Presentation By :-

Presentation By :-Dhruv Gupta BBA +EM

Anthropogenic Disasters A Anthropogenic disasteris the effect of aMan Made hazardIt effect on the environment and also causes losses that are financial & Humans life.

Sociological HazardsHazardous MaterialsTechnological HazardsAnthropogenic Disasters

Structural Collapse

Buildings, like all structures, are designed to support certain loads without deforming excessively. The loads are the weights of people and objects, the weight of rain and snow and the pressure of wind--calledlive loads--and thedead load of the building itself. With buildings of a few floors, strength generally accompanies sufficient rigidity, and the design is mainly that of a roof that will keep the weather out while spanning large open spaces. With tall buildings of many floors, the roof is a minor matter, and the support of the weight of the building itself is the main consideration. Like long bridges, tall buildings are subject to catastrophic collapse.

Causes of Building CollapseBad DesignFaulty ConstructionFoundation FailureExtraordinary LoadsUnexpected Failure ModesCombination of Causes

Bad DesignBad design does not mean only errors of computation, improper choice of materials or misunderstanding of their properties. The engineer is responsible for these failures, which are created at the drawing board

Faulty ConstructionFaulty construction has been the most important cause of structural failure. The engineer is also at fault here, if inspection has been lax. This includes the use of salty sand to make concrete, even improper tightening torque of nuts, excessive use of the drift pin to make holes line up, bad welds, and other practices well known to the construction worker.

Foundation FailureEven an excellently designed and constructed structure will not stand on a bad foundation. Although the structure will carry its loads, The Leaning Tower of Pisa is a famous example of bad foundations, but there are many others.

Extraordinary LoadsExtraordinary loads are often natural, such as repeated heavy snowfalls, or the shaking of an earthquake, or the winds of a hurricane. Earthquakes may cause foundation problems when moist filled land liquefies.

Unexpected Failure ModesUnexpected failure modes are the most complex of the reasons for collapse, and we have recently had a good example. Any new type of structure is subject to unexpected failure, until its properties are well understood. Suspension bridges seemed the answer to bridging large gaps. Everything was supported by a strong cable in tension, a reliable and understood member. However, sad experience showed that the bridge deck was capable of galloping and twisting without restraint from the supporting cables. Ellet's bridge at Wheeling collapsed in the 1840's, and the Tacoma Narrows bridge in the 1940's, from this cause.

Combination of CausesThe conservative, strong statically-determinate trusses were designed with pin-connected eyebars to be as strong and safe as possible. Sad experience brought the realization of stress concentration at the holes pierced in the eye bars. From earliest times, it has been recognized that tension members have no surprises. They fail by pulling apart when the tension in them becomes too high. If you know the tension, then proportioning a member is easy. A compression member, a column, is different. If it is short and squat, it bears its load until it crushes. But if you try to support a load with a 12-foot column that will just support the load with a 1-foot column, you are in for a surprise. The column bends outward, or buckles, and the load crashes to earth.

Precautions Non-perishable food to last you several daysDrinking water to last you several days.Some blankets etc. to keep you warm, in case houses are damaged.A supply of your medicines for several days.Make your important documents proper listed like contacts, Legal Papers etc.Flashlight which operates on batteries +spare batteries

Last 3 Major Structural CollapseOver The World

In September 11, 2001People diedTOTAL COUNT 2,976 minus Foreigners - 236 AMERICANS 2,740World Trade Center, America

15

In 19th Aug 2011Dozens more people were hurt, several seriously.Belgian Prime Minister Yves Leterme has sent his condolences to the families of the victims. She said all the dead were Belgians, adding that 140 people were injured in the storm, 10 of them seriously.

Europe, Belgian

In November 12, 1999The death toll from the collapse of an Italian apartment block in southern Italy has risen to 34.The search for survivors has continued since the building collapsed before dawn on Thursday - but hopes are fading of finding anyone alive.Some 75 people are thought to have been in the six-storey block when it collapsed.

Italy , Rome

Last 3 Structural CollapseOver The India

In 15 November 2010Almost a year after a building collapsed in Lalita Park and killed 70 people, the Municipal Corporation of Delhi now probes another building collapse, this time in the congested Chandni Mahal area of Old Delhi.Lalita Park , Delhi

In Jan 5 1995 A labourer was killed and eight others seriously injured today when a portion of an under-construction building of an educational institution collapsed in Orissa's Keonjhar districtOrissa, Keonjhar,

In September 19, 2001The collapse of a seven-story residential building Wednesday evening killed at least 26 people and injured 11 others in the Indian city of Mumbai, hospital officials said.Officials said up to 25 people are feared trapped beneath the remnants of the building, although rescue workers did pull a survivor from the debris on Thursday.

Mumbai , Maharashtra

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