bssc applications

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CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 3 CHAPTER 4CHAPTER 1


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Cellular Infrastructure Group

BSS08

BSSC APPLICATIONS

FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

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BSSCAPPLICATIONS


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EMOTOROLA LTD. 2001 BSS08: BSSC Applications


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1

BSS08

BSSC Applications

E Motorola 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999

All Rights Reserved

Printed in the U.K.


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EMOTOROLA LTD. 2001BSS08: BSSC Applications


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Copyrights, notices and trademarks

Copyrights

The Motorola products described in this document may include copyrighted Motorola computer

programs stored in semiconductor memories or other media. Laws in the United States and other

countries preserve for Motorola certain exclusive rights for copyright computer programs, including the

exclusive right to copy or reproduce in any form the copyright computer program. Accordingly, any

copyright Motorola computer programs contained in the Motorola products described in this document

may not be copied or reproduced in any manner without the express written permission of Motorola.

Furthermore, the purchase of Motorola products shall not be deemed to grant either directly or by

implication, estoppel or otherwise, any license under the copyrights, patents or patent applications of

Motorola, except for the rights that arise by operation of law in the sale of a product.

Restrictions

The software described in this document is the property of Motorola. It is furnished under a licenseagreement and may be used and/or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of the agreement.

Software and documentation are copyright materials. Making unauthorized copies is prohibited by

law. No part of the software or documentation may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored

in a retrieval system, or translated into any language or computer language, in any form or by any

means, without prior written permission of Motorola.

AccuracyWhile reasonable efforts have been made to assure the accuracy of this document, Motorola

assumes no liability resulting from any inaccuracies or omissions in this document, or from the use

of the information obtained herein. Motorola reserves the right to make changes to any products

described herein to improve reliability, function, or design, and reserves the right to revise this

document and to make changes from time to time in content hereof with no obligation to notify any

person of revisions or changes. Motorola does not assume any liability arising out of the application

or use of any product or circuit described herein; neither does it convey license under its patent

rights of others.

Trademarks

and MOTOROLA are trademarks of Motorola Inc.

UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, licensed exclusively throughX/Open Company Limited.

Tandem, Integrity, Integrity S2, and Non-Stop-UX are trademarks of Tandem Computers

Incorporated.

X Window System, X and X11 are trademarks of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Looking Glass is a registered trademark of Visix Software Ltd.

OSF/Motif is a trademark of the Open Software Foundation.

Ethernet is a trademark of the Xerox Corporation.

Wingz is a trademark and INFORMIX is a registered trademark of Informix Software Ltd.

SUN, SPARC, and SPARCStation are trademarks of Sun Microsystems Computer Corporation.

IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.

HP is a registered trademark of Hewlett Packard Inc.


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2Introduction 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Purpose 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .About this manual 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cross references 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Text conventions 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3First aid in case of electric shock 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Warning 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Artificial respiration 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Burns treatment 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4Reporting safety issues 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Introduction 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Procedure 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5Warnings and cautions 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Introduction 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Warnings 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cautions 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6General warnings 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Introduction 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Warning labels 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Specific warnings 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .High voltage 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .RF radiation 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Laser radiation 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Lifting equipment 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Do not ... 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Battery supplies 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Toxic material 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7Beryllium health and safety precautions 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Introduction 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Health issues 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Inhalation 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Skin contact 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Eye contact 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Handling procedures 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Disposal methods 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Product life cycle implications 9. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8General cautions 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Introduction 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Caution labels 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Specific cautions 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Fibre optics 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Static discharge 10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9Devices sensitive to static 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Introduction 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Special handling techniques 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10Motorola GSM manual set 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Introduction 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Generic manuals 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Tandem OMC 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Scaleable OMC 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Related manuals 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Service manuals 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Category number 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Catalogue number 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ordering manuals 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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11Issue status of this manual 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Introduction 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Version information 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12GMR amendment 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Introduction 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Procedure 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Amendment record 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 1Chapter title goes here i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter 2Chapter title goes here i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15 21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16 22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Index I1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1 General information



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General information

Important notice

If this manual was obtained when you attended a Motorola training course, it will not beupdated or amended by Motorola. It is intended for TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY. If itwas supplied under normal operational circumstances, to support a major softwarerelease, then corrections will be supplied automatically by Motorola in the form ofGeneral Manual Revisions (GMRs).

Purpose

Motorola Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Technical Education manualsare intended to support the delivery of Technical Education only and are not intended toreplace the use of Customer Product Documentation.

Failure to comply with Motorolas operation, installation and maintenanceinstructions may, in exceptional circumstances, lead to serious injury or death.

WARNING

These manuals are not intended to replace the system and equipment training offered byMotorola, although they can be used to supplement and enhance the knowledge gainedthrough such training.

About thismanual


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Cross references

Throughout this manual, cross references are made to the chapter numbers and sectionnames. The section name cross references are printed bold in text.

This manual is divided into uniquely identified and numbered chapters that, in turn, aredivided into sections. Sections are not numbered, but are individually named at the topof each page, and are listed in the table of contents.

Text conventions

The following conventions are used in the Motorola GSM manuals to represent keyboardinput text, screen output text and special key sequences.

Input

Characters typed in at the keyboard are shown like this.

Output

Messages, prompts, file listings, directories, utilities, and environmental

variables that appear on the screen are shown like this.

Special key sequences

Special key sequences are represented as follows:

CTRL-c Press the Control and c keys at the same time.

ALT-f Press the Alt and f keys at the same time.

| Press the pipe symbol key.

CR or RETURN Press the Return (Enter) key. The Return key isidentified with the symbol on both the X terminal andthe SPARCstation keyboards. The SPARCstationkeyboard Return key is also identified with the wordReturn.


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1 First aid in case of electric shock



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First aid in case of electric shock

Warning

Do not touch the victim with your bare hands until the electric circuit isbroken.

Switch off. If this is not possible, protect yourselfwith dry insulatingmaterial and pull or push the victim clear of the conductor.

WARNING

Artificialrespiration

In the event of an electric shock it may be necessary to carry out artificial respiration.

Send for medical assistance immediately.

Burns treatment

If the patient is also suffering from burns, then, without hindrance to artificial respiration,carry out the following:

1. Do not attempt to remove clothing adhering to the burn.

2. If help is available, or as soon as artificial respiration is no longer required, coverthe wound with a dry dressing.

3. Do not apply oil or grease in any form.


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1Reporting safety issues



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Reporting safety issues

Introduction

Whenever a safety issue arises, carry out the following procedure in all instances.Ensure that all site personnel are familiar with this procedure.

Procedure

Whenever a safety issue arises:

1. Make the equipment concerned safe, for example, by removing power.

2. Make no further attempt to tamper with the equipment.

3. Report the problem directly to GSM MCSC +44 (0)1793 430040 (telephone) andfollow up with a written report by fax +44 (0)1793 430987 (fax).

4. Collect evidence from the equipment under the guidance of the MCSC.


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1 Warnings and cautions



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Warnings and cautions

Introduction

The following describes how warnings and cautions are used in this manual and in allmanuals of the Motorola GSM manual set.

Warnings

Definition

A warning is used to alert the reader to possible hazards that could cause loss of life,physical injury, or ill health. This includes hazards introduced during maintenance, forexample, the use of adhesives and solvents, as well as those inherent in the equipment.

Example and format

Do not look directly into fibre optic cables or optical data in/out connectors.Laser radiation can come from either the data in/out connectors orunterminated fibre optic cables connected to data in/out connectors.

WARNING

Cautions

Definition

A caution means that there is a possibil ity of damage to systems, or individual items ofequipment within a system. However, this presents no danger to personnel.

Example and format

Do not use test equipment that is beyond its calibration due date when testingMotorola base stations.

CAUTION


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General warnings

Introduction

Observe the following warnings during all phases of operation, installation andmaintenance of the equipment described in the Motorola GSM manuals. Failure tocomply with these warnings, or with specific warnings elsewhere in the Motorola GSMmanuals, violates safety standards of design, manufacture and intended use of theequipment. Motorola assumes no liability for the customers failure to comply with theserequirements.

Warning labels

Personnel working with or operating Motorola equipment must comply with any warninglabels fitted to the equipment. Warning labels must not be removed, painted over orobscured in any way.

Specificwarnings

Warnings particularly applicable to the equipment are positioned on the equipment andwithin the text of this manual. These must be observed by all personnel at all times whenworking with the equipment, as must any other warnings given in text, on the illustrationsand on the equipment.

High voltage

Certain Motorola equipment operates from a dangerous high voltage of 230 V ac singlephase or 415 V ac three phase mains which is potentially lethal. Therefore, the areaswhere the ac mains power is present must not be approached until the warnings and

cautions in the text and on the equipment have been complied with.To achieve isolation of the equipment from the ac supply, the mains input isolator mustbe set to off and locked.

Within the United Kingdom (UK) regard must be paid to the requirements of theElectricity at Work Regulations 1989. There may also be specific country legislationwhich need to be complied with, depending on where the equipment is used.

RF radiation

High RF potentials and electromagnetic fields are present in the base station equipmentwhen in operation. Ensure that all transmitters are switched off when any antennaconnections have to be changed. Do not key transmitters connected to unterminatedcavities or feeders.

Refer to the following standards:

S ANSI IEEE C95.1-1991, IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to HumanExposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3kHz to 300GHz.

S CENELEC 95 ENV 50166-2, Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields HighFrequency (10kHz to 300GHz).

Laser radiation

Do not look directly into fibre optic cables or optical data in/out connectors. Laserradiation can come from either the data in/out connectors or unterminated fibre opticcables connected to data in/out connectors.


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Liftingequipment

When dismantling heavy assemblies, or removing or replacing equipment, the competentresponsible person must ensure that adequate lifting facilities are available. Where

provided, lifting frames must be used for these operations. When equipments have to bemanhandled, reference must be made to the Manual Handling of Loads Regulations1992 (UK) or to the relevant manual handling of loads legislation for the country in whichthe equipment is used.

Do not ...... substitute parts or modify equipment.

Because of the danger of introducing additional hazards, do not install substitute parts orperform any unauthorized modification of equipment. Contact Motorola if in doubt toensure that safety features are maintained.

Battery supplies

Do not wear earth straps when working with standby battery supplies.

Toxic material

Certain Motorola equipment incorporates components containing the highly toxic materialBeryllium or its oxide Beryllia or both. These materials are especially hazardous if:

S Beryllium materials are absorbed into the body tissues through the skin, mouth, ora wound.

S The dust created by breakage of Beryllia is inhaled.

S Toxic fumes are inhaled from Beryllium or Beryllia involved in a fire.

See the Beryllium health and safety precautions section for further information.


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1Human exposure to radio frequency energy (PCS1900 only)



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Human exposure to radio frequency energy (PCS1900 only)

Introduction

This equipment is designed to generate and radiate radio frequency (RF) energy. Itshould be installed and maintained only by trained technicians. Licensees of the FederalCommunications Commission (FCC) using this equipment are responsible for insuringthat its installation and operation comply with FCC regulations designed to limit humanexposure to RF radiation in accordance with the American National Standards InstituteIEEE Standard C95.1-1991, IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to HumanExposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3kHz to 300GHz.

Definitions

This standard establishes two sets of maximum permitted exposure limits, one forcontrolled environments and another, that allows less exposure, for uncontrolledenvironments. These terms are defined by the standard, as follows:

Uncontrolled environmentUncontrolled environments are locations where there is the exposure of individuals whohave no knowledge or control of their exposure. The exposures may occur in livingquarters or workplaces where there are no expectations that the exposure levels mayexceed those shown for uncontrolled environments in the table of maximum permittedexposure ceilings.

Controlled environment

Controlled environments are locations where there is exposure that may be incurred bypersons who are aware of the potential for exposure as a concomitant of employment, byother cognizant persons, or as the incidental result of transient passage through areaswhere analysis shows the exposure levels may be above those shown for uncontrolledenvironments but do not exceed the values shown for controlled environments in the

table of maximum permitted exposure ceilings.

Maximumpermittedexposures

The maximum permitted exposures prescribed by the standard are set in terms ofdifferent parameters of effects, depending on the frequency generated by the equipmentin question. At the frequency range of this Personal Communication System equipment,1930-1970MHz, the maximum permitted exposure levels are set in terms of powerdensity, whose definition and relationship to electric field and magnetic field strengths aredescribed by the standard as follows:

Power density (S)

Power per unit area normal to the direction of propagation, usually expressed in units ofwatts per square metre (W/m2) or, for convenience, units such as milliwatts per squarecentimetre (mW/cm2). For plane waves, power density, electric field strength (E) andmagnetic field strength (H) are related by the impedance of free space, 377 ohms. Inparticular,

S+E2

377+ 377 H

2

where E and H are expressed in units of V/m and A/m, respectively, and S in units ofW/m2. Although many survey instruments indicate power density units, the actualquantities measured are E or E2 or H or H2.


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Maximumpermittedexposureceilings

Within the frequency range, the maximum permitted exposure ceiling for uncontrolledenvironments is a power density (mW/cm2) that equals f/1500, where f is the frequencyexpressed in MHz, and measurements are averaged over a period of 30 minutes. Themaximum permitted exposure ceiling for controlled environments, also expressed inmW/cm2, is f/300 where measurements are averaged over 6 minutes. Applying theseprinciples to the minimum and maximum frequencies for which this equipment is intendedto be used yields the following maximum permitted exposure levels:

Uncontrolled Environment Controlled Environment

1930MHz 1970MHz 1930MHz 1970MHz

Ceiling 1.287mW/cm2 1.313mW/cm2 6.433mW/cm2 6.567mW/cm2

If you plan to operate the equipment at more than one frequency, compliance should beassured at the frequency which produces the lowest exposure ceiling (among thefrequencies at which operation will occur).

Licensees must be able to certify to the FCC that their facilities meet the above ceilings.Some lower power PCS devices, 100 milliwatts or less, are excluded from demonstratingcompliance, but this equipment operates at power levels orders of magnitude higher, andthe exclusion is not applicable.

Whether a given installation meets the maximum permitted exposure ceilings depends, inpart, upon antenna type, antenna placement and the output power to which thisequipment is adjusted. The following example sets forth the distances from the antennato which access should be prevented in order to comply with the uncontrolled andcontrolled environment exposure limits as set forth in the ANSI IEEE standards and

computed above.


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Examplecalculation

For a base station with the following characteristics, what is the minimum distance fromthe antenna necessary to meet the requirements of an uncontrolled environment?

Transmit frequency 1930MHz

Base station cabinet output power, P +39.0dBm (8 watts)

Antenna feeder cable loss, CL 2.0dB

Antenna input power Pin PCL = +39.02.0 = +37.0dB (5watts)

Antenna gain, G 16.4dBi (43.65)

Using the following relationship:

G+ 4pr2W

Pin

Where Wis the maximum permissible power density in W/m2 and ris the safe distancefrom the antenna in metres, the desired distance can be calculated as follows:

r+ GPin4pW + 43.65 5

4p 12.87 + 1.16m

where W= 12.87 W/m2 was obtained from table listed above and converting frommW/cm2 to W/m2.

The above result applies only in the direction of maximum radiation of theantenna. Actual installations may employ antennas that have defined radiationpatterns and gains that differ from the example set forth above. The distancescalculated can vary depending on the actual antenna pattern and gain.

NOTE

Power densitymeasurements

While installation calculations such as the above are useful and essential in planning anddesign, validation that the operating facility using this equipment actually complies willrequire making power density measurements. For information on measuring RF fields fordetermining compliance with ANSI IEEE C95.1-1991, see IEEE Recommended Practicefor the Measure of Potentially Hazardous Electromagnetic Fields - RF and Microwave,IEEE Std C95.3-1991. Copies of IEEE C95.1-1991 and IEEE C95.3-1991 may bepurchased from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., Attn:Publication Sales, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscattaway, NJ 08855-1331,(800) 678-IEEE or from ANSI, (212) 642-4900. Persons responsible for installation of this

equipment are urged to consult these standards in determining whether a giveninstallation complies with the applicable limits.

Other equipment

Whether a given installation meets ANSI standards for human exposure to radiofrequency radiation may depend not only on this equipment but also on whether theenvironments being assessed are being affected by radio frequency fields from otherequipment, the effects of which may add to the level of exposure. Accordingly, the overallexposure may be affected by radio frequency generating facilities that exist at the timethe licensees equipment is being installed or even by equipment installed later.Therefore, the effects of any such facilities must be considered in site selection and indetermining whether a particular installation meets the FCC requirements.


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11

Beryllium health and safety precautions

Introduction

Beryllium (Be), is a hard silver/white metal. It is stable in air, but burns brilliantly inOxygen.

With the exception of the naturally occurring Beryl ore (Beryllium Silicate), all Berylliumcompounds and Beryllium metal are potentially highly toxic.

Health issues

Beryllium Oxide is used within some components as an electrical insulator. Captivewithin the component it presents no health risk whatsoever. However, if the componentshould be broken open and the Beryllium Oxide, which is in the form of dust, released,there exists the potential for harm.

Inhalation

Inhalation of Beryllium Oxide can lead to a condition known as Berylliosis, the symptomsof Berylliosis are similar to Pneumonia and may be identified by all or any of thefollowing:

Mild poisoning causes fever, shortness of breath, and a cough that producesyellow/green sputum, or occasionally bloodstained sputum. Inflammation of the mucousmembranes of the nose, throat, and chest with discomfort, possibly pain, and difficultywith swallowing and breathing.

Severe poisoning causes chest pain and wheezing which may progress to severeshortness of breath due to congestion of the lungs. Incubation period for lung symptoms

is 220 days.

Exposure to moderately high concentrations of Beryllium in air may produce a veryserious condition of the lungs. The injured person may become blue, feverish with rapidbreathing and raised pulse rate. Recovery is usual but may take several months. Therehave been deaths in the acute stage.

Chronic response. This condition is more truly a general one although the lungs aremainly affected. There may be lesions in the kidneys and the skin. Certain featuressupport the view that the condition is allergic. There is no relationship between thedegree of exposure and the severity of response and there is usually a time lag of up to10 years between exposure and the onset of the illness. Both sexes are equallysusceptible. The onset of the illness is insidious but only a small number of exposedpersons develop this reaction.

First aid

Seek immediate medical assistance. The casualty should be removed immediately fromthe exposure area and placed in a fresh air environment with breathing supported withOxygen where required. Any contaminated clothing should be removed. The casualtyshould be kept warm and at rest until medical aid arrives.


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Skin contact

Possible irritation and redness at the contact area. Persistent itching and blisterformations can occur which usually resolve on removal from exposure.

First aidWash area thoroughly with soap and water. If skin is broken seek immediate medicalassistance.

Eye contact

May cause severe irritation, redness and swelling of eyelid(s) and inflammation of themucous membranes of the eyes.

First aid

Flush eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical assistance as soonas possible.

Handlingprocedures

Removal of components from printed circuit boards (PCBs) is to take place only atMotorola approved repair centres.

The removal station will be equipped with extraction equipment and all other protectiveequipment necessary for the safe removal of components containing Beryllium Oxide.

If during removal a component is accidently opened, the Beryllium Oxide dust is to bewetted into a paste and put into a container with a spatula or similar tool. Thespatula/tool used to collect the paste is also to be placed in the container. The container

is then to be sealed and labelled. A suitable respirator is to be worn at all times duringthis operation.

Components which are successfully removed are to be placed in a separate bag, sealedand labelled.

Disposalmethods

Beryllium Oxide or components containing Beryllium Oxide are to be treated ashazardous waste. All components must be removed where possible from boards and putinto sealed bags labelled Beryllium Oxide components. These bags must be given to thesafety and environmental adviser for disposal.

Under no circumstances are boards or components containing Beryllium Oxide to be putinto the general waste skips or incinerated.

Product life cycleimplications

Motorola GSM and analogue equipment includes components containing Beryllium Oxide(identified in text as appropriate and indicated by warning labels on the equipment).These components require specific disposal measures as indicated in the preceding(Disposal methods) paragraph. Motorola will arrange for the disposal of all suchhazardous waste as part of its Total Customer Satisfaction philosophy and will arrangefor the most environmentally friendly disposal available at that time.


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General cautions

Introduction

Observe the following cautions during operation, installation and maintenance of theequipment described in the Motorola GSM manuals. Failure to comply with thesecautions or with specific cautions elsewhere in the Motorola GSM manuals may result indamage to the equipment. Motorola assumes no liability for the customers failure tocomply with these requirements.

Caution labels

Personnel working with or operating Motorola equipment must comply with any cautionlabels fitted to the equipment. Caution labels must not be removed, painted over orobscured in any way.

Specific cautions

Cautions particularly applicable to the equipment are positioned within the text of thismanual. These must be observed by all personnel at all times when working with theequipment, as must any other cautions given in text, on the illustrations and on theequipment.

Fibre optics

The bending radius of all fibre optic cables must not be less than 30 mm.

Static discharge

Motorola equipment contains CMOS devices that are vulnerable to static discharge.Although the damage caused by static discharge may not be immediately apparent,CMOS devices may be damaged in the long term due to static discharge caused bymishandling. Wear an approved earth strap when adjusting or handling digital boards.

See Devices sensitive to static for further information.


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Devices sensitive to static

Introduction

Certain metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) devices embody in their design a thin layer ofinsulation that is susceptible to damage from electrostatic charge. Such a charge appliedto the leads of the device could cause irreparable damage.

These charges can be built up on nylon overalls, by friction, by pushing the hands intohigh insulation packing material or by use of unearthed soldering irons.

MOS devices are normally despatched from the manufacturers with the leads shortedtogether, for example, by metal foil eyelets, wire strapping, or by inserting the leads intoconductive plastic foam. Provided the leads are shorted it is safe to handle the device.

Special handling

techniquesIn the event of one of these devices having to be replaced observe the followingprecautions when handling the replacement:

S Always wear an earth strap which must be connected to the electrostatic point(ESP) on the equipment.

S Leave the short circuit on the leads until the last moment. It may be necessary toreplace the conductive foam by a piece of wire to enable the device to be fitted.

S Do not wear outer clothing made of nylon or similar man made material. A cottonoverall is preferable.

S If possible work on an earthed metal surface. Wipe insulated plastic work surfaceswith an anti-static cloth before starting the operation.

S All metal tools should be used and when not in use they should be placed on anearthed surface.

S Take care when removing components connected to electrostatic sensitivedevices. These components may be providing protection to the device.

When mounted onto printed circuit boards (PCBs), MOS devices are normally lesssusceptible to electrostatic damage. However PCBs should be handled with care,preferably by their edges and not by their tracks and pins, they should be transferreddirectly from their packing to the equipment (or the other way around) and never leftexposed on the workbench.


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Motorola GSM manual set

Introduction

The following manuals provide the information needed to operate, install and maintain theMotorola GSM equipment.

Generic manuals

The following are the generic manuals in the GSM manual set, these manuals arerelease dependent:

Categorynumber

Name Cataloguenumber

GSM-100-101 System Information: General 68P02901W01

GSM-100-201 Operating Information: GSM System Operation 68P02901W14GSM-100-311 Technical Description: OMC in a GSM System 68P02901W31

GSM-100-313 Technical Description: OMC Database Schema 68P02901W34

GSM-100-320 Technical Description: BSS Implementation 68P02901W36

GSM-100-321 Technical Description: BSS CommandReference

68P02901W23

GSM-100-403 Installation & Configuration: GSM SystemConfiguration

68P02901W17

GSM-100-423 Installation & Configuration: BSS Optimization 68P02901W43

GSM-100-501 Maintenance Information: Alarm Handling atthe OMC

68P02901W26

GSM-100-521 Maintenance Information: Device StateTransitions

68P02901W57

GSM-100-523 Maintenance Information: BSS FieldTroubleshooting

68P02901W51

GSM-100-503 Maintenance Information: GSM StatisticsApplication

68P02901W56

GSM-100-721 Software Release Notes: BSS/RXCDR 68P02901W72

Tandem OMC

The following Tandem OMC manuals are part of the GSM manual set for systemsdeploying Tandem S300 and 1475:

Categorynumber


GSM-100-202 Operating Information: OMC SystemAdministration

68P02901W13

GSM-100-712 Software Release Notes: OMC System 68P02901W71


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Scaleable OMC

The following Scaleable OMC manuals replace the equivalent Tandem OMC manuals inthe GSM manual set:

Categorynumber


GSM-100-202 Operating Information: Scaleable OMC SystemAdministration

68P02901W19

GSM-100-413 Installation & Configuration: Scaleable OMCClean Install

68P02901W47

GSM-100-712 Software Release Notes: Scaleable OMCSystem

68P02901W74

Related manualsThe following are related Motorola GSM manuals:

Categorynumber


GSM-001-103 System Information: BSS Equipment Planning 68P02900W21

GSM-002-103 System Information: DataGen 68P02900W22

GSM-005-103 System Information: Advance OperationalImpact

68P02900W25

GSM-008-403 Installation & Configuration: Expert Adviser 68P02900W36

Service manuals

The following are the service manuals in the GSM manual set, these manuals are notrelease dependent. The internal organization and makeup of service manual sets mayvary, they may consist of from one to four separate manuals, but they can all be orderedusing the overall catalogue number shown below:

Categorynumber


GSM-100-020 Service Manual: BTS 68P02901W37

GSM-100-030 Service Manual: BSC/RXCDR 68P02901W38

GSM-105-020 Service Manual: M-Cell2 68P02901W75

GSM-106-020 Service Manual: M-Cell6 68P02901W85

GSM-201-020 Service Manual: M-Cellcity 68P02901W95

GSM-202-020 Service Manual: M-Cellaccess 68P02901W65

GSM-101-SERIES ExCell4 Documentation Set 68P02900W50

GSM-103-SERIES ExCell6 Documentation Set 68P02900W70

GSM-102-SERIES TopCell Documentation Set 68P02901W80

GSM-200-SERIES M-CellmicroDocumentation Set 68P02901W90


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Category number

The category number is used to identify the type and level of a manual. For example,manuals with the category number GSM-100-2xx contain operating information.

Cataloguenumber

The Motorola 68P catalogue number is used to order manuals.

Orderingmanuals

All orders for Motorola manuals must be placed with your Motorola Local Office orRepresentative. Manuals are ordered using the catalogue number. Remember, specifythe manual issue required by quoting the correct suffix letter.


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Chapter 1

GSM Network Components


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Chapter 1GSM Network Components i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Objectives 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

GSM Network Components 12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Base Transeiver Station (BTS) 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

RX/TX Modules 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Radio Control Software 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

GSM Control software 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Static Switch 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Terrestrial Interface 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Control Processor 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Synchronizing clock 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Base Station Controller (BSC) 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dynamic Switch 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


Main Control Processor 18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Link Control Processor 110. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


BSC BTS Interconnection Requirements 112. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Transcoder XCDR 114. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Transcoder( XCDR) 116. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


Main Control Processor 116. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


Transcoding + Terrestrial Interface 118. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Transcoding Location 118. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Static Switch 118. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Signalling Interface Interconnections (BSC/RXCDR) 120. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Transcoder Basesite link (XBL) 120. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Operations and Maintenance Link (OML) 120. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cell Broadcast Link (CBL) 120. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Infrastructure Sharing 122. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Call Establishment 124. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Traffic Channel Assignment 126. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Intra BSS Handover 128. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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Objectives

On completion of this section the student will be able to:

S Understand the generic function of the BSS entities.

S Identify the location and function of the:

Radio Signalling Link (RSL)

Message Transfer Link (MTL)

Cell Broadcast Link (CBL)

Transcoder Base Site Link (XBL)

Operation and Maintenance Link (OML)

S Identify the interconnection requirements between a BSC-BTS and BSC-RXCDR.

S Understand the principles of infrastructure sharing.


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GSM Network Components

The following is a listing with a brief explanation of the major system components of theGSM System.

MS (Mobile Station)The radio equipment and man-machine interface that a subscriber needs to accessPLMN services.

BSS (Base Station System)

The fixed end of the radio interface that provides control and radio coverage functions forone or more sites and their associated mobile stations. The BSS includes:

BTS (Base Transceiver Station)

The BTS cabinet is capable of operating as a BTS or as a completely self-contained BSSwith up to five RF carriers in a single cabinet. The BTS is discussed in greater detail laterin this course.

BSC (Base Station Controller)

The BSC cabinet is only used at BSC sites and provides the required expansioncapabilities to interface to the maximum number of remote BTSs allowed by theMotorola GSM BSS offering. The BSC can be a cabinet to itself or as a function at othercabinets. The BSC is discussed in greater detail later in this course.

XCDR (Transcoder Function)

Converts the signal from 64Kbs A-law to 13kbit/s GSM speech.

MSC (Mobile Switching Centre)

The telephone switching exchange for mobile originated or terminated subscriber traffic.

AUC (Authentication Centre)

Generates and stores authentication parameters for subscriber identification.

EIR (Equipment Identity Register)The data base oriented processing network entity that contains centralized data baseinformation for validating mobile stations based on their international mobile equipmentidentity.

VLR (Visitor Location Register)

The database oriented processing network entity that temporarily contains information forsubscribers roaming in a given location area.

HLR (Home Location Register)

The database oriented processing network entity that contains the master data base ofthe subscribers to a PLMN.

EC (Echo Canceller)

Performs echo suppression for all voice circuits.

IWF (Interworking Function)

Performs data rate adaptation between Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) and otherexisting land networks.

OMC (Operations and Maintenance Centre)

A central network entity that controls and monitors other network entities, including thequality of service provided by the network. Two OMCs are used OMC-R for the BSSmonitoring and OMC-S for MSC monitoring.

NMC (Network Management Centre)

Performs hierarchical regionalized network management of the complete GSM system.


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GSM Network Component

MSC

AUC HLR

VLR

IWF EC

XCD

R

BSCBTS BTS

PST

N

OMCS

XCDR

BSC

BTS BTS

BSS

EIR

NMC

OMCR

MSC

VLR

BSS

XCDR


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Base Transeiver Station (BTS)

The function of the Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is to provide the radio link to themobile station (MS), to enable the user of the MS to initiate or receive and to maintain atelephone call. Each BTS can contain up to six cells, which define the area of the BTSs

radio coverage. There are several Hardware / software entities which form togetherwithin the BTS to perform these tasks. These entities, considered generically, include thefollowing:

RX/TX Modules

These provide the modulation/demodulation and the amplification of the Downlink (to theMS) and Uplink (from the MS). It also provides the raw data to measure the signalstrength and quality of the two-way link.

Radio Control

Software

This software controls the RX/TX module functionality. This includes setting theamplification, frequency and instructing the radio when to transmit. It also controlsfunctions such as receive equalization, which improves signal quality and the formattingof the signal strength and quality information to be passed onto further entities.

GSM Controlsoftware

As the link between the BTS and MS needs to follow the GSM specifications it needs tobe controlled by a dedicated software section. This software controls the layer 1 physical

formatting of the air interface. This process includes configuring of the air interface linksfor the GSM TDMA format, formatting the data in each timeslot on that link, and alsohelps in controlling the paging and access grant messages. It processes the signalstrength and quality information from the Radio control software, passing it to the BSC.This information is used to make sure the BTS-MS link is maintained at a good qualitylevel or is the MS handed over to another cell/BTS.

Static Switch

This section switches the channels containing traffic from the Radio sections of the BTSto the terrestrial connections section, thus connecting the air interface channel with therest of the network and eventually to other party. The static switch also routes any controlinformation sent from entities further up in the network to the correct controlling software,usually the resident on the control processor. The static switch means that once it hasbeen initialized it will keep the switching matrix the same all the time, thus keeping thesame connections routed through.

TerrestrialInterface

The Terrestrial Interface provides the necessary connection to the network via a suitablelink. This interface provides the correct formatting and impedance matching to therelevant physical link. The most common link types are 2.048Mbit/s E1 link or1.544Mbit/s T1 link.


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Functions of a BTS

Synchronizing

clockTerrestrialInterface

Static Switch

GSM Cntl s/w

Radio Cntl s/w

RX/TX Modules

GSM Cntl s/w

Radio Cntl s/w

RX/TX Modules

Control

Processor

Site

ControlGSM Call

Processing

GSM

TimeslotMonitoring

Terrestrial

Interface


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Control Processor

The Control Processor is the main processor of the site and can really be split into threemain areas:

Site Control

This section is in control of the main processes and hardware to maintain the siteintegrity. The main functions include internal data bus control and initialization of the siteat power up as well as reporting any faults or operational problems back to the controllingBSC further up in the network.

GSM Call Processing

Although the GSM control software looks after the link to Mobile station from a very basiclevel (i.e. layer 1 process implementing the physical air interface link). The GSM callprocessings role is that of call management. This process is used to interface GSMcontrol messaging from the Base Station Controller to the GSM control software and to

activate the allocated timeslot ready for the call to take place.

GSM Timeslot Monitoring

The GSMTimeslot Monitoring process manages the air interface timeslot usage, keepinga database of which timeslots are being used and for what purpose, recording theinterference levels on each idle timeslot, prioritizing them for future use. Upon a requestfor a call, this process allocates the best available timeslot, dependant on interferencelevel.

Synchronizingclock

As all the above processes need specific and accurate timing signals, each BTS will beequipped with a clock to make sure everything is synchronized.


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Base Station Controller (BSC)

The function of the Base Station Controller (BSC) is to provide the overall control for theBSS. It controls and manages the associated BTSs, and interfaces with the Operationsand Maintenance Centre (OMC) and the Mobile Switching Services Centre (MSC). The

generic entities include the following:

Dynamic Switch

During the call set-up procedure the mobile is instructed to use a particular time slot onthe air interface, to send and receive its traffic bursts. This channel allocation is done bythe BSC GSM call processing software. However, the call in progress not only requiresan air interface channel, but it will require a terrestrial circuit to connect it through to theMSC. This circuit allocation is done by the MSC. The function of the switch is to connecteach BSC allocated channel to the correct MSC allocated circuit. This is done on a percall basis, therefore the switching has to be done on a dynamic basis, as there will becalls starting and finishing all the time and all requiring the separate connection. Theswitching matrix also lets the BSS perform handovers within a single BSS without

involving the MSC.


The Terrestrial interface provides the necessary connection to the network via a suitablelink. This interface provides the correct formatting and impedance matching to therelevant physical link. The most common link types are 2.048Mbit/s E1 link or1.544Mbit/s T1 link.

Main ControlProcessor

This Processor is the main processor of the site and can really be split into three mainareas:

Site Control

This section is in control of the main processes and hardware to maintain the siteintegrity. The main functions include internal data bus control and initialization of the siteat power up. It will also look after the environmental aspects of the site, for exampletemperature levels.

Operations and Maintenance

As well as collecting any faults or operational problems from within the whole BSS it will

also collect performance statistics and report them back to the controlling entity furtherup in the network (the OMC). These statistics are used to monitor the network elements,everything from the performance of the radios in maintaining the links to the mobiles, tothe amount of processing power used.

Switch Manager

The switch manager will connect a mobile terrestrial circuit, allocated by the MSC for aparticular call, to the Air interface channel allocated by the BSS. In this respect it is incontrol of the dynamic switch making sure that all calls and signaling are put through tothe correct place be it a control processor or ultimately the Mobile Station. Informationabout which connections are to made is received form the GSM call processing softwareresident on the link control processors.


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1 Base Station Controller (BSC)



19

Functions of a BSC

Main.

Dynamic Switch

Synchronizing

clock

Terrestrial

InterfaceProcessor

GSM Call

MSC Link

Processing

Processor

SiteControl

Ops +

Terrestrial

Interface

Terrestrial

Interface

Terrestrial

Interface





Main Control

ManagerSwitch

Processing

Link ControlProcesso

r

GSM Call

MSC LinkProcessing

Link Control

Processing


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1Link Control Processor



110

Link Control Processor

The Link Control Processor maintains communications to each of the BTSs within theBSS and/or the MSC. In addition to this it provides the overall call management withinthe BSS, i.e. making sure calls are routed correctly and the calls are being processed by

the best BTS/cell available to the mobile station. It is made up of two main functionalareas:

GSM Call Processing

The BSCs GSM call processing is responsible for layer 3 call management operations.These include the connection signaling (e.g. messaging to a particular Mobile) andconnectionless signaling (e.g. Messaging relating to global resets, load limiting, blocking).This messaging, via the Radio Signaling Link (RSL) connects the BSC call processing tothe relevant GSM call processes on the BTSs within that BSS. Together both GSM callprocessing sections maintain the call for its duration ensuring the best link to the mobileis available. Note: This process controls the RSL.

MSC Link Processing

The MSC Link process, as the name suggests, controls the link back to the MSC fromthe BSC, the Message Transfer Link (MTL). This process deals with the layer 2 and layer3 messaging protocols required to interface with the MSC. The MTL carries messagesrelating to call processing and operation status.

Note: Generally at the Link Processor only one of the processes are active at any onetime, either GSM call processing or MSC Link Processing.

Synchronizingclock

As all the above processes need specific and accurate timing signals each BTS will beequipped with a clock to make sure everything is synchronized.


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1 Link Control Processor



111

BTS-BSC Interconnection Requirement

E1 =32 X

64kbit/s

RTF 1

RTF 1

RTF 2

RTF 2

SYNC

RSL

E1

Linking

BSC

toBTS

To synchronize link and

provide error protection

To provide a signaling

link from BSC to BTS

Traffic from/to

the BSC link.

TCH is 16kbit/s

4 x TCH per Timeslot.

2 per Radio to give 8 tch

from the air interface.

0

3

1

2

28

31

29

30


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1 BSC BTS Interconnection Requirements



113

BSC-BTS Link Configurations

Loop Daisy Chain

Star

Primary Pathfor BTS2

BTS1 BTS2 BTS3 BTS6BTS5BTS4

BTS7


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1Transcoder XCDR



114

Transcoder XCDR

The Transcoder (XCDR) is required to convert the speech or data output from the MSC(64 Kbit/s PCM), into the form specified by GSM specifications for transmission over theair interface, that is, between the BSS and MS (13 Kbit/s).

The 64 Kbit/s Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) circuits from the MSC, if transmitted on theair interface without modification, would occupy an excessive amount of radio bandwidth.This would use the available radio spectrum inefficiently. The required bandwidth istherefore reduced by processing the 64 Kbit/s circuits so that the amount of informationrequired to transmit digitized voice falls to 13 Kbit/s. The 3 Kbit/s of TRAU data containsinformation to control the channel coders and call status information such as is DTX onor off during the call.

The Transcoding function may be located at the MSC, BSC, or BTS.

The TRAU data of 3 Kbit/s is added to the 13 Kbit/s channel leaving the Transcodingfunction to form a gross traffic channel of 16 Kbit/s which is transmitted over theterrestrial interfaces to the BTS. At the BTS the TRAU data is removed and the 13 Kbit/s

is processed to form a gross rate of 22.8 Kbit/s for transmission over the air interface.

For data transmissions the data is not Transcoded but data rate adapted from 9.6 Kbit/s(4.8 Kbit/s or 2.4 Kbit/s may also be used) up to a gross rate of 16 Kbit/s for transmissionover the terrestrial interfaces. Again this 16 Kbit/s contains a 3 Kbit/s TRAU.

As can be seen from the diagram opposite; although the reason for Transcoding was toreduce the data rate over the air interface, the loading of the terrestrial links is alsoreduced approximately on a 4:1 ratio.


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1 Transcoder XCDR



115

Transcoder Functionality

MTL

1

T

RA

N

S

C

O

D

E

R

X WMTL

1

BC A

S

Y

N

C

S

Y

N

C

0 16 016

16 KBIT/S TCH2 bits per sub group

64 KBIT/S TS ON E1 64 KBIT/S TS ON E1

M

N

O

I

J

K

P L

E

F

G

A

B

C

H D

MTL

2

S

Y

N

C

U

V

Q

R

S

X T

P OMTL

2

RESERVED

RESERVED

16

S

Y

N

C

0

MSCBSC

RESERVED

64 KBIT/S TCH

8 bits per timeslot

WRESERVED

J


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1Transcoder( XCDR)



116

Transcoder( XCDR)

The function of the Transcoder is to interface the data link from the MSC to the data linkto the mobile, via the BSS.


The Terrestrial interface provides the necessary connection to the network via a suitablelink. This interface provides the correct formatting and impedance matching to therelevant physical link. The most common link types are 2.048Mbit/s E1 link or1.544Mbit/s

Main ControlProcessor

This Processor is the main processor of the site and can really be split into three mainareas:

Site Control

This section is in control of the main processes and hardware to maintain the siteintegrity. The main functions include internal data bus control and initialization of the siteat power up. It will also look after the environmental aspects of the site, for exampletemperature levels.

Operations and Maintenance

This process collects any faults or operational problems from within the Transcoder site

and report them back to the OMC. It will also report any errors on the Transcodingboards to the BSC to allow the BSC to inform the MSC to stop using the faulty circuits,this is because there are no signaling links between the Transcoder and the MSC. Thesestatistics are used to monitor the network elements, everything from the performance ofthe radios in maintaining the links to the mobiles, to the amount of processing powerused.

Synchronizingclock

As all the above processes need specific and accurate timing signals each RXCDR willbe equipped with a clock to make sure everything is synchronized.


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1 Transcoder( XCDR)



117

Function of the Transcoder

Sync

hroni

zing

c

l

o

c

k

Main Control

Processor

Site

Control

Ops +

Main.Static

Switch

OMC

MSC


+

Transcoding


Synchronizingclock


+

Transcoding


+

Transcoding


+

Transcoding





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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1Transcoding + Terrestrial Interface



118

Transcoding + Terrestrial Interface

The data sent to the mobile from the MSC, which represents the voice of the user, iscoded using the Pulse Coding Modulation techniques (PCM). The problem is that thisPCM data is at the data rate of 64 Kbit/s, which is to high for the limited bandwidth of the

air interface link to the mobile. To overcome this problem, the data is Transcoded. ThisTranscoding process reduces the amount of data sent to the mobile by the ratio of 4:1(64 Kbit/s data in from the MSC converting it to 16kbit/s (13kibit/s data +3 Kbit/ssignaling)). The output of the Transcoder can be considered as a model of the originalPCM representation. The Transcoder also performs sub-rate multiplexing (multiplexing4X16kbit/s Channels into one 64Kbit/s E1 channel) to increase the utilization of the links.The Transcoding board also contains the functionality of the terrestrial interface.

TranscodingLocation

The location of the XCDR affects the overall cost of leased lines.

Transcoding at the BSC

If Transcoding takes place at the BSC, then the number of leased lines required toconnect the BSC to the required BTS sites are reduced.

Remote Transcoding at the MSC

If Transcoding takes place remotely at the MSC, then the number of leased lines fromthe MSC (RXCDR) to the BSC are also reduced, thus providing an even greater saving.

Static Switch

This section Sub-rate switches the channels containing 64 Kbit/s traffic from the MSClinks to Transcoded 16 Kbit/s BSC links and vica versa. The static switch also routes anycontrol information sent from MSC to the correct BSC. The static switch means that onceit has been initialized it will keep the switching matrix the same all the time, thus keepingthe same connections routed through.


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1 Transcoding + Terrestrial Interface



119


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1Signalling Interface Interconnections (BSC/RXCDR)



120

Signalling Interface Interconnections (BSC/RXCDR)To enable each of the network entities to function correctly they must be able to passcontrol and status messages to each other. This is done by using several signaling links.Each of the signaling interfaces uses a single 64 Kbit/s timeslot on the common 2 Mbit/s

link carrier. Some interfaces support multiple timeslot configurations, i.e. more than onetimeslot may be configured to support the signal flow.

TranscoderBasesite link(XBL)

This is an optional link for control and communications between the RXCDR and BSC.The XBL provides two-way communication between the master processor in the BSCand the master processor in the RXCDR. A dedicated 64 Kbit/s timeslot is used on theE1/T1 line between the RXCDR and the BSC. The XBL enables the RXCDR to reportfailed traffic circuits at the RXCDR to the BSC. The BSC performs different functionsdepending on the type of fault the RXCDR reports:

If RXCDR traffic circuits fail, the BSC disables the circuits by sending blocking messagesto the MSC.

If there are internal RXCDR circuit faults, or faults that do not cause the loss of the serialcommunications link, the BSC blocks the affected traffic circuits. For example, if a XCDRboard fails, the BSC blocks the 30 traffic channels associated with that XCDR board.

Operations andMaintenanceLink (OML)

This link is for control and communications between the BSS and OMC. OML links from

BSCs are nailed through the RXCDR, and OML links from the RXCDR are direct to theOMC. The OML uses the X.25 protocol. The OMC uses the OML to:

S Load software.

S Load configuration parameters.

S Send messages to, and receive messages from the BSS.

S Collect statistics from BSS

S Fault / event management

S Message Transfer Link (MTL)

This link exists between the BSC and MSC. The MTL uses the C7 signalling systemincluding the BSS application part (BSSAP). This link provides all control information

between the BSC MSC, MSC MS including:S Requests for initial connection.

S Any change in the attributes in call connection.

S Handling handovers.

Cell BroadcastLink (CBL)

This link exists between the BSC and the Cell Broadcast Centre (CBC). The CBL usesthe LAPB/X25 protocol. The link is used to pass Short Message Service cell broadcastinformation from outside the GSM network to the BSC.


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1 Signalling Interface Interconnections (BSC/RXCDR)



121

Transcoder/BSC Interconnectivity

1x TFC 64 kbps

1x TFC 64 kbps

1x TFC 64 kbps

MSC

OMC

BSC 2

B

S

C

1

O

ML

1

OMC

RXCDR

031 12

(X.25)

OML

2

Sync

031 130

(X.25)

16

1x TFC 64 kbps

Sync0

1

2

MTL BSC 1

30

31

31

16

X

B

L

OML 1

Sync0

1

2

4x TFC 16 kbps

MTL BSC 1

30

(C7)

16

OML 1

0

1

2

30

31

(C7)

CBC

4x TFC 16 kbps

BSC 14x TFC 16 kbps

4x TFC 16 kbps

MTL BSC 1

Sync

XBL

XBL

Sync

1x TFC 64 kbps

1x TFC 64 kbps

1x TFC 64 kbps

16

1x TFC 64 kbps

Sync0

1

2

MTL BSC 1

30

31

(C7)


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1Infrastructure Sharing



122

Infrastructure Sharing

Infrastructure sharing allows a single Network Operator with licenses in multiplefrequency bands to support multi-band mobiles. By using infrastructure sharing the costof implementing multi-band operation is reduced. A single RXCDR and BSC supports

both 900 and 1800/1900 BTS sites in the same BSS. It is also allowed to locate 900 and1800/1900 cabinets at the same BTS sites, however in this case the equipment typesmust be compatible. It is not allowed to mix an M-Cell6cabinet and a BTS6 at the samesite.

Multi-band networking can also support single or multi-layer operation so that you couldhave a 900 Macro cell served by a 1800/1900 Micro underlay, alternatively a 900 Macrocell could operate alongside an 1800/1900 Macro cell. Within the multi-band networkmobiles capable of supporting multi-band operation will be able to perform inter-cellhandovers to a different frequency band eg, A cell operating at 900 can handovertransparently to an 1800/1900 cell. However intra-cell multi-band handovers are notallowed.

The implementation of multi-band networks requires careful planning and optimisation

due to a number of factors. For example, the maturity of the network, the number ofsubscribers using dual band mobiles and the propagation differences between 900 and1800/1900 frequencies. Since path loss is higher for 1800/1900 there will be a tendencyfor dual-band mobiles to favour the 900 cells. Therefore, it is important that databaseparameters are set correctly to control how multi-band operation is handled. Forexample, whether handovers are made to the best candidate regardless of band or to thebest target in the preferred band selected by the operator.

In general, Infrastructure Sharing offers:

S Transparent handovers between different frequency bands

S Increased traffic capacity in a given area

S Single PLMN number and MNC for the network

S Single RXCDR and BSC for multi-band BSS

S Single-band mobiles are supported

S Multi-band operation controlled by database parameters

S Mixing of RF equipment within cabinets is not allowed

S No mixing of product types

S No band re-assignment on emergency calls


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1 Infrastructure Sharing



123

Infrastructure Sharing

MSC

DCS GSMPCS GSM

Individual BTS sites

Same BSC

One BTS site

LAN Extension


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1Call Establishment



124

Call Establishment

The following description covers the interprocess communication to place a mobile on aDCCH and have the mobile in communication with the MSC.

1. The mobile accesses the system with a Random Access burst on the BCCH.

2. The GSM Cntl Software passes the request onto the GSM Call Processingsoftware (BTS) in the form of a Channel Required message.

3. GSM Call processing software (BTS) asks the GSM timeslot monitoring softwareto assign a SDCCH channel and the GSM timeslot monitoring software responds.

4. GSM Call processing software (BTS) tells the GSM Cntl Software which DCCH themobile is to go to and the GSM Cntl Software activates that channel. Whenchannel activated, the GSM Cntl Software informs the GSM Call Processingsoftware (BTS).

5. The GSM Call Processing software (BTS) then tells the mobile via the GSM CntlSoftware on an Access Granted Channel, which DCCH the mobile is to move to.

6. The mobile moves to the DCCH and establishes two way communication with itsallocated BTS. The Mobile forwards CM Service Request, telling the GSM Callprocessing software (BTS) what the mobile wants to do. Is it

S Responding to a Page from the MSC?

S Doing a Location Update?

S IMSI Deregistration?

S Wanting to establish a call?

S Trying to salvage an established call?

7. GSM Call Processing informs the mobile of power control and timing advance.

8. The GSM Call Processing software forwards the CM service request up to theGSM Call Processing (BSC).

9. The GSM Call Processing (BSC) then has to request the MSC to handle the callVia the MSC link Processing.


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1 Call Establishment



125

Call Establishment

GSM CallProcessing

GSM Cntl s/w

GSMTimeslot

Monitoring

SwitchManager

GSM CallProcessing

MSC Link

Processing

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

To

MSC

BSCBTS


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1Traffic Channel Assignment



126

Traffic Channel Assignment

The following text describes the inter-process communication for the assignment of amobile from a DCCH to a traffic channel. This procedure assumes that all authenticationhas taken place on the DCCH.

1. The MSC sends a message to the GSM Call Processing (BSC) assigning themobile a terrestrial circuit.

2. The GSM Call Processing (BSC) sends an initiate assignment command to theGSM Call Processing (BTS) to assign a channel to the mobile.

3. The GSM Call Processing (BTS) asks the GSM Timeslot Monitoring to assignTraffic a channel. The GSM Timeslot Monitoring responds with the channel.

4. The GSM Call Processing (BTS) then asks the GSM Cntl Software to supply thetiming information for the mobile concerned.

5. The GSM Call Processing (BTS) then tells the GSM Cntl Software to activate therequired Traffic Channel.

6. The GSM Call Processing (BTS) then instructs the mobile via the GSM CntlSoftware to move onto the new traffic channel.

7. The mobile now moves to the new traffic channel and establishes signalling links.

8. The GSM Call processing deactivates the signalling link on the SDCCH.

9. The GSM CALL PROCESSING (BTS) then informs the GSM Call Processing(BSC) that mobile is on its new channel and signalling links have been established,and deactivates the SDCCH channel.

10. The GSM Call Processing (BSC) then tells the Switch Manager to connect theradio channel to the terrestrial MSC circuit. The Switch Manager responds whencomplete.

11. The GSM Call Processing (BSC) then tells the MSC that the mobile is on the newchannel and that the radio channel has been connected to the MSC channel.

When this procedure is completed, it leaves the mobile on its new traffic channel andtalking to the MSC.


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1 Traffic Channel Assignment



127

Traffic Channel Assignment

GSM CallProcessing

GSM Cntl s/w

GSM

Timeslot

Monitoring

SwitchManager

GSM Call

Processing

MSC LinkProcessing

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

9

10

ToMSC

BSCBTS

8

11


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1Intra BSS Handover



128

Intra BSS Handover

The following text describes the inter-process messages for an intra-BSS handover. Theterm source describes the cell from which the mobile is moving, whilst target describesthe cell towhich the mobile is moving.

1. The handover Detection and Power Control process decides whether a Handoveris required.

2. The GSM Cntl Software forwards the message to the GSM Call Processing (BSC)(Handover Evaluation Process).

3. The GSM Call Processing (BSC) (Handover Evaluation Process) decides wherethe mobile is to move and sends a message to the GSM Timeslot Monitoring of thetarget cell requesting a channel.

4. The GSM Timeslot Monitoring target then tells the GSM Call Processing (BTS)target that a channel has been assigned.

5. The GSM Call Processing (BTS) target tells the GSM Cntl Software target to

activate the channel. Target GSM Cntl Software activates the channel and sendsa channel activation acknowledgement to target GSM Call Processing (BTS).

6. Target GSM Call Processing (BTS) then informs GSM Call Processing (BSC) atthe BSC of the channel allocation for the handover.

7. The GSM Call Processing (BSC) then sends the GSM Call Processing (BTS)source the initiate handover; message which contains the channel information forthe mobile. This information is then passed via the GSM Cntl Software source tothe mobile. The mobile then moves to the new channel.

8. The mobile is detected on the new channel by the GSM Cntl Software target andthe signaling links are established between GSM Cntl Software target and themobile.

9. The GSM Call Processing (BTS) target is informed that the mobile has beendetected on the new channel and signaling links have been established.

10. The GSM Call Processing (BTS) target informs the GSM Call Processing (BSC)that the mobile has been detected and is completing the link establishment. Thisenables the GSM Call Processing (BSC) to inform the Switch Manager to changethe traffic connection to the new BTS.

11. GSM Call Processing (BTS) target then informs the GSM Call Processing (BSC)that the handover has been successful. The GSM Call Processing (BSC) theninforms the MSC as to the new location of the mobile.

12. The GSM Call Processing (BSC) then tells the GSM Call Processing (BTS) sourceto release the mobiles old radio channel.

The handover process is now complete.


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ISSUE 3 REVISION 1 Intra BSS Handover



129

Intra BSS Handover

Switch

Manager

GSM Call

Processing

MSC Link

P

bssc applications

Documents