ISSN 1512-0597

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D Z I E B A N I

The Journal

of the Centre for Archaeological Studies

Georgian Academy of Sciences

Tbilisi 2002 s,bkbcb

63&4 (2Г) 902$904 (479&22)

"531

v s f d f h b h t l f m n j h b % † jsfh kjhsmbafyb"t E d i t o r - i n - C h i e f : † Otar Lordkipanidze c f h t l f m w b j c f , z j % d& kbxtkb^ bh& ]fkfqfybf^

u& rdbhrdtkbf^ d& ]fafhb't^ u& yfhbvfybidbkb^ u& vbylbfidbkb^

f& z.jybf^ l& ,fmhf't

E d i t o r i a l c o u n c i l : V. Licheli, I. Jalaghania, G. Kvirkvelia,

V. Japaridze, G. Narimanishvili,

G. Mindiashvili, A. Chqonia, D. Bakradze

c f h t l f m w b j r j k t u b f % † js& kjhsmbafyb't (sfdv]ljvfht)^ u& rdbhrdtkbf (vjflubkt)^ l& rfzfhfdf (gfce[bcvut,tkb vlbdfyb)^ y& vbobidbkb^ v& rdfzf't^ f& zfynehbf

E d i t o r s o f t h e v o l u m e : † O. Lordkipanidze (editor-in-chief), G. Kvirkvelia, D. Kacharava,

N. Mitsishvili, M. Kvachadze,

A. Chanturia

© fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhb^ 2002

4

5

J S F H K J H S M B A F Y B " T

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,fnjyb jsfhb lfb,flf 1930 okbc 30 jm-njv,thc^ s,bkbcib^ wyj,bkb vrehyfkbc lf-dbs kjhsmbafyb'bcf lf cfsyj mfk,fnjybc gfhfcrtdf fvfiertkbc j]f[ib& cfmfhsdtkjc 'dtkb bcnjhbbc cb.dfhekvf^ hfw cb.hvblfy-dt ufvjdkbylf^ bc 1948 otkc s,bkbcbc cf-[tkvobaj eybdthcbntnbc bcnjhbbc afrek-ntnpt vbb.dfyf& eybdthcbntnbc ofhxbyt,bs lfvsfdht,bc itvltu^ fcgbhfynehfib vtwybt-hekb odhsyf cfmfhsdtkjc 'dtk bcnjhbfcf lf fhmtjkjubfib vfy wyj,bkb ,bpfynbybc-nbc^ frfltvbrjc cbvjy .fe[xbidbkbc [tk-v'qdfytkj,bs ufbfhf& ths[fyc bc cfyrn-gt-nth,ehuib b.j vbdktybkb& fmfw vfc ,tlvf ufeqbvf lf bctsb sdfkcfxbyj cgtwbfkbcnt-,bc [tkib fqvjxylf^ hjujhbw ghjatcjht,b mctybf rjkj,jdf lf dbmnjh ufblertdbxb b.dyty& ufdblf [fyb lf jsfh kjhsmbafyb'tv^ erdt cf[tkvj[dtzbkvf vtwybthvf^ obuyb afcbcbc itcf[t, sfdbc cfsf.dfyt,tk vfcofd-kt,kt,c e'qdyf&

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vfy cfljmnjhj lbcthnfwbf – @fynbrehb cfv.fhj lf 'dtkb cfmfhsdtkj#^ [jkj 1972 otkc bycnbnenbc lbhtmnjhbc vjflubktl lfbybiyf* 1967 okblfy bub s,bkbcbc cf[tk-vobaj eybdthcbntnbc ghjatcjhbf& vbcb cf-vtwybthj upbc chekbfl f[fkb tnfgb lf-bo.j 1977 okblfy^ hjltcfw vfy xfvjf.fkb,f fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhb& wtynhbc [tkv'qdfytkb b.j bub cbwjw[kbc ,jkj oesfvlt& xfvj.fkb,t,bc lqblfydt wtynhb fofhvjt,c hjujhw cfmfhsdtkjib fhct,ekb

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7

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8

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sfy sfyfvihjvkj,f, ufycfresht,bs vfc

itvltu, hjwf vfc fktmcfylht /ev,jklnbc ajylbc ghtvbf vbtybzf vbc vbth xfnfht,ekb rdktdbcfsdbc&

ghjatcjhb uth/fhn ajy uhtdtybnwb rjycnfywbc eybdthcbntnbc htmnjhb

&&& ghjatcjhb kjhsmbafyb't b.j fhf v[j-kjl cfthsfijhbcj vfcinf,bs fqbfht,ekb

vtwybthb lf cofdkekb, fhfvtl xdtyb bycnb-

nenbc thsuekb vtuj,fhb, efqhtcfl uek-s,bkb lf cf.dfhtkb cnevfhb& hfvltyb cf-cbfvjdyj cfe,fhb udmjybf thsfl&&&

ghjatcjhb lbnth vthntycb hjvib uthvfybbc fhmtjkjubehb

bycnbnenbc lbhtmnjhb

&&&uekbc cbqhvtvlt itv'hf wyj,fv ghj-atcjh jsfh kjhsmbafyb'bc ufhlfwdfkt,bc itcf[t,& bc b.j ,ho.bydfkt fhmtjkjub lf itcfybiyfdb gbhjdyt,f& vbc vbth okt,bc vfy-'bkpt jhufybpt,ekb cfthsfijhbcj cbvgj-pbevt,b ybveibf vtwybthsf sfyfvihjvkj,bcf lf fphsf ehsbthsufwdkf-ufvjwdkbcf& fhmt-jkjusf cfthsfijhbcj cfsdbcnjvjv epfh-vfpfhb lfyfrkbcb ufybwflf&&&

ghjatcjhb ]tby dfkl,fevb fvthbrbc fhmtjkjubbc bycnbnenbc

gbhdtkb dbwt-ghtpbltynb

&&& uthvfybbc fhmtjkjubbc bycnbnenbc tdhfpbbc ufy.jabkt,bc lbhtmwbf lf sfyfv-ihjvkt,b qhvf voe[fht,fc ufvjdsmdfvs ghjatcjh jsfh kjhsmbafyb'bc etwfhb ufhlfwdfkt,bc ufvj& cojhtl otkc b.j bc cnevhfl xdtyc bycnbnenib^ fv wjnf [ybc oby rb xdtyb bycnbnenbc sfyfvihjvkt,c ueks,bkb vfcgby'kj,f ufeobf s,bkbcib ufvfhsek rjyathtywbfpt& xdtysdbc jsfh kjhsmbafyb't vtwybtht,fib lblb fdnjhb-ntnb b.j& fvfdt lhjc bub e[dfl b.j lf]bk-ljt,ekb cferestcj flfvbfyehb sdbct,t,bs& vbcb cf[bs xdty lfdrfhuts cfbvtlj gfhn-ybjhb lf vtuj,fhb^ hjvtkcfw dthfclhjc dth lfdbdbo.t,s& abmht,bs smdtysfy dfhs& ubcehdt,s v[ytj,fc fv ufzbhdt,bc ;fvc&&&

ghjatcjhb /thvfy gfhwbyuthb uthvfybbc fhmtjkjubbc bycnbnenbc tdhfpbbc ufy.jabkt,bc lbhtmnjhb

&&&sfdpfhlfwtvekb dfh& dth lfvb]tht,bf^ hfw sfdc lfudfn.lf&&& bct dtkjlt,jlb ,fnjy jsfhsfy rdkfd it[dtlhfc fvltyb okbc itvltu ctmntv,thib^ dfybc cbvgj-

9

pbevpt& 'fkbfy vbylf smdtyc udthlbs .jayf& vt [jv ghjatcjh kjhsmbafyb'bs fqnf-wt,ekb db.fdb lf dbmyt,b& cbwjw[kbc ,j-kjvlt dbmyt,b vbcb vflkbthb bv lblb cbrtsbcfsdbc^ hfw vfy ufvjfdkbyf xtvc vb-vfhs^ hjltcfw vt thsb gfnfhf^ fhmtj-kjuj,fpt vtjwyt,t ujujyf db.fdb& dfybc tmc-gtlbwbfib ufnfht,ekb lqtt,b xtvb w[jd-ht,bc cfertstcj yfobkbf&&&

ljmnjhb ,fk,byf ,t,kthb idtbwfhbf^ ,thyb

&&&jsfh kjhsmbafyb't esdfkcfxbyjtcb mfhsdtkb fhmtjkjub b.j& bub xtvsdbc vtw-ybthekb rjvgtntynehj,bc vfufkbsc ofhvj-flutylf& fvfdt lhjc xdtyb gbhjdyekb ehsb-thsj,t,b velfv e,hfkj lf bevjhbs cfdct b.j& vstkb xdtyb bycnbnenb ukjdj,c fv lbl gbhjdyt,fc^ hjvkbsfw .jdtksdbc fq-ahsjdfyt,ekt,b db.fdbs& fv lfeqfkfdb vrdktdfhbcf lf fmnbehb jhufybpfnjhbc cbrdlbkb epfhvfpfhb lfyfrkbcbf mfhsekb lf cfthsfijhbcj fhmtjkjubbcfsdbc& yt,f vb,j'ts^ ufvjdsmdf xtvb vofht nrbdbkb lf cfv'bvfhb& smdtyc udthlbs vbuekts fv ev'bvtc oest,ib&&&

ghjatcjhb fylhtfc aehndtyukthb uthvfybf^ /fktc vfhnby kesthbc eybdth-

cbntnb^ rkfcbrehb fhmtjkjubbc bycnbnenb

&&&lut,f lhj^ hjltcfw fh ubylf lfb]thj vjv[lfhb& &&& itedct,tkb lfyfrkbcb ufybwflf mfhsekvf fhmtjkjubfv& uekohatkfl doe[-dfhs xdtyb lfhubc elbltcb ofhvjvflutykbc lfrfhudbc ufvj^ hjvtkcfw .jdtksdbc uek-sfy f[kjc vb/mjylf uthvfytkb lf mfhsdtkb fhmtjkjut,bc sfyfvihjvkj,f& jsfh kjhs-mbafyb't rdkfdfw bwjw[kt,c vbc vbth itm-vybkb efvhfdb aeylfvtynehb yfihjvbs cf-mfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjubbc itcf[t,^ ofhvfnt-,bs ofhvjt,ekb dfybc fmtjkjubehb uf-s[ht,bs& vbcb cf[t velfv lfhxt,f sbsjtekb xdtysfufybc vt[cbtht,fib&&&

ghjatcjhb fyutkbrf ufbthb ljmnjhb fytuhtn gkjynrt-keybyub

uthvfybf^ btybc ahblhb[ ibkthbc eybdthcbntnb^ rkfcbrehb fhmtjkjubbc

afrekntnb

&&&dfyib vt vjovt ufd[lb jsfhbc lblb vbq-otdt,bcf cfdtkt fhmtjkjubeh veifj,fib& ufhlf fvbcf^ bc lblb vtwybthb b.j^ hfw fbcf[f vbc vhfdfkhbw[jdfy yfihjvt,ib lf vbc vbth itcfybiyfdfl jhufybpt,ek o.fk-ne,j-dfybc cbvgjpbevt,ib^ hjvkt,vfw f[fkb /jhbpjynt,b ufifktc vcjakbj fhmtjkj-

ubbcfsdbc& lf tc .dtkfathb .jdtksdbc jsf-hbc cf[tksfy bmyt,f lfrfdibht,ekb&&&

ghjatcjhb ,hfbfy itanjyb lblb ,hbnfytsb^

yberfckbc eybdthcbntnb &&&,fnjyb jsfhbc ufhlfwdfkt,fv lblb

voe[fht,f vjududfhf fivjkbc veptevbc fy-nbrehb [fybc ufy.jabkt,bc sfyfvihjvkt,c& pjuc vfcsfy vtuj,hj,f udfrfdibht,lf^ pjub vfc v[jkjl yfihjvt,bs fy jmcajhlib of-rbs[ekb vj[ctyt,t,bs bwyj,lf& bc ztivf-hbnb vtwybthb b.j^ hjvkbc xdtyufy elhjjl ofcdkf feyfpqfeht,tkb lfyfrkbcbf&

ljmnjhb vfbrk dbrthcb lblb ,hbnfytsb^ jmcajhlb^

fivjkbc veptevb

&&&jsfh kjhsmbafyb'bc yfihjvt,b fqbfht-,ekbf vstkc vcjakbjib& &&&vfy ,tdhb hfv uffrtsf sfdbcb rjktut,bcfsdbc& bc itcfybi-yfdb flfvbfyb b.j& vt vfc itlfht,bs bidbfsfl d[dlt,jlb^ vfuhfv .jdtkb it[dtlhf vfcsfy yfvldbkb cfxemfhb b.j xtvsdbc& &&&xdtyb c[tekb fh fhbc vfhflbekb^ vfuhfv v[jkjl pjubthsb flfvbfybc cekb fuh'tkt,c xdtysfy .jayfc ufhlfwdfkt,bc itvltufw& vfs hbw[dc vbtresdyt,f jsfh kjhsmbafyb't&&&

ljmnjhb tktyt dkfcjdf hectsb^ cfyrn-gtnth,ehub^ thvbnf;b^

fynbrehb cfv.fhjc ufy.jabkt,f &&&fv lfyfrkbcsfy ithbut,f ite'kt,tkbf&

xdtyb vtwybtht,f lfj,klf& vfhsfkbf^ vt fhw bct lblb [fyb dbwyj,lb jsfh kjhsmbaf-yb'tc^ vfuhfv xtvc sfdcfw lfj,kt,ekfl dsdkb* sevwf lfhoveyt,ekb dfh^ hjv bc qhvf rdfkc cnjdt,lf .dtkf flfvbfybc cek-ib^ dbcfw rb vfcsfy ,tlb itf[dtlht,lf&&&&

ghjatcjhb fcrjkl bdfyxbrb hectsb^ vjcrjdb^

vcjakbj bcnjhbbc bycnbnenb &&&vtwybtht,fv feyfpqfeht,tkb lfyfrkbcb

ufybwflf – fv mdt.yblfy ofdblf ufvjxtybkb vrdktdfhb^ hjvkbc yfihjvt,vf vybidytkjd-yfl uffvlblhf lf uffafhsjdf cfmfhsdtkjc 'dtkb bcnjhbbc o.fhjsvwjlytj,bsb ,fpf^ ofhvjfxbyf fvbthrfdrfcbbcf lf fynbrehb wb-dbkbpfwbbc rekneht,bc ehsbthsvjmvtlt-,bc f[fkb fcgtmnt,b& hjujhw itcfybiyfdb jhufybpfnjhb^ bc [tkv'qdfytkj,lf evybi-dytkjdfytc cfdtkt 'bt,t,c^ bybwbfnjhb lf cekbc xfvluvtkb b.j cfthsfijhbcj cbv-gjpbevt,bcf^ hjvkt,bw t'qdyt,jlf ifdb-pqdbcgbhtsbc fynbrehb bcnjhbbc fmnef-keh ghj,ktvt,c&&& bcnjhbrjct,b .jdtksdbc bcfphljdt,ty jsfh kjhsmbafyb'bc ihj-

10

vt,bs& [cjdyf vbc itcf[t, cfvelfvjl lfhxt,f thvbnf;tksf uekt,ib^ hjvkt,bw bwyj,lyty vfc&

ghjatcjhb vb[tbk gbjnhjdcrb cf[tkvobaj thvbnf;bc lbhtmnjhb

&&&sfdpfhb lfudwf wyj,fv xdtyb 'dbhafcb

vtuj,hbc jsfh lfdbsbc 't kjhsmbafyb'bc ufhlfwdfkt,bc itcf[t,& vfy ztivfhbnfl lblb odkbkb itbnfyf rkfcbrehb fhmtj-kjubbcf lf rfdrfcbbcvwjlytj,bc ufydbsf-ht,fib& xdty velfv cfsesfl itdbyf[fds xdtyc uekt,ib [cjdyfc fv itcfybiyfdb vtwybthbcf lf fhfxdtekt,hbdb flfvbfybc itcf[t,& vb-bqts xdtyb qhvf lf uekohatkb sf-yfuh'yj,f&

ghjatcjhb hfea veyxftdb hectsbc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbbc

fhmtjkjubbc bycnbnenbc lbhtmnjhb

&&&fh dbwb hf cbn.dt,bs ufvjd[fnj xtvb ufywlt,b fctsb fhfjhlbyfkehb gbhjdyt,bcf lf xtvsdbc vtnfl 'dbhafcb vtuj,hbc lfrfh-udbc ufvj& ,tdhc dabmhj, smdtypt lf bv itvpfhfd e,tleht,fpt^ hfw etwhfl sfdc lfudfn.lf &&&

ghjatcjhb ;fy-gjk vjhtkb cfahfyutsb^

tmc-fy-ghjdfycbc eybdthcbntnb &&&cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbfv lf-

rfhuf lblb vtwybthb& smdty rb^ vbcvf rjkt-ut,vf^ vstkvf dfybc tmcgtlbwbfv lfrfhuts ef[kjtcb vtuj,fhb& dthfcjltc lfdbdbo.t, dfyib ufnfht,ek lqtt,c&&&

ljmnjhb rkth ,fkfylbt cfahfyutsb^

tmc-fy-ghjdfycbc eybdthcbntnb &&&mfhsekvf fhmtjkjubfv (fhf vfhnj

rkfcbrehvf^ fhfvtl cfthsj thjdyekvf) feyfpqfeht,tkb lfyfrkbcb ufybwflf& xdtyufy ofdblf lblb vtnhb^ fhmtjkjubehb rdktdbc wtynhbc lfvffhct,tkb^ dfybc itvmvytkb& vfy fhf vfhnj ufvjpfhlf mfhsekb rkfcbrehb fhmtjkjubbc crjkf^ fhfvtl rjk[tsbc cb-'dtktsf vstkb vcjakbjc obyfit ofhvjxtyf vjf[th[f& vbcb o.fkj,bs mfhsekb fhmtj-kjubehb crjkf vcjakbjc fhmtjkjusf cfsdbcnjvjc ufye.jatkb yfobkb uf[lf& vbc vbth jhufybpt,ekvf cbvgjpbevt,vf smdtyb mdt.ybcrty vbbg.htc vhfdfkb mdt.ybc vrdkt-dfhsf .ehflqt,f& vfy vjf[th[f^ hjv smdtyc vbth ufvjdktybkb rjk[tsbc cfufy'ehb txdt-yt,byf vstkb vcjakbjcsdbc tdhjgbcf lf fvthbrbc c[dflfc[df ufvjatyt,pt& itbnfyf hf sfdbcb odkbkb xdtyb vtwybtht,bc – fhmt-kjubbc – ufydbsfht,fib hjujhw vtwybthvf^

vfy rkfcbrehb fhmtjkjubbc yfwbjyfkehb rflht,bc vstkb crjkf vjfvpflf& hjujhw flvbybcnhfnjhvf^ vfy cfmfhsdtkjib bc uf-frtsf^ hfw dthfdby dth vjf[th[f lf dthw vjf[th[t,c lcs-c nthbnjhbfpt% veptevt,bc lffhct,f^ 'tukt,bc fqvjxtyf lf htcnfdhf-wbf^ ufs[ht,bc epflj jhufybpfwbf^ cfmfh-sdtkjc cb'dtktsf itcfybiyfdb ge,kbrfwbt-,b^ cf[tkvobajc v[hblfy v[fhlfzthf .dtkf fv ghjuhfvbcf vfqfk ljytpt&&& 'ytkbf vbcb itvwdktkbc vj't,yf&&& vbe[tlfdfl erfyfcryt-kb fsoktekbc vjdktyt,bcf^ vfy iteyfhxeyf mfhsek fhmtjkjubfc mvtlbsj,f& erhfbybc fhmtjkjubbc dtnthfyt,b vfc bwyj,lyty zf-,erj,blfy^ hjltcfw bc jk,bfib xfvjlbjlf ufs[ht,ib vjyfobktj,bc vbcfqt,fl& itvltub sfj,f vfc vbcb yfihjvt,bs^ rjyathtywbt,pt it[dtlht,bs bwyj,lf& bc fqfh fhbc&&& vce-,emb b.jc vbcsdbc cfmfhsdtkjc vbof^ vbcb rjk[tsbc vbof&&&

frfltvbrjcb cthutb rhb;bwrb^ ghjatcjht,b ybyf ktbgeycrfbf^ fyf

hecbftdf lf c[d& erhfbyf^ rbtdb^ fhmtjkjubbc bycnbnenb

&&&ghjatcjh jsfh kjhsmbafyb'bc ufhlf-

wdfkt,f lblb lfyfrkbcbf fhf vfhnj mfh-sekb fhmtjkjubbcfsdbc^ fhfvtl .dtkf bv vtwybthbcfsdbc^ dbyw rb xfhsekbf ifdb-pqdbcgbhtsbc lf rfdrfcbbc fhmtjkjubeh itcofdkfib& vbcb lblb vbqotdt,b vtwybthek rdktdfib^ ge,kbrfwbt,b lf vbc vbth jhuf-ybpt,ekb cbvgjpbevt,b .dtkfcsdbc lfedbo-.fhbf^ dbcfw rb /mjybf vfssfy it[t,f&&&

ghjatcjhb ;fy lt ,jthb /jkfylbf^ fvcnthlfvbc eybdthcbntnb

cfv'bvhbc othbkt,b vjdblf rbltd ,tdhb

c[df cfvtwybthj lfotct,ekt,blfy se rj-ktubcfufy^ vfs ijhbc%

cfvw[t-]fdf[tsbc bcnjhbekb veptevbc sfyfvihjvkt,bcfufy^

[fiehbc v[fhtsvwjlytj,bc veptevbc sfyfvihjvkt,bcfufy^

ghja& bkbfc ,f,ftdbcufy (fpth,fb]fyb^ ,fmj^ fhmtjkjubbc bycnbnenb)^

frfl& v& rthbvjdbcf lf frfl& o$r f& f,f-cjdbcfufy (fpth,fb]fyb^ ,fmj^ fpth,fb]fybc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbbc ghtpblbevb lf /evf-ybnfhek vtwybtht,fsf ufy.jabkt,f)^

ghja& df[nfyu ]j,f'bcfufy (fii^ kjc-fy;tktcb^ rfkbajhybbc eybdthcbntnb)^

ljmn& rhbcnby hjvbcfufy (fii^ ;ehyfk "Archaeology"-c htlfmnjhb)^

ghja& tkrf ,frfkjdfcfufy (,ekufhtsb^ cjabf^ [tkjdyt,bc bcnjhbbc bycnbnenb)^

ghja& dth,byrf yfbltyjdfcfufy (,ekuf-htsb^ cjabf^ fhmtjkjubbc bycnbnenb)^

11

ljmn& fynbt rheubcfufy (uthvfybf^ ,th-kbyb^ uthvfybbc fhmtjkjubbc bycnbnenb)^

ghja& hfbyth pkjnfcfufy (uthvfybf^ ,j[evbc cfvsj veptevb)^

ghja& bvf rbkbfybcfufy (uthvfybf^ vfbywb^ hjvfek-uthvfyekb veptevb)^

ghja& vfyahtl rjhavfybcfufy (uthvfybf^ nbe,byutybc eybdthcbntnb)^

ghja& ltdbl ,hfeylbcfufy (lblb ,hb-nfytsb^ tmctnthbc eybdthcbntnb)^

ghja& udflfkegt vjyntfueljcfufy (tcgf-ytsb^ vflhblbc eybdthcbntnb)^

ljmn& ljvtybr rfcf,-ntpujhbcfufy (seh-mtsb^ fyrfhbc eybdthcbntnb)^

frfl& f& lthtdbfyrjcfufy (hectsb^ vjcrj-db^ fhmtjkjubbc bycnbnenb)^

ghja& rfhbyt reiyfhbjdfcfufy (hectsb^ cfyrn-gtnth,ehub^ hectsbc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbbc vfnthbfkehb reknehbc bcnj-hbbc bycnbnenb)^

frfl& o$r t&y& yjcjdbcfufy (hectsb^ cfyrn-gtnth,ehub^ hectsbc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvb-bc vfnthbfkehb reknehbc bcnjhbbc by-cnbnenb)^

ljmn& jkuf cjrjkjdfcfufy (hectsb^ cfyrn-gtnth,ehub^ thvbnf;b)

ghja& djka-lbnhb/ ybvfbthbcfufy (cf,th-'ytsb^ uthvfybbc fhmtjkjubbc bycnbnenbc fstybc ufy.jabkt,f)^

ljmn& fhktn ahtcbcfufy (cfahfyutsb^ tmc-fy-ghjdfycbc eybdthcbntnb)^

ljmn& tdtkby ;tybcfufy (cfahfyutsb^ ,t-pfycjybc eybdthcbntnb)^

ghja& gbth lbegjybcfufy (cfahfyutsb^ kbjybc eybdthcbntnb)^

frfl& a& cfhrbcbfybcf lf frfl& u& fdtnb-cbfybcfufy (cjv[tsb^ thtdfyb^ cjv[tsbc vtw-ybtht,fsf frfltvbbc ghtpblbevb lf /evfyb-nfhek vtwybtht,fsf ufy.jabkt,f)^

ljmn& fkf lf cthutb ,ebcrb[t,bcfufy (erhfbyf^ rbtdb^ fhmtjkjubbc bycnbnenb)^

nfdhbbc mthcjytcbc thjdyekb veptev-yfrh'fkbc sfyfvihjvkt,bcufy (erhfbyf^ ctdf-cnjgjkb)^

ghja& bfy ,jeptrbcfufy (xt[tsb^ ghfqbc rfhkjcbc eybdthcbntnb)&

ufhlf fvbcf^ cfv'bvhbc othbkt,b vjdblf% bchftkib cfmfhsdtkjc tkxbc – ,fnjy

htdfp ufxtxbkf'bcufy^ bnfkbfib cfmfhsdtkjc tkxbc – mfk,fnjy

hecelfy kjhsmbafyb'bcufy^ cfahfyutsib cfmfhsdtkjc tkxbc – ,fnjy

ujxf xjujdf'bcufy^ cfahfyutsib cfmfhsdtkjc cftkxjc ltc-

gfybc – mfk,fnjy yfstkf kfqb'bcufy^

mfhsdtk knjkdbksf fstybc cfsdbc-njvjcufy (30 [tkvjothf)^

xdtyb ;ehyfkbc tc yjvthb erdt fo.j,bkb

b.j^ hjltcfw vbdbqts 2003 okbc American Journal of Archaeology-bc gbhdtk yjvthib ufvjmdt.yt,ekb ytrhjkjub& usfdfpj,s fv ytrhjkjubc mfhsek sfhuvfyc&

jsfh kjhsmbafyb't^ 1930-2002

rfhty c& he,bycjyb

ghjatcjh jsfh kjhsmbafyb'bc etwfhb lf chekbfl vjekjlytkb ufhlfwdfkt,f 2002 okbc 19 vfbcc lblb lfyfrfhubf rkf-cbrehb fhmtjkjubbcfsdbc lf cfthsjl vtw-ybthsf bv cfthsfijhbcj cfrht,ekjcsdbc^ hjvtkbw lfbynthtct,ekbf cfmfhsdtkjcf lf ifdbpqdbcgbhtsbc fhmtjkjubbs& lf,flt-,ekb 1930 okbc 30 jmnjv,thc^ bc ufhlf-bwdfkf uekbc itntdbs f[fkwb[tib (cfmfh-sdtkj)^ cflfw vfy htubjyfkeh veptevib ufvfhsek rjyathtywbfpt ofbrbs[f vj[ctyt-,f stvfpt @cfmfhsdtkjc bcnjhbf lf fhmtj-kjubf#& kjhsmbafyb'bctekb qhvf wjlyf cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjubbcf^ uflfo.dtnbkt-,f^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjubf hfw it-b'kt,f vtnfl uftwyj vcjakbjcsdbc^ gbhdt-kj,f cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjusf ijhbc^ lf [tkv'qdfytkj,f dfybc vybidytkjdfyb ufs[-ht,bcf fcf[ekbf vbc vhfdfkathjdfy cfvtw-ybthj yfihjvt,ib& jsfh kjhsmbafyb'bc cf-be,bktjl vbcb mfhsdtkb vjofatt,bc vbth 2001 otkc ufvjmdt.yt,ek rht,ekib vj-wtvekbf vbcb yfihjvt,bc cbf^ hjvtkbw 267 cnfnbfc^ vjyjuhfabfc^ stpbcc vjbwfdc& kjhsmbafyb'bc vbpfyb^ hjv afhsj cfpjuf-ljt,bcfsdbc [tkvbcfodljvb uft[flf cfmfh-sdtkjc fhmtjkjubbc vbqotdt,b^ fcf[ekbf vbc obuyt,ib^ hjvkt,bw lf,tzlbkbf hecek^ uthvfyek^ ahfyuek lf byukbceh tyt,pt^ ufhlf vbcb vij,kbehb mfhsekbcf& ths-ths vbc erfyfcrytk yfihjvib - "Phasis: The River and City in Colchis" (Stuttgart, 2000) – itcofdkbkbf ,th'yekb rjkjybbc lffhct,f lf ,th'tysf ehsbthsj,f htubjybc flubkj,-hbd vjcf[ktj,fcsfy&

ufhlfwdfkt,bcfc jsfh kjhsmbafyb't b.j cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbbc fhmtj-kjubehb rdktdbc wtynhbc lbhtmnjhb^ hj-vtkbw vfy 1977 otkc lfffhcf& 1966 okblfy bc dfybc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgtlbwbbc [tk-v'qdfytkb b.j& dfyib vjqdfotj,bcfc vfy it-mvyf dfybc fhmtjkjubehb veptevb lf cf-rjyathtywbj wtynhb& rjk[tsbc ufvjhxtekb reknehbc fqmvbcfsdbc fv vybidytkjdfyb 'tukbc rdktdbc itltut,b ufvjmdt.yt,ekbf tmcgtlbwbbc ihjvt,bc w[hf njvib (mfhsek

12

lf hecek tyt,pt)^ fuhtsdt vjyjuhfabfib @Vani: une Pompйi gйorgienne" (Paris, 1995).

fv vbqotdt,bc erfy rb bluf rtsbkij,bkb lf cnevfhsvj.dfht gbhjdyt,f^ hjvtkbw .j-dtksdbc vpfl b.j lf[vfht,jlf cek eahj lf eahj vpfhl yfrflc ew[jtkb rjkt-ut,bcf^ hjvtksfw cehlfs uftwyjs cfmfh-sdtkjc hsekb rekneht,b& wjlyf lf by-ajhvfwbf^ hjvtkcfw bc akj,lf^ erbltufyj b.j& bc .dtkf vcehdtkc bqt,lf sfdbc 'tu-kpt lf epbfht,lf sfdbcb rdktdbc itltut,c& bc e[dfl fvfhfut,lf ,tdh rjktufc 'ytkfl [tkvbcfodljvb ge,kbrfwbt,bs^ hjvkt,bw vybidytkjdfyb b.j vfsb veifj,bcsdbc& gbhflfl rfhty he,bycjyc ,tdh]th vbeqbf fctsb lf[vfht,f vbcufy^ lfo.t,ekb 1990 otkc kjhsmbafyb'bc gbhdtkb dbpbnblfy ybe-bjhrib^ hjltcfw vfy xfenfyf sfdbcb obuyb @Наследие древней Грузии" (s,bkbcb^ 1989)^ hjvtkbw vjudbfyt,bs uthvfyekfl ufvjmdt.ylf "Archдologie in Georgien von der Altsteinzeit zum Mittelalter" (Weinheim, 1991). @gthtcnjhbrfvlt# lf cf,zjsf rfdibhbc lfy-uhtdfvlt ,tdhfl flht kjhsmbafyb't ifdb-pqdbcgbhtsib cfthsfijhbcj sfyfvihjv-kj,bc fdfyufhlib bluf& vbc vbth jhufybpt-,ekb b.j fsb cfthsfijhbcj cbvgjpbevb^ vb'qdybkb ifdbpqdbcgbhtsbc 'dtkb bcnj-hbbcf lf fhmtjkjubbc ghj,ktvt,bcflvb& gbhdtkfl tc cbvgjpbevb 1977 otkc xfnfhlf& [ibh itvs[dtdfib jsfh kjhsmbafyb'bc gb-hflb othbkb rbltd eahj vtnfl off[fkb-ct,lf [jkvt ew[jtk vtwybtht,c^ hjv vjyf-obktj,f vbtqjs cbvgjpbevbc veifj,fib& fvthbrbc fhmtjkjubbc bycnbnenbc gbhdtkb dbwt-ghtpbltynb ]tby dfkl,fevb^ hjvtkbw lftcohj cbvgjpbevc 1999 otkc^ fqybiyfdlf^ hjv ufhlf mfhsdtkb vtwybtht,bcf vjyfob-ktt,b xfvjcekyb b.dyty tcgfytsblfy^ yblthkfylt,blfy^ cfahfyutsblfy^ bchftkblfy^ uthvfybblfy^ sehmtsblfy^ hect-sblfy^ fii-lfy& cbvgjpbevb ufvjbhxtjlf fhf vfhnj cfvtwybthj ljybs^ fhfvtl s,bkb cnevfhsvj.dfhtj,bsfw& nhflbwbekb mfhse-kb ,fyrtnt,b^ wtw[kjdfyb mfhsekb [fk[ehb wtrdt,b lf vtkjlbehb ueylehb cbvqtht,b fvidtyt,lf cfqfvjt,c^ [jkj cfmfhsdtkjc 'tu-kt,bcf lf veptevt,bc vjyf[ekt,fv mdt.ybc cb'dtktt,bs cbvlblhbc f[fkb cfv.fhj uflfe-ifkf cbvgjpbevbc vjyfobktt,c&

dfybc cbvgjpbevt,bs jsfh kjhsmbafyb'tv cfae'dtkb xfe.fhf cfthsfijhbcj sfyfvihjvkj,fc ifdbpqdbcgbhtsbc mdt.yt,bc itcofdkfib& ifdbpqdbcgbhtsb rb lqtc rdktdbc cek eahj lf eahj vtnfl vybidytkjdfyb htubjybf fhmtjkjut,bcsdbc^ hjvkt,bw c[dflfc[df gthbjlt,bc lf utjuhfabekb htubjyt,bc cgtwbfkbcnt,b fhbfy& fv cfthsfijhbcj bynthtcbc vbqotdt,b

fcf[ekbf vtjht cfbe,bktj rht,ekib^ hjvtkbw jsfh kjhsmbafyb'tc vbt'qdyf (D. Kacharava, M. Faudot, E. Geny, eds. Autour de la mer Noire: Hommage а Otar Lordkipanidze,

Paris, 2002). fv rht,ekib vjyfobktj,f vbbqj tdhjgbcf lf xhlbkjts fvthbrbc ,tdhb mdt.ybc ofhvjvflutytkvf& kjhsmbafyb't b.j ;ehyfkt,bc "Il Mare Nero" lf "Colloquia Pontica" cfhtlfmwbj cf,zjc otdhb& fvfdt lhjc bc b.j Electronic Cultural Atlas Initiative-bc otdhb lf fodlblf vfc vjyfwtvt,c cfmfhsdtkjc fhmtjkjubehb 'tukt,bc rdktdbc itcf[t,& kjhsmbafyb'bc [fyuh'kbdb lf ufvjhxtekb vjqdfotj,f fqbybiyf vbcb fhxtdbs uthvfybbc fhmtjkjubbc bycnbnenbc otdh-rjhtcgjyltynfl (1980 o&) lf tcgfytsbc cfvtaj frfltvbbc otdhfl (2001 o&)^ bctdt hjujhw cfmfhsdtkjc vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbbc otdhfl (1999 o&)& vfy vbbqj fuhtsdt vtnfl ghtcnb;ekb /ev,jklnbc ghtvbf lf vfbywbc fhmtjkjubehb cfpjuf-ljt,bc vtlfkb (jhbdt 1999 otkc)&

fvthbrbc fhmtjkjubbc bycnbnenbc otd-ht,c velfv tvf[cjdht,fs it[dtlhf kjhs-mbafyb'tcsfy^ hjltcfw bc vjyfobktj,lf 1998 okbc .jdtkokbeh it[dtlhfpt dfibyunjyib& vbcb vj[ctyt,f @rjk[tsbc ,th'yekb rjkj-ybt,b fhmfek lf rkfcbreh gthbjlt,ib# yf-obkb b.j rjkjrdbevbcf stvfpt @fcne lf [jhf rkfcbrehb [fybc gjynjib#^ hjvtkbw jdty leyfybc vbth b.j jhufybpt,ekb& kjhsmbafyb'bc .jayf fv it[dtlhfpt b.j vbcb cfthsfijhbcj htgenfwbbcf lf fv cathjib vjveifdt vtwybtht,bcsdbc vbcb rdktdbc vybidytkj,bc itltub& vbcvf ufvj-rdktdt,vf cfae'dtkb xfe.fhf rkfcbrehb cfv.fhjc erblehtcb fqvjcfdktsb yfobkbc itcofdkfc& jsfh kjhsmbafyb'bc elhjjl ufhlfwdfkt,f feyfpqfht,tkb lfyfrkbcbf vstkb vcjakbjc vtwybthsfsdbc&

13

ibyffhcb Contents

c n f n b t , b

A r t i c l e s

f& jh]jybrb't& cfmfhsdtkjib fhfhfnekb nbgbc rthfvbrbc ufdhwtkt,bc cfrbs[b-cfsdbc .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

15

A. Orjonikidze. On the Diffusion of Ararat Pottery on the Territory of Georgia (Summary) .. .. 16 v& rdfzf't& cfvfh[t,b cja& stkfsujhsfy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 M. Kvachadze. Pit-Burials near the Village of Telatgori (Summary) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 k& cf[fhjdf& rbltd ths[tk rjk[ehb lf .j,fyehb rekneht,bc ehsbthsj,bc cfrb-

s[bcfsdbc .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

25

L. Sakharova. Once More on the Relationship of the Colchian and Koban Cultures (Summary) 29 y& cekfdf& ktx[evib fqvjxtybkb vwbht pjvbc .fkb,bc itcf[t, .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 31 N. Sulava. On a Small Mould Discovered in Lechkhumi (Summary) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33 h& gfgefidbkb& njhamdtif yfvjcf[kfhb jyo.jibfib .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 35

R. Papuashvili. Ontsqoshia – Underpeat Settlement Site (Summary) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 36 u& ufv.htkb't& dthcbf ,h'jkbc cbe;tnbfyb dthw[kbc hbnjybc itcf[t, ptvj hfzbc

cja& ujvblfy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

39

G. Gamkrelidze. On the Silver Rhyton Bearing a Representation of a Fighting Scene from the

Village of Gomi in Highland Racha (Summary) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

45

l& f[dktlbfyb^ h& aesehb't& rjk[tsbc nthbnjhbfpt ufvjdktybkb /thfrkteh^ sfcjceh^ mbjceh lf rybleh fvajhfsf lfvqt,b .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

50

D. Akhvlediani, R. Puturidze. Heraclean, Thasian, Chian and Cnidian Amphorae Stamps

Revealed on the Territory of Colchis (Summary) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

51

m& ]fdf[bidbkb& ukbgnbreh 'tukt,pt fcf[ekb fynbrehb vjyevtynehb [tkjdyt,bc ybveit,b& ++& utvf thoj-sbfytsblfy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

52

K. Javakhishvili. Gems Bearing Representations of Scenes from Specimens of Ancient

Monumental Art. Ii. Gem from Ertso-Tianeti (Summary) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

55

v& xfhrdbfyb& tmdsbvt sf.fbidbkbc vbth xfnfht,ekb fhmtjkjubehb ufs[ht,b dfybc yfmfkfmfhpt .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

57

M. Charkviani. Archaeological Excavations Carried out by Ekvtime Taqaishvili at the Vani

City Site (Summary) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

61

m& hfvbidbkb& flhtekb ief cfereytt,bc mfhskbc ukbgnbrehb 'tukt,bc hfvltybvt sfdbct,ehb ]ueabc itcf[t, .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

62

K. Ramishvili. On a Few Specific Groups of Early Mediaeval Georgian Glyptics (Summary) 67 g& kt;fdf& pehnfrtnbc [tj,bc yfvjcf[kfht,b .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 72 P. Lezhava. Rock-cut Architectural Complex in Zurtaketi Gorge (Summary) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 74 l& vbyljhfidbkb& vfcfkt,b udbfyb ief cfereytt,bc eakbcwb[bc itcofdkbcfsdbc .. 80 D. Mindorashvili. Toward the Study of Mediaeval Uplistsikhe (Summary) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 84 y& mt,ekf't& hrbybc rjhjpbf lf fhmtjkjubehb ybdst,bc htcnfdhfwbf-rjycthdfwbf 88 N. Kebuladze. Corrosion of Iron and Restoration-Conservation of Archaeological Artefacts

(Summary) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

90

14

f h m t j k j u b b c b c n j h b f

History of Archaeology

c& f,ekfidbkb& ,jhbc reanbyb – vfcfkt,b 1934 okbc fhmtjkjubehb tmcgjpbwbb-cfsdbc .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

92

S. Abulashvili. Boris Kuftin – Materials for the Archaeological Exhibition of 1934 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 92 [& ]jh,tyf't& lbvbnhb ,fmhf'bc qdfokb mfhsekb fhmtjkjubbc ufydbsfht,bc cfm-

vtib .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

98

Kh. Jorbenadze. Services Rendered by Dimitri Bakradze to the Developement of the Georgian

Archaeology .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

98

cbvjy ]fyfibfc fhmbdblfy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 102 From the Archive of Simon Janashia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 102

V b k j w d f

Congratulations

mfhsekb yevbpvfnbrehb vtwybtht,bc f[fkb tnfgb (ghja& ubjhub leylefc 70 okbcsfdbc ufvj) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

111

New Stage of Development of Georgian Numismatics (Giorgi Dundua – 70) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 111

m h j y b r f C h r o n i c l e

u& vbylbfidbkb& 2001 okbc cfdtkt cfveifjt,b .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 114 G. Mindiashvili. Field Work in 2001 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 116 itvjrkt,fsf cbf .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Abbreviations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

119 119

15

CNFNBT

16

173]^ ]buhfitybcf [4, ud. 17] lf ,fhfktsbc [6, ud. 43] ujhfyfvjcf[kfht,pt&

'bhbsflfl xfvjsdkbkbs fvjboeht,f cf-mfhsdtkjc vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehbc 'tu-kt,pt fqvjxtybkb xfqfhek-fvj,ehwekb ufhsekt,ekb cgbhfkt,bs jhyfvtynbht,ekb rthfvbrf& xfyc^ hjv bub fm vfbywlfvfbyw afh-sjl fh ufdhwtkt,ekf [9, ud. 60]. sevwf^ vb-cb ufvjdkbyt,f fh fhbc .dtkufy thsudfhj-dfyb& eahj v'kfdhfl fvudfhb rthfvbrf mdtvj mfhskbc dtkbc 'tukt,ptf ofhvjlutybkb [10, ud. 114, 142]^ itvltu – iblf mfhskib [2]. lff[kjt,bs vcufdcb cehfsb bcf[t,f fv rthf-vbrbc fqvjxtybcf shbfktscf lf ]fdf[tsib& bub fm mdtvj lf iblf mfhsksfy itlfht,bs yfrkt,flff ufdhwtkt,ekb&

fvhbufl^ vjb[fpf bc fhtfkb^ cflfw fhfhf-nbc dtkbcfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb sb[bc zehzkbc fhct,j,f lfcnehlt,f& hjujhw xfyc^ fv fhtfkib fh itlbc cfvw[t lf rf[tsb^ vbe[tlfdfl bvbcf^ hjv cfv[htsek^ vfs ij-hbc cjv[tsbc vsbfytsbcfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst-,tk vfnthbfkehb reknehbc c[dflfc[df tktvtync cfmfhsdtkjc fv htubjyt,ibw d[dlt,bs& fhfhfnekb nbgbc jhyfvtynbs itv-rek rthfvbrfc dth d[tlfds iblf mfhskbc xhlbkj pjkibw& rbltd eahj yfrkt,fl dhwtklt,f bub lfcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc vb-vfhsekt,bs – kb[c bmbs fvudfhb rthfvbrf ewyj,bf [4, ud. 20]. bub fhw iblf mfhskbc vhfdfkatybfy yfvjcf[kfhpt – [fiehbc yf-wfhujhfptf fqvjxtybkb& cflqtbcj vjyfwtvt-,bs bct xfyc^ hjv cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnj-hbfpt fhfhfnekb rthfvbrbc lfcfdktsbs ufdhwtkt,bc erblehtcb pqdfhb mfhtkb-f[fkmfkfmbc itvfthst,tk pjkpt uflbc&

abmhj,ty^ hjv rthfvbrbc tc dfhbfynb cf-mfhsdtkjc cbqhvtib eiefkjl fhfhfnbc dt-kblfy rb fh dhwtklt,f^ fhfvtl evsfdhtcfl vnrdhbc [tj,bs fqotdc lfcfdkts fpth,fb-]fybcf lf mdtvj mfhskbc dfrbc v[hblfy^ cf-lfw bc bvltyfl v'kfdhflff ofhvjlutybkb^ hjv vjcf[ktj,bc uflvjflubkt,fcfw rb df-hfelj,ty [2, ud. 65]. hfvltyflvt itcecnt,e-kb cf[bs fhfhfnekb reknehekb yfrflb iblf mfhskcfw fqotdc^ sevwf^ ofv.dfyb fm vfbyw flubkj,hbdb sb[bc zehztkb hxt,f [2, ud. 65]. rbltd eahj yfrkt,fl dkbylt,f fv-udfhb jhyfvtynbc vmjyt rthfvbrf ]fdf[tsbc gkfnjcf lf shbfktsib& iblf mfhskbc vcufdcfl fmfw ofv.dfyb flubkj,hbdb rthfvbrf xfyc^ hjvtkcfw ,tdhb fmdc cfthsj iblf-mfhskeh yfofhvsfy [10; 4]. cfabmht,tkbf^ hjv cfv[hts cfmfhsdtkjc tc vfqfkvsbfyb hfbjyt,b fhfhfnekb nbgbc rthfvbrbc ufdh-wtkt,bc gthbathbek fhtc ofhvjflutylf^ cflfw tc yfofhvb evsfdhtcfl iblf mfhskbc upbs eylf vj[dtlhbkb.j [4, ud. 20].

cjv[tsbc flht,hby]fjc [fybc rthfvbrbc gthbjlbpfwbbc cmtvbs xfyc^ hjv ihti-,ke-hbc nbgbc xfqfhek-fvj,ehwekb ufhsekt-,ekb cgbhfkt,bs itvrekb sb[bc zehztkb eahj flhtekbf rbhjdfrfybc ]ueabc yfofhv-pt^ hjvtkcfw fvudfhb cgbhfkt,bc ufhlf zhbkb utjvtnhbekb jhyfvtynbw uffxybf [14, ud. 110]. cfmfhsdtkjc nthbnjhbfpt uf-vjdktybk fhfhfnekb rthfvbrbc itvwdtkb 'tukt,bc vybidytkjdfy yfobkc cojhtl fv erfyfcrytkc fresdyt,ty [14, ud. 110; 2, ud. 52]. vfcib thsbfylt,f wb[bfujhbc B2 atybc vfcfkfw [2, ud. 52].

lfvrdblht,ekb it[tlekt,bc sfyf[vfl^ iblf mfhskib xfqfhek-fvj,ehwekb ufhse-kt,ekb cgbhfkehb jhyfvtynbc sfdlfgbhdt-kb ufvjxtyf mdfw[tkf B1 atybc [fyfc erfd-ibhlt,f& mdfw[tkfc tc atyf rb mhjyjkjub-ehfl oby ecoht,c wb[bfujhbc B2 atyfc^ hjvkbc rthfvbrf^ hjujhw fqdybiyts^ rbhj-dfrfybc ]ueac vbtresdyt,f [2, ud. 76]& fv-ltyfl^ itb'kt,f lfdeidfs^ hjv mdfw[tkfc B1 atybc fvudfhb yfofhvb ufytresdyt,f rbhjdf-rfybc obyfvjh,tl – ihti-,kehbc ]ueac& fvbc cfcfhut,kjl eylf kfgfhfrj,ltc vcufdcb jhyfvtynbc vmjyt zehzkbc fqvjxtybc afmnbw mdfw[tkfc yfcf[kfhbc rbltd eahj flhtek C1 atyfib [8, ud. 40]. tc udf-abmht,byt,c^ hjv fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc iblf hfbjyt,ib fhfhfnbc dtkblfy vjvlbyfht gbhdtkb bvgekct,b erdt fv lhjblfy bo.t,f lf ihti-,kehbc ]ueac erfdibhlt,f& mdf-w[tkfc C1 atyfib nhflbwbekb iblfmfhs-kehb nbgbc ,brjyecehnfybfyb vfcj,hbdb yf-ofhvbc udthlbs vfyfvlt ewyj,b – cfvyfob-kflb sb[bc zehzkbc ufvjxtyfw [8^ nf,& XXXI-5]^ hjvkbc ef[kjtc gfhfktkt,c bctd cfv[hts fvbthrfdrfcbeh vfcfkt,ib d[tlfds [13^ nf,& 44124; 10, nf,& 481]^ fvbc lfcnehb eylf b.jc&

.jdtkbdt ptvjsfqybiyekb bvfpt eylf vbesbst,ltc^ hjv fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc cbqhvtib fhfhfnekb ofhvjvfdkj,bc vmjyt rthfvbrf vtn-yfrkt,b byntycbdj,bs hfvjlt-ybvt mhjyjkjubeh yfrflfl dhwtklt,f^ sf-yffhct,j,c flubkj,hbd yfofhvsfy lf hj-ujhw wb[bfujhbc cnhfnbuhfabekb vjyfwt-vt,b vjovj,c [2^ nf,& XLVII, LXIII]^ fm vnrdfh-fhfmcbc reknehbc xfmhj,fvlt wjw[-kj,c& sevwf^ hjujhw itybiyekbf^ fv rek-nehbc cfv[htsfvbthrfdrfcbehb dfhbfynbc ufvjxtyfc fh vj/.jkbf vrdtshb wdkbkt,t,b flubkj,hbdb reknehbc 'bhbsfl rjvgjyty-nt,ib [2, ud. 65].

17

A. Orjonikidze

ON THE DIFFUSION OF ARARAT

POTTERY ON THE TERRITORY OF

GEORGIA

Summary

Vessels with convexo-concave spiral ornament

appear on the territory of Eastern Georgia at the

late stage of the Kura-Araxes culture. The Ararat

valley is considered the home of such pottery,

penetrating from there into the central and

southern areas of Eastern Georgia. A stronger

trace of this pottery is observable on sites of the

Lower Kartli plain and the foothill zone of the

Inner Kartli. It is represented relatively weaker in

Trialeti and on the Javakheti Plateau.

kbnthfnehf 1& uhbujkbf u&^ nfnbidbkb s& mdtvj

mfhskbc e'dtktcb 'tukt,b& – cbur^ +^ s,&^ 1960^ ud& 67-70&

2& vf[fhf't p& wb[bfujhbc vnrdfh-fhfm-cekb yfvjcf[kfhb^ s,&^ 1984&

3& jh]jybrb't f& vnrdfh-fhfmcbc rek-nehbc f[fkb vfcfkt,b ]fdf[tsbc gkfnjlfy& – vfwyt^ = 2^ 1989^ ud& 172-176&

4& jh]jybrb't f& flht,hby]fjc [fybc yfvjcf[kfhb lbufityb +& – 'bt,fyb^ = 1^ 1998^ ud& 15-22&

5& a[frf't u& mdtvj mfhskbc tytjkbsb& s,&^ 1963&

6& mbmj't p&^ rjkb a&^ vbylbfidbkb u&^ jh]jybrb't f& flht,hby]fjc [fybc fhmtj-kjubehb vfcfkf cfv[hts cfmfhsdtkjlfy& – 'bt,fyb^ = 2^ 1998^ ud& 42-51&

7& qkjynb k& vnrdfh-fhfmcbc rekne-hbc 'tukt,b& – mdtvj mfhskbc fhmtjkjube-hb tmcgtlbwbbc itltut,b (1965-1971)^ s,&^ 1975^ ud& 129-136&

8& ]fdf[bidbkb f& qkjynb k& eh,ybcb^ +^ s,&^ 1962&

9& ]fafhb't j& mfhsdtkb njvt,bc bcnj-hbbcfsdbc kbsjybc ofhvjt,bc flhtek cf-at[ehpt^ s,&^ 1961&

10& ]fafhb't j& mfhsdtk njvsf tsyb-rehb bcnjhbbc cfrbs[bcfsdbc^ s,&^ 1976&

11& Куфтин Б. А. Археологические раскопки в Триалети. Тб., 1941.

12. Куфтин Б. А. Урартский "колумбарий"

у подошвы Арарата и Куро-Аракский энеолит.

– ВГМГ, 13-В, 1944, с. 1-71.

13. Кушнарева К. Х., Чубинишвили Т. Н. Древние культуры Южного Кавказа. Л., 1970.

14. Ханзадян Э. В. Культура Армянского

нагорья в III тыс. до н.э. Ер., 1967.

18

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19

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mjsfyb – vjyfwhbcahjl ufvjvodfhb* ptlf-gbhb [fjbfyb fmdc (nf,& +++1)&

rjzj,b – vj.fdbcahjl ufvjvodfhb^ ptlf lf iblf gbhb vjyfwhbcahjf* itvrekbf yfzltdb jhyfvtynbs& ptlfgbhb [fjbfybf (nf,& +++2)&

kfyufhb – ktuf-vjifdjl ufvjvodfhb^ ptlf lf iblfgbhb vj.fdbcahjf* welflff ufvjvodf-hb (nf,& +++3)&

ie,bcgbhb – hrbybc^ vfchfuf[cybkb^ 2 vfy-zdfkbs&

leuvf – ,hby]fjcb& cfvfh[b = 6 (1989 o& = 14 cfvfh[b) ofh-

vjflutyc utuvfib res[tt,vjvhudfkt,ek vfh-sres[f ajhvbc jhvjcfvfh[c (0,90,7 v)^ lfv-[hj,bkbf fqvjcfdktsblfy lfcfdktsbcrty& vbwdfkt,ekb lfrh'fkekb b.j vfh]dtyf udthlpt^ rbleht,vj[hbkb& cfvfh[ib fqvjxy-lf%

lthub – ktuf-vjifdjl ufvjvodfhb^ ptlfgb-hb vjyfwhbcahjf& itvrekbf fvjqfhekb jh-yfvtynbs (nf,& +14)&

rfs[f – vj.fdbcahj-vjxfkbcahjl ufvjvo-dfhb* itvrekbf yfzltdb jhyfvtynbs& tn.j,f wtw[kib vj[dtlhbc rdfkb (nf,& +13)&

rjzj,b – vj.fdbcahjl ufvjvodfhb^ ptlf lf iblf gbhb ktuf-vjyfwhbcahjf (nf,& +12)&

cfntdfhb – ,hby]fjcb^ ajskbct,ehb (nf,& +11)& cfvfh[b = 7 (1989 o& = 15 cfvfh[b) ofh-

vjflutyc utuvfib vfhsres[f ajhvbc res[t-t,vjvhudfkt,ek jhvjcfvfh[c (1,31,2 v)^ lfv[hj,bkbf cfv[htsblfy xhlbkjtsbcfrty& vbwdfkt,ekb lfrh'fkekbf vfh]dtyf udthl-pt^ rbleht,vj[hbkb& cfvfh[ib fqvjxylf%

ljmb – vj.fdbcahjl ufvjvodfhb^ ptlf lf iblfgbhb ktuf-vjyfwhbcahj fmdc* itvrekbf fvjqfhekb jhyfvtynbs (nf,& +++5)&

rjzj,b – ktuf-vjyfwhbcahjl ufvjvodfhb^ ptlfgbhb vjyfwhbcahj lf jlyfd yfghbfkt-,bf (nf,& +++6)&

]fvb – vj.fdbcahjl ufvjvodfhb^ ptlf lf iblfgbhb ktuf-vjifdjf (nf,& +++7)&

kfyufhb – ktuf-vjifdjl ufvjvodfhb* ptlf lf iblfgbhb itvrekbf yfghbfkt,b jhyfvty-nbs (nf,& +++8)&

cfntdfhb – hrbybc^ ;fyubcfufy chekbfl lfikbkb&

cfvfh[b = 8 (1989 o& = 16 cfvfh[b) ofh-vjflutyc utuvfib vfhsres[f ajhvbc res[t-t,vjvhudfkt,ek jhvjcfvfh[c (1,40,9 v)^ lfv[hj,bkbf cfv[hts-fqvjcfdktsblfy xhlb-kj-lfcfdktsbcfrty& vbwdfkt,ekb lfrh'f-kekbf vfh]dtyf udthlpt^ rbleht,vjrtwbkb& cfvfh[ib fqvjxylf%

ljmb – ktuf-vjyfwhbcahjl ufvjvodfhb^ ptlfgbhb yfghbfkt,bf* itvrekbf fvjqfhekb jhyfvtynbs (nf,& +++13)&

mjsfyb – vj.fdbcahjl ufvjvodfhb^ ptlf lf iblfgbhb ifdbf* ptlfgbhb jlyfdff ufghbf-kt,ekb& 'kbth ahfuvtynekb& dth fqluf&

rjzj,b – vjyfwhbcahjl ufvjvodfhb* itv-rekbf fvjqfhekb jhyfvtynbs (nf,& +++10)&

kfyufhb – ktuf-vjyfwhbcahjl ufvjvodfhb^ ptlf lf iblfgbhb vjifdj-vj.fdbcahjf* itvre-kbf fvjqfhekb cfhn.kt,bs (nf,& +++12)&

]fvb – ufvjvodfhbf vj.fdbcahjl^ ptlf lf iblfgbhb vjyfwhbcahjf (nf,& +++11)&

vf[dbkb – hrbybc^ ,hby]fjc xfhxjct,ehb nfhbs& gbhb welflff lfwekb& nfhc f[kfdc 14 vfyzdfkb (nf,& +++9)&

lfyf – hrbybc^ ;fyubcfufy chekbfl lfi-kbkb&

cfvfh[b = 9 (1989 o& = 18 cfvfh[b) ofh-vjflutyc utuvfib vfhsres[f ajhvbc res[t-t,vjvhudfkt,ek jhvjcfvfh[c (1,00,8 v)^ lfv[hj,bkbf cfv[htsblfy xhlbkjtsbcfrty& vbwdfkt,ekb lfrh'fkekbf vfh]dtyf udthl-pt^ 'kbth vjreynekb& cfvfh[ib fqvjxylf%

ljmb – vjifdjl ufvjvodfhb^ ptlfgbhb yfg-hbfkt,b fmdc* itvrekbf fvjqfhekb jhyfvty-nbs (nf,& ++8)&

mjsfyb – vjxfkbcahjl ufvjvodfhb* ufht lf iblfgbhb ifdb kfmt,bsff lfafhekb& pt-lfgbhb yfghbfkt,b fmdc (nf,& ++10)&

rjzj,b – vj.fdbcahjl ufvjvodfhb^ ptlf lf iblfgbhb vjyfwhbcahjf* itvrekbf fvjqf-hekb jhyfvtynbs (nf,& ++9)&

abfkf – vjyfwhbcahjl ufvjvodfhb^ ptlf-gbhb yfghbfkt,bf (nf,& ++7)&

cfrby't,b (2 w&) – ,hby]fjcb^ ,jskbct-,ehb& itvrekbf fvjqfhekb jhyfvtynbs (nf,& ++6)&

ptvjs fqothbkb rjvgktmct,b mhjyjkj-ubehfl jh 'bhbsfl ]ueafl b.jaf& eahj flhtekbf bc cfvfh[t,b^ hjvkt,ibw fqvjxy-lf ,hby]fjc ajskbct,ehb cfntdhbcgbht,b& = 3 cfvfh[ib (nf,& +1-7) fqvjxylf emtlj ajskbct,ehb cfntdhbcgbhb^ hjvtkcfw fmdc odthvjvhudfkt,ekb njkathlf cfvres[t-lbc ajhvbc gbhb^ cfvyfxdhtnbfyb lf vjvhu-dfkt,ekb cfnfht^ hjvkbc v[ht,b fctdt vj-vhudfkt,ekfl uflflbc a[t,ib& nfhbc lfcf-ut, yfobksfy itbybiyt,f yf[tdfhohbekb ajhvbc fyf,tzlb (nf,& +2)& tc cfntdfhb itb'-kt,f flhtek ajhvfl xfdsdfkjs^ vfuhfv dth dbn.dbs^ hjv fv nbgbc cfntdht,b 'fkbfy xfvjhxtybkb b.jc mtlbfy cfntdhbcgbht,sfy itlfht,bs [9^ ud& 51].

= 2 lf = 6 cfvfh[t,ib fqvjxylf mtlbfyb cfntdhbcgbht,b& hjujhw wyj,bkbf^ ,hby]f-jc cfntdfh-vf[dbkt,b vjyjuhfabekfl itbc-ofdkf u& kjvsfsb'tv lf ajskbct,ehb cf-ntdht,bc ufhrdtek ]ueac^ rth'jl^ dbohj-

20

mtlbfy cfntdhbcgbht,c @cfvsfdhekb dfhbfy-nb# eojlf& vrdktdfhvf fv dfhbfynbc cfthsj lfvf[fcbfst,tk ybiyt,fl ufvj.j% lf,fkb lf nhfgtwbbct,ehb^ vjvhudfkt,ek-cfvres[tlb-ct,ehb vj.dfybkj,bc cfnfht* mtlbc jhbdt v[fhtc cbvtnhbekfl ufykfut,ekb 2 cfv-czdfkbc lfcfvfuht,tkb yfxdhtnb* nfhbc mdt-vj ,jkjc fyf,tzlb [fpb^ hjvtkbw iefib jdfkehflff mtlbc ufhitvjdkbs vjhrfkehb* itlfht,bs lblb cbufyt lf fhwse vwbht cbuh't [9^ ud& 66-67]. fv ybiyt,bc vb[tldbs ajskbct,ehb cfntdhbcgbht,bc cfvsfdhek dfhbfync vbtresdyt,f stkfsujhbc = 2 lf = 6 cfvfh[ib fqvjxtybkb cfntdhbcgbht,b (nf,& +8^11)&

ajskbct,eh cfntdhbcgbht,cf lf vfs itv-wdtk rjvgktmct,c h& f,hfvbidbkb fsfhbqt,c 'd&o& \| c-bc vtjht yf[tdhbsf lf \+| cfe-reybs [2^ ud& 313* 4^ nf,& +++^ 42^ 71], sevwf fh ufvjhbw[fdc vfs fhct,j,fc 'd&o& \+++ c& – \++ c-bc gbhdtk yf[tdfhibw [4^ nf,& ++^ 116]. r& abw[tkfehbc fphbs^ ajskbct,ehb cf-ntdhbcgbht,b fhct,j,ty udbfyb ,hby]fjc [f-ybc ++ cfat[ehpt – 'd&o& 1250-1100 oo& [14^ ud& 160* 16^ ud& 101].

stkfsujhbc = 2 cfvfh[ib cfntdhbcgb-hbc ufhlf fqvjxylf vfchfuf[cybkb ie,bcgb-hb^ [jkj = 3 cfvfh[ib – sfd[dbf cfrby'b& hjujhw wyj,bkbf^ ,hby]fjc ajskbct,ehb cfntdhbcgbht,b^ vfchfuf[cybkb ie,bcgbht,b lf sfd[dbf cfrby't,b cfvsfdhekb reknehbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb tktvtynt,bf [16^ ud& 115]. ajskbct,ehb cfntdhbcgbhbfyb cfvbdt rjvg-ktmcb itbwfdc thsudfhjdfy lf cfvsfdhekb reknehbcfsdbc nbgbeh rthfvbrfc% pjjvjh-aek.ehbfy rfs[t,c^ fvjqfhekb nfkqbct,e-hb jhyfvtynbs itvrek ]fvt,c^ ujahbht-,ekptlfgbhbfy njkxfc&

fvhbufl^ stkfsujhib fqvjxtybkb = 2^ 3 lf 6 cfvfh[t,b cfvsfdhekb reknehbc fhtfkib itlbc lf sfhbqlt,f udbfyb ,hby]f-jc [fybs – 'd&o& \+++-\++ cc-bs&

vtjht mhjyjkjubeh ]ueaib thsbfylt,f stkfsujhib fqvjxtybkb lfyfhxtyb tmdcb cf-vfh[b – = 1^ 4^ 5^ 7^ 8^ 9& vfs fthsbfyt,s hrbybc bfhfqbc fhct,j,f lf sb[bc zehzkbc ufhrdtekb yfobkbc vcufdct,f thsvfytssfy (nf,& ++^ +++)& sevwf ,jskbct,ehb cfrby't,bc itvwdtk cfvfh[t,ib = 1^ 9 (nf,& ++1-10) hrbybc bfhfqb fh fqvjxtybkf& stkfsujhib fqvjxt-ybk ,jskbct,eh cfrby't,c gfhfktkt,b vj-t't,yt,fs ,tisfitybc cfvfhjdfypt [10^ ud& 117-118* 15^ ud& 48], cbjyib [11^ ud& 108], cfsjdkt-yf,fqht,ib [5, ud& 147* 6^ ud& 166], lvfybcib [13^ ud& 39-47] lf c[d& 1958-1959 oo&-ib v& ,f-hfvb'tv ptvjs fqothbkb cfvfh[t,bc vf[kj,-kfl ufs[fhf thsb cfvfh[b^ hjvtkibw fq-vjxylf ,jskbct,ehb cfrby't,b [7^ ud& 58]& stkfsujhib fqvjxtybkb ,jskbct,ehb cf-

rby't,bc itvwdtkb rjvgktmct,b gfhfktkt,bc ufsdfkbcobyt,bs eylf lfsfhbqltc 'd&o& |++-|+ cc-bs& sevwf itcf'kt,tkbf fv nbgbc cf-rby't,bc eahj udbfy – 'd&o& | c-ib fhct,j,fw [12^ ud& 79].

stkfsujhbc = 4 cfvfh[ib fqvjxylf ,hby]fjc ,eybrb& bub pjuflfl /ufdc mdtvj mfhskcf lf iblf mfhskib fqvjxtybk uev,f-sbct,eh ,eybrt,c^ hjvkt,bw sfhbqlt,f 'd&o& |+++-|++ cc-bs [1^ ud& 136* 3^ ceh& 80* 15^ ud& 56-58], vfuhfv fvfdt cfvfh[ib ktuf-vjifdjl ufvjvodfhb rthfvbrbc udthlbs fqvjxylf vj.-dbsfkj-vjxfkbcahjl ufvjvodfhb sb[bc ]f-vb (nf,& ++13)& [jdktujhbc vfcfkt,bc vb[tl-dbs^ vcufdcb rtwbcf lf itathbkj,bc rthfvb-rf xylt,f +| /jhbpjynbc fhct,j,bc ,jkj afpfib lf +++ /jhbpjynbc lhjblfy fye 'd&o& |++ c-bc ,jkjcf lf |+ c-bc lfcfo.bcblfy [12^ ud& 44^ 63].

++ mhjyjkjubeh ]ueaib itvfdfk 4 cf-vfh[ib (= 4^ 5^ 7^ 8) fqvjxylf hrbybc bfhf-qt,b& bvbc ufvj^ hjv cfvfh[t,b vbobc sfyf-vtlhjdt ptlfgbhsfy 'fkbfy f[kjc b.j^ hrb-ybc ybdst,b 'fkbfy welflff itvjyf[ekb& v[jkjl pjuflfl itudb'kbf ufydcfpqdhjs vfsb ajhvf% = 4 lf = 7 cfvfh[t,ib fqvjxy-lf hrbybc cfntdfhb^ = 5 cfvfh[ib – hrbybc vfchfuf[cybkb ie,bcgbhb^ = 8 cfvfh[ib -hrbybc lfyf lf vf[dbkb ,hby]fjc nfhbs& ertsff itvjyf[ekb vf[dbkb^ hjvkbc ajhvbc fqlutyf itcf'kt,tkb uf[lf& tc fhbc hrbybc odtnbfyb vf[dbkb^ hjvkbc nfhc ufhitvjd-kt,ekb fmdc ,hby]fjc xfhxj& vf[dbkbc gbhc ufcltdc vrdtshb mtlb& nfhbc ,hby]fjc xfhxj ufhc itvjcltdlf hrbybc tyfc^ hjvt-kbw gbhbc ufuh'tkt,fc ofhvjflutylf& it-vjhxtybkbf ,hby]fjc 14 vfyzdfkb^ hjvkt,b-sfw [bc yfobkt,b vfuhlt,jlf nfhpt& vcufd-cb vf[dbkt,b wyj,bkbf cfvsfdhjlfy^ gfnfh-'tekblfy^ yfhtrdfdblfy lf sfhbqlt,f 'd&o& |+++-|++ cc-bs [2^ ud& 368-370]. v& gjuht,jdf fyfkjubeh ,hby]fjcnfhbfy hrbybc bfhfqc @ehfhnekb nbgbc# vf[dbkt,fl vjb[ctybt,c^ sevw rfdrfcbbc nthbnjhbfpt fqvjxtybkb vf[dbkt,bc cbvhfdkbcf lf vhfdfkathjdyt,bc ufvj sdkbc^ hjv tc bfhfqb flubkj,hbd bofhvjt,jlf ehfhnekb nhflbwbt,bc ufsdf-kbcobyt,bs& bub ,hby]fjc ufhcfrhfdbfyb nf-hbs itvrek vf[dbkt,c 'd&o& |++-|+ cfereyt-t,bs fsfhbqt,c [17^ ud& 48-58].

fvfdt lhjc eylf ufdbsdfkbcobyjs^ hjv ++ mhjyjkjubeh ]ueaib itvfdfk rjvgktmct,-ib sbsmvbc thsudfhjdfyb sb[bc zehztkbf (nf,& ++^ +++)* ufycfresht,bs tc bsmvbc ljmt-,bc itcf[t,& ufhlf fvbcf^ = 7 lf = 8 cfvfh-[t,ib fqvjxtybkb ]fvt,b (nf,& +++8^12) ajhvb-sf lf rtwbc itathbkj,bs eahj vjudbfyj [fybcfsdbcff lfvf[fcbfst,tkb& vfufkbsfl^ = 8 cfvfh[ib fqvjxtybk ]fvc (nf,& +++11) pecnb gfhfktkt,b vjt't,yt,f qhvf[tdbcsfdbc cfvf-

21

hjdfypt^ hjvtkbw sfhbqlt,f hrbybc afhsj fsdbct,bc [fybs – 'd&o& |++-|+ cc-bs [3f^ nf,& \++154* nf,& \+++162* \+|190-191]. fvbnjv dabm-hj,s^ hjv ++ mhjyjkjubeh ]ueaib itvf-dfkb cfvfh[t,b itb'kt,f lfsfhbqltc 'd&o& |++-|+ cc-bs&

fvhbufl^ stkfsujhbc vf[kj,kfl fqvjxt-ybkb rjvgktmct,b b.jaf 2 'bhbsfl mhjyj-kjubeh ]ueafl%

+ – cfvfh[t,b = 2^ 3^ 6 (nf,& +1-14) sf-hbqlt,f 'd&o& \+++-\++ cc-bs&

++ – cfvfh[t,b = 1^ 4^ 5^ 7^ 8^ 9 (nf,& ++1-13* +++1-13) sfhbqlt,f 'd&o& |++-|+ cc-bs&

M. Kvachadze

PIT-BURIALS NEAR THE VILLAGE OF TELATGORI

Summary

Nine pit-burials were discovered to the south-west of the central hill, under a cultural layer belonging to the settlement of the Hellenistic pe-riod multilayered site “Sapuzrebi” near the village of Telatgori (Kaspi district) some 40 km westward of Tbilisi, in the historical province of Shida (Inner) Kartli.

Two chronological groups are distinguished in the burial complexes:

I – burials = 2, 3, 6 (Pl. I1-14) – 13th-12

th cent.

B.C.

II – burials = 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9 (Pl. II1-13; Pl. III1-13) – 7

th-6

th cent. B.C.

The first group, comprising complexes contain-ing daggers with leaf-shaped blades, is included in the area of spread of Samtavro culture, dating from the Late Bronze Age.

The second group belongs to the last stage of the period marked by broad mastery of iron.

kbnthfnehf

1& f,hfvbidbkb h& cfvsfdhjc cfvfhjdfy-pt fqvjxtybkb udbfyb ,hby]fjc [fybcf lf hrbybc afhsj fsdbct,bc [fybc 'tukt,bc lf-sfhbqt,bcfsdbc& – ccvv^ n& \+\-A lf \\+-B, 1957^ ud& 115-139&

2& f,hfvbidbkb h& hrbybc fsdbct,bc cf-rbs[bcfsdbc fqvjcfdkts cfmfhsdtkjc nt-hbnjhbfpt& – ccvv^ n& \\++-B, 1961^ ud& 291-377&

3& f,hfvbidbkb h&^ ubuefidbkb y&^ rf-[bfyb r&^ jmhjgbhb't y&^ ceksfybidbkb b& shtkbc cfvfhjdybc 'd&o& \+++-\++ cc-bc cf-vfh[t,b& – s,bkbcb& fhmtjkjubehb 'tukt,b& +^ s,&^ 1978& ud& 86-159&

3f& f,hfvbidbkb h&^ ubuefidbkb y&^ rf-[bfyb r& qhvf[tdbcsfdbc fhmtjkjubehb 'tu-kt,b& s,&^ 1980&

4& f,hfvbidbkb h& fvbthrfdrfcbbc fhmtj-kjubehb 'tukt,bc mhjyjkjubehb ]ueat,b& – s,bkbcbc fhmtjkjubehb veptevbc ,bekt-ntyb = 1^ 1997&

5& fafmb't f&^ f,leitkbidbkb v& lf c[d& vw[tsf – 1977 okbc cfdtkt-fhmtjkj-ubehb rdktdf-'bt,bc itltut,b& – vw[tsf^ n& |^ s,&^ 1981& ud& 119-152&

6& fafmb't f&^ f,leitkbidbkb v& lf c[d& vw[tsf – 1978 okbc cfdtkt-fhmtjkjub-ehb rdktdf-'bt,bc itltut,b& – vw[tsf^ n& |^ s,&^ 1981^ ud& 153-169&

7& ,fhfvb't v& rfcgbc cfvfhjdfyb& – vcrf^ n& 4^ ud& 31-65&

8& rdbnfidbkb h& stkfsujhbc yfmfkf-mfhb& – 'v^ = 1^ 1990^ ud& 40-45&

9& kjvsfsb't u& ,hby]fjc cfntdfh-vf[-dbkt,b cfvsfdhjc e'dtktc cfvfh[t,ib& s,&^ 1974&

10& vtyf,lt v&^ lfdkbfyb't w& shbfkt-sbc cfvfhjdyt,b& rfnfkjub^ n& +& s,&^ 1968&

11& vtyf,lt v&^ rbqehf't s& cbjybc fh-mtjkjubehb 'tukt,b& s,&^ 1981&

12& vec[tkbidbkb l& [jdktc yfvjcf[-kfhbc fhmtjkjubehb vfcfkf& s,&^ 1978&

13& ybjhf't u& lvfybcbc ytrhjgjkb lf vbcb pjubthsb sfdbct,eht,f& – ccvv^ n& \+|-B^ 1947^ ud& 1-56&

14& abw[tkfehb r& fqvjcfdkts cfmfhs-dtkjc njvsf bcnjhbbc 'bhbsflb ghj,kt-vt,b ('d&o& \|-|++ cc&)& s,&^ 1973&

15. Куфтин Б. А. Археологические раскоп-ки в Триалети, т. I. Тб., 1941.

16. Пицхелаури К. Н. Восточная Грузия в конце бронзового века. Тб., 1979.

17. Погребова М. А. Закавказье и его связи с Передней Азией в скифское время. М., 1984.

nf,ekt,bc fqothbkj,f

nf,& + – 1-7& cfvfh[b = 3* 8-10& cfvfh[b 2* 11-14& cfvfh[b = 6& nf,& ++ – 1-5& cfvfh[b = 1* 6-10& cfvfh[b = 9*

11-13& cfvfh[b = 4& nf,& +++ – 1-4& cfvfh[b = 5* 5-8& cfvfh[b =

7* 9-13& cfvfh[b = 8&

Description of the plates

Pl. I. – 1-7. burial = 3; 8-10. burial = 2; 11-14. burial = 6

Pl. II. – 1-5. burial = 1; 6-10. burial = 9; 11-13. burial = 4

Pl. III. – 1-4. burial = 5; 5-8. burial = 7; 9-13. burial = 8

22

nf,& +

23

nf,& ++

24

nf,& +++

25

kfvfhf cf[fhjdf

RBLTD THS{TK RJK{EHB LF >J

26

vj.jac cfv dfhbfync% wtynhfkehc (xhlbkj jctsb)^ lfcfdkehc (.f,fhlj-,fk.fhtsb) lf fqvjcfdkehc (xtxyts-byueitsb)& mhjyjkjub-ehb sdfkcfphbcbs ufvj.jac js[ gthbjlc% 1& ghjnj.j,fyehc (.j,fyb +) – 'd&o& \+| lf 'd&o& \++ cfereybc gbhdtkb yf[tdfhb& 2& flht.j,fyehc (.j,fyb ++) – 'd&o& \++ cfere-ybc ief [fyt,b lf 'd&o& \ cfereybc lfcfo-.bcb& 3& rkfcbreh .j,fyehc (.j,fyb +++) – 'd&o& |++ cfereybc lfcfo.bcb& 4& udbfy.j,f-yehc (.j,fyb+|) – 'd&o& |++ cfereybc ief lf 'd&o& +| lfcfo.bcb [14^ ud& 89]. t&b& vwltkj,f ghjnj.j,fyehbc ufvj.jabcf d& rjptyrjdfc tresdybc& fv ]ueaib bub fthsbfyt,c vfcf-kt,c ,tf[yb-regbc^ ptlf hes[bc^ ufkbfsbc^ rev,eksbc lf c[df& sdkbc^ hjv w[bydfkbc yfwfhujhfcf lf cnbhafpbc rhjvkt[t,sfy thsfl tc ]ueab thsbfyb reknehekb vjd-ktyff^ hjvtkbw sfhbqlt,f 'd&o& \+| cfe-reybs lf 'd&o& \++ cfereybc gbhdtkb yf[td-hbs& vfuhfv utytnbrehb rfdibhb ghjnj.j-,fyehcf lf flht.j,fyehc ijhbc fhf xfyc& tc eahj mhjyjkjubehb sfyvbvltdhj,ff bv ]ueasfy vbvfhst,fib^ hjvtkbw fhct,bsfl cfv[hts lf xhlbkj rfdrfcbehb bvgekct,bc itltubf& vfuhfv d& rjptyrjdf sdbsjyfw rhb-nbrekfl fhbc ufyo.j,bkb fv stpbc vbvfhs^ hflufy sdkbc^ hjv vfcfkf tgbpjlehb lf cbyrhtnekbf [14^ ud& 111]& vfiby vbs evtntc ufeut,fhbf ghjnj.j,fyehib rbltd jhb tnf-gbc ufvj.jaf& d& rjptyrjdfc fphbs^ ghjnj-.j,fyehc vfbyw fmdc nthbnjhbf lf mhjyj-kjubf^ lf vbcb ajhvbht,f brdtst,f skb-hfzf-lbujhbc cfvres[tlib [14^ ud& 118]& tc vjcfpht,f^ fk,fs^ vfhst,ekbf^ vfuhfv fm fh xfyc bc vtvrdblhtj,bsj,f^ hfw frfdibht,c rjk[eh cf,h'jkj lf cfvtehytj bfhfqc^ hjujhw obyfvjh,tl^ fctdt vjvltdyj rek-nehfcsfy&

fv ufhtvjt,fc rfhufl t[vbfyt,f 1998 otkc rfdrfcbbc fhmtjkjubeh rjyathtywbfpt ofrb-s[ekb d& hjcneyjdbcf lf v& cbrjhcrbc vj[-ctyt,f& cfmvt bcff^ hjv vfsb gfkbyjkjubehb lf hflbjyf[ibh,flbc fyfkbpt,b ybflfubcf flfcneht,ty^ hjv xhl& jctsbc vsbcobyf pjkbc lfcf[kt,f eylf vjv[lfhb.j 'd&o& ++ fsfcoktekbc vtjht vtjs[tlib–ief okt,ib^ hjv .jhqfyekb cfvfh[t,bc 94~ vjlbc xhl& jctsbc cfv[hts yfobkpt – dkflbrfdrfp-fh-[jycrfbf-lbujhbc [fppt [18^ ud& 106-108]& t&b& vjcf[ktj,f fm vjdblf lf sfy vjbnfyf sfdbcb yfofhvb& fvbnjv^ fk,fs^ ufcfut,bf skb-hfzf-cnbhafpekb vfcfkt,bc ufvjxtyf lbujhib lf xhlbkjehb bvgekct,bcfw& xdtyb fphbs^ itvltu mhjyjkjubehb o.dtnbkbf 'd&o& \+ cfereybc ,jkjc lf ufycfresht,bs 'd&o& \ cfereyblfy sfdc bxtyc .j,fyehb vfcfkbc cfjwfhb (f& btctyb) vcufdct,f rjk[ehsfy&

.jdtkbdt fqybiyekb cfae'dtkc udf'ktdc v[fhb lfdezbhjs vjcfpht,fc^ hjv .j,fybc cfvfhjdfyb vsfib lf vsbc obyf pjkib vj-cf[kt rjk[ehb njvt,bc thsb yfobkbc vbu-hfwbbc itltubf [2^ ud& 3* 17^ ud& 75-76]& tsyb-rehvf byabknhfwbfv lf 'tuksf itvlujvvf hflbfwbfv .jdtkb v[hblfy lf ufycfresht,bs cfv[htsblfy^ hjujhw xfyc^ lblb ufdktyf bmjybf .j,fyehb reknehbc xfvj.fkb,t,fpt lf yfobkj,hbd ufyfgbhj,f rbltw vbcb 'kbth ufvj[fnekb rjk[ehb tkathb& fvbnjv fhf-vfhst,ekbf .j,fybc .dtkf 'tukbc – wekt-,bc^ ,hn.tkb wekt,bc^ ie,bcgbht,bc^ kbsj-ybc zehzkbc lf hbub cfvrfekbc^ .j,fyehfl ufvjw[flt,f&

rjk[ehb lf .j,fyehb 'tukt,bc nbgjkj-ubehvf rdktdfv yfstkb vj/abyf obyfsmvekc&

wekt,bc nbgjkjubehb rdktdbcfc fhct,b-sfl vbdbxybts wekt,bc vjhajkjubeh ybif-ysf thsudfhj,f – nfybc tmdcfl lfof[yfut,f^ odtnbfy-jdfkehb [dhtkb lf itvrekj,f^ hfw rjk[eh wekt,c thsvfytssfy frfd-ibht,c lf thsb melbc mdti fmwtdc& ybify-lj,kbdbf fuhtsdt ntmybreh cfiefkt,fsf – xfvjc[vf^ uhfdbht,f – thsudfhjdyt,fw& we-kt,bc nbgjkjubehvf lf mhjyjkjubehvf vjyfwdktj,fv yfskfl lfudfyf[f^ hjv rjk-[ehb wekbc tmdcbdt dfhbfynb (sfdbcb df-hbfwbt,bs) rjk[eh cfv.fhjibf itmvybkb& hflufy cojhtl fm lfcnehlt,f vbcb^ hjujhw eiefkj^ fctdt ijhtekb ghjnjnbgt,b lf itcf,fvbcfl v[jkjl fm brbs[t,f vbcb utyt-nbrehb lf tdjkewbehb ufydbsfht,bc upf& ybifylj,kbdbf bc ufhtvjt,fw^ hjv rjk[ts-ib lflfcneht,ekbf wekt,bc xfvjcfc[vtkb .fkb,t,bc (stkjdfyb^ sfubkjyb^ ze,eh[by-]b^ ybudpbfyb^ cf,f;j^ yfvztlehb lf c[df) fqvjxtyf& cfbynthtcjf rjk[ehb wekbc ajhvbc hrbybc wekt,ib ufhlfcf[df^ hfw fhfyfrkt,b vybidytkj,bcff nhflbwbbc cbv.f-hbc sdfkcfphbcbs [7^ ud& 34-39]&

.jdtkbdt fqybiyekbc ufvj^ chekbfl ufe-vfhskt,kfl vbudfxybf rjk[ehb wekbc +| nbgbc (nfyvhelb) ufvjw[flt,f .j,fyehfl lf ++ nbgbcf – fhfnbgbehfl& jhbdt fv nbgbc wekbc .ef lf gbhb bltynehbf& ufyc[dfdt,ff nfybc cbvheltib& se ufdbsdfkbcobyt,s nfy-vhelj,bc e'dtktc nhflbwbfc mdbifhbc^ ,hb-kbc^ cdfytsbcf lf c[df .efvbkbfyb wekt,bc cf[bs^ vfiby tc vjhajkjubehb cbf[kt fhw bct ew[jl vjudtxdtyt,f& vbs evtntc^ hjv fa[fptsbcf lf ktx[evbc vfcfkt,ib fhbc we-kt,b^ hjvkt,bw vblhtrbkbf nfybc cbvhe-lbcfrty& d& rjptyrjdf sdkbc^ hjv nfyib jh-upbc vj[hbkb wekb xfvj.fkb,t,ekb eylf b.jc ,tf[yb-regbc wekbcf lf pbkubc .f-kb,ib xfvjc[vekb wekt,blfyj [14^ ud& 54]& vfuhfv pbkubc .fkb,ib xfvjc[vekb wekbc ajhvf eahj .e,fybcgbhekcf /ufdc& hfw it-

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t[t,f ,tf[yb-regbc wekc^ fm wleyt,f lblbf^ vfuhfv tc thstekb itvs[dtdff&

lfcrdyf itb'kt,f v[jkjl thsb b.jc& hj-ujhw fhfths[tk bmyf fqybiyekb fhmtjkj-ut,bc vbth^ ,hby]fjc fqybiyekb wekt,bc cfvij,kj rjk[ehb cfv.fhjf^ lf cflfw fh eylf fqvjxyltc bub (seylfw flubkj,hbd lfvpflltc)^ .dtkufy rjk[ehb bmyt,f^ bctdt hjujhw crdbsehb bchbcgbhbf .dtkufy crdb-sehb&

vtehytj,fcsfy lfrfdibht,ekb bfhfqb rfhufl tcflfut,f vtehytj,bc lfhuj,hbd ghjwtct,c^ fvfdt lhjc fcf[fdc ufydbsfht,bc ljytc lf ofhvjvfdkj,fc&

fhct,bsb ufyc[dfdt,ff vjofsvjmvtlt,fcsfy lfrfdibht,ek bfhfqt,ib& vfiby hjwf rjk-[tsib vbobc vtehytj,bc vstkb cbcntvf b.j itmvybkb lf ,evb b.j vbofsvjmvtlt,fcsfy lfrfdibht,ekb bfhfqbcf (wekb^ [dtob^ yfbh-cf[jdfyb sj[t,b^ cf[dytkt,b^ yfvukt,b lf ,jkjc hrbybc cf[ybct,b)^ .j,fyehib fv v[hbd vtnfl lf,fkb ljyt xfyc ufydbsfht,b-cf& w[flbf^ ufhrdtek obkfl tc fb[cyt,f trjkjubehb gbhj,t,bs^ vfuhfv bmfehb vsbc obyf pjkbw ofhvjlutybkbf fv v[hbd vtnfl 'eyofl – [esbjlt sj[b^ rf;bc yfvukbc xfcfhst,b^ .eyobfyb yfvukt,b^ [tkcfamdfdt,b lf cfchtc-cfyf.t,b& xfvjsdkbkb ihjvbc bf-hfqb fctdt lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf rjk[ehb rek-nehbcsdbcfw& d& rjptyrjdfw rb fqybiyfdc^ hjv .j,fyehib sj[t,bc ufxtyf rjk[eh reknehfcsfy ehsbthsj,bc itltubf [15^ ud& 17]& vtehytj,bc ofv.dfyb lfhub .j,fyehib^ hjujhw xfyc vtcfmjyktj,f b.j^ hfcfw xdtyb fphbs^ flfcneht,c efvhfdb ,hby]fjcf lf hrbybc lfyt,bc fqvjxtyf .j,fyehb rekne-hbc ufdhwtkt,bc cathjib lf efvhfdb jcnt-jkjubehb yfist,b& .eyobfyb yfvukt,b b[vf-ht,jlf^ hjujhw wtkbct,ehb vjmvtlt,bc bf-hfqt,b^ hjvkt,bsfw ,fkf[c wtkfdlyty lf cfmjykbcfsdbc pfvshbc vfhfuc fvpflt,lyty& [jh,ktekbc yfrkt,j,fc rb itb'kt,f rjk-[tsblfy itvjnfybkb vfhwdktekbs bdct-,lyty [8^ ud& 41-42]&

[bs[ehjj,bc lfhuibw rjk[tsib ufhrdt-ekb cbcntvf fhct,j,lf& fv lfhubc bfhfqbw vhfdfkathjdyt,bs ufvjbhxtjlf& b.j wekt-,b^ ,hn.tkb wekt,b^ wekcfrfab^ cfnt[t,b^ [tktxjt,b^ qjhtxjt,b^ [dtot,b& .j,fyehibw lfvjovt,ekbf wekt,b^ ,hn.tkb wekt,b lf cfnt[t,b^ vfuhfv vfc fh f[fcbfst,c bc vhfdf-kathjdyt,f^ hfw rjk[ehb reknehbc fv lfhubcfsdbcff lfvf[fcbfst,tkb& rjk[ehb ,hn.tkb wekt,bc nbgjkjubehvf lf mhjyj-kjubehvf rdktdfv^ cfae'dtkb vjudwf dfhfe-lbcfsdbc^ hjv bfhfqbc fv ajhvfv rjk[tsbc cfiefkt,bs itfqobf .j,fyeh reknehfib& .jdtk itvs[dtdfib^ firfhff .j,fyib lflfc-neht,ekb d& rjptyrjdfc vbth +++ nbgfl

ufvj.jabkb [15^ ud& 13^ nf,& ++6-7] ,hn.tkb wekt,bc vcufdct,f fzfhf-uehbf-bvthtsib fq-vjxtybk ,hn.tk wekt,sfy [8^ ud& 42-53]&

kbsjybc zehzkbc ofhvjt,fc xdty fhf-ths[tk itdt[ts& rjk[eh lf .j,fyeh rek-neht,ib lflfcneht,ekbf kbsjybc itvltub zehztkb – ]fvt,b^ sfct,b^ njkxt,b^ mdf,-mjsyt,b lf dfpt,b^ hjvkt,bw hfjltyj,hbdb sdfkcfphbcbs firfhf egbhfntcj,bs fhbc ofhvjlutybkb rjk[eh reknehib& zehzt-ksf nbgjkjubehvf rdktdfv udbxdtyf^ hjv fqybiyekb ajhvt,b (ufycfresht,bs mdf,t,b lf njkxt,b pjjvjhaekb .eht,bs) utytnb-rehfl eiefkj rfdibhibf flubkj,hbd rthf-vbrek ajhvt,sfy lf ltrjhsfy& ufdb[ctyjs yfj[dfvec^ yjcbhbc +++-++ atyt,bc rthfvbrf^ lb[f-ue'e,fc dfpf& fv ufhtvjt,fc fhct,bsb vybidytkj,f fmdc^ hflufy ,hby]fjc zehztk-sf utytnbrehb rfdibhb flubkj,hbd rjk[eh rthfvbrek ajhvt,sfy^ vnrbwt cfae'dtkbf vfsb rjk[ehj,bc cfvnrbwt,kfl& ajhvf^ ufy-cfresht,bs pjjvjhaekb .eht,b^ .j,fyib dth itbmvyt,jlf^ hflufy bm fvbc cfae'dtkb fh fhct,j,lf& mfhsdtkb fhmtjkjut,b bsdf-kbcobyt,ty hf t&o& cbnekfsf lf njkxt,bc vcufdct,fc rjk[eh rthfvbrek ajhvt,sfy lf ltrjhbc flhtekj,fc lf itvlujv sfyflhje-kj,fcfw^ v[fhc ezthty vjcfpht,fc vfsb fl-ubkj,hbdb^ rjk[ehb ofhvjvfdkj,bc itcf-[t,^ hfw cfdct,bs vfhst,ekbf [8^ ud& 43]&

cfntdht,bc nbgjkjubehvf rdktdfv itv-ltub cehfsb udbxdtyf% rjk[ehb lf .j,fyehb rekneht,bc fhtfkib ,hby]fjc 500-pt vtnb cfntdfhbf lflfcneht,ekb& .dtkfpt flhte-kb t&o& ajskbct,ehb cfntdht,bc fcfrb iblf mfhskib 'd&o& \+|-\+++ cc& ufybcfpqdht,f& fmtlfy eylf ufdhwtkt,ekb.j bcbyb rjk[ts-ib lf .j,fyib& cflfw vfsb itqotdf 'd&o& \+++ cfereytpt flhtek [fyfib fh xfyc& fv tnfgc erfdibhlt,f t&o& @obyffpbehb# cfntdfh-vf[-dbkt,bc ufxtyf^ hjvkt,bw 'd&o& +\-|+++ cfe-reytt,ib rjk[tsib lfvjerblt,tk-flubkj,-hbd ajhvfl .fkb,lt,f&

flhtek tnfgpt ufdhwtkt,ekb cfvres[f ajhvbc .eyobfyb cfntdht,b ofhvjflutyty ghjnjnbgt,c rjk[ehb reknehbc vhfdfk-hbw[jdfyb uh'tk.eyobfyb^ vjuh'j cfntdht-,bcfc^ hjvtksf ufvjxtyf 'd&o& + fsfcokte-kbc lfcfo.bcbcfsdbc bo.t,f& .j,fyib fv nb-gbc bfhfqb 'd&o& |+++ c& flhtek rjvgktmct,-ib fh xfyc& firfhff^ hjv bcbyb cojhtl rjk-[tsblfy fhbc .j,fyib itvjcekb& hfw itt[t,f othjdfy-yfhtrdfdbc nbgbc ,hby]fjc nfhbfy cfntdht,c bcbyb lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf wtynhf-keh-fvbthrfdrfcbehb reknehbcfsdbc lf fmtlfy fhbc ufdhwtkt,ekb .j,fyib& vwlfhb xfyc fv ajhvbc lfrfdibht,f rfhgfnj-leyfbc-gbhtsbc cfntdht,sfy& 'd&o& |+++ cfereybc rjk[eh reknehfib xylt,f vskbfyflc[ve-

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kb cfntdht,b& hrbybc cfntdht,bw fv gthbj-lblfy xylt,f lf bvtjht,c ,hby]fjc cfntdht-,bc ajhvfc& fyfkjubehb ghjwtcb xfyc .j,fy-ibw lf tc ghjwtcb sbsmvbc cbymhjyekbf& ufhrdtek .ehflqt,fc bg.hj,c ,hn.tkb cj-rjct,hsfdbfyb^ vskbfyflc[vekb cfntdht,b^ hjvkt,bw lfvf[fcbfst,tkbf .j,fyehb rek-nehbcfsdbc lf fh xfyc rjk[tsib&

cfmfhsdtkjib^ udbfy,hby]fj-flhthrbybc [fyfib ufdhwtkt,ek ie,bcgbhsf itcofdkb-cfc xdty js[b 'bhbsflb nbgb ufvjd.fdbs% +& ahsbct,ehb (dbohjgbhbfyb)^ ++& ajskbct,e-hb^ +++& fkbct,ehgbhbfyb lf +|& cfvres[fgb-hbfyb^ lf vjd[fpts vfsb ufdhwtkt,bc cfpqd-ht,b [5^ ud& 88]* h& gfgefidbkvf chekbfl vfhst,ekfl lfevfnf vt[est nbgb – cfntd-hbct,ehb [4^ ud& 11]. ybifylj,kbdbf^ hjv fkbct,ehgbhbfyb ie,bcgbht,bc evtntcj,f rjk[ehb reknehbcfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb ltrjhbsf lf v[fndhekb cbe;tnt,bsff itv-rekb [10^ ud& 71-75]& .j,fybcfsdbc chekbfl ewyj,bf fkbct,ehgbhbfyb ie,bcgbhb^ se v[tldtkj,fib fh vbdbqt,s thsflths ie,bc-gbhc^ hjvtkbw lfwekbf thvbnf;ib lf yf.b-lbf yfkxbrbc ,fpfhpt^ cflfw ybdsb .jdtkb v[hblfy itb'kt,f vj[dltc& fqybiyek ufht-vjt,fsf ufvj^ chekbfl cfvfhskbfyfl^ fkb-ct,ehgbhbfyb ie,bcgbht,b rjk[ehb rekne-hbcfsdbc lfvf[fcbfst,tk bfhfqfl vbfxybfs& xdtyb fphbs^ .j,fyib 'bhbsflfl lflfcneht-,ekbf ajskbct,ehb nbgb sfdbcb dfhbfwbt-,bs& t& rhegyjdb lf d& rjptyrjdfw sdkbfy^ hjv ie,bcgbht,b fh fhbc lfvf[fcbfst,tkb vtnhjgjkbbcfsdbc [14^ ud& 59]^ [jkj t& rhegyjdb abmhj,lf^ hjv cfo.bcb vfsb eylf dt'bjs fvbthrfdrfcbfib fy lfcfdkts cfmfhs-dtkjib [16^ ud& 100]&

rjk[ehb lf .j,fyehb rthfvbrbc nbgj-kjubehvf rdktdfv v& ,fhfvb't vbb.dfyf bv lfcrdyfvlt^ hjv .j,fyeh rthfvbrfib fhbc vstkb gkfcnb sb[bc yfofhvbcf^ hjvtkbw 'bhbsflfl jhyfvtynbs^ bidbfsfl rb ajhvt-,bs^ vzblhjlff lfrfdibht,ekb rjk[eh uf-htvjcsfy lf itcf'kt,tkbf cfv[htsekb nfk-qbc ufdktybc itltufl b.jc .j,fyib ufxtyb-kb& vbcb fphbs^ tc hfvltybvtupbc [lt,f% th-sb nfkqf flht,hby]fjc [fyfpt vjlbc^ vtj-ht nfkqf – 'd&o& ++ fsfcoktekbc ief [fyf-pt^ vtcfvt nfkqf rb – 'd&o& + fsfcoktekbc cfo.bcsfy fhbc lfrfdibht,ekb [1^ ud& 40]&

vfuhfv .j,fyehb rthfvbrf vfbyw sfdbct-,ehbf& bub e[tibf^ [tkbs yf'thob& itcfvxyt-dbf ajhvfsf cbvwbht& .j,fyeh rthfvbrfib itbybiyt,f bctsb jhyfvtynekb cf[tt,b^ hjv-kt,bw firfhfl flubkj,hbdbf& tc fhbc ht-kbtaehb yf'thot,b – cdfcnbrf fy vbcb vj-lbabrfwbf^ uflvj,heyt,ekb qepf^ w[jdtksf ufvjcf[ekt,t,b^ htkbtaehb ,ehsekt,b^

yeibct,ehb lfyf'thot,b lf c[d& fctdt ew[jf rjk[ehbcfsdbc zflhfrekb ltrjhb^ cgbhf-kbct,ehb [dbf^ ofvofvbct,ehb jhyfvtynb^ cfvres[tlt,bcf lf jdfkehb hujkt,bc rjv-,byfwbf lf c[d& .j,fybcfsdbcff lfvf[fcbf-st,tkb rthfvbrbc stshb gfcnbs byrhecnf-wbf& fvhbufl fhbc rjk[ehb ltrjhbc ufdkt-yfw lf cfrvfj jhbubyfkj,fw&

cfvrfekbc nbgjkjubehvf rdktdfv lff[-kjt,bs bctsbdt cehfsb itmvyf^ hjujhw rt-hfvbrekb yfofhvbc itcofdkfv& fhbc hbub cfvrfekbcf^ hjvkt,bw ufwbkt,bs eahj fl-ht xylt,bfy rjk[eh cfv.fhjib^ dblht .j,fy-ib& fctst,fl vbudfxybf sfd[dbf lf djkent-,bfyb cfrby't,b^ cojhres[f lf yf[tdfhohbct-,ehb f,pbylt,b^ ab,ekt,b^ cgbhfkeh,jkjt-,bfyb cfvf]eht,b^ cf.tkehb hujkt,b lf c[d& cbymhjyekj,bc itvs[dtdfib^ vybidytkj,f tybzt,f hfjltyj,fc& ufycfresht,ekb jhbub-yfkj,bs ufvjbhxtdf cfrblt,b (,hby]fjc^ mdbc^ 'dkbc^ fysbvjybc)^ hjvkt,bw uflfndbh-sekbf itvrekj,bs& eybrfkehbf fqvjcfd-keh dfhbfynib keuedjtc cfvfhjdfypt lf-vjovt,ekb cfvres[f vfcbehb abhabnf^ itv-rekb htkbtaehb cgbhfkehb jhyfvtynbs& abhabnbc ths res[tpt vfh.e;bf^ hjvkbsfw vfc ab,ekfpt rblt,lyty& fv res[bc vjgbh-lfgbht udthlb lf[dhtnbkbf lf vfcpt xfvj-rblt,ekbf ,jkjpfhfrbfyb ]fzdt,b [13^ ud& 60^ nf,& \\\|++10-11]& fctdt eybrfkehbf wtynhfkeh dfhbfynib^ kfirenfc cfvfhj-dfypt (,fmcfybc [tj,f) lfvjovt,ekb ,hby]f-jc cfvrthlt cfvrfekb^ hjvtkbw ofhvjfl-utyc ]fzdc& vbc hujkt,pt lfvfuht,ekbf oyekb jhyfvtynbs itvrekb s[tkb cfvvfh-.e;bfyb qthjt,b^ hjvkt,ptlfw /rblbf vc[kbct,ehb vj.dfybkj,bc cfrblt,b& cfvrfe-kbc ,jkjt,b itvrekbf ths itvs[dtdfib s[bc sfdbs lf vtjht itvs[dtdfib mfkbc mfylfrt,bs& cfvrfekc fsfhbqt,ty 'd&o& ++ fsfcoktekbc ,jkjsb lf + fsfcoktekbc lfcfo.bcbs [11^ ud& 12^ nf,& 42]&

hfvltybvt cbn.df kjrfkehj,bc itcf[t,& iblf mfhskbc vsbfyb yfobkbc ,hby]fjc [f-ybc 'tukt,c lblb [fybf brdktdc ,& nt[jdb& vfhsfkbf^ bub .jdtksdbc fqybiyfdlf iblf mfhskbc 'tuksf lbl vcufdct,fc rjk[ehb reknehbc 'tukt,sfy^ ufycfresht,bs hfzf-ktx[evbc fhmtjkjubeh 'tukt,sfy^ vfuhfv^ hflufy vcufdct,fc eahj .j,fyeh reknehfc-sfy [tlfdlf^ .jdtksdbc fydbsfht,lf fphc^ hjv iblf mfhskbc vsbfyb yfobkb lfcf[kt-,ekb b.j .j,fyehb reknehbc vfnfht,tkb njvt,bs& ,jkjc cfmvt bvbs uffvfhnbdf^ hjv wtynhfkeh-rfdrfcbeh udbfy,hby]fj-flht-hrbybc [fybc reknehfib ufvj.j jhb 'bhb-sflb dfhbfynb – xhlbkj lf cfv[hts rfdrf-cbehb& cfv[hts rfdrfcbeh dfhbfynib ufft-hsbfyf hfzf-ktx[evbc^ cdfytsbcf lf ptvj

29

bvthtsbc vfnthbfkehb 'tukt,b& wtynhf-keh-rfdrfcbehb ,hby]fjc vofhvjt,tk wty-nhfl^ vtnfkehubek ,fpfl cfv[htsekb df-hbfynb vbbxybf^ hflufy abmhj,lf^ hjv fmtlfy uftlbyt,jlf 'd&o& \++-\ cfereytt,ib ,hby-]fjc yfrtsj,fyb xhlbkjtsbs& rjk[ehb reknehf wtynhfkeh-rfdrfcbehb udbfy,hby-]fj-flhthrbybc [fybc reknehbc kjrfkeh dfhbfynfl vbbxybf lf sfdfl wtynhfkeh-rfdrfcbehb reknehf uffbubdf .j,fyeh rek-nehfcsfy [19^ ud& 189-192]& ,jkj [fyc ufvj-mdt.yt,ek sfdbc cnfnbfib bub rdkfd flfc-neht,c sfdbc vjcfpht,fc& itvjfmdc f[fkb nthvbyb – @.j,fyb-skb#^ lf rfdrfcbjybc cfv[-hts rfksfpt .j,fyb-skbc reknehfib it-.fdc vstkb vsf lf vsbcobyf pjkb bfk,epb-lfy .fp,tufvlt& .j,fyb-skbc reknehfc .jac js[ gthbjlfl [20^ ud& 7]^ lff[kjt,bs bctdt hjujhw d& rjptyrjdf& hjujhw d[t-lfds^ ptvjs fqybiyek vjcfpht,fib^ cflfw kfgfhfrbf cfv[htsblfy ,hby]fjc yfofhvbc uflbyt,fpt xhlbkjtsbs^ htfkj,f ufhrdtek obkfl fcf[ekbf^ vfuhfv se cfl fhbc atcdt-,b rfdrfcbbc cfv[htsekb dfhbfynbcf^ cfl brbs[t,f utytnbrf reknehbcf^ ,& nt[jdb fvfc fh t[t,f&

nbgjkjubehb rdktdf fhmtjkjubehb 'tu-kt,bcf chekbfl cfgbhbcgbhj itltuc b'kt-df& rfdrfcbbc cfv[hts rfkst,pt vsbcf lf vsbcobyf pjkib vjgjdt,ekb fhmtjkjubehb 'tukt,b vzblhj rfdibhibf rjk[eh cfv.f-hjcsfy& vfufkbsfl^ .efvf[dbkb rjk[ehb wekt,b^ hjvkt,bw eahj vtnfl lflfc-neht,ekb b.j rjk[eh cfv[htsib^ xylt,f lblb hfjltyj,bs skbfib (40 wfkb)* rjk-[eh cfvfhjdyt,pt xylt,f ++ lf +| nbgbc we-kt,b^ xylt,f uhfabrekb ltrjhb^ hjvtkbw rbltd eahj fv.fht,c lf thsudfhjdfyc [lbc rjk[eh reknehfc^ xylt,f cfvtehytj bfhf-qb^ hjvtkbw [tkc eo.j,c utytnbreh vskb-fyj,fc& hfw vsfdfhbf^ rjk[ehb reknehf thsb vjluvbc^ mfhsdtkehb njvt,bc itmvyb-kb reknehff^ hfcfw thsudfhjdfyb fhmtj-kjubehb vfcfkbc ufhlf fvnrbwt,c njgj-ybvbrf^ hjvtkbw itzhbkbf xhlbkj jctsibw lf iblf mfhskib&

lfcrdybc cf[bs itvb'kbf vjuf[ctyjs^ hjv rjk[ehb lf .j,fyehb rekneht,b c[dflf-c[df rekneht,bf& ufyc[dfdt,ff cfvtehytj lf cf,h'jkj bfhfqib^ cfvrfekib lf rthfvbrf-ib& rjk[ehb reknehf utytnbrehfl vskb-fyb^ tdjkewbehfl ufydbsfht,flb vjdktyff ufhrdtekb tsybrehb fnhb,ewbbs^ hfcfw dth dbn.dbs .j,fyehpt& fm lfcf[kt,f 'd&o& \| cfereytib xylt,f (d& hjcneyjdb^ v& cbrjh-crb)& flhtekb vfcfkt,b^ hjujhw d& rj-ptyrjdf sdkbc^ cbyrhtnekbf lf tc bvgek-cfwbf itvlujvfw uh'tklt,f& [lt,f tc xhlb-kjtsblfy^ lfcfdktsblfy lf^ hfw vsfdfhbf^

cfv[htsblfy^ cfblfyfw rjk[eh-b,thbekb fh[t,bs bub obyf fpbeh cfv.fhjcfw erfdibh-lt,f&

xdtyb fphbs^ byjdfwbfsf cbystpvf lf cby-rhtnekj,fv lf^ w[flbf^ flubkj,hbdvf ufy-dbsfht,fvfw itmvyf f[fkb yf.jab rekne-hbcf .j,fyehbc cf[bs& rjk[ehb lf .j,f-yehb reknehbc cbymhjyekj,f lf cfjwfhb vcufdct,f tvs[dtdf 'd&o& \+$\-|++ cfereyt-t,c& fctsb^ bubdtj,fvlt lfcekb^ vcufdct,bc f[cyf^ v[jkjl vtpj,keh-trjyjvbrehb eh-sbthsj,t,bs ite'kt,tkbf& fvbnjv .j,fybc lf skbfc cfvfhjdyt,b ufhrdtek obkfl rjk[ehb tsybrehb njvbc byabknhfwbbc itltubf&

xdtyb qhvf hovtybs^ cflqtbcjl afmnj,-hbdfl lflfcneht,ekbf bv fhmtjkjusf vj-cfpht,t,b^ hjvkt,bw vbfybiyt,lyty fy fvnrb-wt,lyty lfcfdkts fvbthrfdrfcbfib vtnfkeh-ubbc ufydbsfht,bcf lf kbsjybc lfveifdt,bc flubkj,hbd cfofhvjj nhflbwbt,bcf lf vtvrdblhtj,bc fhct,j,fpt& fv v[hbd ybify-lj,kbdbf f& btctybc lfrdbhdt,f^ hjv wtynhf-kehb rfdrfcbbc htubjyib v[jkjl wfkrtek vjvtynt,ib itbybiyt,f thsudfhb rfdibhb ob-yfvjh,tlb [fybc yfofhvbc ajhvt,sfy& 'bhb-sflfl rb fmfehb kbsjybc ufydbsfht,fib cfm-vt udfmdc firfhf o.dtnbksfy lf f[fkb^ flht ewyj,b ajhvt,bcf lf ntmybrehb [th[t,bc itvjzhfcsfy ufhtlfy^ egbhfntcfl lfcfdkts fvbthrfdrfcbblfy [12^ ud& 80]&

.j,fybcnt,bc ptvjs fqybiyekvf^ chekb-fl lfecf,est,tkvf^ [tkjdyehfl itmvybkvf ufyw[flt,t,vf^ hjvkt,bw rjk[ehb fhmtj-kjubehb 'tukt,bc buyjhbht,fc t[t,jlf^ vjudwf cnbvekb rbltd ths[tk itd[t,jlbs rjk[ehb lf .j,fyehb rekneht,bc ehsb-thsj,t,bc ghj,ktvfc^ hjvtkbw^ fk,fs^ rdkfd cfrfvfsj bmyt,f&

L. Sakharova

ONCE MORE ON THE RELATIONSHIP

OF THE COLCHIAN AND KOBAN CUL-

TURES

(Summary)

The Colchian and Koban cultures represent

two different though closely related cultures. Wea-

pons, tools and implements, pottery, jewellery,

every day life mode reveal differences. Unlike the

Koban culture, the Colchian one is a phenomenon

of a whole culture with traceable inner deve-

lopment and specific ethnic attribution. Koban

settlement appears in the 15th cent. B.C. (V.

Rostunov, M. Sikorski) and the earliest

archaeological material, according to V.

Kozenkova, proves to be syncretic, revealing

30

further persisting strong cultural impulses. Inno-

vations apparently penetrated from the North,

West, and, primarily, from the South.

In the author's view, synthesis and syn-

cretization of the cultural innovations, along with

their application and further development on local

ground, resulted in the emergence of a new –

Koban – culture. Synchronization and striking

similarities of the Colchian and Koban cultures

fall to the 11th-7

th cent. B.C., but they cannot be

accounted for only by their neighbouring position

and economic relations – the fact supports the

conjecture that the Koban and Tlia necropoleis

reflect the process of infiltration of the Colchian

ethnic element.

The author shares assumptions and assertions

of those archaeologists who pointed to the

existence of local traditions of the mastery of

metals and development of metallurgy and

continuity in Western Transcaucasia.

kbnthfnehf 1& ,fhfvb't v& fqvjcfdkts ifdbpqdbcgb-

htsb 'd&o& ++-+ fsfcoktekbc gbhdtk yf[t-dfhib ('bhbsflb ghj,ktvt,b)& fdnjhtathfnb bcnjhbbc vtwybtht,fsf ljmnjhbc cfvtwyb-thj [fhbc[bc vjcfgjdt,kfl& s,&^ 1998&

2& rfkfylf't fk& cj[evbc vsbc fhmtj-kjubehb 'tukt,b& cj[evb^ 1954&

3& vec[tkbidbkb k& 1933 okbc veifj-,bc fyufhbib& cfmfhsdtkjc cch vtwybtht,fsf frfltvbbc frfl& r& rtrtkb'bc cf[tkj,bc [tk-yfothsf bycnbnenbc ajylt,b& k& vec[t-kbidbkbc fhmbdb = 27&

4& gfgefidbkb h& udbfy,hby]fj-flhthrb-ybc [fybc wtynhfkehb rjk[tsbc cfvfh[ jhvjsf afhlj,bsb mhjyjkjubbcfsdbc cf,h-'jkj bfhfqbc vb[tldbs& fdnjhtathfnb bc-njhbbc vtwybtht,fsf rfylblfnbc cfvtwybthj [fhbc[bc vjcfgjdt,kfl& s,&^ 1998&

5& cf[fhjdf k& e'dtktcb cf,h'jkj bfhfqbc bcnjhbbcfsdbc& – vfwyt^ = 3^ 1973^ ud& 82-94&

6& cf[fhjdf k& rjk[ehb lf .j,fyehb rekneht,bc ehsbthsj,bc cfrbs[bcfsdbc& – @vcjakbj reknehek-bcnjhbekb ghjwtcb lf cfmfhsdtkj#& cfvtwybthj ctcbbc vj[ctyt-,fsf stpbct,b^ s,&^ 1993^ ud& 23-24&

7& cf[fhjdf k& rbltd ths[tk rjk[ehb wekt,bc nbgjkjubbc itcf[t,& – 'bt,fyb^ = 1^ 1998^ ud& 34-39&

8& cf[fhjdf k& ihjvbc bfhfqb rjk[eh lf .j,fyeh rekneht,ib& – 'bt,fyb^ = 9^ 2002^ ud& 41-47&

9& eifrjdf g& cfmfhsdtkjc e'dtktcb [fk[t,b lf erfyfcrytkb okt,bc fqvjxtyt,b& – ccvv^ X-B^ 1940&

10& afyw[fdf k& rjk[ehb reknehbc v[fndhekb [tkjcyj,bc 'tukt,b& s,&^ 1988&

11. Батчаев В. М. Древности предскифского и скифского периодов. Археологические ис-

следования на новостройках Кабардино-Балка-

рии. т. 2. Нальчик, 1985.

12. Иессен А. А. Прикубанский очаг ме-

таллургии и металлообработки в конце медно-

бронзового века. – МИА, № 23, 1951.

13. Козенкова В. И. Типология и хроноло-

гическая классификация предметов кобанской

культуры. Восточный вариант. САИ, выпуск В,

2-5, М. 1982.

14. Козенкова В. И. Культурно-историчес-

кие процессы на Северном Кавказе в эпоху

поздней бронзы и в раннем железном веке

(Узловые проблемы происхождения и развития

кобанской культуры). М., 1996.

15. Козенкова В. И. Материальная основа

быта кобанских племен. Западный вариант.

САИ, выпуск В 2-5, М., 1998

16. Крупнов Е. И. Древняя история

Северного Кавказа. М., 1960.

17. Микеладзе Т. К. К археологии Колхи-

ды. Тб., 1990

18. Ростунов В. Л., Сикорский М. И. Природно-климатические условия Северо-Осе-

тинской предгорной равнины и вопросы засе-

ления ее человеком в эпоху голоцена. – rfdrf-cbbc fhmtjkjubehb rjyathtywbf, +& vj[ct-yt,fsf vjrkt ibyffhct,b& s,&^ 1998&

19. Техов Б. В. Центральный Кавказ в XVI-

X вв. до. н.э., М., 1977

20. Техов Б. В. Кобано-тлииская археологи-

ческая культура. – Донская археология № 3-4,

1999.

21. Ivaščenko M. M. Beitrдge zur

Vorgeschichte Abchasiens. – ESA, VII, Helsinki,

1932, S. 98-111.

31

ybyj cekfdf

KTX{EVIB FQVJXTYBKB VWBHT PJVBC >FKB

32

kbc ufvj.tyt,fw^ afmnbehfl^ thsflthsb itv-s[dtdff rfdrfcbbcfsdbc [21, ud& 13-15]&

kf,bhbysbct,ehb cf[bs itvrekb f,pbylt-,b cfmfhsdtkjc vfcfkblfy wyj,bkbf vstk hbu 'tukt,pt% skbfc cfvfhjdybc 12 rjvg-ktmcib (== 16f^ 83^ 165^ 262 [17]^ 114^ 223^ 277^ 16,^ 49^ 127^ 130^ 144 [17; 18])* rjk[tsbc cfvfhjdyt,pt – ybudpbfyb^ = 12 cfvfh[b-jh-vj^ 1 wfkb [4^ ud& 83^ nf,& \L|+++5 (1749)]^ thutnbc + cfvfhjdybc = 4 cfvfh[b-jhvj^ 1 wfkb [6]^ lqdf,fc cfvfhjdfypt 3 wfkb [5^ nf,& \\\+\]&

fa[fptsbc cfvfhjdyt,blfy kf,bhbysbct,ehb cf[bs itvrekb f,pbylt,b wyj,bkb fh fhbc& cdfcnbrt,bs itvrekb thsb f,pbylff fqvj-xtybkb obstkb iemehfc = 76 (118) cfvfh[ib [19, ud& 135]& fyfkjubehb f,pbylf^ jqjyl^ rblt-t,pt lfvfnt,bs uflf,vekb cgbhfkbs itvrekb^ wyj,bkbf peylfubc ufy'blfyfw (vl& fzfhbc-o.kbc [tj,f) [3^ ud& 74-83]&

fv jhb f,pbylbc fyfkjubehb eylf b.jc r& cfvjcpt fqvjxtybkb f,pbylf^ hjvkbc jhyf-vtynbfyb vbyljhb itvrekbf hjv,t,bsf lf cdfcnbrt,bs [23, nf,. 82].

xhlbkj rfdrfcbblfy^ g& edfhjdfc yfihj-vbc vb[tldbs^ v[jkjl thsb f,pbylff fv nb-gbc wyj,bkb^ fk,fs .j,fyblfy* vbcb ief yf-obkb itvrekbf 6 hjv,ekb ctuvtynbs^ hjv-kt,bw itdct,ekbf vtfylhekb cdfcnbrt,bs [20^ ceh& 48]& fyfkjubehb f,pbylt,b lflfc-neht,ekbf t& ifynhbc vbth ufvjmdt.yt,ek xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc vfcfkt,ibw^ .j,fybc ytr-hjgjkblfy^ 3 wfkb [22, nf,& IX2, IXbis2, XI3]* cfvbdt f,pbylf lblb pjvbc lf vfhsres[ff* lf cfvbdt itvrekbf vtfylhbs itdct,ekb vfhsres[f lf cfvres[f ctuvtynt,bs& fvudf-hfl itvrekb f,pbylt,b fh fhbc wyj,bkb ,thkbybc obyf lf flhtbcnjhbbc cf[tkvob-aj veptevbc t&o& rjcybthcrfc rjktmwbblfy^ hjvtkbw fctdt xhlbkj rfdrfcbbc vfcfkt,c itbwfdc [25]& vfhsres[f ajhvbc^ vjphlbkb f,pbylt,b d& rjptyrjdfc yfihjvt,bc vb[tldbsfw fhbc wyj,bkb^ vfuhfv kf,bhbysbct,ehb cf[bs itvrekb fh ud[dlt,f [13^ ud& 52-54^ nf,& \\\^ \\\+* 14* 15^ ud& 59-61^ nf,& \+\] &

ktx[evib fqvjxtybk .fkb,ib ths-thsb abhabnf cfvres[ff& cojhtl fctsb cfvres[t-lt,bs fhbc itvrekb 1896 otkc cja& dfyib (lfc& cfmfhsdtkj) t& sf.fbidbkbc vbth itvs[dtdbs fqvjxtybkb f,pbylf [16, ud& 9^ ceh& 3]&

fvudfhfl^ lqtbcfsdbc fhct,ekb vjyfwt-vt,bs itb'kt,f dsmdfs^ hjv kf,bhbysbct-,ehb cf[bs itvrekb vfhsres[f ajhvbc f,-pbylt,b evsfdhtcfl cfmfhsdtkjc vfcfkt,b-lfyff wyj,bkb^ eahj cojhfl rjk[ehb reknehbc 'tukt,bcsdbcff lfvf[fcbfst,tkb&

hfw itt[t,f fqybiyekb nbgbc f,pbylt,bc mhjyjkjubbc cfrbs[t,c^ fm bctd ghj,ktvbc obyfit dlu