCaeRcIn BIskmµPaBrbs;Rkumh‘unTaMgLay. b:uEnþ bMNgR)afñananarbs;Rkumh‘un TaMgLay minRtUvKñaTaMgRsugtambMNgR)afñarbs;sgÁmeLIy -eKEtgeXIjPaBtantwgc,as;CageK enAkñúgkar ykBn§dar nigviFanRKb;RKg. Rkumh‘unPaKeRcIn Etgt¥ÚjEt¥rGMBIkarykBn§dar b:uEnþBn§darTaMgenaH pþl;fvika dl;esvasaFarN³TaMgLay Edlpþl;KuNRbeyaCn_ cMeBaHbriyakasvinieyaK nigeKaledAnanarbs;sgÁm. Rkumh‘unCaeRcIn k¾Gacb:gR)afñaeKarBtamc,ab;ticCagEdr b:uEnþ viFanRKb;RKgd¾l¥ EtgedaHRsaybBaðabraC½y énTIpSar dUcenH vaGacEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK nigkarBarplRbeyaCn_saFarN³. PaBtantwg dUc²KñaenH GacekIteLIg enAkñúgvis½yCaeRcInénkarksageKalneya)ayTak;TgnwgbriyakasvinieyaK.

karbegáItbriyakasvinieyaKl¥mYy TamTareGayrdæaPi)al føwgEføgplRbeyaCn_TaMgenH. GVIEdleFVI eGayParkic©enHsµúKsµaj KWPaBxusKñanana énbNþabMNgR)afña nigGaTiPaB rvagRkumh‘unTaMgLay. Rkumh‘un TaMgLaymanTisedArYmelIbBaðaCaeRcIn b:uEnþkaryl;eXIjnanarbs;BYkeK GacxusKñaelIbBaðaepSgBIenaH dUcCa eTAelIkarkMhitTIpSar/ rcnasm<½n§énBn§dar b¤mYy eTAlIGaTiPaBnana EdleKKYrpþl;eTAeGaykarEklMGehdæa rcnasm<½n§ enAtamTIkEnøgepSg². eKGaceXIjmanPaBxusKña enAkñúgbMNgR)afñaeKalneya)ay enAkñúg Rkumh‘unnanaedaypÞal; -rvagm©as;Rkumh‘un nigGñkRKb;RKgTaMgLay elIbBaðaGPi)alkic©kñúgRkumh‘un b¤rvag m©as;Rkumh‘un nigkmµkr Tak;TgnwgeKalneya)ayénTIpSarkargar. rdæaPi)alTaMgGs; RtUvEteFVICaGaCJakNþal kñúgvivaTTaMgenaH enAkñúgbrisßanmYy EdlRkumh‘unTaMgLay/ m®nþITaMgLay nigPaKIBak;B½n§nana EtgxitxMTaj yklT§plTaMgLay eGayeTACaKuNRbeyaCn_sMrab;BYkeK.

28¼56

bBaðaRtUvRbQmmuxcMnYn bYn EdlekIteLIg

kareqøIytbeTAnwgPaBtantwgTaMgenH TamTareGayrdæaPi)al tMrg;TisbBaðaRtUvRbQmmuxbYn Tak;TgKña eTAvijeTAmk EdlekIteLIgenAkñúgvis½yTaMgGs; énkarksageKalneya)ayTak;TgnwgbriyakasvinieyaK. viFIEdlrdæaPi)alykcitþTukdak;cMeBaHbBaðaRtUvRbQmmuxTaMgenaH man\T§iBly:agFM eTAelIbriyakasvinieyaK ehIyCavi)ak vaman\T§iBleTAelIkMeNInesdækic© nigPaBRkIRk ¬RbGb; 3¦. mü:ageTot viFInImYy² Tak;Tgnwg karpøas;bþÚrnana enAkñúgeKalneya)aypøÚvkar edIm,IRbQmmuxnwgRbPBsMxan;² énbraC½yrbs;eKalneya)ay EdlGacekIteLIg. bBaðaRtUvRbQmmux³ karTb;sáat;kareqøótEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn/ karbegáItPaBKYr eGayeCOTukcitþ)an/ karbMpusCMenOcitþCasaFarN³ nigkareKarBc,ab; RBmTaMgFanafa karykcitþTukdak;nana rbs;eKalneya)ay qøúHbBa©aMgBIdMeNIrkarsßab½nd¾l¥mYy.

RbGb; 3> GPi)alkic© nigbriyakasvinieyaK

»kasl¥ nigeRKOgelIkTwkcitþnana EdlRkumh‘unTaMg LayCYbRbTH enAkñúgkarvinieyaKRbkbedayplitPaBx<s;/ begáItkargar nigBRgIkskmµPaB RtUvkMNt;RTg;RTayeday bNþaéføcMNay haniP½y nig]bsKÁ cMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECg EdlTak;TgKñay:agCitsñiT§ CamYynwg»kasvinieyaKnImYy². rdæaPi)alTaMgLayman\T§iBleTAelIktþaTaMgenaH tamry³ karqøas;bBa©ÚlKña rvageKalneya)aypøÚvkarnana enAkñúgvis½y nImYy² -sßirPaB nigsnþisux viFanRKb;RKg nigkarykBn§dar/ hirBaØvtßú nigehdæarcnasm<½n§ RBmTaMgkmµkr nig TIpSarkargar- nig\riyabfrbs;BYkeK RBmTaMglkçN³sMKal;TaMgLayén GPi)alkic©. RbkarxageRkayeKenH rYmmankarTb;sáat;kar eqøótEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn PaBKYreGayeCOTukcitþ)an kareCOCak;CasaFarN³ nigPaBRsbc,ab; RBmTaMgPaBRtUvKña rvagkarkarykcitþTukdak;éneKalneya)ayNamYy niglkçxNÐénsßab½nnanaenAtammUldæan.

eKalneya)aypøÚvkarTaMgLay manGMeBIeTAvijeTAmkCamYy\riyabfnanarbs;rdæaPi)al nigbNþa lkçN³sMKal;énGPi)alkic© edIm,IkMNt;RTg;RTayénbriyakasvinieyaK EdlRkumh‘unTaMgLayCYbRbTH

29¼56

¬sUmemIlrUb¦. karRKb;RKgmin)anl¥elIkareqøótEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn GacCH\T§iBlTaMgeTAelI esckþI nigkarRbtibtþieKalneya)aypøÚvkarnana. kMritTabénPaBKYreGayeCOTukcitþ)an GacbgçÚc\Ti§Blén ral;eKalneya)ay. kgVl;GMBIkareCOCak;CasaFarN³ nigPaBRsbc,ab; GacraraMgkarRbtibtþikMENTMrg;nana nigbgçÚcnirnþrPaB ¬Cavi)ak vabgçÚcPaBKYreGayeCOTukcitþ)an¦ éneKalneya)ayTaMgLay. GnþraKmn_ eKalneya)ay EdleKmin)ansMrbeGayRtUvnwglkçxNÐnanaenAtammUldæan¼RbeTsnImYy² GacbNþal eGaymanlT§plGn; b¤pÞúyBIkareRKagTukeTotpg. karxitxMedaHRsayRbPBnanaénbraC½y EdlGacekIt man rbs;eKalneya)ay KWCaRbkarsMxan;Nas; cMeBaHkarxMRbwgERbgTaMgLay edIm,IbegáItbriyakas vinieyaKmYy RbesIrCagmun.

karTb;sáat;kareqøótEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn³ eKalneya)ayTak;Tgnwgbriyakas vinieyaKnana KWCaeKaledAd¾Tak;Taj sMrab;Rkumh‘un m®nþI nigRkumGñkmanplRbeyaCn_dUcKñaTaMgLayEdl eqøótEsVgrk plRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn. GMeBIBukrlYy begáInéføcMNaykñúgkareFVIGaCIvkmµehIyeBlEdlvaral daldl;Gñk manzan³x<s;² enAkñúgrdæaPi)al vaGacnaMeGaymankarxusqÁgy:ageRCAenAkñúgeKalneya)ay nana. karGegátrbs;FnaKarBiPBelakbgðajfa Rkumh‘unPaKeRcIn enAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerInEtgrMBwg faRtUvbg;sMNUk enAeBlRtUvedaHRsaykargar CamYym®nþITaMgLay ehIymnusSCaeRcIn cat;TukGMeBIBukrlYy faCa]bsKÁd¾F¶n;F¶r cMeBaHRbtibtþikarrbs;BYkeK. karKaMBar nigkareyaKyl;GtifiCnEdlqøúHbBa©aMgGMBI vismPaBB½t’man nig\T§iBlenAkñúgkarksageKalneya)ay-k¾GacbegáItkarxusqÁgFM²rujRcaneKalneya)ay nanaeGay GnueRKaHdl;RkummYycMnYn nigbgákarxatbg;dl;RkumepSg²eTot. TIpSarRtUvrgkarkMhit karkMNt; kmµsiT§i elIRTBüsm,tþimanPaBel¥óg TIpSarhirBaØvtßúRtUvxUcRTg;RTay. karlubbM)at;GnþraKmn_minsm ehtuplTaMgLay enAkñúgesdækic© karRbqaMgnwgkareFVItamTMenIgcitþ nigkarEklMGKNenyüPaBrbs; rdæaPi)al CaBiess tamry³tmøaPaB nwgCYyTb;sáat;kareqøótEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn.

karksagPaBKYreGayeCOTukcitþ)an³ edayehtufa karvinieyaKCakarsMlwgemIleTAGnaKt enaH PaBminc,as;las; EtgeFVIeGayGYrGab;dl;karsMerccitþvinieyaK. dUcenH kareCOTukcitþrbs;Rkumh‘unTaMgLay eTAelIGnaKt -rYmTaMgPaBKYreGayeCOTukcitþ)anénbNþaeKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)al- CaGñkkMNt;elIkar sMerccitþvinieyaK nigrebobvinieyaK rbs;BYkeK. eKalneya)ayTaMgLay EdlKµanPaBKYreGayeCOTukcitþ )an nwgTTYlbraC½ykñúgkarRsUbTajykkarvinieyaKEdleKeRKagnwgeFVI. etIGVIeTA CaGñkbMpøajPaBKYreGay eCOTukcitþ)anrbs;eKalneya)ay? Ekrþi_dMENlénGsßirPaBneya)ay nigesdækic© CYymin)aneT. b:uEnþ rdæaPi)alTaMgGs; EtgRbQmmuxnwgesckþIR)afñacg;sMrbsMrYleKalneya)ayd¾l¥ sMrab;ry³eBlEvg CamYy nwgbNþaeKaledAry³eBlxøI b¤tUcceg¥ótCag dUcCakarCMritykR)ak;cMNUl sMrab;Gñktak;EtgeKalneya)ay b¤

30¼56

karpÁab;pÁúnEGbGbGñke)aHeqñatTaMgLay. karksagPaBKYreGayeCOTukcitþ)an TamTarynþkarnana sMrab; eGayrdæaPi)alTaMgLayebþCJacitþRbkan;ykeKalneya)ayl¥² RBmTaMgmanvin½y nigkarBüayam.

bMpuskareCOCak;CasaFarN³ nigPaBRsbc,ab;³ Rkumh‘un nigrdæaPi)alTaMgLay mineFVIGMeBI eTAvijeTAmkenAkñúgPaBKµannrNaRKb;RKgeLIy. kareCOCak; kñúgcMeNamGñkcUlrYmkñúgTIpSarbgáeGayman CMnYjd¾manRbeyaCn_ nigkat;bnßyPaBF¶n;F¶reTAelIviFanRKb;RKg nigkarCMrujeGayRbtibtþitamkic©snüa. CMhrnanarbs;sgÁm -rYmTaMgkareCOCak;eTAelITIpSar nigRkumh‘unnana- k¾man\T§iBleTAelIlT§PaBRbtibtþi/ nirnþrPaB ¬ehIyCavi)ak PaBKYreGayeCOTukcitþ)an¦ rbs;eKalneya)ayTak;TgnwgkarvinieyaKnana. eyag tamehtuplenH briyakasvinieyaKl¥ GacenAsßitefr)an edaysarmankarKaMRTy:agTUlMTUlayBIsaFarN Cn³ edaykarRBmeBogKñaCaTUeTA sMedAksagsgÁmRbkbedaysmtßPaBplitx<s; EdlGacCYysMrYldl; karEklMGeKalneya)ay edayminKitBIbkSneya)ay b¤RkummnusSkñúgkariyal½y. karksageKal neya)ayedaycMh nigedaymankarcUlrYm RBmTaMgkarxitxMRbwgERbgFanafa plRbeyaCn_TaMgLayén briyakasvinieyaKRbesIrCagmun RtUvBRgIky:agTUlMTUlayeTAkñúgsgÁm GacCYyksagmUldæanCaTMrenH)an.

karFanafa karykcitþTukdak;nanaéneKalneya)ay RtUvKñaCamYynwglkçxNÐnana enAtammUldæan¼RbeTsnImYy²³ edIm,IeGaymanRbsiT§iPaB GnþraKmn_eKalneya)ayTaMgLay RtUvEt KitKUrGMBIRbPBnanaénbraC½yEdlGacekIteLIg RBmTaMgPaBxus²BIKñaénbNþalkçxNÐ enAtammUldæan. karxkxanmin)aneFVIdUcenH GacnaMeTArklT§plGn; b¤pÞúyBIkareRKagTukeTotpg. viFInanaEdlTamTar smtßPaBelIsBIGVIEdlman minRtwmEtxkxan bMeBjTisedAnanamin)anenaHeT vaEfmTaMgrYmcMENkeFVIeGay manPaBminpøÚvkar nigGMeBIBukrlYy RBmTaMgbgçÚcPaBKYreGayeCOTukcitþ)an. viFITaMgLayNaEdlBak;B½n§ nwgkMritqnÞanusiT§ix<s; eFVIeGayRkumh‘unnanaCYbnwgPaBminc,as;las; nighaniP½yKYreGay)armÖ edayehtufa eKminTan;begáIt)anviFankarkarBard¾skþisiT§i sMrab;Tb;Tl;nwgkareRbIR)as;qnÞanusiT§iminRtwmRtUv enAeLIyeT. ehtuGVI)anCabBaðaTaMgenH ekIteLIg? CaerOy²eBkNas; viFIeKalneya)ay nigviFannana RtUv)aneKcMlg ykBIRbeTsmYyeTARbeTsmYyeTot edaymin)anRtiHriHEklMGeT. )atuPUtenH )anekItmantaMgBIsm½yGaNa niKmmkemøH KWenAeBlEdlRbeTskMBugrIkcMerInTaMgLay TTYlykCamrtknUvviFIeKalneya)aynana Edl minsUvRtUvnwglkçxNÐnana enAtamRbeTsTaMgenaH. bMENkCaeRcInénGVIEdlmanlkçN³CasarmnÞIr )ansßit enAkñúgesovePAsikSanana rhUtmkTl;sm½ybc©úb,nñ edayqøgkat;ry³eBlCaeRcInTsSvtS. b:uEnþ ninñakarenH enAEtbnþman. enAeBlEdlviFInanarbs;RbeTsGñkmanbc©úb,nñ Gacpþl;nUvRbPBénkarTak;TajKMnitd¾man tMél eKRtUvEtKitKUrdl;karsMrbviFITaMgLayenaH eGayRtUvnwglkçxNÐenAtamRbeTsnImYy². kñúgkrNIxøH RbkarenHGacTak;TgnwgkareRCIserIsbTbBaØtþisamBaØ²Cagmun edayKµanqnÞanusiT§i nigviFankarbEnßm sMrab; Tb;sáat;\riyabftamTMenIgcitþ.

31¼56

karxitxMedaHRsayrebobvar³d¾FMTUlay

eKalneya)ay nig\riyabfnanarbs;rdæaPi)al EdlCaktþakMNt;briyakasvinieyaK edIrtYy:agsMxan; enAkñúgvis½yCaeRcIn rab;cab;BIkarCMrujeGayRbtibtþitamkic©snüa nigc,ab;GaCIvkmµ rhUtdl;karpþl;ehdæarcna sm<½n§ nigeKalneya)aysMrab;TIpSarkargar. eKalneya)ay nig\riyabfnana enAkñúgvis½ynImYy² GacCH \T§iBleTAelI»kasl¥² nigeRKOgelIkTwkcitþ sMrab;Rkumh‘unTaMgLay. mü:ageTot vis½ynanaéneKal neya)ay EtgEtmanGMeBIelIKñaeTAvijeTAmk tamrUbPaBfa karrIkcMerInenAkñúgvis½ymYy Gacrg\T§iBlBIkar rIkcMerInénvis½yepSg²eTot. karN_enH bNþaleGaymanrebobvar³d¾FMTUlay sMrab;rdæaPi)al.

eTaHy:agNak¾eday KµanRbeTsNamYy EdlmanbriyakasvinieyaKl¥\tex©aHenaHeLIy. eKk¾mineXIj manRbeTsNamYy Gnuvtþ)anl¥\tex©aH nUvEpñkNamYyEdlcaM)ac; sMrab;eFVIeGaymankMeNInesdækic© nigkar kat;bnßyPaBRkIRkd¾KYreGaykt;sMKal;enaHEdr. bTBiesaFn_bgðajfa eKGaceFVIeGaymankarrIkcMerIn)an edayedaHRsay]bsKÁsMxan;² tamrebobEdleFVIeGayRkumh‘unTaMgLayeCOTukcitþeTAelIkarvinieyaK nig edayRTRTg;karrIkcMerIneTAmuxrbs;karEklMGnana EdleKkMBugeFVI ¬RbGb; 4¦.

RbGb; 4> karxitxMedaHRsayrebobvar³d¾FMTUlay³ emeronBIRbeTscin \NÐa nigG‘Ukg;da

RbeTscin \NÐa nigG‘Ukg;da )anbgðajrUbPaBénemeronsamBaØ² mYycMnYn GMBIyuT§sa®sþnana sMrab; EklMGbriyakasvinieyaK.

kñúgbNþaqñaMknøgeTAenH RbeTsTaMgBIr cin nig\NÐa mankMeNInesdækic©KYreGaykt;sMKal; nig)ankat; bnßyPaBRkIRk)any:ageRcIn. eK)anraykarN_CapøÚvkarfa kñúgry³eBl 20 qñaMknøgeTAenH kMeNInesdækic© enAkñúgRbeTscin mankMrit 8 PaKry kñúgmYyqñaM ehIysmamaRténRbCaCnEdlrkcMNUlciBa©wmCIvit )antic Cag 1 duløaGaemrik kñúgmYyéf¶ )anFøak;cuHBI 64 PaKry kñúgqñaM 1981 mkenAticCag 17 PaKry kñúgqñaM 2001. kMeNInesdækic©énRbeTs\NÐa )anekIneLIgBIGRtamFüm 2/9 PaKry kñúgmYyqñaM kñúgbNþaqñaM 1970 eTAdl; 6/7 PaKry enABak;kNþalénbNþaqñaM 1990 ehIysmamaRtRbCaCnEdlrs;enAedayman cMNUlRbcaMéf¶ticCag 1 duløaGaemrik )anFøak;cuHBI 54 PaKry kñúgqñaM 1980 dl; 35 PaKry kñúgqñaM 2000.

k¾b:uEnþ KµanRbeTsNamYyEdlmanbriyakasvinieyaKl¥\tex©aHenaHeLIy. eTIbEtkñúgqñaMknøgeTA enHeT EdlRbeTscin )anpþl;karTTYlsÁal;tamry³rdæFmµnuBaØelIkmµsiT§iÉkCn ehIyvis½ykic©karFnaKar

32¼56

RtUveKTajcuH edaysarkarminRbtibtþikargar\NTan. bBaðanana enAkñúgvis½yfamBlénRbeTs\NÐa KWCa erOgd¾l,I. RbeTsTaMgBIr )anCMrujkMeNInesdækic© nigkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk tamry³karpþÜcepþImKMnitEkTMrg; nana tamviFId¾samBaØ². RbeTscin)ancab;epþImCamYynwgRbB½n§mUldæanénc,ab;kmµsiT§i Edl)anbegáItCa eRKOgelIkTwkcitþfµI² sMrab;Epñkd¾sMxan;mYyénesdækic©rbs;eK. RbeTs\NÐa )ancab;epþImCamYynwgkarxMRbwg ERbgCabzm edIm,Ikat;bnßy]bsKÁnanakñúgBaNiC¢kmµ nigbNþakarRbtibtþiminRtwmRtUv EdlRKbdNþb;elIEpñk CaeRcInénesdækic©rbs;eK.

kñúgkrNITaMgBIr karEkTMrg;nanamanTisedAedaHRsay]bsKÁsMxan;² nigRtUveKGnuvtþtamrebobEdl eFVIeGayRkumh‘unTaMgLaymanCMenOcitþeTAelIkarvinieyaK. mü:ageTot eK)aneFVIkarEklMGnana CabnþBIkar EkTMrg;dMbUg² edIm,IedaHRsay]bsKÁnana EdleKminTan;)anKitbBa©ÚlBIdMbUg nigBRgwgCMenOcitþ eTAelI KnøgpøÚvGnaKténeKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)al.

yuT§sa®sþEbbenH minEmnkMhitenARtwmEtkñúgRbeTsFM²eT. RbeTsG‘Ukg;da )ancab;epþImkmµviFIEk lMGbriyakasvinieyaKrbs;eK enAedImbNþaqñaM 1990 eRkayBIs®gÁamkñúgRbeTs)anbBa©b;eTA. karEkTMrg; TaMgLay RKbdNþb;elIvis½yCaeRcInénbriyakasvinieyaK eday)anpþl;mUldæansMrab;karGPivDÆesdækic© rbs;eK eGayekIneLIgCamFüm Cag 4 PaKry kñúgmYyqñaM kñúgry³eBlBIqñaM 1993 dl; 2002 ¬b¤esµInwg 8 dgénkMeNInesdækic©mFüm enAkñúgtMbn;GaRBiceRkamsahar:a¦ nig)ankat;bnßysmamaRténRbCaCn Edl rs;enAeRkambnÞat;énPaBRkIRk BI 56 PaKry kñúgqñaM 1992 mkenARtwm 35 PaKry kñúgqñaM 2000. karRbRBwtþeTACabnþénkarxitxMEkTMrg; )anBRgwgPaBKYreGayeCOTukcitþ)anrbs;rdæaPi)al -EdleFVIeGay Rkumh‘unTaMgLay mankareCOTukcitþeTAelIkarvinieyaK.

RbPB³ cin³ Chen and Wang (2001), Qian (2003) nig Young (2000); \NÐa³ Aghion and others (2002), Ahluwalia (2002), De Long (2003), Rodrik and Subramanian (2004),Varshney

(1998) nig Panagariya (2003); G‘Ukg;da³ Holmgren and others (2001) nig World Bank (2001).

CYnkal CMuTImYyénkMENTMrg;esdækic© RtUveKemIleXIjCaRBwtþikarN_EdlekItmanEtmYydgenaH b:ueNÑaH. b:uEnþ karEklMGbriyakasvinieyaKnana Cab;Tak;TgnwgdMeNIrkarEdlkMBugRbRBwtþeTA énkarEktMrUv nigviRkwtkmµ eKalneya)ay enATUTaMgEdnd¾FMTUlaymYy. RbkarenHBit TaMgenAkñúgbNþaRbeTsGñkmanbc©úb,nñ TaMgenAkñúg bNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn. eKRtUvEtBinitüemIleKalneya)ayTaMgLayeLIgvijCaRbcaM edIm,IqøúHbBa©aMgBIkar pøas;bþÚrnana enAkñúgkareFVIGaCIvkmµ nigkñúgemeronnana BIbTBiesaFn_EdlkMBugRbRBwtþeTA. elak m:ayeXIl b:eFI-Michael Porter )anpþl;KMnitfa karEkTMrg;TaMgLay enAkñúgvis½yenH KWCakarrt;RbNaMgry³cMgay

teTATMB½rbnÞab;


33¼56

q¶ayEbbm:ar:atun minEmnCakarrt;RbNaMgry³cMgayxøIEbbkarrt;sab;enaHeT 12. b:uEnþ kar):an;RbmaNenH k¾GacBiBN’naParkic©enH min)anRKb;RKan;Edr.

bTBiesaFn_GnþrCati pþl;TidæPaBd¾c,as;énFatusMxan;² éndMeNIrkarEkTMrg;TaMgLay enAkñúgvis½yenH³ karkMNt;GaTiPaB kardwknaMEkTMrg;buKÁlmñak;² karrkSasMTuHéndMeNIrkar nigkarBRgwgsmtßPaBnanarbs; rdæaPi)al.

karkMNt;GaTiPaB

eKaledA KWRtUvkMNt;]bsKÁsMxan;² EdlRkumh‘unTaMgLayCYbRbTH. eKmineXIjmanrUbmnþNamYyCa KMrUeT. pÞúyeTAvij vaTamTarkarvaytMélkñúgkrNInImYy² énbNþalkçxNÐbc©úb,nñ plRbeyaCn_EdlGacman BIkarEklMGnana TMnak;TMngrvagbNþaeKaledACati nigtMbn; RBmTaMg]bsKÁnana cMeBaHRbtibtþikar.

lkçxNÐbc©úb,nñ³ ]bsKÁsMxan;CageK GacxusBIKñaCaxøaMg eTAtamRbeTs sUm,IenAkñúgtMbn;EtmYyk¾ eday ¬rUb 13¦. rdæaPi)alTaMgLayGacrkeXIj]bsKÁTaMgenaH edayGegát nigBieRKaHeyabl; CamYy Rkumh‘unnana edaydak;lkçxNÐfa Rkumh‘unTaMgLayEdlmanRsab; minEmnCanic©kal qøúHbBa©aMgrUbPaBGnaKt énGñkEdlnwgcUlmkfµInaeBlxagmuxeTotenaHeT. RbPBTinñn½yfµI² k¾GnuBaØatpgEdr eGayeKeRbobeFob KuNPaBkargarrbs;eKalneya)aybc©úb,nñ CamYynwgeKaleFobGnþrCatinana enAkñúgvis½ynanaEdlmankan; EteRcIneLIg² -tamry³karrMelcEdnkMNt; sMrab;karEklMG.

rUb 13> ]bsKÁEdlraykarN_edayRkumh‘unnana -kareRbobeFobRbeTsb‘ulkarI es‘GrsIu nigG‘uyERkn.

kMNt;sMKal;³ GaMgDIkaT½rEdlCalT§pl ERbRbYlBI 0 ¬l¥bMput¦ eTA 1 ¬Gn;bMput¦. snÞsSn_TaMgLay Ep¥kelIkarGegát nanaelIRkumh‘unpøÚvkarTaMgLay. eK)ansMrYltMélnana edayeFobnwgGaMgDIkaT½rGtibrma nigGb,brma. eK)aneRCIs erIsRbeTsTaMgenH edIm,IrMelcBIPaBxusKña. RbPB³ karGegátnanaelIbriyakasénkarvinieyaK rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak.

34¼56

plRbeyaCn_EdlGacekIteLIg³ kalNaeKaledA KWedIm,IbegáInsMTuHénkMeNInesdækic© enaHkar EklMGmYyEdlman\T§iBleTAelIEpñkd¾FMmYyénesdækic© EtgEtmanGnuPaBFMCagkarEkTMrg;epSg²eTot Edl man\T§iBleTAelIEpñktUcCag. dUcenH karcMerIneTAmux kñúgkarsMerceCaKC½yd¾smrmümYyTak;TgnwgsßirPaB neya)ay nigsßirPaBm:aRkUesdækic© KWCamUldæanRKwH -ebIKµansßirPaBkñúgvis½yTaMgenHeT karEkTMrg;kñúgvis½y epSg²eTot nwgmankarRbTaMgRbeTIsbnþicehIy. karBRgwgPaBKYreGayeCOTukcitþ)anrbs;eKalneya)ay k¾GacbMpuskarykcitþTukdak;énkarvinieyaK cMeBaHkarEkTMrg;nana enAkñúgvis½yNamYyEdr. \T§iBlénbNþa karEklMG Tak;Tgnwg»kasnanasMrab;RbCaCnRkIRk -rYmmannieyaCit/ shRKin b¤GñkeRbIR)as;- KWCakmµvtßúd¾ sMxan;sMrab;BicarNa.

rdæaPi)alTaMgLayk¾KYrBicarNapgEdr GMBIplRbeyaCn_nana EdlGacraldaleTAeRkABIbNþaRkumh‘un nigskmµPaBEdlrg\T§iBlpÞal;CageKenH. plRbeyaCn_TaMgenaH GacrYmbBa©ÚlkarhUrehoreTAkan;Rkumh‘un epSg²eTot ¬]TahrN_ BIkarvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs eTAkan;bNþaRkumh‘unkñúgRbeTs¦/ eTAkan;vis½ynanaén eKalneya)ay ¬dUcCa BIsiT§ikan;kab;dI eTAlT§PaBTTYlhirBaØvtßú¦ b¤mYy eKaledAsgÁmepSg²eTot ¬dUcCa karEklMGehdæarcnasm<½n§nana pþl;plRbeyaCn_dl;shKmn_CaeRcIn mincMeBaHEtRkumh‘unTaMgLayeT¦. plRbeyaCn_TaMgenaH k¾GachUrehoreTAkan;smtßPaBnana PaBKYreGayeCOTukcitþ)an b¤mYy karksag mNÐle)aHeqñatrbs;rdæaPi)al.

TMnak;TMngCamYybNþaeKaledACati b¤tMbn;³ karEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK Gacman\T§iBl eTAelIRkumh‘un nigskmµPaBTaMgLay tamrebobxus²Kña. CaerOy² edaysarehtuenH karkMNt;GaTiPaB Etgrg\T§iBlBITMgn;EdlrdæaPi)al)andak;eTAelIGnuRkumNamYyéneKaledA ehIybriyakasvinieyaKl¥ Gac pþl;plCa³ smahrNkmµénesdækic©minpøÚvkar nigesdækic©CnbT karrMedaHskþanuBlénkarrIkcMerInrbs;bNþa Rkumh‘untUc² karTajykplRbeyaCn_BIPaBcMhCaGnþrCati nigbgálkçN³eGayRkumh‘unTaMgLay GacQan eLIgtamkaMCeNþIrbec©kviTüa. • smahrNkmµénRkumh‘unminpøÚvkarTaMgLay³ enAkúñgRbeTskMBugrIkcMerInCaeRcIn esdækic©minpøÚvkarplit

)anCag 50 PaKry énplitplkñúgRbeTssrub. fVIebIrgkarkMhitticCag edaysarBn§dar nigniy½tkmµ c,ab;kþI Rkumh‘unTaMgLayenAkñúgesdækic©minpøÚvkar EtgmankarFanakmµsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tþiticCageK nig CYbkarlM)akeRcInCageK kñúgkarTTYlesvasaFarN³nana nigesvahirBaØvtßú. karrYmbBa©ÚlBYkeK eTAkñúg esdækic©pøÚvkar Cab;Tak;TgnwgkaredaHRsay]bsKÁnana EdlBYkeKyl;fa mansm<½n§CitsñiT§xøaMgCageK nigkat;bnßy]bsKÁnana kñúgkarkøayCaRkumh‘unpøÚvkar.

• smahrNkmµénbNþaRkumh‘unenAtamCnbT³ tamFmµta Rkumh‘unenAtamCnbTTaMgLay EtgRbQm muxnwgbriyakasvinieyaKEdlmanPaBGnueRKaHticCagenAtamTIRkug -edaysarmandg;sIuetRbCaCnTab Cag/ mancMgayeTAkan;TIpSarq¶ayCag nigmanesvasaFarN³nanaticCag. karEklMGehdæarcnasm<½n§

35¼56

GaceFVIeGaymanPaBxusKñay:ageRcIn nigpþl;plRbeyaCn_nana dl;bNþashKmn_ RBmTaMgRkumh‘un )anTUlMTUlayCagmun.

• karrMedaHskþanuBlkMeNInesdækic©énRkumh‘untUc²³ Rkumh‘untUc² manTMenarRbQmmuxy:agGsmamaRt nwgPaBF¶n;F¶r kñúgkarts‘UCMnHbriyakasvinieyaKminRbkb edaysar\T§iBlénéføedImefr nigPaBlM)ak CageK kñúgkarTTYl)anhirBaØvtßú. karedaHRsay]bsKÁTaMgLay Edldak;TMgn;F¶n;F¶rCaBiess eTAelI bNþaRkumh‘untUc² GacCYyedaHPaBCab;KaMgénskþanuBlkMeNInesdækic©rbs;BYkeK.

• kareqøótTajRbeyaCn_BIPaBcMhCaGnþrCati³ RbeTsPaKeRcIn)ansMerccitþbþÚrCMhr eq<aHeTArkesdækic© EbbcMhCagmun -ehIyPsþútagenAfñak;Rkumh‘un )anbBa¢ak;fa BYkeKkMBugRbmUlplRbeyaCn_BIplitPaB x<s;Cagmun. eRkABIkarbnßy]bsKÁenAesssl; cMeBaHCMnYj nigkarvinieyaK CaerOy² karrIkcMerIn eTAmux EtgTamTarkarxMRbwgedaHRsay]bsKÁ enAkñúgvis½ynana dUcCardæ)alkMBg;Ep nigKy.

• karQaneLIgkaMCeNþIrbec©kviTüa³ karrIkcMerInbec©kviTüa pþl;mUldæansMrab;KaMRTkarEklMGplitPaB nig kMeNInesdækic©. b:uEnþ RbeTsTaMgLay mincaM)ac;vinieyaK EtelIGVI²EdlfµIbMputenaHeLIy. karGegát tamRkumh‘unnana bgðajfa cMeNHdwgEdlenACab;CamYynwgeRKOgm:asIun nigeRKOg]bkrN_fµI² CaRbPB énkarécñRbDitbec©kviTüafµI enAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn. dUcenH karbnßyr)aMgeKalneya)aynana edIm,Icab;yk b¤sMrbyktamlMnaMénbNþabec©kviTüaEdleK)anGPivDÆenATIkEnøgepSg KWCaCMhanTImYy. karFanakmµsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tþi nigkarbnßyr)aMgnana cMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECg Cakarpþl;eRKOgelIkTwkcitþ sMrab;eGayRkumh‘unTaMgLay EsVgrk»kasl¥².

]bsKÁnanacMeBaHkarRbtibtþi³ tamFmµta enARKb;cMNucénry³eBl lMdab;kMriténkarEklMGeKal neya)ayEdlGacnwgRbRBwtþeTA EtgrgkarkMhit edaysarlT§PaBGnuvtþénEpñkrdæ)al nigneya)ay. yuT§sa®sþEdlerobcMksageLIg)anl¥ EtgedaHRsay]bsKÁTaMgenaH)an tamry³karRKb;RKgkarEkTMrg;nana y:agmanRbsiT§iPaB nigkarBRgwgsmtßPaBnanarbs;rdæaPi)alCab;Canic©.

kardwknaMkMENTMrg;buKÁlmñak;²

CaerOy² eKEtgeXIjmankarCMTas; cMeBaHkMENTMrg;briyakas vinieyaK BIsMNak;GñkTaMgLayEdl TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_ BIsßanPaBEdlmanRsab;taMgBImunmk. karCMTas; enHGacelcecjmkBIRkumh‘un TaMgLay b¤RkumGñktMNagplRbeyaCn_nana EdlEtgTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_ BITIpSarEdlmansNæanxus RbRktI b¤BIÉksiT§iBiessepSg²eTot BIm®nþInanaEdlTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_BIsMNUk b¤siT§iBiessepSg²én kariyal½y b¤mYy GacelcecjBIshKmn_FMTUlayCagenH enAeBlEdlminTan;manesckþIsnñidæanc,as;las; BIplvi)akénkarEkTMrg;. bTBiesaFn_bgðajfa GacmankarrIkcMerIneTAmux)an ebIsinCardæaPi)alnanaebþCJacitþ

36¼56

RbRs½yTak;TgKña edIm,IksagkarKaMRTrbs;saFarNCn/ Tak;TajPaKIBak;B½n§tamEbbsßabna nig ¬kñúgkal³ eTs³smRsb¦ pþl;karCYy]btßmÖkñúgTMrg;NamYy dl;GñkEdlsßitkñúgsßanPaBlM)ak bNþalmkBIkarpøas; bþÚr. kic©xMRbwgERbgBiess edIm,ICYyRkumGñkTn;exSay ts‘UedaHRsaybBaðananaTak;Tgnwgkarpøas;bþÚr k¾man sar³sMxan;Edr CaBiess enAeBlEdlminTan;mansMNaj;suvtßiPaBenAkñúgesdækic©TaMgmUl.

karrkSasMTuHéndMeNIrkar

edayehtufa karEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK KWCadMeNIrkarmYy minEmnCaRBwtþikarN_EdlekItmanEt mYydgeTenaH RbeTsCaeRcInkMBugbegáItsßab½nÉkeTsnana edIm,ICYysMercParkic©nana nigRTRTg;karcMerIn eTAmux eTaHbItamry³karpøas;bþÚrnanaenAkñúgrdæaPi)alkþI. sßab½nTaMgenH GacRbtibtþitYnaTIEtmYy b¤tYnaTIeRcIn qøas;bBa©ÚlKña³ karBieRKaHeyabl;CamYyPaKIBak;B½n§/ karsMrbsMrYleKalneya)ay nigkarBinitüemIleLIgvij CaRbcaM elI]bsKÁnanacMeBaHbriyakasvinieyaKEdlmanRsab;. RbeTseltUnI esenkal; tYKI nigevotNam bgðajrUbPaBénviFInanaEdlGaceFVIeTA)an. rdæaPi)alTaMgLay k¾kMBugbegáItynþkarnana sMrab;BinitüemIl eKalneya)ayfµI nigsMeNIc,ab;nana CaRbcaMCagmun edIm,IFanafa BYkeKminnaMmknUvkarxusqÁgnanaEdl KµanehtusMGagpøÚvc,ab;RtwmRtUveLIy. bTBiesaFn_enAkñúgRbeTsnana dUcCamiucsuik nigkUer:xagt,Úg man lkçN³KYreGaycab;GarmµN_Nas; b:uEnþ mUldæanRKwHEdlRtUvman KWkarebþCJacitþEpñkneya)ay nigkarerobcM begáItsßab½neGay)anl¥.

karBRgwgsmtßPaBrbs;rdæaPi)al

karBRgwgsmtßPaBnanarbs;rdæaPi)al KWCaEpñkd¾sMxan;mYyrbs;ral;yuT§sa®sþ sMrab;EklMGbriyakas vinieyaK. CaerOy² karBRgwgsmtßPaBnanaenAkñúgviFanRKb;RKg KWCaGaTiPaBd¾x<s;mYy. KMrUtamlMGancas;² sMrab;ksagsmtßPaB RtUv)aneKbMeBjbEnßmedayviFInana EdlCYysMrYldl;kareronsURtBIKñaeTAvijeTAmk. smtßPaBtammUldæank¾kMBugRtUveKBRgIk tamry³karcuHkic©snüakargarCamYysßab½nxageRkA edIm,IbMeBj muxgarÉkeTsnana -CayuT§sa®sþTUeTA EdlsUm,IEtbNþaRbeTsrIkcMerIn k¾niymeRbIEdr. rdæaPi)alTaMgLay k¾RtUvEklMGsmtßPaBrbs;BYkeKEdr edIm,IGactamBinitüemIlRbtibtþikarénEpñkÉkCnrbs;eK eFVIeGayeKGac dwg)anGMBITMenar nigbBaðananaEdlkMBugekIteLIg RBmTaMgvaytMél\T§iBléneKalneya)ayrbs;eK. karelIk kMBs;sþg;daKuNPaBénRbB½n§sßitiCati CaEpñkd¾sMxan;mYy kñúgcMeNamkic©xMRbwgERbgTaMgLayenaH.

karpþl;eKalkarN_RKwHsMxan;² tamFmµta karGPivDÆ]sSahkmµ CadMeNIrkarrkeXIjGVI²EdlfµI/ eFVIeGayeKBi)akBüakrN_RtUv

GMBIGVIEdl RbeTs b¤tMbn;mYyBUEkplit. RbkarenH bBa¢ak;BIsar³sMxan;énkarEklMGmUldæanRKwHnana rbs;briyakas vinieyaK edIm,Ipþl;plRbeyaCn_dl;Rkumh‘un nigskmµPaBTaMgGs; enAkñúgRbB½n§esdækic©.

37¼56

bTBiesaFn_GnþrCati rMelceGayeXIjBIviFId¾RbesIrnana enAkñúgvis½ysMxan;CasññÚlTaMgbYn énbriyakas vinieyaK³

• sßirPaB nigsnþisux • viFanRKb;RKg nigkarykBn§dar • hirBaØvtßú nigehdæarcnasm<½n§ • kMlaMgBlkmµ nigTIpSarkargar

sßirPaB nigsnþisux

karekIteLIgnUvs®gÁam b¤karrIkraldalénGMeBIhwgSaepSg² CasBaØabBaöak;BITIbBa©b;énkarvinieyaKd¾man plRbeyaCn_ esÞIrEtTaMgGs;. b:uEnþ ktþasnþiPaBEtmYyenHminTan;RKb;RKan; sMrab;Tak;TajeGayRkumh‘un TaMgLay beBa©jfamBl nigFnFan edIm,IvinieyaKRbkbedayplitPaBx<s;)aneT. sßirPaBneya)ay nig sßirPaBm:aRkUesdækic© kñúgkMritd¾smRsbmYy KWCalkçxNÐcaM)ac;dMbUgbMput sMrab;briyakasvinieyaKd¾RbesIr. brisßanEdlKµansßirPaB nigKµansnþisux Etgb:HBal;xøaMgbMput eTAelIkarvinieyaK tamry³\T§iBleTAelIc,ab; kmµsiT§i.

c,ab;kmµsiT§id¾Cak;lak;; EtgpSarPöab;kic©xitxMRbwgERbg CamYynwglT§pld¾l¥ EdlCakarFana cMeBaHRkum h‘unTaMgLayfa BYkeKnwgTTYl)anplBIkarvinieyaKrbs;eK. drabNardæaPi)al b¤PaKITIbI karBarc,ab; TaMgenaH)anl¥RbesIrCagmun drabenaH nwgmansm<½n§kan;EtrwgmaMCagmun rvagkic©xMRbwgERbg niglT§pll¥ ehIyCavi)ak nwgmankarelIkTwkcitþxøaMgCagmun eGaymankarebIkGaCIvkmµfµI² karvinieyaKCabEnßmeTot eTAkñúgGaCIvkmµEdlmanRsab; EdlniyayeGayxøI KWCMrujeGayeKxitxMeFVIkarCagmun. karsikSaenAkñúgRbeTs CaeRcIn)anbgðajfa kalNac,ab;kan;Etc,as;las; karlUtlas;k¾kan;EtmandMeNIrelOnCagmunEdr. EklMG PaBc,as;las;énc,ab;kmµsiT§i TamTareGaymanskmµPaB enAkñúgvis½ysMxan;² 4³ karbBaöak;kmµsiT§ielIdIFøI nigRTBüsm,tþiepSg²eTot karCYysMrYldl;karRbtibtþitamkic©snüa karbnßy]Rkidækmµ nigbBa©b;;kardkhUt GclnRTBüedayKµansMNg.

karbBaöak;kmµsiT§ielIdIFøI nigRTBüsm,tþiepSg²³ karpþl;PaBc,as;las;CagmunelIkmµsiT§idIFøI nigRTBüsm,tþiepSgeTot nwgTak;TajeGaymankarvinieyaK nigpþl;PaBgayRsYl kñúgkarTTYl)anhirBaØvtßú. bTBiesaFn_enARbeTseb:rU/ éf nigbNþaRbeTsepSgeTot kan;EteRcIneLIg² bgðajBIplRbeyaCn_énkar bBaöak;kmµsiT§idIFøI nigkarrkSaRbB½n§cuHbBaöImYyd¾manRbsiT§iPaB. karcuHbBaöIeRKOgcRk nigTMrg;epSgeTotén clnRTBü k¾mantYnaTIsMxan;Edr.

38¼56

karCYysMrYldl;karCMrujeGayRbtibtþitamkic©snüa³ brisßan EdlmankarRbtibtþitamkic© snüay:agCak;lak; nwgkat;bnßyhaniP½y nigkarcMNaynana Tak;TgnwgRbtibtþikarBaNiCökmµ RBmTaMg bgáPaBgayRsYl kñúgkarTTYl)anhirBaØvtßú. CagBak;kNþalénRkumh‘un enAtambNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn CaeRcIn EdleK)aneFVIGegát KµanTMnukcitþeTAelItulakar kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðakmµsiT§ieT ¬rUb 14¦. eyag tamKMerag{kareFVIGaCIvkmµ} rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak edIm,I;CMrujeGayRbtibtþitamkic©snüad¾samBaØmYy eKRtUv cMNayeBlcab;BI 48 éf¶ enARbeTshULg; nigCit 600 éf¶ enARbeTsbUlIvI rhUtdl;eTA 1 400éf¶ enA RbeTskaetm:aLa. dUcenH karBRgwgtulakar KWCaGaTiPaBd¾x<s;mYy. viFankarbEnßmepSg²eTot rYmman karCYysMrYldl;rMhUredayesrIénB½t’manTak;Tgnwgekrþi_eQµaH nigkarlubbM)at;]bsKÁminsmehtuplTaMgLay cMeBaHkareRbIR)as;CMerIsnana énynþkaredaHRsayCMelaH.

rUb 14> Rkumh‘unnanaenARbeTsCaeRcIn KµanCMenO;fa tulakarnwgKaMRTkmµsiT§ielIRTBüsm,tþirbs;eKeLIy

kMNt;sMKal;³ eK)aneRCIserIsRbeTsTaMgenH edIm,IbgðajrUbPaBénlMdab;lMeday. RbPB³ karGegátnanaelIbriyakasénkarvinieyaK rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak.

karkat;bnßy]Rkidækmµ³ ]RkidækmµeFVIeGaysgÁmRtUvcMNayGs;CaeRcIn -enAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYnenA GaemrikLaTIn eKRtUvcMNayGs;RbmaNCamYyPaKbYnénplitplkñúgRbeTssrub 13. karGegáttamRkumh‘un TaMgLay bgðajfa ]Rkidkmµk¾Ca]bsKÁmYyd¾F¶n;F¶rEdr cMeBaHRkumh‘unCaeRcInenARKb;tMbn;. yuT§sa®sþ RbesIrbMput RtUvrYmbBa©ÚlkarxMRbwgERbgTb;sáat; nigbg¥ak;skmµPaB]Rkidækmµ RBmTaMgbegáInkareKarBRbtibtþi c,ab;. yuT§sa®sþRbCakarBarenAtamshKmn_ nigyuT§sa®sþepSgeTot Rbhak;RbEhlnwgyuT§sa®sþEdl eKGnuvtþ enATIRkugjÚy:k kMBugRtUv)aneKGnuvtþtam enAkñúgRbeTsnana enACMuvijBiPBelak.

39¼56

karbBa©b;kardkhUtRTBüsm,tþiedayKµansMNg³ rdæaPi)alTaMgGs; suT§EtrkSasiT§ikñúgkar dkhUtRTBüsm,tþiÉkCn enAkñúgkal³eTs³mYycMnYn. b:uEnþ kar)armÖBIkarGnuvtþsiT§iGMNacenHtamTMenIgcitþ GaceFVIeGay)at;bg;karelIkTwkcitþdl;karvinieyaK. dMeNaHRsayCaKnøwH KWRtUvbegáItkarTb;sáat;d¾KYreGay eCOTukcitþ)an cMeBaHkardkhUtRTBüsm,tþiedayKµankarCUndMNwgCamun RBmTaMgKµansMNgRKb;RKan; nigman RbsiT§iPaB.

viFanRKb;RKg nigkarykBn§ rebobEdlrdæaPi)alRKb;RKg nigykBn§elIRkumh‘un nigRbtibtþikarBaNiCökmµTaMgLay TaMgenAkñúg

épÞRbeTs nigenAtamRBMEdn edIrtYnaTIy:agFM kñúgkarkMNt;RTg;RTayénbriyakasvinieyaK. viFanRKb;RKg d¾RtwmRtUv GacCYyedaHRsayvibtþiTIpSarEdlraraMgkarvinieyaK RBmTaMgbRgYbbRgYmplRbeyaCn_nana rbs; Rkumh‘un CamYynwgeKaledAsgÁmkan;EteRcIneLIg. karykBn§RtwmRtUv nwgbegáIncMNUlfvikasMrab;RTRTg;esva saFarN³ EdlCYyEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK nigbMerIplRbeyaCn_epSg²eTotrbs;sgÁm. bBaðaEdlrdæaPi)al TaMgGs;RtUvRbQmmuxttaMgKW etIeKRtUvsMercTisedATaMgenaHy:agdUcemþc edayminbgÚçc»kasl¥² nigeRKOg elIkTwkcitþnana sMrab;eGayRkumh‘unTaMgLayvinieyaKRbkbedayplitPaBx<s; begáItkargarTaMgLay nig BRgIkskmµPaBesdækic©rbs;eK. eTaHbImankarRbTajRbTg;Kña rvageKalbMNgrbs;Rkumh‘un nigplRbeyaCn_ sgÁmkñúgEpñkenHk¾eday eKeXIjman»kasd¾eRcInsMebIm sMrab;EklMGviFInana enAkñúgRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn PaKeRcIn edayminbgábBaðab:HBal;plRbeyaCn_sgÁm kan;EteRcIneTot.

EklMGviFanRKb;RKgenAkñúgRbeTs³ CaerOy²eBkNas; rdæaPi)alnana dak;ecjnUvviFIsa®sþ RKb;RKgnana EdlminGacsMerceKaledAsgÁmeRKagTukTaMgLayeLIy ehIyEfmTaMgbgákarxatbg; cMeBaH briyakasvinieyaK edaybegáItkarcMNaymin)ankar nigkaryWty:avnana ¬rUb 15¦ bgáeGaymanGMeBIBuk rlYy begáInPaBminc,as;las; nighaniP½y nigbegáItr)aMgminsmehtuplcMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECg. ehtuGVI? bBaðaecaTTaMgLayekItecjBIRbPBFM²BIr. TI1- RbB½n§c,ab;enARKb;RbeTsTaMgGs; manPaBTn;exSay gayRsYleGaymankareqøótEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_ BIsMNak;Rkumh‘un m®nþI nigRkumGñktMNageGaypl RbeyaCn_nana EdlCaerOy² EsþgeLIgCakarkMhitminsmehtupl elIkarRbkYtRbECg b¤CakariyaFibetyü. TI2- RbB½n§c,ab;CaeRcIn enAkñúgRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn RtUv)aneKcMlgbnþKñaTaMgdul BIRbeTsmYyeTARbeTsmYy eTot edayKµankarBicarNaRKb;RCugeRCay GMBIPaBxusKña énbNþalkçxNÐenAtamRbeTsnImYy².

KnøwHéndMeNaHRsay KWRtUveFVIeGaymantulüPaBRbesIrCagmun rvagbraC½ynanakñúgTIpSar nigbraC½y rbs;rdæaPi)al edayEkécñtMrUvviFInana eTAtamlkçxNÐénRbeTsnImYy² nigedayBRgIkKuNPaBéntmøaPaB. kMENTMrg;EdlmaneCaKC½y nwgkat;bnßyéføcMNayTaMgLay edaylubbM)at;bnÞúkminsmehtupl nigsMrYl

40¼56

dMeNIrkarénEbbbTkargarTaMgLay dUcCakMENTMrg;tMrUvkarnana Tak;TgnwgkarcuHbBaöIGaCIvkmµ enARbeTs bUlIvI/ G‘Ukg;da nigevotNamCaedIm. eKkat;bnßyPaBminc,as;las; nighaniP½yTak;Tgnwgc,ab; edayTb;sáat; karrkSaGaf’kM)aMgEdlmincaM)ac; nigbegáInkarBieRKaHeyabl;. mü:ageTot )anlubbM)at;r)aMgnana cMeBaHkar RbkYtRbECg edaykat;bnßyr)aMgc,ab; cMeBaHkarcUleTAkan; nigkarecjBITIpSar nigedayxitxMedaHRsay \riyabfRbqaMgnwgkarRbkYtRbECgrbs;Rkumh‘unTaMgLay.

rUb 15> cMnYnéf¶ sMrab;cuHbBa¢IGaCIvkmµfµImYy -cab;BI 2 éf¶ enARbeTsGU®sþalI dl; 203 enARbeTséhTI

kMNt;sMKal;³ eK)aneRCIserIsRbeTsTaMgenH edIm,IbgðajrUbPaBénlMdab;lMeday. RbPB³ FnaKarBiPBelak (2004c).

karEklMGkarykBn§kñúgRsuk³ RKb;KñasuT§Ett¥ÚjEt¥rBIBn§dar ehIyRkumh‘unenAkñúgRbeTskMBug rIkcMerIn k¾dUcenHEdr. GRtaBn§enAkñúgRbeTskMBugrIkcMerInTaMgLay dUcKñaeTAnwgGRtaBn§enAtamRbeTseCOn elOnTaMgLayEdr. b:uEnþ kMritd¾x<s;énPaBminpøÚvkar rYmCamYyEbbbTrdæ)ald¾Gn;fy nigGMeBIBukrlYy EtgbnßykarRbmUlcMNUlfvika bEnßmbnÞúkd¾FMeTAelIGñkeKarBc,ab;BitR)akdTaMgLay nigeFVIeGayxUcRTg; RTayénkarRbkYtRbECg. tamry³karbnþBinitüemIlTMhMd¾FMénrdæaPi)al nigkarcMNaysaFarN³Rbkbeday RbsiTi§PaB nwgCYybn§Úrbnßysm<aF eTAelIkarRbmUlR)ak;cMNUl. eRkABIenH yuT§sa®sþd¾skþisiT§iTaMgLay pSarP¢ab;kic©xMRbwgERbgBRgIkmUldæanykBn§ nigkarsMrYlrcnasm<½n§Bn§dar. karbegáInsV½yPaBénbNþaPñak;gar Bn§dar k¾)anEklMGkarRbtibtþikargarpgEdr enARbeTseb:rU nigRbeTsCaeRcIneTot.

karBRgwgviFanRKb;RKg nigkarykBn§enAtamRBMEdn³ fµI²enH RbeTsCaeRcIn)ankat;bnßy r)aMgnana cMeBaHBaNiCökmµ nigkarvinieyaKGnþrCati b:uEnþ enAbnþmanr)aMgCaeRcIneTotenAeLIy. karEklMG rdæ)alKy k¾Gacpþl;cMeNjy:ageRcIn rYmCamYyviFIeRbIR)as;bec©kviTüaB½t’manRbkbedayeCaKC½y edIm,Ibnßy karyWt y:av nigGMeBIBukrlYy dUcCaenARbeTs kaNa m:ar:uk nigswgðbUrI.

41¼56

hirBaØvtßú nigehdæarcnasm<½n§

enAeBlEdlTIpSarhirBaØvtßúmandMeNIkarl¥ vatPöab;Rkumh‘unTaMgLay CamYynwgGñkpþl;\NTan nig bNþavinieyaKinEdlmanbMNgbNþak;TuneTAkñúgkarrksIurbs;Rkumh‘unTaMgenaH nigEckrMElkhaniP½ymYycMnYn. ehdæarcnasm<½n§l¥ tPöab;Rkumh‘unTaMgLay CamYyGtifiCn nigGñkpÁt;pÁg;rbs;BYkeK RBmTaMgCYyeGayBYkeK TTYl)anKuNRbeyaCn_BIbec©keTsplitkmµTMenIb². pÞúyeTAvij kgVHhirBaØvtßú nigehdæarcnasm<½n§ Ca]bsKÁ cMeBaHkalanuvtþPaB ehIybegáInéføcMNay sMrab;;shRKintUctac k¾dUcCasMrab;shRKinBhuCatiFM²Edr. tamry³karraraMgpøÚvcUleTAkan;TIpSar cMeBaHRkumh‘unfµI² kgVHxatTaMgenHk¾kMhitpgEdr nUvvis½yéncMeNHdwg RbkbedayPaBRbkYtRbECg EdlRkumh‘unmanRsab;kMBugCYbRbTH eFVIeGay)at;bg;Twkcitþcg;écñRbDitfµI nigEk lMGplitPaBrbs;Rkumh‘un. kgVHxatEbbenH GacmansPaBF¶n;F¶r enAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn ¬rUb 16¦.

rUb 16> karxVHhirBaØvtßú nigehdæarcnasm<½n§ enAkñúgRbeTskMBugrIkcMerInnana mansPaBF¶n;F¶r

kMNt;sMKal;³ tYelxenHbgðajBIsmamaRténRkumh‘unTaMgLay EdlraykarN_fa lT§PaBTTYlhirBaØvtßú RBmTaMgGKÁisnI/ TUrKmnaKmn_ nigkardwkCBa¢Ún Ca]bsKÁ{FM} nig{F¶n;F¶r} cMeBaHGaCIvkmµrbs;BYkeK. RbPB³ karGegátnanaelIbriyakasénkarvinieyaK rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak.

hirBaØvtßú³ bBaðaCamUldæanEdlRtUvRbQmmux sMrab;hirBaØvtßú ekItecjBIbBaðaB½t’man EdlCaerOy² )anFøak;cuHkan;EtF¶n;F¶reTA² edaysarPaBminR)akdRbCaénc,ab;kmµsiT§i. b:uEnþ CaerOy²CagenHeTAeTot GnþraKmn_nanarbs;rdæaPi)al eRcInEteFVIeGaybBaðaTaMgenaH kan;EtcuHdundabeLIgeTAvij. TIpSarhirBaØvtßúRtUv eKb®gáab nigeFVIeGayxUcRTg;RTay edaysarCakmµsiT§irbs;rdæ ]bsKÁnanacMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECg \NTan

42¼56

pÞal; b¤kar]btßmÖ nigbBaðaepSg²eTot. tamFmµta bBaðaecaTEdlekIteLIg EtgbgáeRKaHfñak; cMeBaH bNþaRkumh‘untUctac ehIyRkumh‘unTaMgLayNaEdlKµanTMnak;TMngneya)ayl¥ rgeRKaHF¶n;CageK.

rdæaPi)alTaMgLaykMBugRbQmnwgbBaðaTaMgenH. viFIsa®sþfµI²TTYlsÁal;fa TIpSarhirBaØvtßú minRKan;Et CaEpñkmYyénbriyakasvinieyaKsMrab;Rkumh‘unb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþk¾RtUv)ankMNt;y:agxøaMg edaybriyakasvinieyaK EdlGñkpþl;esvahirBaØvtßú kMBugCYbRbTHpgEdr. enHCamUlehtuEdlrdæaPi)alCaeRcIn kMBugkat;bnßy]bsKÁ cMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECg/ BRgwgsiT§irbs;Gñkpþl;\NTan nigPaKIBak;B½n§TaMgLay begáItkariyal½y\NTan nig ynþkarepSg²eTot sMrab;edaHRsaybBaðaB½t’man nigEklMGviFanRKb;RKgFnaKar.

ehdæarcnasm<½n§³ bBaðaCamUldæanEdlRtUvRbQmmux CamYyehdæarcnasm<½n§ ekItecjBIkMlaMgTIpSar rYmCamYykarsnSMsMéckarcMNaytamry³karbegáInplitkmµ. b:uEnþ dMeNaHRsay EdlepþateTAelIPaBpþac;mux énEpñksaFarN³ kñúgkarpþl;esvaTaMgenH eRcInEteFVIeGaybBaðaTaMgenHmansßanPaBkan;EtGaRkk;eLIg². kmµsiT§isaFarN³ nigviFanRKb;RKg eRcInEtRtUveKeRbIR)as;edIm,IsMerceKaledA EdlminTak;TgnwgRbsiTi§PaB énkarpþl;esvakmµ -EdleRcInEtlMeGogeTArkplRbeyaCn_rbs;RkummYycMnYn elIsBIplRbeyaCn_Edlman lkçN³TUlMTUlayCag ehIynaMmknUvRbPBfµI²énGRbsiT§iPaB. tamFmµta Rkumh‘untUc²CageK nigshKmn_ RkIRk EtgTTYlrgeRKaHeRcInCageK BIviFIsa®sþTaMgenH.

dUckrNIhirBaØvtßúEdr KnøwHéndMeNaHRsay KWRtUvbegáItbriyakasvinieyaKmYyRbesIrCagmun sMrab;Gñk pþl;esvaehdæarcnasm<½n§TaMgLay. karRbkYtRbECg karBRgwgviFanRKb;RKg nigkarcUlrYmBIEpñkÉkCn )anpøas;bþÚrvis½yTUrKmnaKmn_nana nig)anedIrtYnaTIFMCagmun kñúgkarEklMGkarpÁt;pÁg;GKÁisnI nigkMBg;Ep. cMeBaHbBaðapøÚvfñl; RbeTsCaeRcIn)anTTYllT§plRbesIrCagmun edayeRbIviFITijesvaBIsßab½nxageRkA nigkar EklMGynþkarpþl;mUlniFi. rdæaPi)alk¾xitxMpgEdr kñúgkarEklMGkarRKb;RKgFnFansaFarN³ edIm,ITajyk RbeyaCn_)ankan;eRcIn BIkarpþl;hirBaØvtßú b¤kar]btßmÖdl;esvaehdæarcnasm<½n§ rbs;eK.

kMlaMgBlkmµ nigTIpSarkargar

ktþaCMrujd¾cMbgmYy sMrab;EklMGbriyakasvinieyaK KWkarbegáItkargareGay)ankan;EteRcIn nigRbesIr Cagmun. eKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)alEdlman\T§iBleTAelITIpSarkargar mantYnaTIy:agsMxan; enAkñúg briyakasvinieyaK edayCYytP¢ab;eGayRbCaBlrdæTTYl)ankargarsmrmü. karEklMGKuNPaBénRbtibtþi karrbs;eKalneya)ay TamTarskmµPaBenAelImuxRBYjbIEdlTak;TgKñaeTAvijeTAmk³ CMrujeGaymankMlaMg BlkmµCMnaj/ EkécñbegáItGnþraKmn_TIpSarkargar CaRbeyaCn_dl;nieyaCit nigCYYykmµkr-nieyaCitTaMgLay edaHRsaybBaðananaTak;Tgnwgkarpøas;bþÚr.

teTATMB½rbnÞab;


43¼56

karCMrujeGaymankMlaMgBlkmµCMnaj³ karEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK RtUvedIrTnÞwmKñanwgkar BRgwgKuNPaBFnFanmnusS. kMlaMgBlkmµEdlmanCMnaj CaRbkarsMxan;;bMputsMrab;Rkumh‘un edIm,ITTYlyk bec©kviTüafµI² EdlmanplitPaBx<s; ehIybriyakasvinieyaKmYyRbesIrCagmun nwgbegáInplcMeNjeTA eGayGñkvinieyaKvij CakarGb;rMM. karKaMRTelIvis½yGb;rM nigbNþúHbNþalrbs;rdæaPi)al CH\T§iBleTAelI TidæPaBGnaKt sMrab;buKÁlTaMgLay RBmTaMgeTAelIlT§PaBrbs;Rkumh‘unkñúgkarEsVgrk»kasfµI²eTot. Rkumh‘unCaeRcIn enAtambNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn cat;TukkarxVHPaBCMnaj nigkarGb;rMrbs;nieyaCit faCa ]bsKÁd¾FM b¤d¾F¶n;F¶r cMeBaHRbtibtþikarrbs;eK ¬rUb 17¦. rdæaPi)alRtUvnaMmuxeK kñúgkareFVIeGaymankarGb;rM kan;EtTUlMTUlay nigTak;Tgdl;CMnajEdlRkumh‘unTaMgLayRtUvkar manynþkarFanakarBRgwgKuNPaB nig begáItbriyakasvinieyaKd¾RbéB sMrab;Gñkpþl;esvaGb;rM nigbNþúH bNþal.

rUb 17> Rkumh‘unTaMgLayEdlcat;TukkgVHPaBCMnaj nigviFanRKb;RKgkargar faCa]bsKÁF¶n;F¶r

kMNt;sMKal;³ PaKryénbNþaRkumh‘un EdlraykarN_fa kgVHPaBCMnaj nigkarGb;rMrbs;kmµkrEdlman b¤viFanRKb;RKg kargar faCa]bsKÁd¾FM nigF¶n;F¶rmYy cMeBaHRbtibtþikar nigkarrIkcMerInrbs;GaCIvkmµBYkeK.

karécñbegáItGnþraKmn_TIpSarkargar CaRbeyaCn_dl;nieyaCit³ tamFmµta viFanRKb;RKg TIpSarkargar maneKalbMNgCYydl;kmµkr-nieyaCit. b:uEnþ viFInanaEdlBicarNamin)anl¥ nigbnÞúcbg¥ak; Rkumh‘unTaMgLay BIkarbegáItkargarkan;EteRcIn ehIyrYmcMENkBRgIkkMlaMgBlkmµminpøÚvkar EdlKµankar KaMBaredayc,ab;. enHCakrNIEdlkmµkr-nieyaCitmYycMnYnGacTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_ b:uEnþGñkEdlKµankar gareFVI GñkmanCMnajTab nigGñkTaMgLayEdleFVIkarenAkñúgEpñkesdækic©minpøÚvkar nwgmin)anTTYlpl RbeyaCn_enaHeT. eKRtUvEtécñbegáIteKalneya)ayGnþraKmn_nana EdlqøúHbBa©aMgBIplRbeyaCn_mnusSPaK

44¼56

eRcInTaMgenH. manRbeTskan;EteRcIneLIg² kMBugBinitüBicarNaeLIgvij BIeKalneya)ayénTIpSarkargar sMrab;elIkTwkcitþ eGayebovtSr_manPaBsmRsb edIm,IFanaeGayviFanRKb;RKgkargar qøúHbBa©aMgBIsßab½nmYy d¾l¥skþism nigedIm,IFanatulüPaBmYyd¾smRsb rvagplRbeyaCn_nieyaCit sMrab;sßirPaBkargar nigtMrUvkar rbs;Rkumh‘unTaMgLay kñúgkarEksMrbsMrYlkMlaMgBlkmµ.

karCYynieyaCit edaHRsaybBaðananaTak;Tgnwgkarpøas;bþÚr³ briyakasvinieyaKl¥mYy EtgCYysMrYldl;karEbgEckkargar eFVIeGaykareRbIR)as;kargarenaHmanplitPaBx<s;bMput RBmTaMgCYy nieyaCitTaMgLay edaHRsaybBaðaTak;Tgnwgkarcl½tkargar. PaBeCOnelOnénbec©kviTüa EdlnaMeGayman plitPaBx<s; nigmankMeNInesdækic© EtgCYyEklMGlkçxNÐkargar nigebovtSr_eGaykan;EtRbesIreLIg b:uEnþ vak¾GacbNþaleGaymankarpøas;bþÚrqab;rh½s enAkñúgRkumh‘un nig]sSahkmµTaMgLayEdr. Caerogral;qñaM enAkñúgRbB½n§esdækic©TMenIbTaMgLay manRkumh‘unfµI²CaeRcInRtUveKbegáIteLIg ehIyk¾manRkumh‘un CaeRcIneTot dYlrlMpgEdr -enAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn vamanRbmaNCa 20 PaKry- Edlb:HBal;dl;kMlaMg BlkmµBI 10 eTA 20 PaKry 14. kgVHynþkarsMrab;CYynieyaCit kñúgkarsMrbxøÜneTAnwgkarpøas;bþÚr )ankMhitshRKinPaB nig lT§PaBERbRbYl eTAtamsßanPaBfµIrbs;nieyaCit. kgVHxatTaMgenHk¾Gac begáInPaBFn;eTAnwgkMENTMrg;nana EdlGacpþl;RbeyaCn_dl;sgÁmTaMgmUlpgEdr. enAeBlEdlmUldæanykBn§tUcceg¥ótmYy kat;bnßylT§PaB begáItbNþajsuvtßiPaBsgÁmenAkñúgRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn eKeXIjman»kasCaeRcInekIteLIg sMrab;EklMGKMerag Fanar:ab;rg CakarKaMRTEbbEpnénR)ak;cMNUl nigkarrYmbBa©ÚlKñaénhaniP½yrbs;buKÁlTaMgLay. kmµviFIEdl eK)anécñbegáItfµI k¾GacCYydl;CnRkIRk nigGñkeFVIkarEbbminpøÚvkar EdlKMeragFanar:ab;rgFM² minGacCYy)an.

karQanecjeRkABIeKalkarN_RKwH?

rdæaPi)alCaeRcInQanhYsBIeKalkarN_RKwH EdlGacBiBN’na)an CakareFVIGnþraKmn_ecaH² edIm,Ipþl; plRbeyaCn_dl;Rkumh‘un b¤skmµPaBBiessNamYy b¤edayTajplRbeyaCn_ BIkMrgPñak;garGnþrCatiEpñk viFan nigsþg;da EdledaHRsaybBaðabriyakasvinieyaK EdlmancMnYnkan;EteRcIneLIg. RbkarTaMgBIrenHGac RbRBwtþeTA)an b:uEnþTamTarkarxitxMRbwgERbgCabEnßmeTot.

GnþraKmn_mYycMnYnEdleK)aneRCIserIs

karEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK)anTUlMTUlay nwgbegáIncMnYnGñkEdlTTYlplRbeyaCn_ bnßykar)armÖ GMBIGñkEdleqøótEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn nigeCosvagkMhusqÁgfµIeTot. eyagtamvisalPaBénrebob var³enH Rkumh‘un b¤skmµPaBesdækic©mYycMnYn GacTTYl)anRbeyaCn_BIkarEklMGenH eRcInCagRkumh‘un b¤ skmµPaBesdækic©déTeTot dUcCa krNIehdæarcnasm<½n§enATItaMgBiessNamYy b¤kMENTMrg;c,ab;EdlCH\T§iBl elIskmµPaBBiessNamYy. b:uEnþ eRkABIkarkMNt;lMdab;énkMENTMrg; rdæaPi)almYycMnYn sMercpþl;ÉksiT§i

45¼56

eKalneya)ayBiess dl;bNþaRkumh‘un b¤skmµPaBesdækic©EdlCaeKaledAmYycMnYn. ÉksiT§iBiessTaMgenaH maneRcInsNæanCa³ bNþakarkMhitTIpSar karelIkElgBn§ lT§PaBTTYlkar]btßmÖ\NTan nigviFankar epSg²eTot CaeRcIn.

GnþraKmn_mYycMnYnEdleK)aneRCIserIs manehtuplesdækic© dUcCa bNþaplvi)ak\tRBagTukEdlGac ekItmanBIkarvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs b¤karsikSaRsavRCav nigkarGPivDÆ. GnþraKmn_xøHGacRtUvcat;TukfaCa cMelIy{l¥bMputTIBIr} Edl)anpþl;karcMerIneTAmuxyWt² kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaCamUldæannana. b:uEnþ GnþraKmn_ xøHeTotmaneKalbMNgBenøÓnkMeNInesdækic© edayepþateKaledA eTAelIvis½y]sSahkmµBiessNamYy. eTaHCamanehtuply:agNamYyk¾eday EbbEpnTaMgenHRtUvEtdwknaMkarTamTard¾cMruH nigKitEtplRbeyaCn_ pÞal;xøÜn rbs;Rkumh‘unnana sm<aFénGñkEdleqøótEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_ nigRbPBepSg²eToténbraC½yeKal neya)ayEdlGacekItman.

RBmeBlKñaEdlrdæaPi)alnana )an nigkMBugkarsakl,gGnþraKmn_mYycMnYn rab;stSvtSmkehIyenaH karBinitüemIleLIgvijelIbTBiesaFn_GnþrCati )anbgðajfa KµanyuT§sa®sþNaEdlR)akdCaTTYl)aneCaKC½y eT. RbeTsenAGasIubUB’axøH )aneFVIGnþraKmn_mYycMnYnRbkbedayeCaKC½y b:uEnþkic©karfµI² pþl;KMnitfa viPaKTan Edl)anmk enAmankMrittictYcNas;. bTBiesaFn_k¾)anbgðajpgEdr BIkarlM)akkñúgkarcMlgykviFIdEdl eTAGnuvtþCafµIeLIgvijenAkEnøgepSgeTot nigBIPaBxusKñaCaxøaMgénbrisßanGnþrCati. CaTUeTA bTBiesaFn_kñúg kic©xMRbwgERbgrbs;rdæaPi)al edIm,I{eRCIserIsGñkQñH}minmanPaBTak;TajeT. kic©xMRbwgERbgTak;Tajkar vinieyaKtamry³karelIkElgBn§mYyry³eBl b¤pþl;eRKOgelIkTwkcitþBiessepSgeTot k¾)anTTYleCaKC½y xus²KñaEdr. eTaHbImankarBRgIkplitkmµ enAkñúg]sSahkmµCaeKaledANamYykþI eKminGackMNt;)aneTfa karTak;TajTwkcitþenH CakarcaM)ac; b¤k¾CakarcMNayEdlmanRbsiT§iPaB. CakarBitNas; man]TahrN_én GnþraKmn_xusmYycMnYn EdlCYnkal RKan;EtCakarxöHxöayFnFansaFarN³b:ueNÑaH b:uEnþCYnkaleTot vabegáIt eGaymankarxusqÁgEdlbgáeRKaHfñak; cMeBaHbriyakasvinieyaK nigTb;sáat;dl;dMeNIrkarEklMG Edlman lkçN³TUlMTUlayCagenH.

eTaHCakñúgkal³eTs³l¥RbesIry:agNak¾eday GnþraKmn_CaeRcInEdleK)aneRCIserIseRbI eRbob)aneTA nwgkarelgEl,gsIusgmYy. kalNaeKalbMNgkan;EtmanmhicätaFM ehIyGPi)alkic©kan;EtexSay enaHkar TnÞwgrg;caMeCaKC½y k¾kan;Etmanry³eBlEvgEdr. RbkarenHpþl;KMnitfa GnþraKmn_mYycMnYnRtUveFVIeLIgeday RbugRby½tñ ehIyminRtUvcat;TukGnþraKmn_TaMgenaH faCaGVIEdlCMnYseGaykarEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK kñúg RTg;RTayFMTUlayCagenH enaHeT. eKGackat;bnßyeRKaHfñak;ényuT§sa®sþxøH)an edaykarFanafa KMeragTaMg enaHmanTisedA nigehtuplc,as;las; EdlepþateTAelIRbPBénbBaða CaCageTAelInimitþehtu pÁÚrpÁgbriFan eGayRtUvnwgehtupl dak;vin½yeTAelIGñkTTYlplTaMgLay cat;EcgKMeragRbkbedaytmøaPaB nigBinitü KMeragTaMgenaHeLIgvij y:ageTogTat;.

46¼56

bTbBaØtþi nigsþg;daGnþrCati

kñúgbNþaTsSvtSknøgeTAfµI²enH cMnYnGgÁkarGnþrCatiEpñkbTbBaØtþi nigsþg;da EdleFVIkarCamYynwg briyakasvinieyaK )anekIneLIgy:agrh½s. bc©úb,nñenH eKeXIjmansn§isBaØavinieyaKeTVPaKI cMnYnRbmaN Cag 2 200 nigkic©RBmeRBogsþIBIshRbtibtþikarkñúgtMbn; RbmaNCag 200. eKk¾eXIjmanpgEdr nUvcMnYnd¾ eRcInelIslb; énkic©RBmeRBogBhuPaKIfµI² b¤eTIbnwgRtUveKesñIeLIg EdlTak;TgnwgGVI²RKb;y:ag rab;cab;taMgBI BaNiCökmµ karsUk):an; nigGPi)alkic©Rkumh‘un rhUtdl; karykBn§ RBmTaMgc,ab;brisßan nigc,ab;kargar. kic©RBmeRBogGnþrCatimantYnaTICak;lak; kñúgkarkat;bnßyr)aMgcMeBaHBaNiCökmµ nigkarvinieyaKGnþrCati. b:uEnþ kic©RBmeRBogTaMgenH k¾GacrYmcMENkEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK kñúgn½yd¾TUlay bIy:ag³ edaybegáInkareCO Tukcitþ edIm,Ikat;bnßyhaniP½y edayeFVIkarsMrbtMrUvbTbBaØtþi nigsþg;da edIm,IbnßyéføcMNay nigedayedaH Rsayplvi)ak\tRBagTukCaGnþrCati. ktþaTaMgbIenH RtUvrkSalMnwgrvaglkçxNÐBak;B½n§TaMgLay.

karbegáInPaBKYreGayeCOTukcitþ)an³ tamry³karbegáInéføcMNay kñúgkarpøas;bþÚrTiséneKal neya)ay karcUleTAkñúgkMrgkatBVkic©GnþrCatinana GacbEnßmPaBKYreGayeCOTukcitþ)an eTAelIeKalneya )ayrbs;rdæaPi)al RBmTaMgBRgwgkarykcitþTukdak;rbs;Rkumh‘unnana eTAelIkarvinieyaK. b:uEnþ tamry³kar erobcMbegáIteKalneya)ayEbbenHeLIg karrkSalMnwgénbNþalkçxNÐBak;B½n§ )anedIrvaglT§PaBbt;Ebnén eKalneya)ay Edlmann½yfa eKRtUvBicarNakarebþCacitþ y:agRbugRby½tñ. yuT§sa®sþnanaEdlTak;Tgnwg karsnüay:agCak;lak;bMput -GnuBaØateGayRkumh‘un CMrujkarRbtibtþitamkarsnüa EdlmanEcgenAkñúgkic©RBm eRBog RbqaMgTl;nwgrdæaPi)aledaypÞal; tamry³GaCJakNþalGnþrCati- GacbegáInPaBKYreGayeCOTukcitþ)an ehIyGacTTYl)anplBIkic©RbwgERbgEdlkMBugRbRBwtþeTA edIm,IEklMGtmøaPaBéndMeNIrkarrbs;GaCJakNþal. yuT§sa®sþEdlPaKeRcInEp¥kelIekrþi_eQµaHrbs;rdæaPi)al k¾GacrYmcMENkpþl;;TMnukcitþdl;eKalneya)ayEdr b:uEnþ \T§iBlrbs;va GaRs½ynwgRbkarfa etIGñkcUlrYmkñúgkic©RBmeRBogenH TTUcTamTareGaymankareKarBKña eTAvijeTAmk kñúgkMritx<s;Edrb¤eT.

karsMrbtMrUvbTbBaØtþi nigsþg;daGnþrCati³ edIm,IbnßyéføcMNay kñúgRbtibtþikarCMnYjGnþrCati karxMRbwgERbgCaeRcIn )anepþateTAelIkarsMrbtMrUvbTbBaØtþi nigsþg;daBiess²Edlman dUcCakarsMrbtMrUvc,ab; BaNiCökmµenAGa®hVikxaglic sMrab;karGPivDÆsþg;daKNenyüEtmYysNæan. kic©xMRbwgERbgTaMgenH Gacman RbeyaCn_dl;bNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn. b:uEnþ k¾GacrkSalMnwgCamYyviFIsa®sþnana EdleK)anGnum½tyk edIm,I sMrbtambNþalkçxNÐenAtammUldæan nigCamYykarGnuBaØateGaymanTidæPaBmYy énkarRbkYtRbECgrvagviFI sa®sþnana. eKk¾eXIjmanpgEdr nUvkarrkSalMnwgrvagviFIsa®sþBhuPaKI/ viFIsa®sþtamtMbn; nigeTVPaKI edIm,I eGaymankarcuHsMrugKña.

47¼56

karedaHRsayplvi)ak\tRBagTukCaGnþrCati³ BIrTsSvtSknøgmkenH eK)anCMrujskmµPaB rYmKñaCasakl sMrab;edaHRsaybBaðaTaMgLayEdlkMBugEtekIneLIg enATINaEdlplnanaénbNþaskmµPaB eKalneya)ay enAkñúgRbeTsmYy GacCH\T§iBl\tRBagTuknanaeTAdl;RbeTsmYyeTot. karedaHRsay plvi)ak\tRBagTukCaGnþrCati enAkñúgvis½ybrisßan CaRbkard¾sMxan;sMrab;karGPivDÆRbkbedaynirnþrPaB. kalNaplvi)ak\tRBagTukenH minmanplb:HBal;FMdMu b¤mYyRbeyaCn_EdlTTYl)an RtUveKEbgEckKñamin sUvesµI enaHkic©shRbtibtþikarnwgkan;EtBi)ak. Ca]TahrN_ cMeBaHbBðaaBn§dar eK)anelIkeLIgBIkar)armÖGMBI skþanuBlénkarRbkYtRbECg rvagRbeTsnana kñúgkarTak;TajkarvinieyaK sMedAeTArk{karRbECgKñaeGay mantMélTabbMput} kñúgkarRbmUlBn§ EdlnaMeGayxatRbeyaCn_ dl;suxumalPaBsaFarN³TaMgmUl. CYnkal eK)ansMEdgkar)armÖdUcKñaenH GMBIvis½ydéTeToténeKalneya)aybriyakasvinieyaK rUmmanc,ab;brisßan. bTBiesaFn_knøgmk minsUvmanP½sþútag GMBIkar)armÖcMeBaHkarFøak;cuHénBn§ b¤sþg;daeT. b:uEnþ k¾manbBaða Cak;Esþgnana énkarsakl,gEsVgrkmUldæanRKwHrYmpgEdr. sMeNInanakñúgEpñkenH nigEpñkdETeTot RtUvman TMgn;smRsbeTAnwgTsSnvis½yTaMgLay rbs;bNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn.

etIshKmn_GnþrCatiGacCYy)an tamrebobNa?

karTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK dMbUgbMput nigsMxan;bMput sßitenAelIrdæaPi)alrbs; RbeTskMBugrIkcMerInTaMgLay TaMgfñak;Cati nigfñak;eRkamCati. b:uEnþshKmn_GnþrCatiGace)aHédCYy)an. karCYyEklMGlkçxNÐnanaénbriyakasvinieyaK Gacpþl;plRbeyaCn_y:ageRcInkñúgkarGPivDÆ. RKan;EttMél bEnßmBIEpñkkmµnþsalEdlekItBIkarEklMGbriyakasvinieyaKenAkñúgRbeTsEtmYy k¾GacelIsBICMnYyGPivDÆ EdleK)anpþl; enATUTaMgBiPBelakEdr ¬rUb 18¦. shKmn_GnþrCatiGacCYyRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn eGayTTYl )anplRbeyaCn_TaMgenH tammeFüa)ayFM² 3 y:ag³ edaylubbM)at;eKaleya)ayxusqÁgenAkñúgRbeTskMBug rIkcMerIn EdlbgáeRKaHfñak;cMeBaHbriyakasvinieyaKenAkñúgRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn edaypþl;CMnYykan;EteRcIn nig kan;EtmanRbsiT§PaB RBmTaMgedayedaHRsayrebobvar³ sþIBIcMeNHdwgsMxan;².

karlubbM)at;kMhusqÁgnana enAkñúgRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn

RbeTskMBugrIkcMerInminEmnsßitenAEtÉg kñúgkaredaHRsaybBaðaEklMGbriyakasvinieyaKenaHeLIy. karxusqÁgkñúgvis½yBaNiCökmµ nigTIpSar EdlbegáIteLIg edayeKalneya)ayrbs;RbeTseCOnelOnnana )anbgáeGaymankarcMNayy:ageRcIn dl;esdækic©énbNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerInTaMgenaH. karxusqÁgTaMgenaH k¾eFVIeGay)at;bg;pgEdrnUvkalanuvtþPaB nigeRKOgelIkTwkcitþdl;Rkumh‘unnana eGaysMerccitþvinieyaKenAkñúg RbeTskMBugrIkcMerInnana. eK)an):an;RbmaNfa tamry³kardkecjnUvkic©karBarBaNiCökmµ nigkMhusqÁg Bak;B½n§epSgeTot enAkñúgRbeTseCOnelOn eKGacpþl;plRbeyaCn_dl;RbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn cMnYn 85 Ban;lan

48¼56

duløaGaemrik enAqñaM 2015 15 -b¤Cag 4 dgénCMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar EdleKkMBugpþl;eGay sMrab;karEklMG briyakasvinieyaKTaMgLay.

rUb 18> tMélbEnßmBIEpñkkmµnþsal enAkñúgRbeTsEtmYy GacelIseRcInBIhirBaØvtßúGPivDÆn_pøÚvkarsuT§saF enATUTaMgBiPBelak

kMNt;sMKal;³ Tinñn½ysMrab;RbeTscin/ \NÐa nigkUer:xagt,Úg bgðajBItMélbEnßménplitkmµ]sSahkmµ. RbPB³ mUldæanTinñn½yrbs;GgÁkarshRbtibtþikar nigGPivDÆn_esdækic© (OECD) nigFnaKarBiPBelak (2004a).

karpþl;CMnYykan;EteRcIn nigkan;EtmanRbsiT§iPaB

CayUrmkehIy shKmn_GnþrCati)anpþl;CMnYyGPivDÆn_ edIm,IKaMRTdl;karerobcM nigGnuvtþkarEklMG briyakasvinieyaK. eKk¾)anpþl;karKaMRTd¾sMxan; edaypÞal;dl;Rkumh‘unTaMgLaypgEdr. enAmankarxVH cenøaHnana EdleKGaceFVIeGay)anl¥Cagmun enAkñúgEpñkTaMgBIrenH.

CMnYyGPivDÆn_sMrab;EklMGbriyakasvinieyaK³ RbmaNmYyPaKbYnénCMnYyGPivDÆn_pøÚvkar b¤ TwkR)ak;RbmaN 21 Ban;lan duløaGaemrik kñúgmYyqñaM RtUveKepþateTAelIkarKaMRT dl;karEklMGbriyakas vinieyaK ehIykñúgenaH eK)antMrg;TisfvikamYyPaKFM eTAelIkarGPivDÆehdæarcnasm<½n§ 16. CMnYybec©keTs GacCaviFImYyd¾l¥ sMrab;CYydl;rdæaPi)al kñúgkarEklMGbriyakasvinieyaKrbs;eK b:uEnþCMnYykñúgEpñkenHman RbmaNEt 1 PaKry b:ueNÑaH. enAmankarxVHcenøaH EdlRtUvpþl;CMnYyRbePTenHeRcInCagmun nigRtUvpþl;CMnYy enH tamrebobmanRbsiTi§PaBCagmun. karEklMGRbsiT§iPaB TamTarkarxMRbwgERbgTb;Tl;nwgviFIsa®sþ EdleyagtamkarpÁt;pÁg; nigxitxMkan;EtxøaMgeTAeTot edIm,IFanafa dMeNaHRsayEdleK)anENnaMenH qøúHbBa©aMg BIPaBsmRsb CamYynwglkçxNÐnanaenAtammUldæan¼RbeTsnImYy². kmµviFIpþl;CMnYybec©keTs rbs;Gñk pþl;CMnYyBhuPaKI kMBugedIrtYkan;EtFMkñúgEpñkCaeRcInéneKalneya)ay EdlTak;TgnwgbriyakasvinieyaK nig

49¼56

)anebIk»kasCaeRcIn sMrab;karbegáItRbPB nigGñkCMnaj kñúgvis½yÉkeTsnana RBmTaMgedIm,IEklMG RbsiT§PaBCMnYy CaTUeTA.

karCYyKaMRTedaypÞal;cMeBaHRkumh‘un b¤RbtibtþikarCMnYjTaMgLay³ karKaMRTRbePTenH EdleKerobcM)anl¥ GacCYybMeBjdl;karEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK. CMnYyGPivDÆn_ sMrab;CYyKaMRTdl; Rkumh‘untUc² tamry³\NTan nigkarksagsmtßPaB mancMnYnelIsKñabnþicBICMnYybec©keTs sMrab;EklMG briyakasvinieyaK. k¾b:uEnþ viFankarTaMgenH manlT§plxus²BIKña ehIyGacTTYlplcMeNjBIkarENnaM dUcKñanwgGVIEdl eK)anelIkeLIgsMrab;CMerIsGnþraKmn_mYycMnYn EdlrdæaPi)alRtUveFVI. RbeTseCOnelOn nig Pñak;garGnþrCatiTaMgLay )anpþl;TwkR)ak;RbmaN 26 Ban;lan duløaGaemrik kñúgmYyqñaM kñúgTMrg;Ca\NTan minEmnsm,Tan b¤CakarFana edIm,IKaMRTRbtibtþikarBaNiCökmµd¾Cak;lak;mYycMnYn. fVIebI vaminEmnCaRbePT CMnYyGPivDÆn_k¾eday karbegáInkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelIkarcUlrYmcMENkenH eFVIeGayRbtibtþikarBaNiCökmµ TaMgenH kan;EtmantmøaPaB nigeFVIeGayTIpSarEdlmanlT§PaBRbkYtRbECg GacBRgIk\T§iBlGPivDÆn_eTAelI karKaMRTenH.

karxitxMedaHRsayrebobvar³ sþIBIcMeNHdwgsMxan;²

RbPBTinñn½yfµI² énRbePTEdleK)anelIkeLIgkñúgr)aykarN_enH eFVIeGayeyIgyl;dwgbEnßm GMBI mUldæanRKwHénkMeNInesdækic© nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. b:uEnþ rebobvar³d¾EvgmYykMBugrg;caM edIm,IbegáIn visalPaB nigPaBsIuCMerAénkaryl;dwg edIm,Ipþl;esckþIENnaMdl;GñkmanParkic©erobcMeKalneya)ay. Rbkar enHrYmman karBRgIkkarksagGaMgDIkaT½réneKaledAnana rbs;briyakasvinieyaK nigkarviPaKCaRbcaM elIbTBiesaFn_tamRbeTsnana edIm,IeRcaHykemeronl¥²EdlekIteLIg.

tamry³kic©shkarKñaelIRbFanbTTaMgenH shKmn_GnþrCatiGacCYybegáItbriyakasvinieyaKnana RbesIrCagmun enAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn nigedIm,IrYmcMENkeFVIeGaymantulüPaB/ mankarrYmsM)ac;Kña RbesIrCagmun nigBiPBelakmYyEdlRbkbedaysnþiPaB.

RbGb; 5> sarsMxan;² ecjBIr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak 2005 briyakasvinieyaK CaktþasMxan;bMputsMrab;kMeNInesdækic© nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk

karEklMGkalanuvtþPaB nigeRKOgelIkTwkcitþ sMrab;eGayRkumh‘unRKb;RbePT vinieyaKRbkbeday plitPaBx<s; begáItkargar nigBRgIkskmµPaBesdækic© KYrEtCaGaTiPaBx<s;bMputrbs;rdæaPi)alTaMgLay. enHminEmnRKan;EtedIm,IbegáInbrimaNénkarvinieyaKb:ueNÑaHeT b:uEnþ EfmTaMgRtUvCMrujkarEklMGplitPaB Edl

50¼56

CaKnøwHsMrab;kMeNInesdækic© RbkbedaynirnþrPaB eTotpg.

• eKaledA KWIbegáItbriyakasvinieyaKmYyRbesIrCagmun sMrab;mnusSRKb;rUb. briyakasvinieyaKl¥ nwgpþl;RbeyaCn_dl;sgÁmTaMgmUl minEmnsMrab;EtRkumh‘unFM² nigbNþaRkumh‘unEdlmanTMnak;TMng neya)ayl¥enaHeT.

• karBRgIk»kasnana sMrab;RbCaBlrdæekµg² KWCakgVl;FMbMputcMeBaHRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn EdlmanRbCaCn 53° rs;enAedaymancMNUlRbcaMéf¶ ticCa 2 duløaGaemrik Edlyuvv½ymancMnYnCagBIrdgénGRta Gt;kargareFVICamFüm RBmTaMgmankMeNInRbCaCnelOn.

karkat;bnßycMNayminsmehtupl CaRbkarsMxan; b:uEnþ eKk¾RtUvxitxMedaHRsaypgEdr nUvbBaðahaniP½yTak;TgnwgeKalneya)ay nigbNþa]bsKÁcMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECg

ktþaTaMgbIenH EtgCH\T§iBldl;Rkumh‘unTaMgLay dUcenHehIy vab:HBal;dl;kMeNInesdækic© nigkar kat;bnßyPaBRkIRk.

• éføcMNaynanaEdlTak;TgnwgPaBTn;exSay kñúgkarCMrujeGayRbtibtþitamkic©snüa/ kgVHxatehdæarcna sm<½n§/ ]Rkidækmµ/ GMeBIBukrlYy nigviFanRKb;RKg mantMélelIsBI 25° énéfølk; b¤elIsBI 3 dg énBn§TaMgLay EdlRkumh‘unTaMgLayRtUvbg;.

• Rkumh‘unTaMgLay enAkñúgRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn cat;TukPaBminR)akdRbCaéneKalneya)ay CakgVl;FM bMput. RbkarenH nigRbPBepSgeToténhaniP½yBak;B½n§nwgeKalneya)ay dUcCac,ab;kmµsiT§iminc,as; las;/ GsßirPaBm:aRkUesdækic© nigviFansþIBIGaCJakNþal )anbnøacmineGayeKcg;vinieyaK. karEklMG lT§PaBGac):an;sµaneKalneya)ayCamun)an GacbegáInkarvinieyaK)anCag 30°.

• ]bsKÁnanacMeBaHkarRbkYtRbECg pþl;plcMeNjdl;Rkumh‘unmYycMnYn b:uEnþ eFVIeGay)at;bg;»kasl¥² nigbegáInéføcMNaydl;Rkumh‘unmYycMnYnepSgeTot nigGñkeRbIR)as;TaMgLay. RbkarenH k¾bnßytMél énkarelIkTwkcitþ eFVIeGayRkumh‘unTaMgLayEdlTTYl)ankarKaMBar Elgcab;GarmµN_ cg;eFVIkarécñRbDit fµI² nigEklMGplitPaBrbs;eK. karbegáInsm<aFénkarRbkYtRbECg GacbegáInRbU)ab‘ÍlIeténkarécñRbDit fµIrbs;Rkumh‘un )anelIsBI 50°.

karrIkcMerIneTAmux TamTareRcIn elIsBIkarpøas;bþÚreKalneya)aypøÚvkar

Rkumh‘unCag 90° elIkBIPaBxusKñarvagviFanRKb;RKgpøÚvkar nigGVIEdlekIteLIgenAkñúgkarGnuvtþ ehIy esdækic©minpøÚvkar plit)anCagBak;kNþalénplitplesdækic© enAtambNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn. karbegáIt

51¼56

briyakasvinieyaKmYyRbesIrCagmun TamTareGayrdæaPi)al tPöab;PaBxusKñaTaMgLay nigxitxMedaHRsay eGaykan;EtsIuCMerA nUvRbPBnanaénbraC½yeKalneya)ay EdlbMpøajbriyakasvinieyaKd¾rwgmaMmYy. Rbkar TaMgenH TamTareGayeKxMRbwgERbg³

• RbqaMgGMeBIBukrlYy nigTMrg;déTeTot énkareqøótEsVgrkplRbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn EdlbegáInkarcMNay nigeFVIeGayxUceKalneya)ay.

• ksagkareCOTukcitþ)anelIeKalneya)ay eFVIIeGayRkumh‘uneCOTukcitþelIkarvinieyaK.

• RtUvbMpuskareCOCak;CasaFarN³ EdlcaM)ac;edIm,IbgálkçxNÐRbkb nigRTRTg;karEklMGeKalneya)ay eGaymannirnþrPaB nig

• FanaeGaykarykcitþTukdak;nanarbs;eKalneya)ay RtUveKerobcMeLIg RsbeTAtamlkçxNÐTaMgLay kñúgmUldæan¼RbeTsnImYy².

karEklMGbriyakasvinieyaK KWCadMeNIrkarmYy minEmnCaRBwtþikarN_mYyeT

eKalneya)ay nig\riyabfrbs;rdæaPi)al Edlman\T§iBleTAelIbriyakasvinieyaK RKbdNþb;elI vis½yCaeRcIn. b:uEnþ GVI²TaMgGs; minEmnRtUvedaHRsayeGaycb;eRscPøam²enaHeT ehIyk¾minTamTareGay manPaB\tex©aH enAkñúgvis½yNamYy éneKalneya)ayEdr. eKGaceFVIeGaymankareCOnelOnFMmYy eday edaHRsay]bsKÁsMxan;² EdlRkumh‘unTaMgLaykMBugRbQmmux edIm,IeGayeKmanCMenOcitþeTAelIkarvinieyaK nigedayRTRTg;dMeNIrkarEklMGnana EdlkMBugRbRBwtþeTA.

• edayehtufa ]bsKÁmansPaBxus²BIKña eTAtamRbeTsepSg²Kña RBmTaMgenAkñúgRbeTsEtmYy eKRtUv EtvaytMélGaTiPaBnana enAkñúgral;krNIedayELk²BIKña. dMeNIrkarEkTMrg; TTYl)anplRbeyaCn_ BITMnak;TMngsaFarN³d¾manRbsiT§iPaB nigviFankarepSg²eTot sMrab;ksagkarRBmeRBogKñaCaTUeTA nigrkSasMTuHénclnaenH.

52¼56

kMNt;sMKal;cugGtßbT 1> Johnson, McMillan and Woddruff (2002). 2> Feder and others (1988). 3> Hall and Jones (1999); Parente and Prescott (2000); Easterly and Levine (2001); and Bosworth and

Collins (2003). 4> Schumpeter (1942).

5> ILO (2004).

6> OECD (2002) nig Carlson and Payne (2003).

7> Dollar, Hallward-Driemeier, and Mengistae (2003) nig Hallward-Driemeier, Iarossi, and Sokoloff (2002).

8> Minot and Goletti (2000) nig Winters, McCulloch, and McKay (2004).

9> Hoekman, Kee, and Olarreaga (2001).

10> World Bank (1996).

11> Field (2002).

12> World Economic Forum (2004).

13> Londoño and Guerrero (2000)

14> Bartelsman and others (2004)

15> World Bank (2004a)

16> Migliorisi and Galmarini (2004)

Éksareyag

Baküfa {Ekécñplit} niyaysMedAkarpliteLIgvijminpøÚvkar nUvkic©karTaMgLayNa Edlmin GacTTYl)an CaTUeTA enAtambNÑal½ynana.

Aghion, Philipe, Robin Burgess, Stephen Redding, and Fabrizio Zilibotti. 2002. “esrIPavUbnIykmµ/

sßab½nnana nigsßanPaBkargar]sShkmµ³ PsþútagBIRbeTs\NÐa -Liberalization, Institutions, and

Industrial Performance: Evidence from India.” ÉksarEdleK)anbgðajenAkñúgsnñisITGnþrCati sþIBICMnYj nigkarvinieyaK -Paper presented at the International Trade and Investment Conference. Cambridge, Mass. August 5.

Ahluwalia,Montek. 2002. “kMENTMrg;esdækic©enARbeTs\NÐa cab;BIqñaM 1991³ etIeKalneya)ayCakMrit² pþl;lT§pll¥b¤eT? -Economic Reforms in India Since 1991: Has Gradualism Worked?” Journal of Economic Perspectives 16(3):67–88.

53¼56

Ayyagari,Meghana, Thorsten Beck, and Asli Demirgüç-Kunt. 2002. “bNþashRKasFuntUc nigmFüm enATUTaMgsaklelak³ mUldæanTinñn½yfµI -Small and Medium Enterprises across the Globe: A New Database.” Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 3127.

Bartelsman, Eric, John Haltiwanger, and Stefano Scarpetta. 2004. “Psþútagm:aRkUesdækic©énkarbMpøaj Ebbsßabna enAkñúgbNþaRbeTs]sSahkmµ nigbNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn -Microeconomic Evidence of Creative Destruction in Industrial and Developing Countries.” Background paper for the WDR 2005.

Bosworth, Barry, and Susan M. Collins. 2003. “karsikSaEbbGimBIric GMBIkMeNInesdækic©³ kareFVIbc©úb,nñ PaB -The Empirics of Growth: An Update.” The Brookings Institution. Washington, D.C. Processed.

Burgess, Robin, and Tony Venables. 2003. “GMBIm:aRkUesdækic©énkMeNInesdækic© -Towards a Microeconomics of Growth.” London School of Economics. London. Processed.

Carlson, Ingrid, and Mark J. Payne. 2003. “Estudio Comparativo de Estadisticas de Empleo Publico en 26 Paises de America Latina y el Caribe.” In Koldo Echebarria, eds., Red de Gestion y Transparencia de la Politica Publica. Servicio Civil: Temas para un Dialogo. Washington, D.C.: Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo.

Chen, Shaohua, and Yan Wang. 2001. “kMeNInesdækic© nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk enARbeTscin³ TMenar nanaenAcenøaHqñaM 1990 nig 1999 -China’s Growth and Poverty Reduction: Trends between 1990 and 1999.” Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 2651.

De Long, J. Bradford. 2003. “RbeTs\NÐa cab;BIeBlTTYl)anÉkraCümk³ karBiBN’naEbbviPaK GMBIkMeNInesdækic© -India since Independence: An Analytic Growth Narrative.” In Dani Rodrik, eds., In Search of Prosperity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Dollar, David, Mary Hallward-Driemeier, and Taye Mengistae. 2003. “briyakasvinieyaK nigbMNg R)afñarbs;Rkumh‘un enAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugrIkcMerIn -Investment Climate and Firm Performance in Developing Countries.”World Bank.Washington D.C. Processed.

Easterly,William, and Ross Levine. 2001. “enHminEmnCakarRbmUlpþúMkarN_BitTaMgLayeT³ bNþakarN_ BittamTMrg;erobcM nigKMrUnanaénkMeNInesdækic© -It’s Not Factor Accumulation: Stylized Facts and Growth Models.” World Bank Economic Review 15(2):177–219.

Feder, Gershon, Tongroj Onchan, Yongyuth Chalamwong, and Chira Hongladarom. 1988. bNþa eKalneya)aydIFøI nigplitPaBénksidæan enARbeTséf -Land Policies and Farm Productivity in Thailand. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.

54¼56

Field, Erica. 2002. “siT§ieFVIkar³ kmµsiT§ielIGclnRTBüenAtamTIRkug nigkarpÁt;pÁg;kMlaMg Blkmµ enARbeTs eb:rU -Entitled to Work: Urban Property Rights and Labor Supply in Peru.” Princenton, N.J.: Princeton University, Princeton Law and Public Affairs Working Paper 02-1.

Hall, Robert E., and Charles I. Jones. 1999. “ehtuGVIRbeTsmYycMnYnplit)anplitply:ageRcIneFobnwg kmµkrmñak; CagenAkñúgRbeTsepSg²eTot -Why Do Some Countries Produce so much more Output per Worker than Others?” Quarterly Journal of Economics 114(1):83–116.

Hallward-Driemeier, Mary, Giuseppe Iarossi, and Kenneth L. Sokoloff. 2002. “nIhr½N nigplitPaB énplitkmµ]sSahkmµ enAGasIubUB’a³ karviPaKeRbobeFobCamYynwgkMrgTinñn½yfñak;Rkumh‘un -Exports and Manufacturing Productivity in East Asia: A Comparative Analysis with Firm-Level Data.” Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series 8894.

Hoekman, Bernard, Hiau Looi Kee, and Marcelo Olarreaga. 2001. “tMélbEnßm/ viFanénkarcUleTAkan; TIpSar nigBaNiC¢kmµ³ etITMhMRbeTsmanGtßn½yb¤eT? -Markups, Entry Regulations, and Trade: Does Country Size Matter?”Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 2662.

Holmgren, Torgny, Louis Kasekende, Michael Atingi-Ego, and Daniel Ddamulira. 2001. “G‘Ukg;da-Uganda.” enAkñúgkic©karrbs; Shantayanan Devarajan, David Dollar, and Torgny Holmgren,

eds., CMnYy nigkarEkTMrg; enATVIbGaRBic³ emeronnanaBIbNþakarsikSatamkrNI -Aid and Reform in Africa: Lessons from the Case Studies. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

ILO (International Labour Organisation). 2004. ninñakarénkarpþl;kargarenAelIsaklelak -Global Employment Trends. Geneva: International Labor Organization.

Johnson, Simon, John McMillan, and Christopher Woodruff. 2002. “siT§ielIRTBüsm,tþi nighirBaØvtßú -Property Rights and Finance.” American Economic Review 92(5):1335–56.

Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay, and Massimo Mastruzzi. 2003. “bBaðaGPi)alkic© III³ GaMgDIkaT½r GPi)alkic© sMrab;bNþaqñaM 1996-2002 -Governance Matters III: Governance Indicators for 1996-2002.”Washington, D.C.:World Bank Policy Research Report Series 3106.

Londoño, Juan Luis, and Rodrigo Guerrero. 2000. “Violencia en America Latina: Epidemiología y Costos.” In Rodrigo Guerrero, Alejandro Gaviria, and Juan Luis Londoño, eds., Asalto al Desarrollo: Violencia en América Latina. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank.

Migliorisi, Stefano, and Marco Galmarini. 2004. “karCYy]btßmÖrbs;Gñkpþl;CMnYy cMeBaHbNþakarEkTMrg; briyakasvinieyaK -Donor Assistance to Investment Climate Reforms.” Background paper for the WDR 2005.

55¼56

Minot, Nicholas, and Francesco Goletti. 2000. esrIPavUbnIykmµénTIpSarGgár nigPaBRkIRk enARbeTs evotNam -Rice Market Liberalization and Poverty in Vietnam. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute, Research Report 114.

Narayan, Deepa, Robert Chambers, Meera Kaul Shah, and Patti Petesch. 2000. sMelgGñkRk³ sMErk TamTarkarpøas;bþÚr -Voices of the Poor: Crying Out for Change. Washington, D.C.:World Bank.

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). 2002. karrMelceGayeXIj GMBI ebovtSr_ nigkarpþl;kargar enAkñúgvis½ysaFarN³ -Highlights of Public Sector Pay and Employment: 2002 Update. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Panagariya, Arvind. 2003. “RbeTs\NÐa kñúgbNþaqñaM 1980 nig 1990³ eCaKC½yénkarEkTMrg;TaMgLay -India in the 1980s and 1990s: A Triumph of Reforms.” ÉksarbgðajenAkñúgsnñisIT erOgniTan GMBIykSBIr³ bTBiesaFn_CamYynwgkMENTMrg; nigkMeNInesdækic© rbs;RbeTscin nig\NÐa. New Delhi. November 14.

Parente, Stephen L., and Edward C. Prescott. 2000. ]bsKÁcMeBaHGñkman -Barriers to Riches. Cambridge,Mass.: MIT Press.

Pritchett, Lant. 2004. “kMENTMrg;eRbobdUcCasársUkULamYyRbGb;³ karEsVgyl;GMBIkarxkcitþ nigkarPJak; ep¥Ilnana énkMeNInesdækic© -Reform is Like a Box of Chocolates: Understanding the Growth Disappointments and Surprises.” Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass. Processed.

Qian, Yingyi. 2003. “rebobdMeNIrkarénkMENTMrg;enARbeTscin -How Reform Worked in China.” In Dani Rodrik, eds., In Search of Prosperity: Analytic Narratives on Economic Growth. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.

Rodrik, Dani, and Arvind Subramanian. 2004. “ecjBI{kMeNInesdækic©énhiNÐÚ} eTAkan;sMTuHplitPaB³ Gaf’kM)aMgénkarqøgeTArkkMeNInesdækic© rbs;RbeTs\NÐa -From ‘Hindu Growth’ to Productivity Surge: The Mystery of the Indian Growth Transition.” Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass. Processed.

Schneider, Friedrich. 2002. “TMhM nigrgVas; énesdækic©minpøÚvkar enAkñúgRbeTscMnYn 110 enATUTaMgBiPB elak -Size and Measurement of the Informal Economy in 110 Countries Around the World”.” Paper presented at the Workshop of Australian National Tax Centre. Canberra, Australia. July 17.

Schumpeter, Joseph. 1942. mUlFnniym sgÁmniym nigrbbRbCaFibetyü -Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.

56¼56

Varshney, Ashutoth. 1998. “neya)ayrbs;mhaCn b¤mYy neya)ayrbs;\sSrCn? -Mass Politics or Elite Politics? India’s Economic Reforms in Comparative Perspective.” Journal of Policy Reform 2(4):301–35.

Winters, Alan, Neil McCulloch, and Andrew McKay. 2004. “esrIPavUbnIykmµBaNiC¢kmµ nigPaBRkIRk³ PsþútagmkTl;eBlenH -Trade Liberalization and Poverty: The Evidence so Far.” Journal of Economic Literature 42(1):72–115.

World Bank. 1996. \T§iBlsgÁm-esdækic©d¾Tn;Pøn;énbNþapøÚvCaKURbECgKña³ KMeragpøÚvCatixñatFMTIbYn -Morocco-Socioeconomic Influence of Rival Roads: Fourth Highway Project. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Operations Evaluation Department.

————. 2001. karvaytMélelIkarCYyRbeTsG‘Ukg;da³ eKalneya)ay/ karcUlrYm nigRbCaCn -Uganda Country Assistance Evaluation: Policy, Participation, People. Washington, D.C.:World Bank, Operations Evaluation Department.

————. 2002. r)aykarN_énkarsikSaRsavRCaveKalneya)ay rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak qñaM 2002. saklPavUbnIykmµ kMeNInesdækic© nigPaBRkIRk³ karksagesdækic©BiPBelakmYyRbkbedaykarrYm sM)ac;Kña -World Bank Policy Research Report 2002. Globalization, Growth, and Poverty: Building an Inclusive World Economy New York: Oxford University Press.

————. 2004a. TidæPaBTUeTAénesdækic©saklelak qñaM 2004³ kareFVIeGaysMerckarebþCJacitþGPivDÆn_ énrebobvar³TIRkugdUha -Global Economic Prospects 2004: Realizing the Development Promise of the Doha Agenda. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

————.2004b. bNþaGaMgDIkaT½rGPivDÆn_BiPBelak -World Development Indicators. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.

————. 2004c. kareFVIGaCIvkmµ kñúgqñaM 2005³ karlubbM)at;]bsKÁnana cMeBaHkMeNInesdækic© -Doing Business in 2005: Removing Obstacles to Growth.Washington, D.C.:World Bank.

World Economic Forum. 2004. r)aykarN_sßanPaBénkarRbkYtRbECgelIsaklelak qñaM 2003-2004 -The Global Competitiveness Report 2003-2004. Geneva:World Economic Forum.

Young, Alwyn. 2000. “masenAkñúgépÞ)atGMBIelah³³ kMeNInplitPaB enAkñúgsaFarNrdæRbCamanitucin kñúgdMNak;kalEkTMrg; -Gold into Base Metals: Productivity Growth in the People’s Republic of China during the Reform Period.” Journal of Political Economy 111(6 ):1220–61.

briyakasvinieyakmyy rbesircagmun smrab;mnussrkb;rub · 7¼56 3 000...

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