SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGNModern Architecture Studies in Southeast Asia (MASSA)

Research Unit

Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 1 [ARC 3512]

Project 2 – Advanced Roof & Industrialized Building System

Name ID. NO

Lee Yiang Siang 0302966

Celine Tan Jean Inn 0303669

Ling Teck Ong 0303127

Poh Wei Keat 0303646

Wong Soon Fook 0302953

Chung Ka Seng 0316922

Azin Eskandari 0312234

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Table of Content:

1.0 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………….... 2

2.0 ROOF CONSTRUCTION2.1 COATED FIBRE GLASS MEMBRANE (PTFE) ………………………………………..... 3-5

2.2 STRUCTURAL DESIGN…………………………………………………………………..... 6-7 2.3 ROOF SPECIFICATIONS…………………………………………………………………………….... 8-9

3.0 INDUSTRIALIZED BUILDING SYSTEM3.1 PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL………………………………………………..... 10-14

3.2 PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM &COLUMN…………………............... 15-193.3 PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOORING (Hollow Core Slab)…............ 20-253.4 PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASE……………………………………...... 26-28

4.0 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………............................. 29

2

Full Name : Olympiastadion BerlinLocation : Westend, Charlottenburg-

Wilmersdorf, Berlin, GermanyOwner :Olympiastadion Berlin GmbHArchitect :Werner March/Albert Speer &

Friedrich Wilhelm KraheBuilt :1934 to 1936Opened : 1936Capacity : 74,064Field size : 105 × 68 m

The Olympic Stadium in Berlin has been designed by the architect Werner March for the Olympic Games from1933 and is the largest stadium in Germany. The construction is listed as protected monuments. The stadiumoval is interrupted by the Marathon gate allowing the Bell tower to be seen from inside the stadium. The ovalis 300 m long, 215 m wide and the grandstand has a maximum height of 15 m above the surrounding ground.The upper and lower terraces are separated by a inner gallery. The grandstand was built with precastreinforced concrete (prefabricated step units and precast radial frames). The columns of the outer and theinner galleries are made of stone blocks.

Figure 1.1 Panorama View of Berlin Olympic Stadium

Figure 1.2 Demolition and reconstruction of lower ring, renovation and alterations to upper ring

Figure 1.3 Floor Plan of Berlin Olympic Stadium

Olympiastadion Berlin1.0 INTRODUCTION

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Structural Members of Berlin Olympic StadiumThere are tubular radial and tangential truss girderswith welded nodes and 76 radial truss girders, onefor every two stone facade columns. They are twovertical flange trusses and are carried by twotangential members: a spatial, three-flange trusssustained by the tree dinner columns and an outerspatial beam sustained by the outer columns. At theside of the roof in the vicinity of the joint betweenthe membrane and the glass surfaces there is aninclined two-flange truss, which has the role ofequalizing the vertical displacements at the ends ofthe radial girders. In between the describedmembers there are tangential tubular bars linkingthe upper nodes of the radial girders andrespectively the lower nodes. Their role is to stabilizethe radial girders by carrying the horizontaltangential forces to the bracing. The curved lowerflange of the radial truss is stabilized vertically bymeans of a steel cable.

The Olympiastadion was partly covered for the first time. A roof existing of steel and Plexiglas was added on the main tribunes. At that time, these were modern and light materials and gave the stadium a completely new look.

Figure 1.4 Views of the stadium without roof (a) and with the new roof (b)

Figure 1.5 The upper membrane.

Figure 1.6 The lower membrane. (View inside the roof box)

Compartment of RoofThe upper membrane is supported by steelarches and has a double negative curvature.The lower membrane is open on theperimeter, plane and pre-stressed by meansof small springs

Before After

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Sectional Perspective View

Rows of Seating Chairs in Stadium Interior View showing Precast Concrete Column

Section View of the PrecastConcrete Structure

Advanced Roof Membrane Structure Column Supporting the Roof

Olympiastadion Berlin

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2.1 Coated Fibre Glass Membrane (PTFE)

2.0 Roof Construction

Figure 2.1. Coated Fibre Glass Membrane(PTFE)

Teflon is the registered trade name of the highly useful plastic material polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). PTFE

is one of a class of plastics known as fluoropolymers. A polymer is a compound formed by a chemical reaction

which combines particles into groups of repeating large molecules. Many common synthetic fibers are

polymers, such as polyester and nylon. PTFE is the polymerized form of tetrafluoroethylene. PTFE has many

unique properties, which make it valuable in scores of applications. It has a very high melting point, and is also

stable at very low temperatures. It can be dissolved by nothing but hot fluorine gas or certain molten metals,

so it is extremely resistant to corrosion. (derieved from http://www.madehow.com/Volume-7/Teflon.html)

Primary function of the

tensile structure

• Daylight gains

• Rain protection

• Space defining

elements

• Sun protection

• Wind protection

ADVANTAGES

•Outstanding chemical resistance

•Low coefficient of friction

•High continuous use temperature (180°C /

360°F)

•Very high oxygen index

DISADVANTAGES

•High cost

•Low strength and stiffness

•Cannot be melt processed

•Poor radiation resistance

Typical properties • Density(g/cm3): 2.15

• Tensile strength: SD 63

• Max. Operating Temp.

(°C): 180

• Water Absorption (1%):

0.01

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BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2ROOF

2.2 Structural Design

Figure 2.2 Detail from the computational model

of the structure

TOPIC

The structural system and components are depicted in Fig. 2.2.

1.There are tubular radial and tangential truss girders with

welded nodes.

2.There are 76 radial truss girders, i.e. one for every two stone

facade columns.

3.They are vertical two-flange trusses and are carried by two

tangential members: a spatial, three-flange truss sustained by

the treed inner columns and an outer spatial beam sustained

by the outer columns.

4.At the side of the roof in the vicinity of the joint between the

membrane and the glass surfaces there is an inclined two-

flange truss to equalize the vertical displacements at the ends

of the radial girders.

5.In between the described members there are tangential

tubular bars linking the upper nodes of the radial girders and

respectively the lower nodes to stabilize the radial girders by

carrying the horizontal tangential forces to the bracing.

6.The curved lower flange of the radial truss is stabilized

vertically by means of a steel cable (see Fig.2.2).

The textile membranes were designed by the consultant civil engineers

Schlaich, Bergermann and Partners . The upper membrane is supported

by steel arches and has a double negative curvature (Fig. 2.3(a)). The

lower membrane is open on the perimeter, plane and pre-stressed by

means of small springs (Fig. 2.3(b)). A detailed description of the roof

construction is given in.

Following German companies were involved with the design and erection

of the roof: von Gerkan, Marg and Partners (gmp) as architects, Krebs &

Kiefer Consulting Engineers Ltd as structural engineers, Schlaich

Bergermann and Partners as designer of the membrane roofing and of

some cast nodes, Wacker Engineers and Institute for Industry

Aerodynamic Aachen for the Wind Engineering, Institute of Steel

Construction (University of Aachen) as expert for special steel, Dillinger

Stahlbau Ltd for the steel construction, B&O Hightex Ltd for the

membrane construction, MERO Ltd for the glass construction and Prof.

M. Specht as proof engineer. For the design of the roof gmp and Krebs &

Kiefer have received the Special Award of the German Association of

Steel Construction 2004.

Figure 2.3 (a) The upper membrane

Figure 2.3 (b) The lower membrane

(view inside the roof box)

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BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2 ROOF

2.3 Roof Specifications

Figure 2.3 Roof membrane view from interior

Roof construction

Total roof area: ca. 42.000m²

•Upper roof membrane: approx. 27.000m², distributed to 77

sectors

•Lower roof membrane: approx. 28.000m²

•Glass surface: 6006m²

Material: PTFE-coated glass fiber (PTFE:

Polytetrafluorethylen) Roof width: approx. 68m Distance

roof to infield: 39,99m Roof weight: ca. 3.500t

Number of steel posts inside seating area: 20 with the

distance between posts ranging from 32 to 40m and a

length of 8,50m Diameter: bifurcation 35cm, pedestal

26cm Number of outside posts: 132 Binders: 76 Material:

Steel St 52 and St 37

Construction

The erection of the steel structure has always

started at a radius with inner column. Following

steps were used. Firstly came the outer columns

and the steel and pre-cast R/C elements of the

perimeter beam. The inner column was then erected

and temporarily supported. Afterwards the assembly

made by the parts of the radial trusses adjacent to

the inner column and lying between this column and the outer beam was erected. All spatial parts were welded

outside the stadium and were already equipped with the steel arches, which had to carry the upper textile

membrane (Fig.2.4). At this stage the structure became self stabilized, there was no longer need for the

temporary support of the inner column.

After ballasting of the outer beam the erection

continued with the tangential spatial truss linking the

inner columns, the rests of the radial and tangential

steel structure and so on.

Fgure 2.4 Erection of the steel structure

Figure 2.5 Detail of the outer beam before ballasting 8

BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2 ROOF

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BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2ROOF

Figure 2.6 Detail of the truss system

Figure 2.7 Detail of the steel truss systemFigure 2.8 Detail of structural steel frame

Figure 2.9b Detail of the tension rope connect to the membrane

Figure 2.9a Detail of connection of tension rope

with truss system

Precast reinforced concrete wall panels can take many forms. It consist of steel-reinforced concrete ribs

that run vertically and horizontally in the panels. Others are solid precast concrete panels. Panels are

precast and cured in a controlled factory environment so weather delays can be avoided. A typical

panelised foundation can be erected in four to five hours, without the need to place concrete on site for

the foundation. The result is a foundation that can be installed in any climate zone in one sixth of the time

needed for a formed concrete wall.

ADVANTAGES• Ease of installation

• Well manufactured in advance of installation

• Most panels included embedded connections

hardware

• Consistent quality

• Reduced weather dependency

• Environmentally Friendly

• Weather and UV resistance

• Energy Savings

• Modularity

3.1 PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL

Figure: Detail drawing of precast reinforced

Figure 3.1 Concrete panels

BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2PRECAST R/C WALL DETAILS

DISADVANTAGES• Connection may be difficult

• Limited building design flexibility

• Joints between panels are often

expensive and complicated

• Skilled workmanship is required

• Camber in beams and slabs

Density - 800 to 1400 kg/m3

STC - 45

Thermal Resistance (R-Value) - 30 degree Celsius/inch

Absorption by Volume, max - <1.8%

Thermal Conductivity (K-Factor) - 23 degree Celsius/ (hr.)

Wall Compressive Strength - 0.23N /mm2

3.0 Industrialised Building System

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Proper planning and preparation works are required before the actual erection of precast concrete

elements to ensure efficient and quality installation. Items should be carefully planned such as:

• Method and sequence of assembly and erection

• Provide temporary supports

• Provision for final structural connections and joint details

• Handling and rigging requirements

STEP 1:• Set reference line and offset line

• Determine the position of

precast elements to install

INSTALLATION OF PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE WALL

Figure 3.1 (a): Setting Out

BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2PRECAST R/C WALL DETAILS

STEP 2:• Lift and rig the panel to its

designated location with the

use of wire ropes

STEP 3:• Prepare and apple non-shrink

mortar to seal the gaps

• Keep the installation panels

undisturbed for 24hours

STEP 4:• The joint between façade walls or between external

columns with beams or wall elements approved sealant

and grout will be installed at later stage

• For panel with welded connection, place the connecting

plate between the panels and carry out welding

• Check that the compressible form

or backer road are properly

secured.

MAINTENANCEAn annual maintenance check should be carried out by a responsible person. Checking all surfaces for any

signs cracks or impact damage.

• Safe storage & Disposal Materials

• Avoid watercourses with material and packaging

• Avoidance of frost

• Store in dry when not required

• Avoid litter

• Remove unused packs from site

• Provide excellent protection against impacts from

explosion, vehicles and projectiles.

• Precast concrete wall panels have passed tornado

/hurricane impact testing

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Figure 3.1(b) : Berlin Olympic Stadium on precast reinforced stadium panel

BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2PRECAST CONCRETE WALL DETAILS

PRECAST WALL WITH LEED REQUIREMENTS• Optimize energy performance –moderate indoor temperature extremes through thermal mass and

insulation applications.

• Building reuse materials – longer lifespan and can be reused when modifying designs for intended

use.

• Construction waste management – diverting construction debris from landfill disposal by recycling

concrete material.

• Recycled content – supplementary cementations materials, such as fly ash, silica fume and slag.

• Regional materials – use of indigenous materials and reduced transportation distances.

• Low-emitting materials – precast foundation walls, floors and ceilings provide low indoor air

contaminant surfaces. .

• Materials and resource credit – bio-based release agents.

• Innovative design credit – precast can be made to take on any shape, colour or texture.

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Figure 3.1(c) : Precast Concrete Wall System Detail

BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2PRECAST CONCRETE WALL DETAILS

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-Panel to panel square external corner (butt joint).-Proprietary composite or thermo-plastic ties should be used between skins. If using steel ties, the effects of thermal bridging should be considered.

Figure 3.1(d) : Example of installation of precast concrete wall at site

Figure 3.1(e) : Joining of panel to panel

Figure 3.1(g) : Example of different type of joining of concrete panel

Figure 3.1(f) : Detail of concrete wall section

BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2PRECAST CONCRETE WALL DETAILS

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BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2BEAM & COLUMN

Precast concrete beams and columns can be used to create the entire framing system for the shell

of a building. A precast concrete structural system can provide a number of benefits, including speed

of erection, single-source provider for all framing needs, consistent high quality, durable structural

support, fire resistance and others.

Columns: – A column is a vertical member carrying the beam and floor loadings to the foundation.

It is a compression member and therefore the column connection is required to be proper. The main

principle involved in making column connections is to ensure continuity and this can be achieved by

a variety of methods.

Beams: – Beams can vary in their complexity of design and reinforcement from the very simple

beam formed over an isolated opening to the more common encountered in frames where the

beams transfer their loadings to the column. Methods of connecting beams and columns are

A precasting concrete haunch is cast on to the column with a locating dowel or stud bolt to fix the

beam.

A projecting metal corbel is fixed to the column and the beam is bolted to the corbel.

Column and beam reinforcement, generally in the form of hooks, are left exposed. The two

members are hooked together and covered with in-situ concrete to complete the joint. This is as

shown in the figure.

3.2 PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM &COLUMN

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BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2BEAM & COLUMN

Advantages:

• Saving in cost, material, time & manpower.

• Shuttering and scaffolding is not necessary.

• Installation of building services and finishes can be done immediately.

• Independent of weather condition.

• Components produced at close supervision .so quality is good

• Clean and dry work at site.

• Possibility of alterations and reuse

• Correct shape and dimensions and sharp edges are maintained.

• Very thin sections can be entirely precast with precision.

Disadvantages:

• Handling and transportation may cause breakages of members during the transit and extra

provision is to be made.

• Difficulty in connecting precast units so as to produce same effect as monolithic. This leads to

non-monolithic construction.

• They are to be exactly placed in position, otherwise the loads coming on them are likely to get

changed and the member may be affected.

• Disadvantages:

• High transport cost

• Need of erection equipment

• Skilled labor and supervision is required.

Figure 3.2(a) : Detail of column & beams connection

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BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2BEAM & COLUMN

Figure 3.2(b) : Dimension of precast concrete column

Figure 3.2(c) : Example of installation of precast column and beam at site

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BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2BEAM & COLUMN

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BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2BEAM & COLUMN DRAWING

Figure 3.2(d) : Connection of Precast concrete beam & column

Figure 3.2(e) : Precast concrete column to beam detail

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Design Benefits

•Flexibility of Design Approach

•Enhanced Spans

Manufacturing Benefits

Factory produced to High Quality

Standard

Preformed Site Services

Construction Benefits

One or two hour fire resistance

Type ‘A’ Finished Soffit

Shelf Angle Bearing

Cast in lifting hooks

Sound resistance – Noise transfer performance

Reduction of in-situ Concrete

Speed of Erection

Immediate un-propped Working Platform

A Hollow core slab offers the ideal structural section by reducing deadweight while providing the

maximum structural efficiency within the slab depth. Precast floors are available with a variety of

factory-formed notches, slots and reinforcement arrangements which offer various design

approaches.

BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2FLOORING

3.3 PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE FLOORING (Hollow Core Slab)

Suitable Applications

Stadium

Schools

Retail

Car parks

Office buildings

Leisure & Hotels

Residential (Single and multi-occupancy)

Care homes

Hollow Core Slab Flooring

Section of Olympiastadion Berlin

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BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2FLOORING

Figure 3.3(a) : Detail of hollow core slab connection

Figure 3.3(b) : Detail of hollow core slab connected to wall

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BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2FLOORING

Figure 3.3(c) : Hollow Core Floors Unit Profile 22

BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2FLOORING

Figure 3.3(d) : Connection of hollow core flooring to the beam

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BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2FLOORING

Figure 3.3(f) Plank to plank connection

Figure 3.3(e) : Example of installation of hollow core

slab at site

Figure 3.3(g) Connection of floor with wall 24

BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2FLOORING

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BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2STAIRCASE

-Concrete stairs offer a fast, efficient and cost effective option, reducing labour on site, being fast to install and providing immediate access to all floor areas.

THE BENEFITS

-FLEXIBLE CONFIGURATIONS WITH THE ABILITY TO MAKE CUSTOM BUILT MOULDS WE CAN ACCOMMODATE A WIDE VARIETY OF STAIRCASE CONFIGURATIONS AND DESIGNS.-INNOVATIVE DESIGN OUR DESIGNERS WORK HARD TO KEEP APACE WITH LATEST CONSTRUCTION TRENDS EG. STAIRS ARE NOW AVAILABLE THAT ACCOMODATE UNDERFLOOR HEATING PIPES.-QUALITY FINISH MANUFACTURED IN A CONTROLLED FACTORY ENVIRONMENT, USING BESPOKE MOULDS GIVES A PREMIUM QUALITY FINISH.-MMEDIATE ACCESS IMPROVES SITE SAFETY AND EFFICIENCY.-EASE OF PROGRAMMING MANUFACTURED OFFSITE AND DELIVERED AND INSTALLED TO MEET YOUR BUILD PROGRAMME.-LANDINGS CAN INCORPORATE ANY DETAIL THAT THE DESIGN DEMANDS SUCH AS CURVES.-LANDINGS CAN BE DETAILED FOR PROGRESSIVE COLLAPSE IF REQUIRED.

3.4 PRECAST REINFORCED CONCRETE STAIRCASE

Figure 3.4(a) Precast concrete staircase

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BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2STAIRCASE

Figure 3.4(b) Detail of precast concrete staircase

Figure 3.4(d) Dimension of staircaseFigure 3.4(c) Applied finish to the landing area 27

BUILDING

TECHNOLOGY project 2STAIRCASE

Figure 3.4(e) Installation of precast concrete staircase at site

Figure 3.4(f) Detail of precast staircase

Figure 3.4(g) Detail of installation of precast staircase

A stairs is a set of steps orflight leading from one floorto another. It is designed toprovide easy and quick accessto different floors. The stepsof a stair may be constructedas a series of horizontal opentreads with a space betweenthe treads (as in a ladder or afoot-over bridge) or asenclosed steps with a verticalface between the treads,called a riser. The enclosureor part of the buildingcontaining a stairs is calledstaircase.

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4.0 REFERENCES:

Compiled by Legal Research Board. Uniform Building By-Laws 1984, 1997, International Law BookServices, Kuala Lumpur.

CIDB (2014) CIDB Malaysia. Retrieved November 20, 2014, from http://www.cidb.gov.my/cidbv4/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=391&Itemid=184&lang=en

Creative (2012) Industrialized Building System. Retrieved November 21, 2014, from http://www.creativeptsb.com/industrialized-building-system-IBS-supplier-Malaysia.htm

Orton, Andrew, 2001, The Way We Build Now: Form Scale and Technique, Spon Press, London. Spon Press