Presentation by : Karan, Devashree, Ashi, Ajay, Nikunj

CEMENT

The word cement has come from the roman word ‘OPUS CAEMENTICIUM

 An adhesive substance of all kinds, but, in a narrower sense, the binding materials used in building and civil engineering construction.

What Is CEMENT?

History of CementBefore the 18th century• Cement made with lime, sand,

and gravel was used.• Examples: Dome of Pantheon

of Rome, Baths of Caracalla

18th, 19th, and 20th centuries• Portland cement patented by

Joseph Aspdin • Blend of Rosendale and

synthetic cement 21st century and future…• OPC most common. Base of

concrete, mortar, grout• Green Cement made by recycled

coal, ash, bio-mass, mine tailings, etc.

PhysicalStrength to masonryExcellent binding

material Easily workableStiffens earlyPossesses good plasticityOffers good resistance to

the moistureFineness: Soundness

Alumia: Iron oxide ≥ 0.66

0.66≤Lime saturation factor ≤1.02

Sulphur content ≤ 2.75 %

Wt. of insoluble residue ≤ 1.5%

Properties of cement

Chemical

COMPOSITIONIt is quite important

to maintain the composition of cement because all the functions of every type of cement depends on individual quantity of every component.

LIME 63%

SILICA 22%

ALUMINA 06%

IRON OXIDE 3%

GYPSUM 1-4

%

FUNCTIONS OF CEMENT INGREDIENTS

•Controls strength and soundness

LIME (CaO)

•Gives strength, excess quantity causes slow setting

SILICA(SiO2 )

•Quick setting, excess lowers strength

Alumina (Al2O3)

•Imparts color, helps in fusion of ingredients

IRON OXIDE(Fe2O3)

•Color and hardness, excess causes cracking

Magnesium Oxide (MgO)

•It makes the cement sound.

Sulphur Trioxide (SO3)

FUNCTIONS OF CEMENT INGREDIENTS

Demerits Merits

resistant to wind, water, rodents, and insects

Stands high temp. Fire safe.

molded in desired shape

Long Life

low ductility

susceptible to cracking

low tensile strength

WhiteUsed in making

pre cast wall

Pozzolana

Used in marine structur

es, sewage works, dams

Oil Wellused in constructing or fixing

oil wells.

ClinkerUsed in construction of complex

es, houses, bridges

Rapid Hardeni

ngFiner than

OPC so casting is easy

Sulphate

Resisting

PortlandProtects

the structure from sulphat

e attacks

TYPES OF CEMENT

Uses of Cement

concrete,Masonry, pointing, plastering

Foundations,

foothpaths

For filling cracks

Joints for drains , pipes

Engineering structures

like bridges, culverts ,

dams

Laying floors , roofs,

constructing lintels, beams , weather sheds

To manufactur

e bricks

USES OF CEMENT

Limestone is brought from

mines

Limestone is crushed

Some additives are added at this

stage

Mixture is grinded to form homogeneous

mixture

Formation of clinker at high

temperature

Suitable are additives are added and again grinded

This yields

cement

Manufacturing of cement

BURNINGHeating in a kiln

Produces “çlinker’

Addition of gypsum

PREPARATION OF RAW MATERIALS

PROCESSING TO CONTROL THE COMPOSITION AND PROPERTIES OF THE CEMENT

ACQUISITION OF RAW MATERIAL

CALCIUM SOURCE CONTROLS LOCATION OF PLANTSSILICA USUALLY SHIPPED TO CEMENT PLANT

CEMENT Production

Regulates set and clinker + gypsum=cement

Setting and harderning of cement

Setting-  is used to describe the stiffening of the cement paste. It refers to changes of cement paste from a fluid to rigid state. Setting differs from Hardening of cement.

Hardening –it refers to the gain of strength of a set cement paste, although during setting the cement paste acquires some strength.

Initial setting time indicates the beginning of the setting process when the cement paste starts losing its plasticity.

Final setting time is the time elapsed between the moment water is added to the cement and the time when the cement completely lost its plasticity and can resist certain definite pressure.

It includes two processes initial set and final set stages

SITE FOR CEMENT FACTORY• SHOULD BE FAVOURABLE AND

SUITABLE FOR THE SETTING AND HARDENING

CLIMATE• SHOULD BE EASILY AVAILABLE AND

ECONOMICALLABOUR• SHOULD BE NEAR . WILL DECREASE

COST OF TRANSPORT MARKET• RATES SHOULD BE ECONOMICAL.

CUTS MINIMAL.POWER• EASILY AVAILABLE. CONTINUOUSLY

AVAILABLE AROUND SITE.RAW

MATERIALS• EASILY AVIALBLE FOR RAW

MATERIALS AND FINISHED MATERIALS.

TRANSPORT

INDIAN CEMENT INDUSTRYThe Indian cement

industry is the 2nd largest market after China accounting for about 8% of the total global production.

Housing sector is the biggest demand driver of cement(67%) followed by  infrastructure (13%), commercial construction (11%) and industrial construction (9%).

 Andhra Pradesh is the largest producer of cement in India followed by Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu.

SATNA, cement city, in MP, is in the limestone belts of India. As a result, it contributes around 8%–9% of India's total cement production.

India is producing different varieties of cement like ordinary Portland cement, Oil well cement, sulphate resisting cement, white cement etc. Production of these verities conform to BIS standards.

INDIAN CEMENT INDUSTRY

FUTURE ALTERNATIVES TO CEMENTQuantity of trash is Increasing in this world day by day which has ignited the architects to find new ideas such as :

• Alok shetty’s concept of recycling tin cans, plastic bottles, etc and laying them with very less quantity of cement.

• GREEN CEMENT• REASEARCH by Peter

Trimble who proposed a bacterium based design combined with sand producing 70% much stronger cement.

•UNIFORM•GREENISH GRAY•GIVES INDICATION OF EXCESS LIME/CLAYCOLOR

•FEEL SMOOTH. IF ROUGH; ADULTERATION OF SAND•HAND IN BAG SHOULD FEEL COOL NOT WARM•EARTHY SMELL IF TOO MUCH CLAY OR SILT ADULTERANT•SHOULD BE FREE FROM ANY HARD LUMPS

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

• Thick paste of cement made on thick glass and kept underwater for 1 day. Should set and not crack!

STRENGTH

FIELD TESTS and MARKET SURVEY

THANK YOU