building - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

5/10/2015 BuildingWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building 1/6

TheHteldeVille,buildinginParis,France

AShaolinMonasterybuildinginChina

BuildingFromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Abuildingisamanmadestructurewitharoofandwallsstandingmoreorlesspermanentlyinoneplace,suchasahouseorfactory.[1]Buildingscomeinavarietyofshapes,sizesandfunctions,andhavebeenadaptedthroughouthistoryforawidenumberoffactors,frombuildingmaterialsavailable,toweatherconditions,tolandprices,groundconditions,specificusesandaestheticreasons.Tobetterunderstandthetermbuildingcomparethelistofnonbuildingstructures.

Buildingsserveseveralneedsofsocietyprimarilyasshelterfromweather,security,livingspace,privacy,tostorebelongings,andtocomfortablyliveandwork.Abuildingasashelterrepresentsaphysicaldivisionofthehumanhabitat(aplaceofcomfortandsafety)andtheoutside(aplacethatattimesmaybeharshandharmful).

Eversincethefirstcavepaintings,buildingshavealsobecomeobjectsorcanvasessofartisticexpression.Inrecentyears,interestinsustainableplanningandbuildingpracticeshasalsobecomeanintentionalpartofthedesignprocessofmanynewbuildings.

Contents

1Definitions2History3Types

3.1Residential3.2Multistorey

4Creation4.1Ownershipandfunding

5Buildingservices5.1Physicalplant5.2Conveyingsystems

6Buildingdamage7Seealso8References9Externallinks

Definitions
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Ville,_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shaolinsi.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Built_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonbuilding_structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_paintinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:H%C3%B4telDeVille.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_habitatshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaolin_Monasteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall



AbuildingandskybridgeinMunich,Germany

TheRotundainHellerup,Denmark,acylindricbuildingmadeinsteelframeandaluminum

Exampleofareligiousbuilding:theGreatMosqueofKairouan(alsocalledtheMosqueofUqba),foundedin670,datesinitspresentstateprincipallyfromthe9thcentury.TheGreatMosqueofKairouanislocatedinthecityofKairouan,Tunisia.

Thewordbuildingisbothanounandaverb:thestructureitselfandtheactofmakingit.Asanoun,abuildingis'astructurethathasaroofandwallsandstandsmoreorlesspermanentlyinoneplace'[1]"therewasathreestoreybuildingonthecorner""itwasanimposingedifice".Inthebroadestinterpretationafenceorwallisabuilding[2]However,thewordstructureisusedmorebroadlythanbuildingincludingnaturalandmanmadeformations[3]anddoesnotnecessarilyhavewalls.Structureismorelikelytobeusedforafence.Sturgis'Dictionaryincludedthat"[building]differsfromArchitecture[sic]inexcludingallideaofartistictreatmentanditdiffersfromConstruction[sic]intheideaofexcludingscientificorhighlyskilfultreatment."[4]Asaverb,buildingistheactofconstruction.

Structuralheightintechnicalusageistheheighttothehighestarchitecturaldetailonbuildingfromstreetlevel.Dependingonhowtheyareclassified,spiresandmastsmayormaynotbeincludedinthisheight.Spiresandmastsusedasantennasarenotgenerallyincluded.Thedefinitionofalowrisevs.ahighrisebuildingisamatterofdebate,butgenerallythreestoreysorlessisconsideredlowrise.[5]

History

AreportbyShinichiFujimuraofashelterbuilt500000yearsago[6]isdoubtfulsinceFujimurawaslaterfoundtohavefakedmanyofhisfindings.[7]SupposedremainsofhutsfoundattheTerraAmatasiteinNicepurportedlydatingfrom200000to400000yearsago[8]havealsobeencalledintoquestion.(SeeTerraAmata.)Thereisclearevidenceofhomebuildingfromaround18000BC.[9]BuildingsbecamecommonduringtheNeolithic(seeNeolithicarchitecture).

Types

Residential

Singlefamilyresidentialbuildingsaremostoftencalledhousesorhomes.Residentialbuildingscontainingmorethanonedwellingunitarecalledaduplex,apartmentbuildingtodifferentiatethemfrom'individual'houses.Acondominiumisanapartmentthattheoccupantownsratherthanrents.Housesmayalsobebuiltinpairs(semidetached),interraceswhereallbuttwoofthehouseshaveotherseithersideapartmentsmaybebuiltroundcourtyardsorasrectangularblockssurroundedbyapieceofgroundofvaryingsizes.Houseswhichwerebuiltasasingledwellingmaylaterbedividedintoapartmentsorbedsitterstheymayalsobeconvertedtoanotherusee.g.anofficeorashop.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_(building)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Sturgishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_Amata_(archaeological_site)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SkyBridgeMunich.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condominiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kairouanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rotundan_-_Hellerup-2000.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Courtyard_of_the_Great_Mosque_of_Kairouan.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_of_Uqbahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinichi_Fujimurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skywayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helleruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-detachedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmarkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosque_of_Uqbahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedsitter



DaVincibuilding(attheleft),inMendoza,Argentina.Consideredoneofthe1000architecturesoftheAmericas.

RiversTowersbuildingunderconstruction.Ccuta,Colombia.

Buildingtypesmayrangefromhutstomultimilliondollarhighriseapartmentblocksabletohousethousandsofpeople.Increasingsettlementdensityinbuildings(andsmallerdistancesbetweenbuildings)isusuallyaresponsetohighgroundpricesresultingfrommanypeoplewantingtoliveclosetoworkorsimilarattractors.Othercommonbuildingmaterialsarebrick,concreteorcombinationsofeitherofthesewithstone.

Residentialbuildingshavedifferentnamesforthereusedependingiftheyareseasonalincludeholidaycottage(vacationhome)ortimesharesizesuchasacottageorgreathousevaluesuchasashackormansionmannerofconstructionsuchasaloghomeormobilehomeproximitytothegroundsuchasearthshelteredhouse,stilthouse,ortreehouse.Alsoiftheresidentsareinneedofspecialcaresuchasanursinghome,orphanageorprisonoringrouphousinglikebarracksordormitorys.

Historicallymanypeoplelivedincommunalbuildingscalledlonghouses,smallerdwellingscalledpithousesandhousescombinedwithbarnssometimescalledhousebarns.

Buildingsaredefinedtobesubstantial,permanentstructuressootherdwellingformssuchashouseboats,yurts,andmotorhomesaredwellingsbutnotbuildings.

Multistorey

AMultistoreyisabuildingthathasmultiplefloorsabovegroundinthebuilding.

Multistoreybuildingsaimtoincreasethefloorareaofthebuildingwithoutincreasingtheareaofthelandthebuildingisbuilton,hencesavinglandand,inmostcases,money(dependingonmaterialusedandlandpricesinthearea).ThebuildingwiththemoststoriesistheBurjKhalifa,with162.

Creation

Thepracticeofdesigning,constructing,andoperatingbuildingsismostusuallyacollectiveeffortofdifferentgroupsofprofessionalsandtrades.Dependingonthesize,complexity,andpurposeofaparticularbuildingproject,theprojectteammayinclude:

ArealestatedeveloperwhosecuresfundingfortheprojectOneormorefinancialinstitutionsorotherinvestorsthatprovidethefundingLocalplanningandcodeauthoritiesASurveyorwhoperformsanALTA/ACSMandconstructionsurveysthroughouttheprojectConstructionmanagerswhocoordinatetheeffortofdifferentgroupsofprojectparticipantsLicensedarchitectsandengineerswhoprovidebuildingdesignandprepareconstructiondocumentsLandscapearchitectsInteriordesignersOtherconsultants
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendoza,_Argentinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_cottagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longhousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timesharehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwellinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_homehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hut_(dwelling)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantity_surveyorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradespersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rivers_Towers_-_Abril,_2011_-_C%C3%BAcuta,_Colombia.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professionalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Log_homehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_architecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houseboathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphanagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilt_househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit-househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_shelteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_developerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorhomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interior_designhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burj_Khalifahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shackhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursing_homehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Da_Vinci_building_(at_the_left),_in_Mendoza,_Argentina._Considered_one_of_the_1000_architectures_of_the_Americas..JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BAcutahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormitoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartment_blockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_househttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housebarnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurt



AtimberframedhouseinMarburg,Germany

Ablockoftenements(apartments)inBruntsfield,Edinburgh,Scotland

Contractorswhoprovideconstructionservicesandinstallbuildingsystemssuchasclimatecontrol,electrical,plumbing,Decoration,fireprotection,securityandtelecommunicationsMarketingorleasingagentsFacilitymanagerswhoareresponsibleforoperatingthebuilding.

Regardlessoftheirsizeorintendeduse,allbuildingsintheUSmustcomplywithzoningordinances,buildingcodesandotherregulationssuchasfirecodes,lifesafetycodesandrelatedstandards.

Vehiclessuchastrailers,caravans,shipsandpassengeraircraftaretreatedas"buildings"forlifesafetypurposes.

Ownershipandfunding

MortgageloanRealestatedeveloper

Buildingservices

Physicalplant

Anybuildingrequiresacertainamountofinternalinfrastructuretofunction,whichincludessuchelementslikeheating/cooling,powerandtelecommunications,waterandwastewateretc.Especiallyincommercialbuildings(suchasofficesorfactories),thesecanbeextremelyintricatesystemstakinguplargeamountsofspace(sometimeslocatedinseparateareasordoublefloors/falseceilings)andconstituteabigpartoftheregularmaintenancerequired.

Conveyingsystems

Systemsfortransportofpeoplewithinbuildings:

ElevatorEscalatorMovingsidewalk(horizontalandinclined)

Systemsfortransportofpeoplebetweeninterconnectedbuildings:

SkywayUndergroundcity

Buildingdamage

Buildingsmaybedamagedduringtheconstructionofthebuildingorduringmaintenance.Thereareseveralotherreasonsbehindbuildingdamagelikeaccidents[10]suchasstorms,explosionsandsubsidencecausedbyminingorpoorfoundations.Buildingsalsomaysufferfromfiredamageandfloodinginspecial
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HVAChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_protectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painter_and_decoratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tenements_in_Bruntsfield,_Edinburgh.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skywayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travel_trailerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_sidewalkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_damagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_developerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marburg,_Fachwerkhaus_von_1321_(2).jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facility_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leasinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_loanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_(vehicle)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timber_framinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircrafthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_safety_codehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning_ordinancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_contractorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_code



TheBB&TBuildinginMacon,Georgiaisconstructedofaluminum.

AbuildinginMassueville,Quebec,Canadaengulfedbyfire

circumstances.Theymayalsobecomedilapidatedthroughlackofpropermaintenanceoralterationworkimproperlycarriedout.

Seealso

References

AutonomousbuildingCommercialmodularconstructionEarthquakeengineeringFloatglassGreenbuildingHurricaneproofbuildingListofbuildingsandstructuresListoflargestbuildingsintheworldListoftallestbuildingsintheworldNaturalbuildingNaturaldisasterandearthquakeSkyscraperSteelbuildingTent

1. MaxJ.EgenhoferandDavidMichaelMark(2002),''Geographicinformationscience:secondinternationalconference,GIScience2002,Boulder,CO,USA,September2528,2002:proceedings'',Springer,p.110(http://books.google.fr/books?id=kH8gcJvVWfIC&pg=PA110&dq=%22structure+that+has+a+roof+and+walls+and+stands+more+or+less+permanently+in+one+place%22&hl=fr&ei=V9PeTp_oIMmHhQeHkK37BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&sqi=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22structure%20that%20has%20a%20roof%20and%20walls%20and%20stands%20more%20or%20less%20permanently%20in%20one%20place%22&f=false).Books.google.fr.20020913.Retrieved20140822.

2. Buildingdef.2.Whitney,WilliamDwight,andBenjaminE.Smith.TheCenturydictionaryandcyclopedia.vol.1.NewYork:CenturyCo.,1901.712.Print.

3. Structure.def.2.MerriamWebster'sdictionaryofsynonyms:adictionaryofdiscriminatedsynonymswithantonymsandanalogousandcontrastedwords..Springfield,Mass:MerriamWebster,1984.787.Print.

4. Building.def1.Sturgis,Russell.Adictionaryofarchitectureandbuilding:biographical,historical,anddescriptive.vol.1.NewYork:TheMacmillanCo.,1901.2236.Print.

5. PaulFrancisWendtandAlanRobertCerf(1979),Realestateinvestmentanalysisandtaxation,McGrawHill,p.210
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebechttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane-proof_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_buildings_in_the_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Float_glasshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_buildings_and_structureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skyscraperhttp://books.google.fr/books?id=kH8gcJvVWfIC&pg=PA110&dq=%22structure+that+has+a+roof+and+walls+and+stands+more+or+less+permanently+in+one+place%22&hl=fr&ei=V9PeTp_oIMmHhQeHkK37BA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&sqi=2&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22structure%20that%20has%20a%20roof%20and%20walls%20and%20stands%20more%20or%20less%20permanently%20in%20one%20place%22&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macon,_Georgiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_modular_constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_BB%26T_Building_in_Macon,_Georgia.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_disasterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FirePhotography.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massueville



Wikisourcehasthetextofthe1911EncyclopdiaBritannicaarticleBuilding.

Externallinks

ThedictionarydefinitionofbuildingatWiktionaryMediarelatedtoBuildingsatWikimediaCommonsQuotationsrelatedtoBuildingatWikiquote

Retrievedfrom"http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Building&oldid=659937413"

Categories: Building Buildingsandstructures Realestate

Thispagewaslastmodifiedon29April2015,at20:43.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.WikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

2106. "World'soldestbuildingdiscovered"(http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/662794.stm).BBCNews.20000301.

Retrieved20100102.7. PeterHadfield(Nov18,2000)."FraudmeansJapanmustrewriteitshistory"

(http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16822650.900fraudmeansjapanmustrewriteitshistory.html).NewScientist:6.

8. PeterHadfield(Mar4,2000)."Gimmeshelter"(http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16522280.300gimmeshelter.html#.U_YZXaPylrU).NewScientist:4.

9. RobDunn(Aug23,2014)."Meetthelodgers:Wildlifeinthegreatindoors"(http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22329830.500meetthelodgerswildlifeinthegreatindoors.html?full=true).NewScientist:3437.

10. "BuildingDamage"(http://www.pb.unimelb.edu.au/emergency/emergencies/internal/buildingdamage.html).Pb.unimelb.edu.au.Retrieved20140822.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_Licensehttp://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Buildinghttp://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16522280.300-gimme-shelter.html#.U_YZXaPylrUhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Buildings_and_structureshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisourcehttp://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16822650.900-fraud-means-japan-must-rewrite-its-history.htmlhttp://www.pb.unimelb.edu.au/emergency/emergencies/internal/buildingdamage.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Editionhttp://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22329830.500-meet-the-lodgers-wildlife-in-the-great-indoors.html?full=truehttp://www.wikimediafoundation.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Dunn_(biologist)http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/662794.stmhttp://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Buildinghttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policyhttp://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Usehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Real_estatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientisthttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/buildinghttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Buildingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Building&oldid=659937413http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Building

building - wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Documents