buliding automation systems

8/13/2019 Buliding Automation Systems

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BUILDING

AUTOMATION SYSTEMS

BY,

ROHITH.K

B .DESIGN SEM V


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INTRODUCTION:

What is building automation system ?

Building Automation Systems (BAS) are centralized,

interlinked, networks of hardware and software, which monitor

and control the environment in commercial, industrial, andinstitutional facilities. While managing various building

systems, the automation system ensures the operational

performance of the facility as well as the comfort and safety of

building occupants.


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Use of technology and process to create a building

that is safer and more productive for its occupants

and more operationally efficient for its owners.


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RELATEDSYSTEMS& CONTROLS:

To describe the automation of building & controls there are

some related terms :

Building Automation and Control Systems (BACS)

Direct Digital Control (DDC)

Energy Management System (EMS)

Energy Management and Control System (EMCS)

Smart (Intelligent) Building


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OVERVIEWOFBAS:

Early control systems were pneumatic or air-based & were

generally restricted to controlling various aspects of the HVAC

system. Common pneumatic devices include controllers,

sensors, actuators, valves, positioners, and regulators.

Due to their large base of installation throughout the 1960sand 1970s, pneumatic control systems are still in place in a

majority of existing buildings, especially in established

metropolitan areas.

Analog electronic control devices became popular throughout

the 1980s. They provided faster response and higherprecision than pneumatics.


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However, it was not until digital control or DDC devices came

on the scene in the 1990s that a true automation system was

possible.

The automation system was fully functional but was not

interoperable or capable of mixing products from variousmanufacturers. Thus, a given building or portfolio could be

locked into a specific manufacturer. This is not necessarily a

problem unless the relationship with the associated service

provider is challenging.


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By the late 1990s and especially into the 2000s, movements

were afoot to standardize on open communication systems.

The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-

conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) developed the BAC netcommunication protocol that eventually became the industry

open standard.


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WHATISCONTROLLED?

Generally, BAS begins with control of mechanical, electrical,and plumbing (MEP) systems. For instance, the heating,ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) system is almostalways controlled, including control of its various pieces ofequipment such as:

Chillers Boilers

Air Handling Units (AHUs)

Roof-top Units (RTUs)

Fan Coil Units (FCUs)

Heat Pump Units (HPUs)

Variable Air Volume boxes (VAVs)

Lighting control is, likewise, low-hanging fruit for optimizingbuilding performance.


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CHILLER'S

A chiller is a machine that removes

heat from a liquid via a vapor-

compression or absorption refrigeration

cycle. This liquid can then be circulated

through a heat exchanger to cool air or

equipment as required. As a necessary

byproduct, refrigeration creates waste

heat that must be exhausted to

ambient or, for greater efficiency,

recovered for heating purposes.

Concerns in design and selection ofchillers include performance, efficiency,

maintenance, and product life cycle

environmental impact.


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BOILER'S

A boiler is a closed vessel in

which water or other fluid is

heated. The fluid does not

necessarily boil. The heated or

vaporized fluid exits the boiler for

use in various processes or

heating applications,

including central heating, boiler

based power generation, cooking,

and sanitation.


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AIRHANDLINGUNITS

An air handler, or air handling unit is a

device used to condition and circulate air as

part of a heating, ventilating, and air-

conditioning (HVAC) system. An air handler

is usually a large metal box containing a

blower, heating or coolingelements, filter racks or chambers, sound

attenuators, and dampers. Air handlers

usually connect to a ductwork ventilation

system that distributes the conditioned air

through the building and returns it to the

AHU. Sometimes AHUs discharge (supply)and admit (return) air directly to and from

the space served without ductwork.


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ROOFTOPUNITS:

An air handler designed for outdoor

use, typically on roofs, is known as

a packaged unit (PU) or rooftop

unit (RTU).


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HEATPUMPUNITS:

A heat pump is a device that

provides heat energy from a

source of heat to a destination

called a "heat sink". Heat pumps

are designed to move thermal

energy opposite to the direction of

spontaneous heat flow by

absorbing heat from a cold space

and release it to a warmer one,

and vice-versa. A heat pump uses

some amount of external power toaccomplish the work of

transferring energy from the heat

source to the heat sink.


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VARIABLEAIRVOLUMEBOXES(VAV)

Variable Air Volume (VAV) is a type

of heating, ventilating, and air-

conditioning (HVAC) system. The

simplest VAV system incorporates

one supply duct that, when in

cooling mode, distributes

approximately 55 F (13 C) supply

air. Because the supply air

temperature, in this simplest of VAV

systems, is constant, the air flow

rate must vary to meet the rising andfalling heat gains or losses within

the thermal zone served.


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LIGHTINGCONTROLSYSTEM

A lighting control system is an intelligent network based

lighting control solution that incorporates communication

between various system inputs and outputs related to lighting

control with the use of one or more central computing devices.

Lighting control systems are widely used on both indoor and

outdoor lighting of commercial, industrial, and residential

spaces. Lighting control systems serve to provide the right

amount of light where and when it is needed


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Other systems that are often controlled and/or brought under acomplete automation system include:

Power monitoring

Security

Close circuit video (CCTV)

Card and keypad access

Fire alarm system

Elevators/escalators

Plumbing and water monitoring


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DIFFERENCEBETWEENORDINARY

BUILDINGANDBAS BUILDING

BAS adjusts the inside functional

aspects such as lighting, ventilation, air

conditioning, etc. automatically with the

changes in environmental conditions

controlled by computer

Ordinary building there will be

different room conditions depending on

the changes in the environmental

conditions.

While planning an BAS, a Buildingservice engineer, an Architect &

Hardware Engineer is required.

But in case of ordinary building, aBuilding service engineer and an

Architect is enough.

In BAS , the security system,

communication system, etc. are

coordinated and automatically

controlled by computer work station

The cost of construction of BAS is

very high as compared to an ordinary

building.


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The development cost of an BAS is 8 - 10% higher than that of

an ordinary building. But this can be justified by the resulting

energy saving, which is only 2535% of energy required bynormal building.


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WHATDOESABAS LOOKLIKE?

Most of the automation system is behind the scenes as

hardware devices mounted to equipment or hidden under

floor or in the ceiling. Some personalized control can be

made available through thermostat-like devices. From a

central management perspective, the BAS resides as

software on an operator workstation (computer) or isavailable as a web page.

Various types of controllers manage equipment and

portions of the network. Sensors provide input data to the

controllers.


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HEREISAGENERALIZEDVIEWOFABAS:


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WHOINSTALLSORSERVICESABAS?

A properly trained in-house staff can manage the operation

and, sometimes, the maintenance of the BAS. However,

system design and initial installation is almost always

accomplished by controls professionals such as dedicated

controls contractors or system integrators. In practice, the

controls contractor is a sub-contractor to the mechanicalcontractor. Sometimes, the mechanical contractor will have a

dedicated controls division. Electrical contractors with controls

teams are also common and multi-functional system

integrators are becoming more common for todays complex

facilities


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TODAYSBAS TRENDS

When the subject is intelligent buildings, we know that thingsdont stand still. Here are a few trends influencing buildingautomation:

Wireless technology is beginning to replace traditionally wiredBAS infrastructure.

Enterprise-level initiatives are making the communicationprotocol of the BAS less important.

While it is quite common to replace a pneumatic control systemwith a direct digital control (DDC) system, pneumatic-to-DDCbridging strategies also exist.

More controls are coming to the construction site, factory pre-mounted to equipment.

Hardware and software continues to be augmented by energy-related visuals.

There has been tremendous consolidation among BASmanufacturers, leaving relatively few independent players .


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CONCLUSION

The BAS is clearly the building of the future.

The goal of having an BAS only starts with early planning in

the design stage.

In many ways, the design and fulfillment of many bulidings or

LEED projects today, but it uses technology to provide for asuperior space.

There are enormous benefits to be gained by creating

BUILDING AUTOMATION SYSTEMS.


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buliding automation systems

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