Mechanical System

Water Supply System

What do you think about this?

What are the Source of Water?

What are the processes that water is going through until it reach to the consumers?

What is a water supply system?

• A water supply system or water supply network is a system of engineered hydrologic and hydraulic components which provide water for community (house, agriculture, fabrics, etc.) .

What is the Purpose of Water Supply Piping System?

• All water supply systems use a combination of pipes (of different dimensions and materials), valves and outlets to deliver water to building users. Some water supply systems also use storage tanks and pumps. Designing a water supply system involves getting all of these elements right so that clean water is delivered to the user at the appropriate rate and temperature

How Water Flows From Reservoir to Storage Point and to Consumer?

• Distribution System:– For efficient distribution it is required that water should reach to

every consumers with required rate of flow.– Pressure in pipe is important and necessary, which should force the

water to reach at all the places• Distribution System are classified as:– Pumping system– Gravity system– Dual system

What is Pumping System?• Water is directly pumped in the mains• Number of pumps are required to work at different time & pressure

rate in a day.• If the power fails the whole supply will freeze.• The pressure in pipe is controlling by water pump.• We use this method when the storage is almost the same level or

lower than supplying area.

What is Gravity System?

• When the reservoir and/or storage are sufficiently higher than the supplied area.• Water will flow in mains using gravity which pumping system will not be required.

What is Dual System?

• Is also known as combined gravity and pumping system.• Pump is connected to the mains as well as to the elevated reservoir• When there is less water demand, water is stored in elevated reservoir.• With increase in water demand, water will come from both pumping station as well as

reservoir.• During power failure and fire fighting water stored in the reservoir can be used.

Types of Storage

— concrete-lined earthen reservoir; — reinforced concrete reservoir;— elevated steel reservoir;— ferrocement tank.

Concrete-lined earthen reservoir

Reinforced concrete reservoir

Elevated steel reservoir;

Ferrocement tank

What we use to supply the water?

Main parts of water supply systems

• Building Supply Carries water from the city water supply system or other source to the building.

• Water Meter Measure and record the amount of water used.

• Building Main– Is the large pipe that carries water to the risers.– The building main is run (located) in the basement, ceiling, crawl

space or below the concrete floor slab.

• Riser– Is a water supply pipe that extends vertically in the building.– Carries water to fixture branches.– It is connected to the building main.

• Fixture Branch– Supply the individual plumbing fixtures.– The water supply pipe that runs from the riser or main to the fixture

being connection.– Fixture branch is usually run (located) in the floor or in the wall

behind the fixtures.

• Fixture Connection– A fixture connection runs from the fixture branch to the fixture.– A shut-off valve is located in the hot and cold water supply at the

fixture connection

Plumbing

• Is the art and technique of installing pipes, fixture & other components for transferring water and other liquids from a source to its consumers.

• Plumbing came from Latin word Plumbum which means Lead.• It refers to a system of pipes and fixtures installed in a building

for the distribution of potable water and the removal wastes.

Plumbing Cycle

Water Supply Distribution SystemsIn a building

Building water Supply System

• What are the piping systems in a building?

– Fire Hydrant piping system.– Cold water or clean water pipe system for daily use.– Hot water piping system.– Waste water piping system.

What is a fire hydrant piping system?

• It is designed with a specific pressure that is used when firing.• Special type of pipes and plumbing components.

What is a Gas Piping System?

• It is used to supply gas into the units in a building.

What is Waste Water Piping System?

• This system is

used to discharge

the plotted or

waste water from

a building or

community to the

treatment plants.

• Special type of

pipes and

plumbing

components.

What is Cold water Piping System?

• Carries water from the street main to building and units of a building.

• Cold water system provides water for:– Drinking purpose– Kitchen uses– Sanitary uses– Washing – Gardening and etc.

Types of building water distribution system

• Two basic types of water supply distribution systems are used in buildings.– Upfeed (Upflow)– Downfeed (downflow)

Upfeed (upflow)

• in low buildings, cold water can be distributed by the up-feed method . – in which at each story plumbing fixtures are served by branch pipes

connected to risers that carry water upward under pressure from the water source.

– If the water source pressure is not sufficient to provide adequate water pressure a pump upfeed distribution system is used.

Upfeed (upflow)

Downfeed (Downflow)

• In buildings that cannot be adequately serviced by an upfeed system, water is pumped to elevated storage tanks and the water is fed down into the building by gravity.

• This gravity system, fed from the upper stories to the lower is called a downfeed distribution system

Downfeed (Downflow)

Direct Water Supply System (Upfeed)

• Advantages:– Saving in pipe works especially in multistory buildings. (This is

due to cold water distribution pipe from the cistern being omitted)

– Cheaper as the storage tank is no need.– No chance of water growing harmful bacteria.– Can deal with large demand more easily.

• Disadvantages– If cold mains fail there wont be any emergency backup supply.– Cannot always supply cold water as the mains water pressure

is low (in peak hour).– More system noice as water is under high pressure.

Indirect Supply System (Downfeed)

• Advantages:– There is no risk of back siphon age.– There is no tendency of pipe bursting due to the low pressure in pipe

work.– Adequate store in case of an interruption in the mains supply.

• Disadvantages:– Longer Pipe runs are required– A larger storage cistern is necessary– Fresh drinking water is only available at the kitchen sink (or single point)

Water Supply Distribution Configuration

Rigid-Pipe distribution configuration

• In rigid-pipe distribution configuration, the hot and cold water distribution pipes are installed parallel to each other.

• Hot and cold pipes should be spaced at least 6 in (150 mm) apart or have insulation between them.

Rigid Pipe

Rigid-Pipe distribution configuration

Homerun (manifold) distribution configuration

• Consists of plastic or metal plumbing manifold and flexible plastic piping.• Manifolds have two separate chambers: the cold water chamber is

supplied from the main water supply line and the hot water chamber is fed from water heater.

• Water enters the manifold at the bottom.• The pipes at the top of the manifold serve and return from the water

heater.• Flexible pipes run to individual fixtures.

Plumbing manifold

Homerun (manifold) distribution configuration

Operation and Maintenance of Water Distribution System

• Collecting bacteriological samples• Testing the chlorine residuals• Finding and repairing leaks• Testing system pressure at various locations on a systematic basis• Flushing the main lines at least once a year• Inspecting fire hydrants twice a year • Locating and exercising in-line valves at least once a year• Cleaning the storage reservoir once a year• Inspecting the storage reservoir,, valves, once a year• Replacing pilot valves and altitude valves once a year