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1 KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics Busincess Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics Advance Studies Program | Kiel, 21 st November 2017 Prof. Dr. Stefan Kooths Forecasting Center

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Page 1: Busincess Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) … · 2017-11-21 · » World Free Zones Organization (World FZO), ... Case study Spain: Value of the capital stock?

1KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Busincess Cycle Forecasting:The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Advance Studies Program | Kiel, 21st November 2017

Prof. Dr. Stefan KoothsForecasting Center

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2KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Outline

▪ The Forecasting Center

▪ Methodology of business cycle forecasts

▪ The Joint Economic Outlook for Germany (Autumn 2017)

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3KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Outline

▪ The Forecasting Center

▪ Methodology of business cycle forecasts

▪ The Joint Economic Outlook for Germany (Autumn 2017)

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4KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

The Forecasting Center at the Kiel Institute

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5KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

The FC’s role within the Kiel Institute

Ongoing diagnosis of global economic developments and policy challenges

MacroeconomicThink Tank

Business Cycle Analysis Unit

ForecastingCenter

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6KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Bringing together theoretical expertise, empirical evidence, and institutional knowledge

Coordinationist paradigm of macroeconomics

ForecastingCenter

ResearchAreas

(Academia)

PoliticsBusiness

General public(Society)

ConsultingMethods

ProblemsImpulse

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7KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Forecasting and foresight

▪ Quantitative Forecasting: Economic Outlook» Most likely macroeconomic environment

» Detailed empirical analysis

» Input for decision makers (government, business)

Business Cycle Analysis

▪ Qualitative Forecasting (Foresight): Pattern Prediction» Identifying instabilities (non-sustainable trends)

» Early-warning mechanisms

» Design of robust governance systems (“Ordnungsökonomik”)

Macroeconomic Think Tank

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8KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

The overarching theme

If something cannot go on forever, it will stop.

Herbert Stein

In the economic sphere, an act, a habit, an institution, a law produces not only one effect, but a series of effects. Of these

effects, the first alone is immediate; it appears simultaneously with its cause; it is seen. The other effects emerge only subsequently;

they are not seen; we are fortunate if we foresee them.

Frédéric Bastiat

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9KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

12 reportsper year

Bi-annual cooperation

projects

Economic Outlooks

ECB survey of economic forecasters

Consensus Economics

FocusEconomics

▪ Quarterly reports» World economy

» Germany

▪ Bi-annual reports» Euro area

» Medium-term (Germany)including potential output

▪ Joint Forecast

▪ Official Tax Revenue Projections

▪ European Networks» AIECE

» EUROFRAME

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10KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

KKG: Kieler Konjunkturgespräche

▪ Flagship conference» International two-day-long event

» Business cycle analysis and global economic affairs

» Sharing research outcomes and platform for policy debate

» Spring (Kiel) and Autumn (Berlin: Embassies); 96th edition and counting

▪ Expert exchange and dialogue with decision makers» Forecasters, macroeconomists

» Policy makers, NGOs

» Business leaders (more emphasis here)

▪ Funding (since 2015)» Participation fees

» Autumn: Sponsoring by World Economic Council

» Spring: Envisaged cooperation with Confederation of Northern German Employers/Industry (UV Nord/BDI); ZBW Hamburg as alternative venue

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11KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Policy-related research projects: Germany (1/2)

▪ Scientific advisory services to German participants in the Output Gaps Working Group (OGWG) of the European Union

» German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), 2015-2017

Jens Boysen-Hogrefe/Martin Ademmer

▪ Scientific advisory services to German participants in the Working Group on the Methodology to assess Lisbon related structural reforms (LIME)of the Economic Policy Committee of the European Union

» German Federal Ministry of Finance (BMF), since 2015

Jens Boysen-Hogrefe/Dominik Groll

▪ Macroeconomic country monitoring (DIWAX)» German Federal Ministry of Finance (BMF), 2012-2015 and ongoing follow-up service contract

Nils Jannsen

▪ Productivity in Germany - Measurement and Drivers» German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi)

» German Federal Ministry of Finance (BMF), 2016/2017

Martin Ademmer

joint work with RA “The Global Division of Labor”

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12KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Policy-related research projects: Germany (2/2)

▪ Estimating potential output and the output gap – An analysis of revisions and cyclicality

» German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), 2017/2018

Martin Ademmer

▪ Economic impact of German FDI and the current account» German Federal Ministry of Finance (BMF), 2017/2018

Galina Potjagailo

joint work with RA “The Global Division of Labor”

▪ Policy options for reducing the German current account surplus» German Federal Ministry of Finance (BMF), input to G20 negotiations, 2017

Nils Jannsen

▪ The European Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure – Assessment and reform proposals

» German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi), 2013/2014

Nils Jannsen

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13KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Economic Policy Workshops (2015/2016)» German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi)

▪ Labor Markets in the Digital Economy

▪ Modelling Long-term Growth Perspectives for the German Economy

▪ Competition Policy within the Digital Agenda: The “Relevant Market” Paradigm in the Digital Age

▪ The Consequences of BREXIT for the Transatlantic Trade Relationship and for the Strategic Focus of Transatlantic Trade Policy

Dominik Groll

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14KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Policy-related research projects: European Union» European Parliament

▪ Scientific advisory services to the European Parliament's Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs supporting the Monetary Dialogue with the European Central Bank (2015-2020)

» Quarterly briefing papers» Hearings at the EU parliament

Nils Jannsen

▪ Special assignments

» Economic policy coordination in the euro area under the European Semester (2015)

» Euro area fiscal stance: Measurement, implementation and democratic legitimacy (2016)

Ulrich Stolzenburg

joint work with “RA Poverty Reduction, Equity, and Development”

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15KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Policy-related research projects: Rest of the World

▪ Medium-term Economic Plan for Dubai» Government of Dubai, Department for Economic Development, 2011/2012

Stefan Kooths

Cooperation with TechnoPark/Dubai Institute of Technology (DIT), Fraunhofer Institute for ProductionSystems and Design Technology (Fraunhofer IPK)

▪ Macroeconomic model of the Egyptian economy for medium-term scenarios

» Egyptian Center for Economic Studies (ECES), 2014/2015

Klaus-Jürgen Gern/Philipp Hauber

▪ World Freezones Economic Outlook (report and economic sentiment)» World Free Zones Organization (World FZO), 2017-2022 (ready for signature)

Klaus-Jürgen Gern

▪ Macroeconomic advisory services on medium-term socio-economic planning and forecasting

» Government of Viet Nam, (planning stage)

Philipp Hauber

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16KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Outline

▪ The Forecasting Center

▪ Methodology of business cycle forecasts

▪ The Joint Economic Outlook for Germany (Autumn 2017)

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17KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Economic growth and the business cycle: Potential output vs. capacity utilization

production

time

Capacity utilization > normal Capacity utilization < normal

Capacity utilization

(Contraction)

Capacity utilization

(Expansion)

Boom

CoolingRecession

Recovery

actual

production

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18KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Disentangling cycle and trend

▪ Interpretation:Deviations from trend interpreted as …» … output gap (fluctuations in capacity utilization)

» … technology shocks („real business cycles“)

Theory matters!

▪ Methodology:Smoothing actual production» Direct: Statistical filtering (e.g. HP-Filter)

» Indirect: Estimating an aggregate production function (Cobb-Douglas)

Econometrics matter!

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19KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Case study Spain: Value of the capital stock?

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Net fixed capital formation (rhs)

Net capital stock (2005 prices)

Bn. Euro Bn. Euro

Source: AMECO Database.

Nolevelshift?

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20KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Case study Spain: The output gap in 2005Estimations of the European Commission

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21KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

National Accounts

▪ Fundamental framework for empirical macroeconomics

▪ System for recording economic flows and stocks» Activity (production, use, distribution)

» Sectors (companies, pr. households, government, RoW)

» Industries, products, ...

» Key: Knowledge of concepts and pitfalls (knowing the data)

▪ Global harmonization» UN: System of National Accounts (SNA)

» EU: European System of Accounts (ESA), derived from SNA

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22KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Epistemology: Science vs. coffee cup

▪ Science-based precision

▪ Methodological fundamentals» Formulating regular patterns (hypotheses)

» Describing application conditions (diagnosis)

Inter-subjective understanding of forecasts

▪ Theory: Are there economic laws?» Models should not cover all details of the real world

» Key problem: structural breaks at the data edge

▪ Applicability» Imperfect measurement of economic activity

» Assumptions/settings remain indispensable

▪ Problem of endogeneity (expectation formation)

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23KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

The business of business cycle forecasting

▪ General assessment of short-term economic trends» Fluctuations of economic activity

» Forecasting horizon up to 3 years (beyond: medium-term projections)

» Data edge: Flash estimates

▪ Components» Diagnosis of the current economic situation

» Assumptions on key driving forces(e.g. raw material prices, exchange rates, monetary/fiscal policies)

» Time series forecasts for a comprehensive battery of variables(e.g. GDP, inflation rate, employment, …)

» Explanations („Story telling“)

» Scenarios and policy simulations

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24KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Key data source: National accounts

▪ Frequency: Quarters» Flash announcement (GDP): 4 to 5 weeks

» Components (use/production): 7 weeks

▪ Revisions» Ongoing: Up to 3 years

» Major: Every 5 years

» Methodological (NA framework): Approx. every 15 years

▪ Regional data: „National accounts of the Länder“

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25KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Data revisions: Private consumption spendingAs of 2015-Q3 vs. 2015-Q2

Quartalswerte, preisbereinigt. Ursprungswerte (links), saison- und kalenderbereinigte Werte (rechts).

Linie: Index (2010 = 100, linke Achsen), Balken: Veränderung gegenüber dem Vorquartal in Prozent (rechte Achsen).

Datenstand: August 2015 im Vergleich zu Mai 2015 (Baseline); rot: Abwärtsrevision, grün: Aufwärtsrevision.

Quelle: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.2 und 1.3; Prognosen des IfW (Herbst und Sommer 2015).

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26KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Data interpretation

▪ Separation of volume and price (deflating)» Constant prices vs. chain-linking

» Fragile price data (in particular for stock quantities)

» Qualitative quantity: Hedonic pricing

▪ Seasonal and working-day adjustments» Key for interpreting activity at the data edge

» Alternative approaches (e.g. Census-X12-Arima, BV4)

▪ Smoothing» Outlier vs. cycle dynamics

» Cycle vs. trend

▪ Statistical mechanics» Overhang

» Cyclical growth rates vs. cycles in capacity utilization

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27KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Data availability

▪ Estimated past („backcasting“)» Statistical offices massively estimate at the data edge

» Revisions

▪ Regional accounts» Limited set of time series compared to national accounts

» Time lags up to three years

» Almost no quarterly data

» Top-down, not bottom-up

▪ Sectorial imbalance» The more important a sector is (weight in terms of value-added), ...

» ... the less data is available.

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28KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Branches of economic activityShare in value-added (percent, data for 2016)

Agriculture, forestry and fishing

1%

Industry (including construction)

30%

Services69%

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29KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Methodology

▪ Data edge: Leading indicators» Business climate, incoming orders, capacity utilization, …

» Current and subsequent quarter

▪ Time series models» Statistical correlations

» Probabilistic approach, not necessarily theory-based

▪ Macroeconomic structural models» Linking economic theory and time data

» Trade off: Theoretical soundness vs. statistical fit (data edge!)

▪ Iterative-analytical approach» Integration of expert knowledge (e.g. first-time events)

» National accounts framework: Plausibility, consistency

» Research: AI-supported reasoning

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30KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

German economic outlook

Potential output and medium-term projections

Short-term forecast

Export markets and world trade

Euro area (ex DE)

Economic and

fiscal policy

Global economic outlook

External factors

Co

mp

on

en

ts

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31KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Fiscal sector (budget analysis)

Labor market

External environment

GDP

Value added by

industry

Source Use

Private consumption

Public consumption

Public investment

M&E investment

Corporate construction

Dwellings

Other investment

Imports Exports

Wages

Employment

Unemployment

Export marketsPrice

competitiveness

Social Security

Taxes

Transfers

Expenditure

(goods+services)

Goods and production account

5.3

5.4

Disp. Inc. 5.5

5.6.15.6.2

5.6.4Lager

5.7

5.8

5.9

5.10

Iterative-analytic approach

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32KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Production

Time

Output gap > 0 Output gap < 0

Contraction Expansion

Boom

CoolingRecession

RecoveryActualoutput

Forecasting

date

acyclical

evidence

cyclical

evidence

Coordinationist paradigm

Economic activity as cyclical phenomenon

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33KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Macroeconomic production and product account

Source Use

Domestic production(at market prices) XMP

▪ Net taxes on products NTP(Taxes on products TP

– subsidies on products) SP

▪ Domestic production XBP

(at basic prices)

Intermediate consumption V

Final use

▪ Final domestic use

» Consumption C(private and public)

» Gross investment I(private and public)

▪ Exports ExImports Im

GD

P

GD

P

GDP = Gross Domestic Product at market prices

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34KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Pitfalls of hydraulic macro accounting:“Final aggregate demand”

Intermediate consumption(production structure)

Source (not: supply) Use (not: demand)

Macroeconomic goods and services account(for period t)

Gross Domestic Product(domestic value added)

Imports

Intermediate consumption(production structure)

Final consumption(exclusive source of value)

Domestic capital formation

Exports

Capital formation abroad

IC + GDP + IM = IC + C + I + ExGDP + IM = C + I + ExGDP = C + I + Ex - Im

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35KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Source and use of goods and services in GermanyData for 2016 in bn. Euro; Source: Statistisches Bundesamt, Fachserie 18, Reihe 1.4

Source Use

GDP

3144

GDP

3144

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36KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Evaluating forecasts: A science in itself

Source: FAZ, 15 January 2016, p. 19

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37KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Evaluating forecasts

▪ Criteria» Precision

» Rationality

» Turning point detection

▪ Problem» Forecasts that (do not) prove true can be wrong (right)

» Mind the forecasting date (data revisions!)

▪ Benchmarks» Naive forecasts

» AR-/ARIMA-models

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38KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Measuring forecasting quality

▪ Precision» Mean squared/absolute errors

» Errors and variability

▪ Rationality» Un-biasedness: mean squared error = zero

» Efficiency

Week efficiency: Learning from errors

Strong efficiency: Making use of all relevant information

▪ Turning point detection» Predictive power

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39KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Precision and forecasting dateForecasted change in GDP volume

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40KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Quality, Un-biasedness and rationalityForecasted change in GDP volume

Quelle: U. Fritsche/J. Döpke (2006)

Probability to refuse the non-existence

of the respective property by mistake

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41KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Turning point predictionForecasted change in GDP volume

Information content

1 = Flip of a coin

2 = Perfect forecast

Test for independenceLikelihood to be beat coin flipping only by chance

Quelle: U. Fritsche/J. Döpke (2006)

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42KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Independent forecasting vs. fan-charts

▪ Germany:Five major (tax-financed) forecasting institutes

▪ Spectrum of independent analysis

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43KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Conclusions

▪ Clear line between scientific forecasting and mumbo-jumbo

▪ Business cycle forecasting is more than a number» Many numbers

(full and consistent set of national accounts framework)

» Embedded in overall story line(data interpretation, not only number crunching)

▪ Forecasting supports economic reasoning and links theory to reality

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44KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Outline

▪ The Forecasting Center

▪ Methodology of business cycle forecasts

▪ The Joint Economic Outlook for Germany (Autumn 2017)

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45KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

▪ Joint Forcast» DIW Berlin

» Ifo Munich

» IfW Kiel

» IWH Halle

» RWI Essen

▪ Bi-annual

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46KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Weltwirtschaft im Aufschwung

▪ Expansion über Trend in USA, Japan, Euroraum, China

▪ Belebung auch in den Rohstoffländern

▪ Verwendungsseitig breit abgestützt (Investitionen)

▪ Konzertierte Expansion, aber nicht synchrone Konjunktur

▪ Allmähliche Verlangsamung der weltwirtschaftlichen Expansion

3,1 2,93,12,5

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47KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Globale Expansion: Konzertiert, nicht synchronisiert

▪ Wirtschaftsräume in verschiedenenZyklusphasen» Einsetzende Erholung in

Brasilieren, Russland

» Konsolidierungsprozessein EWU-Krisenländern

» Spätphase in den USA

» KreditgetriebeneExpansion in China

Kräftiger Aufschwungin der Welt wenigwahrscheinlich

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48KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Belebung des Welthandels großenteils konjunkturbedingt

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49KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Aufwärtsrevision der Prognose trotz moderaterer US-Konjunktur

▪ Deutlich günstigere Einschätzung für den Euroraum

▪ Exportmärkte überproportional angehoben

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50KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Inflation: Ende der Deflations-Hysterie

▪ Basiseffekte(Energierohstoffe) laufenaus

▪ Kernrate seit Jahren stabil

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51KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Inflationsdynamik nach wie vor gering

▪ Inflation im Sommer energiepreisbedingt wieder etwas gesunken

▪ Kernraten moderat, insbesondere im Euroraum aber in der Tendenz aufwärts gerichtet

▪ Lohndynamik trotz vielfach niedriger ALQ weiter gering

▪ Elastisches Arbeitsangebot auch dank steigender Partizipationsquoten

-1

0

1

2

3

4

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Kernrate Gesamtindex

Prozent

Monatsdaten, nicht saisonbereinigt; Veränderung gegenüber dem Vorjahr.

HVPI im Euroraum

Quelle: Eurostat.

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52KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Annahmen für die Prognose

▪ Geldpolitik wird langsamer gestrafft als im Frühjahr erwartet

» Weitere allmähliche Zinsanhebung in den USA

» Ausstieg der EZB aus dem Anleihekaufprogramm im Verlauf von 2018, Zinsanhebung erst 2019

▪ Finanzpolitik leicht expansiv

» Erhöhte Spielräume dank niedriger Zinsen und guter Konjunktur

» Hurrikanfolgen in den USA, abgemilderte Konsolidierung im VK

» Aber abklingende finanzpolitische Impulse in China

▪ Ruhige Entwicklung an den Rohstoffmärkten

» Ölpreis von 52 auf 54 Dollar (Brent)

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53KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

US-Konjunktur flacht langsam ab

▪ Aktuell kräftige konjunkturelle Grundtendenz

▪ Leichter Dämpfer im 3. Quartal durch Hurrikan Harvey

▪ Arbeitsmarktreserven werden langsam geringer

▪ Konsumneigung dürfte mit Zinsanstieg sinken

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54KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Weitere Regionen

▪ China: Allmähliche Verlangsamung

» Gegenwärtiges Expansionstempo scheint nicht nachhaltig zu sein

» Stärkerer Fokus der Regierung auf Konsolidierung und Eindämmung von Kapitalflucht erwartet

» Abschwächung auf 6 % in 2019, Risiko einer Krise bleibt

▪ Großbritannien: Brexit dämpft

» Abkühlung der Konsumkonjunktur (Realeinkommen)

» Unsicherheit bremst Investitionen

» Auswirkung geringerer Zuwanderung auf Potenzialwachstum?

▪ Mittel- und Osteuropa expandiert sehr kräftig

» Aktuell hohe Kaufkraftzuwächse und Investitionsschub

» Anziehende Inflation und zunehmende Engpässe am Arbeitsmarkt führen zu allmählicher Verlangsamung im Prognosezeitraum

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55KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Weiter lebhafte Expansion im Euroraum

▪ Viel Schwung im Jahr 2017

▪ Konjunktur ist in allen Ländern aufwärts gerichtet

▪ Gesamtwirtschaftliche Kapazitätsauslastung steigt über den gesamten Prognosezeitraum

▪ Arbeitslosigkeit sinkt weiter deutlich

▪ Inflation moderat, aber mit steigender Tendenz

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56KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Wie nachhaltig ist der Aufschwung im Euroraum?

▪ Expansion verwendungsseitig breit abgestützt

▪ Arbeitslosigkeit auch strukturell rückläufig

▪ Verschuldung im privaten Sektor stabil bis abnehmend

▪ Neuverschuldung der öffentlichen Haushalte stark gesunken, Schuldenstand weiter hoch

▪ Bankensektor mit erhöhter Widerstandskraft, aber zum Teil noch Schwachstellen (NPL, Staatsanleihebestände)

▪ Konjunkturrisiko durch Normalisierung der Geldpolitik erscheint begrenzt

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57KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Rahmenbedingungen/Annahmen

▪ Auslandsmärkte kräftiger» 2017: +2,7 Prozent

» 2018: +2,5 Prozent

» 2019: +2,3 Prozent

▪ Finanzierungsbedingungen bleiben äußerst günstig (HRS)» 2017: 0,0 Prozent

» 2018: 0,0 Prozent (Auslaufen des QE-Ankäufe)

» 2019: 0,1 Prozent (Langfristzins, Bundesanleihen: 1 Prozent)

▪ Finanzpolitik gemäß Status quo nahezu neutral (BIP-Impuls)» 2017: +0,4 Prozent

» 2018: +0,2 Prozent

» 2019: +0,1 Prozent

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58KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Monetäre Impulse am aktuellen Rand

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59KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Aufschwung setzt sich fort

▪ Gestreckter Aufschwung geht in fünftes Jahr(„Kaugummikonjunktur“)

▪ Diagnose (2017)» Wirtschaftsleistung etwas

über Potenzial

» Anzeichen für partielle Engpässe (Arbeitsmarkt, Bau)

▪ Auslastung steigt

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

1900

2100

2300

2500

2700

2900

3100

1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015 2018

Produktionslücke(rechte Skala)

Bruttoinlandsprodukt Potenzial

Jahresdaten.Bruttoinlandsprodukt, Potential: preisbereinigt (verk. Volumina, Referenzjahr 20010).

Mrd. Euro Prozent

Potential und Produktion

Pro

gn

ose

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60KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Expansionstempo verlangsamt sich leicht

▪ Revision» 2017: +0,4 Prozentpunkte

» 2018: +0,2 Prozentpunkte

▪ Kalenderbereinigt» 2017: +2,2 Prozent

» 2018: +2,1 Prozent

» 2019: +1,8 Prozent

▪ 2017-H2» Industrieproduktion

» Geschäftsklima

» Beschäftigungsdynamik

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

106

108

110

112

114

116

118

120

I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Veränderung (rechte Skala) Niveau

Bruttoinlandsprodukt

Prozent

1,7 1,9 1,9 2,0 1,8

2010 = 100

Quartalsdaten, preis-, kalender- und saisonbereinigt;Veränderung gegenüber dem Vorquartal, Jahresrate (gerahmt).

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61KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Aufschwung gewinnt an Breite

▪ Außenhandel nur rechnerisch neutral» Kräftigeres Umfeld

» Induzierte Importe

▪ Investitionstätigkeit» Finanzierungsbedingungen

» Erweiterungsmotiv

» Wohnungsbau

▪ Konsum etwas schwächer» Privat: Auslaufende

Ölpreiseffekte

» Staat: Wegfall des Impulses für Flüchtlingsversorgung

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62KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Ausfuhren weiter kräftiger

▪ Verbesserte Auftragslage (Eingang, Bestände)

▪ Klimaaufhellung in den Absatzmärkten, Erholung im Euroraum

▪ Exporterwartungen außergewöhnlich hoch

▪ Terms of Trade» 2017: –0,8 Prozent

» 2018: +0,7 Prozent

» 2019: +0,3 Prozent-1,0

0,0

1,0

2,0

3,0

4,0

120

125

130

135

140

145

150

I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Veränderung (rechte Skala) Niveau

Exporte

Prozent

5,2 2,6 3,7 4,4 4,3

2010 = 100

Quartalsdaten, preis-, kalender- und saisonbereinigt;Veränderung gegenüber dem Vorquartal, Jahresrate (gerahmt).

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63KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Kräftige Expansion der Ausrüstungsinvestitionen

▪ Weltwirtschaftliche Impulse

▪ Rekordstimmung bei Investitionsgüterherstellern

▪ Erhöhte Kapazitätsauslastung

▪ Extrem günstige Finanzierungsbedingungen

▪ Q3: Schwache Produktion, stagnierende Bestellungen im Sommer

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

105

110

115

120

125

130

I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Veränderung (rechte Skala) Niveau

Ausrüstungsinvestitionen

Prozent

3,9 2,2 1,8 4,3 3,5

2010 = 100

Quartalsdaten, preis -, kalender- und saisonbereinigt;Veränderung gegenüber dem Vorquartal, Jahresrate (gerahmt).

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64KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Bauwirtschaft an der Kapazitätsgrenze

▪ Wohnungsbau als Haupttreiber» Finanzierungsbedingungen

» Arbeitsmarktlage

» Bedarf (Zuzug)

▪ Rekordauslastung, hohe Auftragsreichweite und steigender Bauüberhang

▪ Deutlicher Preisauftrieb

▪ Q3: Verhaltene Produktionszahlen (Juli)

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

105

110

115

120

125

I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Veränderung (rechte Skala) Niveau

Bauinvestitionen

Prozent

-1,4 2,7 4,1 2,8 2,6

2010 = 100

Quartalsdaten, preis-, kalender- und saisonbereinigt;Veränderung gegenüber dem Vorquartal, Jahresrate (gerahmt).

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65KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Dynamik beim privater Konsum bleibt hoch

▪ H1: Kaufkraftgewinne (Ölpreis, Aufwertung)

▪ Löhne: Brutto (Netto)» 2017: +4,2 (+4,0) Prozent

» 2018: +4,2 (+4,1) Prozent

» 2019: +4,2 (+3,8) Prozent

▪ Monetäre Sozialleistungen» 2017: +3,9 Prozent

» 2018: +2,8 Prozent

» 2019: +3,2 Prozent

▪ Preisauftrieb etwas stärker-0,8

-0,6

-0,4

-0,2

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

104

106

108

110

112

114

116

I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Veränderung (rechte Skala) Niveau

Private Konsumausgaben

Prozent

1,7 2,1 1,8 1,7 1,5

2010 = 100

Quartalsdaten, preis-, kalender- und saisonbereinigt;Veränderung gegenüber dem Vorquartal, Jahresrate (gerahmt).

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66KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Preisauftrieb nimmt zu

▪ Auslaufen der Ölpreiseffekte

▪ Kapazitätsauslastung erhöht Preisdruck

▪ Mieten ziehen verstärkt an

-2,0

-1,5

-1,0

-0,5

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

104

106

108

110

112

114

116

I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Veränderung (rechte Skala) Niveau

Verbraucherpreise

Prozent

0,2 0,5 1,7 1,7 1,8

2010 = 100

Quartalsdaten, saisonbereinigt;Veränderung gegenüber dem Vorquartal, Jahresrate (gerahmt).

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67KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Beschäftigungsaufbau nimmt ab, Lohndynamik zu

▪ Knappheiten nehmen zu» Höhere Vakanzzeiten

» Offene Stellen zu Arbeitslosen auf Langzeithoch

▪ Ifo Beschäftigungsbarometer

▪ Zuwanderung/steigende Partizipation überkompen-sieren (noch) Alterungseffekte

▪ Verdienste: Effektiv (Tarif)» 2017: +2,5 (+2,1) Prozent

» 2018: +2,9 (+2,4) Prozent

» 2019: +3,2 (+2,5) Prozent

▪ Nachholende Kaufkraftsicherung

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

42

43

43

44

44

45

45

46

46

I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Veränderung (rechte Skala) Niveau

Erwerbstätige

Tsd.

398 569 647 483 388

Mill.

Quartalsdaten, saisonbereinigt;Veränderung gegenüber dem Vorquartal, Jahresrate (gerahmt).

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68KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Arbeitsmarktbilanz

Jahresdurchschnitte in 1000 Personen

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69KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Staat mit strukturellen Budgetüberschüssen

In Milliarden Euro

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70KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Demografischer Wandel und Arbeitsmarktpartizipation

Partizipationsquoten in Prozent

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71KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

MODEM-Neuerung: Kohortenmodell als Basis für den Trend der Partizipationsquote

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72KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Wachstumsbeiträge zum Produktionspotenzial

Zwischenhoch

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73KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Wachstumsbeiträge zum Arbeitspotenzial:Demografischer Wandel und ausgereizte Reserven

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74KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Produktionslücken im Vergleich

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75KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

IfW Projektion: Mittelfristige Überhitzungsgefahren

▪ Keine technische Annahme, sondern Musterprognose

▪ Expansives monetäres Umfeld

▪ (Mindestens) neutrale Ausrichtung der Finanzpolitik

▪ Erhöhtes Risiko rezessiver Korrekturen

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

1900

2100

2300

2500

2700

2900

3100

1991 1997 2003 2009 2015 2021

Output gap (rhs) GDP Potential output

Annual data; GDP, Potential output: price adjusted (chain index volumes, 2005=100).

Bn. Euro Percent

Production and potential output

forecast

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76KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

Economic growth and the business cycle: Potential output vs. capacity utilization

production

time

Capacity utilization > normal Capacity utilization < normal

Capacity utilization

(Contraction)

Capacity utilization

(Expansion)

Boom

CoolingRecession

Recovery

actual

production

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77KOOTHS | Business Cycle Forecasting: The Endurance Test for (Macro-) Economics

@kielinstitute

www.ifw-kiel.de

Prof. Dr. Stefan KoothsHead of Forecasting

T (Kiel) +49 431 8814-579T (Berlin) +49 30 2067-9664

[email protected]

Time for Q&A