building construction part-2

7/31/2019 Building Construction Part-2

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BUILDINGCONSTRUCTION

IIWOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RC

CONSTRUCTION


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2.1 TYPES OF WOOD

FRAMING

1. Light Wood Framing

2. Heavy Wood Framing of

Beam and Girder Framing

1. Light Wood Framing

a). Balloon Frame. This the lightestform of framing, in which the studding

and corner posts are set up in

continuous lengths from first floor line

or sill to roof plate. Boards called

ribbons are notched and nailed intothe studs and corner posts at theproper height to support the second

story joists. A joist is brought against

a stud wherever possible. This type of

frame is lacking in rigidity and is liable

to sway and tremble in heavy winds.

2. WOOD FRAME AND LIGHT RCCONSTRUCTION

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2.1

Wood Frame & Light RC

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Types of Wood Framing

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Miscellaneous Ribbon, Ribband - a horizontal member which is housed in the studs of balloon framing and carries joists.


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b) Combination Frame. A modification ofthe old braced frame which was of heavytimbers with every joint mortised and

tenoned. The modification consists of lighter

timbers and less mortising and pinning tosave material and labor.

Girts are framed into the corner posts at thesecond story level joists as well as to brace

the whole frame. The girts which support the

floor joist are called drop girts; those parallel

to the joists are called raised or flush girts.

The studs run from sill to girt and from girt toroof plate. Diagonal braces run from sill to

corner posts and from the corner posts to

the roof plate. This type of construction is

more rigid than the balloon frame.

Combination Frame.

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Braced Frame, Full Frame 1. The frame of a building in which the resistance to lateral forces or to frame instability is provided by diagonal

bracing, K-bracing, or other type of bracing. 2. Heavy, braced wood framing for a structure which uses girts that are mortised into solidposts; the posts are full frame height, with one-story-high studs between, usually diagonally braced.

GirtA horizontal structural member in the framing of a timber-framed house, typically supporting the ends of the ceiling joists and actingas the main horizontal support for the floor or roof above. Often preceded by an adjective indicating its position; for example, front girt,denotes a heavy timber that runs horizontally along the front of the house; rear girt, along the rear.


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Platform Frame.

2. Heavy Wood Framing of Beam and Girder Framing - This is the type offraming used in the Philippines in which the floor joists are carried by girders,

and the roof trusses or rafters by girts which frame into the posts. Studs rest

on floor sills and extend up the girder or girt in every floor.

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2.1


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c) Platform Frame. A system offraming for a building of wood

construction several stories high, in

which the studs are only one storyhigh; the floor joists for each story

rest on the top plates of the storybelow or on the sole plate of thefirst story. Also called WesternFraming.

Top Plate 1. The top horizontal member of a frame building to which the rafters are fastened. 2. The horizontal member at the top of

the partition studs.Sole Plate 1. Same as solepiece. 2. A horizontal timber which serves as a base for the studs in a stud partition. 3. A plate riveted to

the bottom flange of a plate girder to bear on the masonry plate.


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2.2 JOINTS AND SPLICING

2.2.1 TYPES OF WOOD JOINTS

1. Plain Joint (Lap Joint). The plain joint is usedin very hasty construction for temporary

framing and is made by lapping one piece

over the other and nailing then together. It is

not a very strong joint.

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2.2

END JOINT SCARF JOINT SQUARE

SPLICE

FINGER

JOINT

2. Butt or Square Joint (End Joint). The butt joint is made by placing full thicknessof wood directly against the second piece. The butt end should be squared and

the sides against which it butts smooth so that the pieces will be perpendicular to

each other. The joint is toe-nailed.

PLAIN LAP LAP JOINT


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3. Oblique Joint. This type of joint is made when the two pieces do not meet at rightangles, e.g. bracings. One piece is cut at an angle to fit the other and the two

pieces nailed securely together.

4. Spliced or Scabbed Joint. (See Splices)

5. Scarf Joint. A joint by which the ends of two pieces of timber are united to form acontinuous piece; the mating surface may be beveled, chamfered, notched, etc.

before bolting, gluing, welding, etc.

Easement

Eased Edge

Stop Chamfer

CHAMFER

Joggle

Dap

2.2


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Scarf Joint In welding, a butt joint between tow pieces of metal whose ends are beveled. In electrical systems, a joint in electricalcable in which the ends are beveled before soldering.


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6. Mortise and Tenon Joint. This type of joint is used for building woodenframework where great strength and rigidity are all important. It is made by

cutting a hole or mortise in one piece and a tenon or tongue in the second

piece to fit the hole in the other. The tenon may extend fully through the other

piece or only part of the way.

MORTISEJOINT

Mortise

Through

Tenon

OPEN

MORTISE

BLIND

MORTISE

Stub Tenon

CHASE

MORTISE

Undercut

Tenon

Haunched

Tenon

DRAWBORE

BRIDLE

JOINT

FOXTAIL

WEDGE

Key

Articulate

KEYED

JOINT


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7. Halved Joint. This joint is made by cutting half the thickness of the wood from each pieceat the ends to be joined so as to bring the sides flush. The purpose of this type of joint is to

maintain a level surface at the joint.

END-LAP

JOINT

CROSS-LAP

JOINT

MITERED

HALVING

8. Rabbet Joint. This joint is made by cutting a shoulder or edge from one piece to receivethe other piece. It is used in window or door frames, or in shelf and drawer construction.

RABBET JOINT

Rabbet


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9. Dado Joint. This is similar in shape and purpose to the rabbet joint. In the dado joint agroove is made in one piece at right angles to the grain of the other board. If nails are

used, they are needed only at the end piece since the groove will provide the

necessary strength to hold the other piece in place.

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10. Miter Joint. The miter is a joint between two pieces which come together at a corner.

It is a finish joint and should not be used where strength is an important requirement.It is made by cutting the two ends at angles complementary to each other, usually

45, and then butting them together. The joint is secured by clamp nails or finishing

nails, corrugated fasteners or dowels, or by gluing.

Stopped Dado

DADO JOINT

Dado

MITER JOINT SHOULDER

MITERTONGUED

MITER

COPED JOINTquirk


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11. Dovetail Joint. This type of joint, used for cabinet work and furniture work, isstrong and durable. It is made by cutting a pin in the shape of a dovetail in one

piece to fit a groove similarly shaped in the other piece.

12. Coped Joint. The coped joint is used when fitting one piece of moulding at rightangles to the second piece.

Other types of joints include the shiplapped joint and the tongue and grooved joint

DOVETAIL

HALVING

SECRET

DOVETAIL

LAP

DOVETAIL

COMMON

DOVETAIL

DOVETAIL JOINT

EDGE JOINT TONGUE AND

GROOVE

SPLINE BUTTERFLY

WEDGEANGLE JOINT


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Shiplap, shiplap boards, shiplap siding Wood sheathing whose edges are rabbeted to make an overlapping joint.Tongue and Groove Joint, T & G Joint A joint formed by the insertion of the tongue of one member into the

corresponding groove of another.


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COMMON WOOD JOINTS

FOR FURNITURE

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VARIATIONS OF

LAP JOINTS

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VARIATIONS OFMORTISE-AND-TENON JOINTS

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2.2.2 SPLICESThe function of a splice is to connect two or more pieces of timber in such

a way that the joint will be as strong as a single timber of equivalent size.

Splices are of three types: for compression, tension and bending.

A. Splices for Compression

1. Scabbed or Fished Splice. Two pieces of timber are squared at their ends

and fitted together. Two short wood pieces called scabs or metal plates

called fishplates are fastened on either side of the pieces to be joined.

The scabs or fishplates serve to keep the splice straight and to preventbuckling.

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Scabs or Fish Plates


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MiscellaneousScab A short flat piece of lumber which is bolted, nailed, or screwed to two butting pieces in order to splice them together.Fishplate A wood or metal piece used to fasten together the ends of two members with nails or bolts.


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2. Halved Splice. The halved splice is better for direct compression, and when

combined with scabs or fishplates, may be used where there is some tension.

This splice is made by cutting half the thickness of each piece to the required

length and putting the halved sections together.

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B. Splices for Tension

1. Square Splice. This is a modification of the compression halved splice. Ithas an extra notch to keep it from slipping and is usually used in combination

with scabs or fishplates.


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MiscellaneousSquare Splice A type of half-lapped scarf joint; may be reinforced with a fishplate; esp. used to resist tension.


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C. Splices for Bending

1. Scarfed Splice. When a piece of timber is subjected to bending as in ahorizontal piece supporting a weight, the upper part is subjected to

compression while the lower half is under tension. A splice for bending

should, therefore, combine the features of the tension and compression

splice. The upper part should be cut square to offer the maximum

resistance to compression while the lower half is beveled on the end,

since there is no tendency to crush the timber. To overcome the

tendency to pull apart at the bottom, a fishplate or scab is placed at the

bottom and bolted securely

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2.2

Fish Plate


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2.3 TIMBER CONNECTORSTimber connectors are metal devices used to provide

added strength at bolted joints. They eliminate

complicated framing of joints, simplify the design ofheavy construction, and save much time and labor.

Among the various types of timber connectors are:

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1. Split Rings. These are made in

sizes of 2-1/2, 4 and 6 in. in

diameter. They used for heavy

construction.

2. Toothed Rings. These are toothed

and corrugated. They are made in

2, 2-5/8, and 4 4 in. dia. They are

used between two timber frames

for comparatively light

construction.

Split-ring Connector A ring-shaped metal insert placed in precut circular grooves and held by bolts; used as a timber

connector.


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2.0

2.3


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3. Claw Plates. One side is clawed

and other smooth. They are used

either singly, in timber to metal

connections, or in pairs in timber to

timber connections. The female

plate is adaptable for use when the

connector must lie flush with the

timber surface.

4. Shear Plates. When installed these

lie flush with the timber surface.

They are used singly or in pairs. In

timber to metal connections the

plate is placed with its back towards

the metal.

Shear Plate In structural steel, one of the reinforcement plates added to the web of a steel beam to increase the web capacity toresist shearing loads.


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2.4 MASONRY WALLS

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Masonry walls consist of modular building blocks bonded together with

mortar to form walls that are durable, fire-resistant, and structurally

efficient in compression. Masonry walls may be constructed as solidwalls, cavity walls, or veneered walls.

SOLID

WALL

CAVITY

WALL

VENEERED

WALL

M ll l b l ifi d i f d i f d


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Masonry walls may also be classified as unreinforced orreinforced.

Unreinforced masonry walls, also called plain masonry walls,incorporate horizontal joint reinforcement and metal wall ties to bond

wythes of a solid or cavity walls.

SOLID MASONRY CAVITY WALLSMASONRY

Reinforced masonry walls, utilize

steel reinforcing bars embedded in

grout filled joints and cavities to aid

the masonry in resisting stresses.

Wythe refers to a continuous vertical section of a wall that is one masonry unit in thickness.

Grout 1. Mortar containing a considerable amount of water so that it has the consistency of a viscous liquid, permitting it to bepoured or pumped into joints, spaces, and cracks within masonry walls and floors, between pieces of ceramic tiles, andinto joints between preformed roof deck units. 2. In foundation work, mixtures of cement, cement-sand, clay or chemicals;

used to fill voids in granular soils, usually by a process of successive injection through drilled holes.


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2.4.1 TYPES OF MASONRY UNITS

The most common types of masonry units are bricks, which are

heat-hardened clay units, and concrete blocks, which arechemically hardened units. Other types of masonry units include

structural clay tile, structural glass block, and natural or cast

stone.

CONCRETE BLOCK

BRICK

GLASS BLOCK

STRUCTURAL CLAY TILE


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2.4.2 MORTARMortar is a plastic mixture of cement or lime, or a combination of both,

with sand and water, used as a bonding agent in masonry construction.

TYPES OF MORTAR ACCORDING TO MATERIAL

CONSTITUENCY

1. Cement mortar is made by mixing portland cement, sand,

and water.

2. Lime mortar is a mixture of lime, sand, and water that israrely used because of its slow rate of hardening and low

compressive strength.

3. Cement-lime mortar is a cement mortar to which lime isadded to increase its plasticity and water retentivity.

4. Masonry cement is a proprietary mix of Portland cement

and other ingredients, as hydrated lime, plasticizers, air-

entraining agents, and gypsum, requiring only the additionof sand and water to make cement mortar.


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TYPES OF MORTAR ACCORDING TO STRENGTH

1. Type M mortar is a high strength mortar recommended for

use in reinforced masonry below grade or in contact with the

earth, as foundation and retaining walls subject to high

lateral or compressive loads; compressive strength is 2500psi (17,238 kPa).

2. Type S mortar is a medium-high-strength mortarrecommended for use in masonry where bond and lateral

strength are more important than compressive strength;

compressive strength is 1800 psi (12,411 kPa).

3. Type N mortar is a medium-strength mortar recommendedfor general use in exposed masonry above grade where

high compressive and lateral strength are not required;

compressive strength is 750 psi (5,171 kPa).

4. Type O mortar is a low-strength mortar suitable for use in

interior non-load bearing walls and partitions.

5. Type K mortar is a very low-strength mortar suitable only for

use in interior non-load bearing walls where permitted by the

building code.


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2.5 CHB WALL CONSTRUCTION

Concrete Block or Cement Block is a hollow or solid concrete masonryunit (CMU) consisting of Portland cement and suitable aggregates combinedwith water. Lime, fly ash, air-entraining agents, or other admixtures may be

included.

2.5.1 TYPES OF CONCRETE HOLLOW BLOCKS

A stretcheris a masonry

unit laidhorizontally

with its

length in the

direction of

the face of

the wall.


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2.5.2 LAYOUT OF CHB


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2.5.3 WALL FOOTING

*MERCADO, JOSE L. The Architectural Reviewer,

Vol. II: Materials and Methods of Construction

The wall footing or strip

footing is a strip of

reinforced concretewider than the wall

which distributes the

load to the soil.

Reinforcements for wall

footings shall equal

0.2% to 0.3% of the

cross sectional area ofconcrete, except for

unusual cases.


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To provide anchorage of CHB to concrete, the following are used:

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a) Hook orhooked bar a steel reinforcing bar, for use in reinforced

concrete, with the end bent into a hook to provide anchorage. Used in joint

with the wall footing.


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b) Dowel-bar reinforcement short, reinforcing bars of steel which extendapproximately equally into two abutting pieces of concrete, to increase the

strength of the joint. Used in joint with columns or beams.


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2.5.4 STIFFENER COLUMNS AND BEAMS

CHB partition walls are ideally

supported against lateralmovements vertically by stiffener

columns and horizontally bystiffener beams. A stiffenercolumn is located at the

intersections of CHB walls and at

regular intervals (of about 3 M) for

a long partition wall. Stiffenercolumns are in the form of an I, T

or an L.


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In low cost construction, however, stiffener columns may be substituted for a

grouted cell (or, a CHB cell compacted with grout) while stiffener RC beams for

bond beams.

Bond-beam block A hollow concrete masonry unit with portions depressed to form a continuous channel in which reinforcingsteel can be placed for embedment in grout. A lintel block sometimes is used as a bond-beam block.


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A lintel is a horizontal structural member (such as a beam) over an

opening which carries the weight of the wall above it; usually of steel,

stone, or wood. In CHB construction, a lintel is constructed with lintelblocks orU-blocks, which have a single core with an open end; usually

placed with its open end upright; such blocks form a continuous beamwhen filled with grout and proper reinforcement.


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2.6 ON GRADE CONSTRUCTION

2.6.1 CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE

Concrete slabs on grade require the support of a level, stable, uniformly dense or

properly compacted soil base containing no organic matter. When placed over

soil of low bearing capacity or expansive soils, a concrete ground slab must be

designed as a mat or raft foundation, which requires professional analysis and

design by a qualified structural engineer.

2 6 2 CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE JOINTS


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2.6.2 CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE JOINTSThree types of joints are done in order to accommodate movement in the plane

of a concrete slab on grade:

2.6.3 GRADE BEAMS

G d B th t t f f d ti t ( ll i b ildi ith t b t)


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Grade Beam that part of a foundation system (usually in a building without a basement)

which supports the exterior wall of the superstructure; commonly designed as a beam which

bears directly on the column footings, or may be self-supporting, as a long strap footing.

2.7 CONCRETE PIERS ON ISOLATED FOOTINGS


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2.0Wood Frame & Light RC

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2.7 CONCRETE PIERS ON ISOLATED FOOTINGS

2.7.1 WOOD POSTS ON CONCRETE PIERS

Wood posts are anchor strapped to and supported by reinforcedconcrete piers on isolated footings. For the wood post to seat

perfectly on the concrete, grout is poured in between the joint.

2.7

Pier 1. A column designed to support concentrated load. 2. A member, usually in the form of a thickened section, which forms an

integral part of a wall; usually placed at intervals along the wall to provide lateral support or to take concentrated vertical loads.Isolated Footing the individual spread footing supporting a freestanding column or pier.


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2 7 2 WOOD BEAMS ON CONCRETE PIERS


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2.7.2 WOOD BEAMS ON CONCRETE PIERS


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2.8 POSTS

Wood posts may be solid, built-up, or spaced. In selecting a woodpost, the following should be considered: lumber species, structural

grade, modulus of elasticity, and allowable compressive, bendingand shear stress value permitted for the intended use. In addition,

attention must be paid to the precise loading conditions and the types

of connections used.

Wood posts are loaded axially in compression. Failure can result in

crushing of wood fibers if the maximum unit stress exceeds the

allowable unit stress in compression parallel to the grain. The load

capacity of the post is also determined by its slenderness ratio. Asthe slenderness ratio of a post increases, a post can fail from buckling.

Modulus of Elasticity In an elastic material which has been subject to strain below its elastic limit, the ratio of the unit stress to the

corresponding unit strain.Slenderness Ratio Of a column, the ratio of its effective length to its least radius of gyration.


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2.8.1 TYPES OF WOOD POSTS/COLUMNS


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2.8.2 WOOD POST-BEAM CONNECTIONS

2.9 WOOD FLOOR FRAMING SYSTEM AND


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FLOOR FINISHES

2.9.1 WOOD FLOOR FRAMING

The wood floor framing system consists of the common floor joists, cross

bridging, solid bridging, and other members which provide support for theflooring, as follows:

Floor Joist One of a series of parallel beams of timber, reinforced

concrete, or steel used to support floor and ceiling loads, and supported in

turn by larger beams, girders or bearing walls; the widest dimension is

vertically oriented.

Common Joist, Bridging Joist A joist on which floor boards are laid;neither supports a joist nor is it supported by another joist.

Binding Joist, binder A beam which supports the common joists of awood floor above and the ceiling joists below; commonly joins two vertical

posts.

Girder A large or principal beam of steel, reinforced concrete, or timber;used to support concentrated loads at isolated points along its length.

Bridging A brace, or a system of braces, placed between joists to stiffenthem, to hold them in place, and to help distribute the load.

Cross Bridging, Diagonal Bridging, Herringbone Strutting Diagonal


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C oss dg g, ago a dg g, e gbo e St utt g g

bracing, in pairs, between adjacent floor joists to prevent the joists from

twisting.

Block Bridging, Solid Bridging, Solid Strutting Short members

(boards) which are fixed vertically between floor joists to stiffen the joists.

Bridging Floor A floor supported by common joists, without girders.

Principal Joist a large joist that carries much of the floor load.

Sleeper Joist any joist resting directly on sleepers

Ledger, Ribbon or Ribband a horizontal member which is housed inthe studs of balloon framing and carries joists.

Ledger Strip, Ribbon Strip On a beam which carries joists flush with

the upper edge of the beam (or girder), a strip of lumber which is nailed to

the side of the beam (along its bottom edge), forming a seat for the joists

and helping to support them.

Sill a horizontal timber, at the bottom of the frame of a wood structure,

which rests on the foundation.


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2.9

Sleepers -1. One of a number of horizontal timbers that are laid on a concrete slab (or on the ground) and to which the flooring isnailed. 2. Any long horizontal beam, at or near the ground, which distributes the load from posts or framing.


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2.9

2.9.2 WOOD FLOOR FRAMING EXTENSIONS


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2.9.2 WOOD FLOOR FRAMING EXTENSIONS

2.9


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2.9.3 FLOOR JOISTS ON BEAMS/GIRDERS

2.9


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2.9

2 9 4 FLOOR FINISHES


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2.9.4 FLOOR FINISHES

A. Wood Flooring

Strip Flooring Hardwood finish

flooring; narrow tongue-and-

groove strips; commonly maple,

mahogany, oak, etc.

Plank Flooring Flooring made of long, wide, square-sawn thick piece

of timber called planks; the specifications vary, but often the minimumwidth is 8 (200 mm), and the minimum thickness is 2 to 4 (50 to 100

mm) for softwood and 1 (25 mm) for hardwood.

Parquet Flooring Inlaid wood flooring usually set in simple geometric

patterns.

Parquet Tile Flooringparquet units glued to paper to form tiles forflooring. The tiles are glued to the cement floor face down; when dry,

paper is wet and stripped off the tile surface; sanded and primed to finish.

2.9


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2.9

B. Cement Flooring and Cement Tile Flooring


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2.9

C. Ceramic Tile & Vitrified Tile Flooring


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2.9

2.10 PARTITION WALL FRAMING SYSTEM &


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PARTITION WALL FINISHES

2.10

2.10.1 WOOD WALL FRAMING SYSTEM

A partition wall is a dividing wall within a building; may be bearing or non-load

bearing. Parts of the partition are:

Stud an upright post or support, esp. one of a series of vertical structural

members which act as the supporting elements in a wall or partition.

Partition cap, head, plate the uppermost horizontal member of a partition;the top plate of a partition on which the joists rests.

Soleplate a horizontal timber which serves as a base for the studs in a studpartition.

Cripple a structural element that is shorter than usual, as a stud above a

door opening or below a window sill.


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2.10


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2.10


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2.10


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Bay Window With a Top Plate and

Header Extending Across theOpening in the Plane of the Wall

Exterior Walls Constructed in the

Shape of a Bay Window

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2.10.1 WOOD WALL FINISHES


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2.10

Wood BoardsLumber less than 2 (5 cm) thick and between 4 (10 cm) to

12 (30 cm) in width, used as horizontal and vertical board siding. The

various cuts of wood boards used in finishing works are:

HORIZONTAL BOARD SIDINGBEVELSIDING

Clapboard, Bevel siding, Lap sidinga wood siding commonly used as an

exterior covering on a building of frameconstruction; applied horizontally and

overlapped, with the grain running

lengthwise; thicker along the lower edge

than along the upper.

Dolly Varden siding is bevel sidingrabbeted along the lower edge to receive

the upper edge of the board below it. DOLLY VARDEN

BEVEL SIDING

Shiplap siding wood sheathing whose


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2.10

Shiplap siding wood sheathing whoseedges are rabbeted to make an

overlapping joint. Examples are v-cut,

rustic, stone-cut, and corrugated sidings.

Rustic siding also called dropsiding or novelty siding; an exterior

wall cladding of wooden boards (or strips

of other material such as aluminum or

vinyl), which are tongued and grooved or

rabbeted and overlapped so that the

lower edge of each board interlocks witha groove in the board immediately below

it.DROP SIDING

SHIPLAP SIDING

VERTICAL BOARD SIDING

MATCHED BOARDS boards that

interlap or interlock and have flush, v-

sgroove, or beaded joints.MATCHED SIDINGS

T&G sidingTongue and

groove boards, also called


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2.10

groove boards, also called

dressed and matched boards

and are boards or lumber that

has been planed smooth; cut so

that a tongue along one edge fitsinto a groove cut along the edge

of the adjacent piece.

V-cut siding any saw cut or

cut in wood whose rabbeted

joint is v-shaped.

Corrugated siding scallopedwood sheathing with the convex

forms visible.

CORRUGATED

SIDINGS

T&G

V-CUT

SQUARE-EDGE BOARDS - boards used with other boards and battensto protect and enhance the vertical joints and form board-and-board or


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2.10

p j

board-and-batten patterns.

Board and Batten or Batten siding narrow battens or wood

strips attached to the joints of T&G sheathing. Wood strips arelumber less than 4 (10 cm) wide.

Batten and Board board emphasized, battens at back.

Board and Board Siding or Stone-cut siding visible equal sized

board and batten.

BOARD SIDINGS BATTENBATTEN ON A

BOARDBOARD AND BOARD


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2.10

B. Wood Manufactured Boardsare panels made of wood but do notappear in their natural state. Types of manufactured wood boards are:


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2.10

pp yp

Plywood made of an odd number of veneer sheets glued together with

the grains running at right angles to each other. Use 16 (405 mm) stud

spacing for 10 mm plywood; 24 (610 mm) stud spacing for 12 mmplywood. The different types of plywood are:

Hardboard and/or Plyboard made from wood chips which are explodedinto fibers under a stream of high pressure. The lining in the wood itself

binds pressed wood together with no fillers or artificial adhesives applied.

Pressed wood is equally strong in all directions but very brittle. Its colorvaries from light to dark brown.

Soft Plywood used for form lumber

Hardwood Plywood used for paneling and finishing

work where usually one face is hard-finished.

Marine Plywood or Exterior Grade Plywood usedfor exterior use where waterproof glue is used.

Fiberboard are finishing materials made from vegetable fibers such ascorn or sugarcane stalks pressed into sheets It is not very strong but has


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2.10

corn or sugarcane stalks pressed into sheets. It is not very strong, but has

good insulating properties therefore it is usually applied as a ceiling finish

only.

Gypsum Board is a non-combustible building board with a gypsum coreenclosed in tough, smooth paper. It is designed to be used without addition

of plaster for walls, ceilings or partitions. It is extensively used in dry wallconstruction, where plaster is eliminated. Brand names: BORAL,

ELEPHANT.

Fiber Cement Boards Fiber-reinforced cement board is composed of

72% Portland cement, 20% mineralized cellulose fibers derived from

recycled materials, and 8% calcium carbonate.

Particle Board is manufactured from wood chips, curls, fibers, flakes,

strands, shaving, and slivers, bound together and pressed into sheets,

molded and shaped. Particle boards have equal strength in all directions in

a given cross sectional area, are not brittle and can resist warping.

Dry Wall Construction, Dry Construction The use of dry materials such as gypsum board, plywood, or wall board inconstruction without the application of plaster or mortar.

2.11 WOOD CEILING FRAMING SYSTEM


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2.11

2.11.1 WOOD CEILING FRAMING SYSTEM

A wood ceiling framing system consists of a framework of joists composed of

the ceiling joists, the binding joist or binder, the plate joist and the ceilingstrap.

Binding joist or binder a beam which supports the common joists of a

wood floor above and the ceiling joists below; commonly joins two

vertical posts.

Plate joist - a horizontal board which connects and terminates the ceilingjoists. It provides the line and rigidity at the ends of the joists and

connects the suspended ceiling to the walls.

Ceiling strap a strip of wood, nailed to the underside of floor joists or

rafters, from which a ceiling is suspended or fastened.

Ceiling joist - one of several small beams towhich the ceiling of a room is attached. They

are mortised into the sides of the binding

joists, nailed to the underside of these joists, or

suspended from them by straps.CEILING JOIST

2.12 WOOD ROOF FRAMING SYSTEM AND ROOFING


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2.12

2.12.1 ROOF TERMINOLOGY and TYPES OF ROOF

The term roof means the top covering of a building including all materials

and constructions necessary to support it on the walls of the building or onuprights; provides protection from the weather. Some important roof terms

are:

Ridge is the horizontal line of

intersection at the top between two

sloping planes of a roof.

Hip is the inclined projecting

angle formed by the junction of two

adjacent sloping sides of a roof.

Valley is an intersection of two

inclined roof surfaces toward which

rainwater flows.

Gable is the triangular portion ofwall enclosing the end of a pitched

roof from ridge to eaves.

Dormersare projecting structures

built out from a sloping roof and

housing a vertical window or

ventilating louver.

Rake is the inclined usuallyprojecting edge of a sloping roof.

Shed is a roof having a singleslope

Eave is the overhanging lower

edge of a roof.

Soffit is the underside of an

overhanging roof eave.

RIDGE


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2.12

The major types of roofs are:

Shed Roof, Lean-to Roof

or Pent Roof a roof shapehaving only one sloping

plane.

HIPDORMERS

VALLEY

EAVE

SHED

RAKE

GABLE

Gable Roof or Pitch Roof a roofhaving a single slope on each side

of a central ridge; usually with a


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2.12

gable at one or both ends.

Hip Roof or Hip and Valley Roof a

roof which slopes upward from allfour sides of a building, requiring a

hip rafter at each corner.

Pyramidal Roof a hipped roof that

usually has four to six sloping

surfaces, terminating in a peak.

Pavilion Roof a roof hipped equallyon all sides, so as to have a

pyramidal form; a pyramidal hipped

roof.

Gambrel Roof a roof which has two

pitches on each side (U.S.); in GreatBritain called a Mansard Roof.


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2.12

Sawtooth Roof - is a development of the shed roof made into

a series of lean-to roofs covering one building. This iscommonly used in factories where extra light is required

through the clerestories formed in the vertical portion of

the roof.

Butterfly Roof is a two shed roof where the slopes meet at

the center of the building.

Dome is a hemispherical form of roof usually found in

observatories.

Conical Roof or Sphire is a steep roof of circular sectionthat tapers uniformly from the circular base to a central

point.

2.12.2 RAFTER FRAMING


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2.12

A. Rafter Framing for Shed Roofs

Flat roofs are framed in a manner similar to floor joist framing.

B. Rafter Framing for Gable Roofs

The main components of a gable rafter framing system are:


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2.12

p g g y

Common Rafters the main rafters

which extend from a wall plate to a

ridge board or ridge beam andsupport the sheathing and covering of

a roof.

Collar Ties unite two opposing

rafters at a point below the ridge,

usually in the upper third of the rafter

length.

Ridge Board is a non-structural

horizontal member to which the upper

ends of the rafters are aligned and

fastened.

Ridge Beam is a structuralhorizontal member supporting the

upper ends of rafters at the ridge of a

roof.

COLLAR TIES

RIDGE BOARD

COMMON RAFTERS

RIDGE BEAM

C. Rafter Framing for Hip Roofs

The main components of a hip rafter framing system are:


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2.12

Hip Rafter form the junction of the sloping sides of a hip roof.Jack Rafter is any rafter that is shorter than the full length of the roof slope,

as one meeting a hip or a valley.Hip Jack Rafter is a jack rafter extending from a wall plate to a hip rafter.

Valley Jack extend from a valley rafter to a ridge.

Valley Rafter connect the ridge to the wall plate along a valley.

2.12.3 TRUSS FRAMING AND PARTS OF A TRUSS

A truss is a structure composed of a combination of members usually in


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2.12

A truss is a structure composed of a combination of members, usually in

some triangular arrangement so as to constitute a rigid framework.

The major parts of a truss are:

Chord A principal member of a truss which extends from one end to the

other, primarily to resist bending; usually one of a pair of such

members. The two types of chord members are the upper or top chord

and the lower or bottom chord.

Web In a truss, any member which joins the top and bottom chords.

There are two types of web members: the vertical web members andthe diagonal web members.

King post A vertical member extending from the apex of the inclined

rafters to the tie beam between the rafters at their lower ends. A joggle

post is a king post having shoulders or notches at its lower end to

support the feet of struts.

Collar beam A horizontal member which ties together (and stiffens) two

opposite common rafters, usually at a point about halfway up the

rafters.


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2.12

Panel Length

Truss Plate

Peak

Top Chord

Heel

Overhang Bottom Chord Length

CantileverSpan (Out to Out of Bearings)

Web

Bottom Chord

Bearing Point Panel Point

SpliceWedge Block

Continuous Lateral Brace

SlopePitch

2.12.4 TYPES OF TRUSSESThe main types of wood trusses are:

King-post truss 1. A structural support for a roof formed


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2.12

by two inclined rafters joined at the apex of their intersection;

a horizontal tie beam. 2. Connects the rafters near their

lower ends, and a vertical central member, called a king

post, which connects the apex with the midpoint of the tiebeam.

Queen-post truss A roof truss having two vertical posts(queen post) between the rafters and the tie beam; the

upper ends of the vertical posts are connected by a

straining piece, such as a tie rod or cable.

Howe truss a truss having upper and lower horizontalmembers, between which are vertical and diagonal

members; the vertical members of the web take tension;

and the diagonal members are under compression.

Fink truss, Belgian truss, French truss a symmetricaltruss, esp. used in supporting large sloping roofs; in the

form of three isosceles triangles one in the center with

its base along the horizontal tie, and each of the outer twohaving its base along the sloping sides of an upper chord.

Scissors truss a type of truss used to support a pitchedroof; the ties cross each other and are connected to the

opposite rafters at an intermediate point along their length.

KING-POST

QUEEN-POST

HOWE TRUSS

FINK TRUSS


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2.12.5 COMMON TYPES OF ROOF COVER

CORRUGATED GALVANIZED IRON ROOFING


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2.12

Galvanized iron roofing may either be plain or corrugated. The thicknesses are

measured in terms of gauge from ga. 14 to ga. 30. Gauge 26 is the most

commonly used for roofing. The standard commercial size width is 0.80 m,with length ranging from 1.50 m to 3.60 m.

Plain G.I. sheet commercial size is 0.90 m x 2.40 m. It is also used for roofing,

gutters, flashing, ridge, hip and valley rolls, downspouts and straps for

riveting.


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2.12*MERCADO, JOSE L. The Architectural Reviewer,

Vol. II: Materials and Methods of Construction

B. METAL SEAM ROOFING (using plainG.I. sheets)


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