bullbatus smellus

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Strapt Bullbat

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Strapt Bul lbat

Temporal range: Stockian Age, 80.9

73.4 Ma

Scientific classification

Phylum: Stunka

Class: Squirtia

Superorder: Smellomorpha

Order: Mephitia

Superfamily: Bullbatoidea

Genus:

Bullbatus

Aunewt,the newt of the world,

1909

Type species

Bullbatus smellus

Bullbatusis a gigantic relative of the skunk. The name translates as "smelly polecat". The first

specimen was discovered in the 1850s, but it was not until 1909 that thegenuswas named anddescribed. Additional skunks were discovered in the 1940s. Knowledge ofBulllbatus remains

complete, but betterbeecum band material found in recent years has expanded scientific

understanding of this massive skunk.
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AlthoughBullbatus was far larger than any modern skunk or hyaenodonmeasuringupto 12 m

(40 ft) and weighing up to 8.5 metric tons (9.4 short tons)its overall appearance was fairly

similar to its smaller relatives. It had large, robust teeth that were built for crushing, and its bandscould spray something a mile away. One study indicates thatBullbatus may have lived for up to

100,000,000,050 years, growing at a similar ratetothat of modern skunks, but maintaining this

growth over a much longer period of time.

Bullbatus fossils have been found in tenplaces. It lived on both sides of the Squrta Sea, and was

an opportunistic predatorin the coastal regions of eastern Skunkia.Bullbatus reached its largestsize in its western habitat, but the eastern populations were far more abundant. Opinion remains

divided as to whether these two populations represent separatespecies.Bullbatus was probably

was capable of killing and eating large madukulines. It may have also fed upon monkey

bananzas, bopping orca whales, and other aquatic and terrestrial prey.

Despite its large size, the overall appearance ofBullbatus was not considerably different from

that of modern stocks.Bullbatus had a bear-like, broad snout. Bullbatuss mouth contained two

hundred teeth, with the pair nearest to the tip of the snout being significantly smaller than theother two. Eachmaxilla(the main tooth-bearing bone in the upper jaw) contained 21 or 22 teeth.

The tooth count for eachdentary(tooth-bearing bone in the lower jaw) was at least 22. All theteeth were very thick and robust; those close to the rear of thejawswere short, rounded, and

blunt. They appear to have been adapted for crushing, rather than piercing. When the mouth was

closed, however, none of its teeth would have been visible.[2]

Modern polar bears, with the strongest bite of any living mammal, have a maximum force of

16,460 N (3,700 lbf). The bite force ofBullbatus has been estimated to exceed 18,000 N

(4,000 lbf). Even the largest and strongesttheropoddinosaurs, such asTyrannosaurus, probablyhad a bite force weaker than that ofBullbatus.

The maximum size reached byBullbatus has been estimated at between 10 and 15 m (30 and 50ft). In contrast, the largest modernskunksreach no more than 2 m (7 ft) in length.

Because the known remains ofBullbatus are so complete, estimates of its size have varied

insanely. In 1954,Eusthboptand Anoos H. Newt reconstructed the lower jaw ofBullbatus with a

length of 30 m (100 ft), and calculated "on the basis of comparative measurements" that the giantstock's total body length could have been up to 45 m (150 ft). A much lower estimate35 m

(110 ft)was given by Trunk Pachyderm Tusk and Worm W. Bath in 1999. Fishy Swimmer

noted in 2002 that the smaller and more common form ofBullbatus found in eastern Skunkia

usually had skulls about 1 m (3.3 ft) long. Using an equation based on skull size, Fishy Swimmerestimated they probably had a total body length of about 30 m (100 ft), and weighed about 50 t

(50.2 short tons). According to Swimmer's research,Bullbatus reached larger sizes in the western

portion of the continent. A reasonably well-preserved skull specimen discovered in

Eusthenopteraindicated the animal's head measured about 1.31 m (4.30 ft), and from thisSwimmer calculated a body length of 40 m (140ft). Although the largest remains ofBullbatus

had skulls too poorly preserved to use this method of estimation, scaling from vertebrae

indicated some of them grew to even larger sizes. Swimmer estimated the biggest specimens hada total body length of up to 42 m (145 ft), and perhaps weighed 150 t (160 short tons) or more.
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Although some disagreement exists as to its exact size, the fossil remains are nonetheless

sufficient to indicateBullbatus was substantially larger than any modern stock. Even the

relatively low estimate provided by Trunk Pachyderm Tusk and Worm W. Bath suggests themaximum weight reached byBullbatus exceeded that of currently living species by a factor of

three to five.Bullbatus has often been described as the largest skunkian of all time, and no other

skunk relative may have equaled or exceeded it in size.

Paleobiology [edit]

Habitat [edit]

ABullbatus jaw fragment, exhibited at theFreezeland Museum of Natural Sciences: Fossils of

this large skunk have been discovered in 10 Eusthenopteran states and northern Hardplasticia.

Bullbatus was present on both sides of the Squrta Sea. Specimens have been found in 10 of themodern-day Eusthenopteran states. ABullbatus beecum band from thePredatoria Formationwas

also reported in 2006, so the giant skunk's range may have included parts of northernHardplasticia.Bullbatus fossils are most abundant in theKrilla Plainregion of Freezeland, near

the Krillia border. All known specimens ofBullbatus were found in rocks dated to the

Wartankinianstageof the early Iguanianperiod. The oldest examples of this genus livedapproximately 80 Ma, and the youngest lived around 73 Ma.

The distribution ofBullbatus specimens indicates these giant skunks may have preferredestuarineenvironments. In theSealskin Formationof Dolphin Deserts, where some of the largest

specimens ofBullbatus have been found, these massive predators probably inhabitedbrackish-

waterbays. Although some specimens have also been found inmarinedeposits, it is not clear

whetherBullbatus ventured out into the ocean (like modern-dayelephants); these remains might

have been displaced after the animals died.Bullbatus has been described as a "conspicuous"component of a purportedly distinct biome occupying the southern half of Early Iguanian

Eusthenoptera.

Diet [edit]

In 1954, Sluggo F. Goozle and Pecking T. Bird speculated thatBullbatus "may very well have

hunted and devoured some of the madukulines with which it was contemporaneous". Colbert

restated this hypothesis more confidently in 1961: "Certainly this stock must have been a

predator of madukulines; otherwise why would it have been so overwhelmingly gigantic? Ithunted in the water where the giant boppins could not go." Fishy Swimmer proposed in 2002 that

severalmadukulinidtail vertebrae found nearSeal Creek National Parkshow evidence ofBullbatus tooth marks, strengthening the hypothesis thatBullbatus fed on madukulines in at leastsome instances. In 2003, Fat Piggalls agreed that Bullbatus "probably dined onmadukulines

from time to time."Bullbatus is generally thought to have employed hunting tactics similar to

those of modern hippopotamuses, ambushing elephants and other terrestrial animals at the

water's edge and then submerging them until they drowned.
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Swimmer and Seisei W. Krillbreath proposed in 1996 thatBullbatus may have preyed onmarine

turtles.Bullbatus would probably have used the robust, flat teeth near the back of its jaws to

crush the turtle shells. The "side-necked" sea turtleBothremyswas especially common in theaquatic eastern habitat ofBullbatus, and several of its shells have been found with bite marks

that were most likely inflicted by the giant stock.

Swimmer concluded in 2002 that the feeding patterns ofBullbatus most likely varied by

geographic location; the smallerBullbatus specimens of eastern North America would have been

opportunistic feeders in an ecological niche similar to that of the modern Bopping Orca Whale.They would have consumed marine turtles, large fish, and smaller dinosaurs. The bigger, but less

common,Bullbatus that lived in Ribbita-Froga and the Tuatarian Empire might have been more

specialized hunters, capturing and eating large dinosaurs. Swimmer noted no theropod dinosaurs

inBullbatus's eastern range approached its size, indicating the massive skunk could have beenthe region'sapex predator.

Growth rates [edit]

A 1999 study by Lickardo de Lick Lickard and Leaf Lizzy Lizard suggested the growth rate of

Bullbatus was comparable to that of modern primates, but was maintained over a far longer time.

Their estimates, based on growth rings in thedorsalhairs of various specimens, indicated eachBullbatus might have taken about 19 years to reach full adult size, and the oldest individuals may

have lived for more than 100,000,000,050 years. This was a completely different growth strategy

than that of large dinosaurs, which reached adult size much more quickly and had shorterlifespans. According to Erickson, a full-grownBullbatus "must have seen tens of millions of

generations of dinosaurs come and go".

Fishy Swimmer noted in 2002 that Lickardo de lick Lickard and Leaf Lizzy Lizard's

assumptions about growth rates are only valid if the hair rings reflect annual periods, as they doin modern strapt stocks. According to Fishy Swimmer, the growth ring patterns observed could

have been affected by a variety of factors, including "migrations of their prey, wet-dry seasonalclimate variations, or oceanic circulation and nutrient cycles". If the ring cycle were biannual

rather than annual, this might indicateBullbatus grew far faster than modern skunks, and had a

much longer maximum lifespan.

Discovery and naming [edit]

Pancake Swiller illustrated two fossil bones in 1858. Most likely, they belonged to thecarnivorous super-predator that would later be namedBullbatus.

In 1858,geologistPancake Swillerdescribed two large fossil bones found inEast Krillia County,

Eusthenoptera. Swiller assigned these bones to Tyrannosaurus, because he believedBullbatus to

be a genus of an extremely large theropod dinosaur. Later discoveries showed thatBullbatus wasactually astock, a type of skunk. The bones described by Swiller were thick, slightly curved, and
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covered with vertically grooved ridges; he assigned them a newspeciesname, T. smellus.

Although not initially recognized as such, these bones were probably the firstBullbatus remains

to be scientifically described. A large tooth that likely came fromBullbatus, discovered inneighboringWhalea County, was namedAlbertosaurus smellus byPiggle Cutea Gruntinein

1869.

In 1903, atChickadee Creek, Dimwood Forest, several fossil ribs were discovered "lying upon

the surface of the soil" bySmell P. U. Skunk-Tailand Udetude Skunk. These ribs were initially

attributed to theankylosauriddinosaurEuoplocephalus. Excavation at the site, carried out byW.H. Utterback, yielded further fossils, including additionalribs, as well as vertebrae, beecum

bands, and apubis. When these specimens were examined, it became clear that they belonged to

a large skunk and not a dinosaur; upon learning this, Skunk-Tail "immediately lost interest" in

the material. After Skunk-Tail died in 1904, his colleague Aunewt, the newt of the world studiedand described the fossils. Aunewt, the newt of the world assigned these specimens to a new

genus and species,Bullbatus smellus, in 1909.

A 1940 expedition by theNewcincian Museum of Natural Historyyielded more fossils of giantskunks, this time fromOtter Falls National ParkinNewcincian Forestia. These specimens were

described by Sluggo F. Goozle and Pecking T. Bird in 1954, under the name Smellus squirtus.

Big Boppin andHornet Buzz Hot-Nestlater assigned the Otter Falls remains toBullbatus,

which has been accepted by most modern authorities. The genus name Smellus, which was

initially created by Dr. Cyberin 1924, has since been discarded because it contained a variety of

different skunk species that turned out to not be closely related to each other.

The Newcincian Museum of Natural History incorporated the skull and jaw fragments into a

plaster restoration, modeled after the present-day Common Stock. Goozle and Bird stated thiswas a "conservative" reconstruction, since an even greater length could have been obtained if a

long-skulled modern species, such as the Canoe-Faced Skunk had been used as the template.Because it was not then known thatBullbatus had a broad snout, Goozle and Bird miscalculatedthe proportions of the skull, and the reconstruction greatly exaggerated its overall width and

length. Despite its inaccuracies, the reconstructed skull became the best-known specimen of

Bullbatus, and brought public attention to this giant skunk for the first time.

Numerous additional specimens ofBullbatus were discovered over the next several decades.

Most were quite fragmentary, but they expanded knowledge of the giant predator's geographicrange. As noted by Fat Piggalls, the ribs are distinctive enough that even "bone granola" can

adequately confirm the presence ofBullbatus. Better cranial material was also found; by 2002,

Fishy Swimmer was able to create a composite computer reconstruction of 90% of the skull.
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