By: Ameena Ali, Divakar Dev, Nav Dhindsa, Andrew Dupuis, Kizanee Jegatheeswaran, Divya Pal, Adnan Somani

IntroductionSleep deprivation and Malnourishment are very common in today’s world. So

many people are affected by diseases such as anorexia, bulimia, insomnia etc… This

presentation will examine the effects of sleep deprivation, diseases/illnesses caused by

sleep deprivation, one world aspects of sleep deprivation, not eating properly,

diseases/illnesses caused by eating disorders and one world aspects of malnourishment.

This presentation will also include results of an experiment conducted. The

results will be analyzed to compare how sleep deprivation and not eating properly for 24

hours affects the body physically and mentally.

HypothesisSleep deprivation will reduce an individual’s ability to concentrate as well as their

physical ability. This is because if the brain keeps working for 24 hours straight and does

not get a break or time to rest it will stop functioning properly and will result in reduced

ability to concentrate. Also the body will get tired if it does not get time to rest and will

result in reduced physical abilities.

Not eating properly will also reduce an individual’s ability to concentrate and

physical ability. This is simply due to the body not getting enough energy which will reduce

both the brain’s and body’s ability to function properly.

VariablesTest # 1 Test #2 Test #3

Dependent Variable

N/A

Physical Abilities/ Ability to Concentrate

Physical Abilities/ Ability to Concentrate

Independent Variable

N/A

Amount of Sleep- (stay up for 24 hours before doing tests)

Number of Meals Eaten (3 healthy meals)

Controlled Variables Number of Meals Eaten (3 healthy meals) and Amount of Sleep (at least 8 hours)

Number of Meals Eaten (no eating for 24 hours, then the tests are to be done)

Amount of Sleep (at least 8 hours of sleep)

ProcedureThe tests on the following slides were performed three times. They were

designed to evaluate an individual’s ability to concentrate as well as their physical abilities.

1.The first time the tests were done was the controlled test/experiment. On the day the

controlled test was done the individuals performing the tests ate three healthy meals and

had at least 8 hours of sleep.

2.The tests were done a second time a few days later. Before doing the tests, the

individuals performing the experiment did not did not sleep for 24 hours but ate 3 proper

meals before.

3.A few days later the tests were done a third time. Before doing the tests, the individuals

performing the experiment did not eat for 24 hours but they did sleep for at least 8 hours.

Both quantitative and qualitative data were recorded.

TEST # 1: How long does it take you to retype the paragraph below?

Simon Jackson: Saving the Spirit BearSimon Jackson is one of the few people to have seen the white Kermode or spirit bear. There are fewer than 400 spirit bears in existence. All of them live in a coastal area of British Columbia. Most of these live in a temperate rainforest area about 500 kilometres north of Vancouver. Their habitat is being reduced by human activity. In 2000, when Simon was 17 years old, he was honoured in Time magazine as one of 60 “Heroes of the Planet” for his efforts to save this endangered bear. When he was seven, the Vancouver student’s parents took him to Yellowstone National Park. Soon after, he set up a lemonade stand and raised $60 to protect grizzly bears. A few years later, Simon learned of the plight of the spirit bear in British Columbia. He contacted everyone he could think of who might have an insight into this issue. The more he learned, the more determined he was to save the wilderness that the spirit bear needs in order to survive. During his Grade 9 year, he encouraged students and teachers to participate in letter writing campaign. As a result, the government of British Columbia received more than 700 letters on this issue. As a university student, Jackson divided his time between school and his campaign—between going to class and meeting with government officials, community leaders and others involved in making decisions about the forests of British Columbia. Later, Simon made it his mission to engage as many young people as possible. He started the Spirit Bear Youth Coalition, which is now the largest youth-led environmental network in the world. It has more than five million members in more than fifty countries. The coalition is dedicated to promoting awareness of the spirit bear and the issues threatening its survival. Although about half of the spirit bear’s habitat has been protected thanks to the work of the coalition, more needs to be done. However, the coalition also recognizes that it is important to take into account the needs of forestry workers and the rights of the area’s First Nations. Many people have asked Simon why he chose to campaign for the future of the spirit bear rather than another endangered animal, such as the panda or the elephant. Simon has explained that, as he sees it, the spirit bear is as important to the world as the panda bear. Because the spirit bear is unique to his home province, he feels that he has a personal obligation to do whatever he can to improve the bear’s chances of survival. Simon believes that his work is important, not just for the future of the spirit bear, but also because it reminds the youth of the world that they have an important voice that must be listened to, and that they are the future caretakers of this planet. As Simon sees it, “By becoming active citizens in our world, we will open doors, broaden horizons and, indirectly, change lives. Youth can provide hope for our world in all of the challenges that lie ahead.”Adapted from the Spirit Bear Youth Coalition and Kidz World Web sites. (Literacy Test 2009) Record the Time Taken with the error on the stopwatch:

Test 2: How long does it take you to solve this math problem? Record the time taken with the error on the stopwatch. (Taken from Gauss Math Contest) (The test must be done three times, so one problem for each test in the order that they are in below)

Test 3: How many sit ups can you do in 3 minutes?

Test 4: You have two minutes to look at the words below. Once the two minutes are over, cover the list of words

and write down all the words that you can remember. You only have one minute to do this.

• Imagination • Ancient• Scissors • Grocery • Envelope • Approximate • Book• Mittens• Ocean • Piano • Museum• Sentence • Author

• Ordinary • Believe • Computer• Desert • Inspire • Journal• Lettuce• Racoon • Scribble • Useful• Bizarre • Circumference • Quadratic

Data Collection and ProcessingControlled Test Test #1 Test #2 Test # 3 Test #4

Person A 10:43.88 or 643.88 ± 0.01 seconds

1: 11.88 or 71.88 ± 0.01 seconds

100 sit-ups 9 words

Person B 09:16.12 or 556.12 ± 0.01 seconds 01:36.09 or 96.09 ± 0.01 seconds

60 sit-ups 18 words

Person C 11:00.00 or 660.00 ± 0.01 seconds 52.00 ± 0.01 seconds 120 sit-ups 12 words

Person D 1800.00 ± 0.01 seconds 9900.00 ± 0.01 seconds 105 sit-ups 17 words

Person E 992.00 ± 0.01 seconds 262.00 ± 0.01 seconds 80 sit-ups 23 words

After Sleep Deprivation

Test #1 Test #2 Test # 3 Test #4

Person A 10:30.40 or 630.40 ± 0.01 seconds 2:52.23 or 172.23 ± 0.01 seconds

100 sit-ups 15 words

Person B 09:57.16 or 597.16 ± 0.01 seconds 13:39.76 or 819.76 ± 0.01 seconds

51 sit-ups 16 words

Person C 11:24.70 or 684.70 ± 0.01 seconds 1:56.21 or 116.21 ± 0.01 seconds

100 sit-ups 14 words

Person D 1020.00 ± 0.01 seconds 6300.00 ± 0.01 seconds 70 sit-ups 8 words

Person E 1924.00± 0.01 seconds 552.00 ± 0.01 seconds 53 sit-ups 17 words

After “Eating Disorder” / not eating

properly

Test #1 Test #2 Test # 3 Test #4

Person A 10:29.42 or 629.42 ± 0.01 seconds 29.39 ± 0.01 seconds 103 sit-ups 14 words

Person B 10:28.41 or 628.41 ± 0.01 seconds 06:01.75 or 361.75 ± 0.01 seconds

46 sit-ups 13 words

Person C 11:10.90 or 670.90 ± 0.01 seconds 1:00.00 or 60.00 ± 0.01 seconds

71 sit-ups 10 words

Qualitative Data:Sleep Deprivation

•Felt hungry often

•Slight headaches

•Shortness of breath

•Unable to concentrate (eyes were play tricks)

Some people taking part in the experiment did not notice changes in their physical

abilities.

Eating Disorders/ Not Eating Properly

•Felt dizzy

•Felt unenergetic

•Nausea

Conclusion and EvaluationBased on the qualitative data collected throughout this experiment, it can be

concluded that both sleep deprivation and eating disorders have a similar effect on people

but the effects also depend on the person doing the test. All in all, a decreased level of

concentration and physical abilities were noticed. Some of the minor differences were that

sleep deprivation resulted in headaches while not eating properly resulted in side effects such

as nausea.

One of the weaknesses with this experiment was that it did not take into account the

iron levels of the individuals taking part in the experiment. This could have been an important

piece of information because if one of the individuals taking part in the experiment had a

lower iron level in their blood, then the fact that they were tired after the no-eating/no-

sleeping experiments did not necessarily have to be a result of the experiment but could have

been due to the fact that they did not have enough energy in their body to begin with. This

error in the procedure could have resulted in inaccurate results in terms of evaluating the

effects of sleep deprivation and eating disorders. The best way to improve the experiment

would be to get the iron levels of the individuals participating in the experiment and use it

when evaluating the results.

There were some weaknesses in terms of the tests as well because in test 2 with the

math problems, all the question varied in terms of their difficulty and so the results could have

been affected because it could have taken an individual longer to do a math problem not

because they were tired but because the question was harder. Also with test #4 with the

remembering the words, the individuals doing the tests would have remembered more words

when doing the test for the third time because they had seen the words twice already. This

would have resulted in inaccurate results as well. In order to fix this problem, the person who

is making the test should not do the test as well. This will allow them to evaluate the math

problems and come up with three different word lists that are similar in terms of “easy to

remember”, without getting a head start.

Another weakness with this experiment was that because the individuals performing

the experiment only stayed up for 24 hours and didn’t eat for 24 hours, the results only

evaluated the effects of eating disorders and sleep deprivation to a certain extent because

both sleep deprivation and eating disorders are things that occur over a longer period of time.

However changing the experiment to match this criteria might instigate health issues in the

individuals taking part in the experiment.

• Sleep is needed to regenerate certain parts of the body, especially the brain, so that it can continue to function normally

• recent study in the United States showed the different parts of the brain which are effected by sleep deprivation

• For example, the temporal lobe, which is responsible for language processing is less active in sleep deprived participants

• Fatigue, exhaustion, and not having as much physical energy are other symptoms that happen due to lack of sleep

• These symptoms produce other more serious signs such as mood swings, stress and irritability

• Also, scientists at the University of Pennsylvania found that sleep deprivation within five hours of learning impairs the memory

• Mice allowed sleeping after being trained remembered far better than those who were deprived of sleep.

• Other physical effects are normally droopy eyes, the way a person speaks, slower reaction time, disorientation, and even hallucinations

• Usually these symptoms can be solved by simply taking a nap, or getting the proper amount of sleep at night.

Insomnia• Patient has trouble falling asleep• Classified in three terms, transient insomnia- lasting under one week, short-term insomnia- lasting between one week

and three weeks and chronic insomnia lasting over 3 weeks• If managing to fall asleep it is short lived, constant waking in the middle of the night• Having a sleep that is not relaxing or refreshing• 55 million Americans are afflicted by insomnia• Tiredness

– Feeling stressed and physical pressure– Able to be tired with little work done

• Lacking energy– Not able to accomplish what is desired– Not able to get a refreshing sleep and get relaxed

• Difficulty concentrating– Not being relaxed effects the concentration of a person– Due to insomnia, the individual is not able to complete a desired task – Difficult to speak with a low level of concentration

• Irritating Behaviour– Little noises can be irritating enough to give the individual a head ache

Sleep Apnea • Characterized by heavy breathing or sometimes loss of breath during sleep• Apnea is a period where breathing becomes irregular or pauses for a moment• Another definition is a 4% decrease of oxygen in the blood• These are classified into three types, central sleep apnea, obstructive sleep apnea, and mixed sleep

apneaHigh Blood Pressure

– Irregular breathing every 1-4 minutes can cause the heart stress– As the oxygen saturation in blood decreases, the apnea continues– Fight or flight complex is activated, this sends signals to nerves to tell blood vessels to tighten up– When the vessels constrict, more blood is sent to muscles and the brain; this causes the heart to

work harder– Among patients who do not seem to have high plod pressure, 40% will develop it within four

years– Patients with hard-to-control blood pressure and take more than one medication, 80% have

obstructive sleep apnea

Heart Complications•Congestive heart failure increases 2.3 times in a patient with obstructive sleep apnea•Obstructive sleep apnea can get in the way of treating the atrial fibrillation•Atrial fibrillation is a condition when the upper part of the heart, the atrium, beats out of coordination with the lower part, the ventricle•Obstructive sleep apnea can cause a sudden death

Narcolepsy •Chronic neurological disorder caused by the brain’s inability to regulate sleep-wake cycles•Patients will have an overwhelming desire to sleep, which they will do from seconds up to hours•Symptoms include: sleepiness, cataplexy-the sudden lose of voluntary muscle tone, vivid hallucinations, and brief episodes of total paralysis•Symptoms are few if any, they only include embarrassment of sleeping during social events and gathering, falling behind in school, sports, and trouble driving•Eventually, the individual can get depressed from not being able to live a normal life

Malnutrition – Short Term

• Poor eating choices such as excessive consumption of sugar and carbohydrates, as well not eating at all.

What Happens When You Eat Too Much Sugar?

• Possible symptoms of consuming too much sugar may include: headaches, constipation, indigestion and bloating, among others.

• Hormone levels in the body are greatly affected by excessive sugar intake. Production of the thyroid hormone diminishes, and the body must produce more insulin to keep up with the glucose levels. Also, the adrenaline hormone (fight or flight) rises sharply in correlation to the amount of sugar ingested.

• Hormonal imbalance and irregular hormone levels/changes can be responsible for increased stress, erratic sleeping patterns and acne.

Too Many Carbs• Carbohydrates are digested

quickly and are broken down into blood sugar by amylase.

• Insulin is then produced to control the blood glucose levels.

• This can lead to weight gain even in the short term, and can cause the same effects as excessive sugar, since the carbohydrates are ultimately broken down into blood glucose.

Not Eating... At All.• In the short term, this is usually referred to as “skipping a meal”. In the

long term it is an eating disorder labelled as anorexia.• To function, the body needs nutrients. By skipping meals, the body is

being deprived of its nutrients, and will respond accordingly. A person skipping meals will experience fatigue and lethargy, as the body attempts to retain what little nutrients it has left.

• Diarrhea, stomach aches and cramps, memory, headaches and low sex drive are just a few of the consequences.

• Metabolic processes need food in order to happen. Certain hormone levels rise and fall depending on the amount of a specific nutrient, and muscles need energy to function properly.

• Basically, neglecting to eat once in awhile will not kill a human, but it is not good. Long term consequences are much more severe and sometimes permanent, but the short term consequences can affect many factors of a person’s life, such as academic and sexual performance, social relations and development of the growing body (for those bodies still growing).

There are three major types of eating disorders:

1.Anorexia Nervosa

2. Bulimia Nervosa

3.Binge-eating

The following slides will talk about the long term

effects of these three eating disorders

Long Term Effects of Anorexia Nervosa What is Anorexia Nervosa?

Anorexia Nervosa or simply anorexia starts off as just dieting to lose weight and then it turns into a type of addiction. In order to maintain control over the body and remain thin, people continue to diet, over exercise and overuse laxatives and diuretics and this will ultimately lead to starvation.

Anorexia nervosa is different from dieting because dieting is used as a way to control body weight and to improve one’s health and appearance but anorexia is when individuals starve themselves to achieve happiness and control their life and emotions.

Anorexia Nervosa is caused by:

•Pressure from society and families•The need to remain thin •Low self esteem•Dysfunctions in the part of the brain that controls metabolic processes

Starvation• When a person starts to starve themselves, the body tries to conserve energy and body tissues• Since there is no food to obtain energy from, the body begins to use its own muscle and organ tissues for energy•During this process the liver and intestines lost most weight and other organs will be permanently damaged• Low blood pressure and slowed pulse•Can lead to cardiac arrest and kidney failure

Dehydration•The body is about 70% water and so if it does not receive the water and other minerals thatare needed to keep it healthy, it will lead to kidney failure

OTHER EFFECTS•The chances of developing osteoporosis are high of people who have anorexia nervosa due to them not receiving proper minerals and nutrients

•Lack of proper nutrients will lead to decreased bone density and bones become brittle

•Bones can also stop growing and this can lead to stunted growth in younger children

•Irregular/slow heart rate•This can lead to blood pressure•Risk of heart failure (the heart muscle becomes thin due to the lack of energy/nutrients)

• Hyperactivity will occur because the instead of depending on food for energy, the body willdepend on adrenaline • Since there is a lack of fat to keep the body warm, lanugos or fine hairs grow on the body tokeep it warm

The first cause of renal/ kidney failure can be a result of anorexia nervosa(Low blood flow to kidneys damages it)

Picture From: http://nursingcrib.com/wp-content/uploads/acute-renal-failure.jpg

Picture From: http://helpguide.org/mental/anorexia_signs_symptoms_causes_treatment.htm

Long Term Effects of Bulimia Nervosa

What is Bulimia Nervosa?

Bulimia nervosa is when an individual eats a lot of food at one time and then gets rid of the food by means of self induced vomiting, use of laxatives/diuretics, or over-exercising .

Bulimia Nervosa is caused by:

•Low self esteem •The need to maintain weight and body image•Genetics•Cultural pressure (for example dancers and athletes)

Self-induced vomiting:

•Can cause damages to the digestive system•Can cause peptic ulcer which is a sore in the inner lining of the stomach or upper small intestine •Due to repeated vomiting, the stomach’s protective layer is broken down and the stomach acids damage the tissues and this causes peptic ulcers•People with peptic ulcer will have chest/abdomen pain and will vomit blood

•This can also cause damages to the throat or the oesophagus•Stomach acids can cause inflammation in raw parts of the throat•Stomach acids can also cause ruptures and tears in the mucous membrane of the throat at its joint with the stomach and this is also known as the Mallory-Weiss tear •The Mallory-Weiss tear can lead to bright red blood when vomiting

•Vomiting also leads to the presence of stomach acids in the mouth•This causes the tooth enamel to erode and will eventually lead to tooth decay•Teeth may have to be pulled out

•Can result in swollen salivary glands•Can result in dehydration (similar to anorexia nervosa)

Use of Laxatives and Diuretics:

•Over use can lead to the body not being able to produce bowl movements

on its own and this can lead to constipation

•Bloating

•Cardiac abnormalities and/or kidney failure

•This is caused by the lack of nutrients especially potassium

Picture From : http://www.helpguide.org/mental/bulimia_signs_symptoms_causes_treatment.htm

Long Term Effects of Binge Eating

What is Binge Eating?

Binge eating is when an individual eats more than the required amount of food and feel out of control when eating. Binge eating is also eating even when not hungry, or eating even when full. Though a lot of food is consumed, binge eaters do not over exercise or throw up their food. This then leads to obesity.

Binge eating is caused by:

•Depression •Dieting (Binging after dieting)•Inability to cope with or handle emotions

•Binge eating can result in high blood pressure or hypertension

•Binge eating can result in obesity and as obesity increases the risk of getting non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or diabetes type II increases

•Osteoarthritis/ arthritis occurs because the individual’s weight places extra strain on the joints

•Due to high cholesterol and blood pressure, chances of getting a stroke or a heart attack increase

•Permanent damages may occur in the kidney, liver, heart or muscles

Ways to Deal with Binge Eating

•Eating breakfast/ Stop Dieting- when an individual stops eating for a while, they tend to eat more afterwards. So if they eat proper healthy meals, they won’t binge.• •Avoid temptation- eating unhealthy foods and sweets can make people overeat so avoiding temptations will help people eat healthy amounts

•Exercise- helps an individual lose weight as well as reduces stress

•Learn to cope with stress

Sleep Deprivation One World

• Sleep deprivation leading to accidents is the one of the leading causes of accidents in cars and claims over 5000 lives on its own and thousands of injuries

• Drivers who are sleep deprived are just as dangerous as drivers who are drunk, in fact more accidents occur because of sleep deprivation

• Drunk people are able to make subconscious decisions, but sleep deprived people are completely unaware

• Innocent drivers are put in danger because of sleep deprivation (47% of truck drivers have admit to be asleep while at the wheel)

• Sleep deprivation by a American Airlines Pilot was the cause of the crash in Little Rock, Arkansas

• When sleep deprived, the human body is prone to catching viruses and illness• Leads to poor judgement, which can lead to turmoil if the sleep deprived person is

someone important• If a doctor is sleep deprived it can lead to life threatening mistakes that can be

made in the fatigue state• Students can fail tests because of their inability to concentrate• If prolonged sleep deprivation occurs, the mind will become less active, not having

time to rest• Sleep deprivation accidents cause billions in property loss a year

Though in many third world countries people do not choose to starve

themselves, poverty effects their lives to the point where they are forced to starve

themselves. They are malnourished to the extent where death is the biggest side

effect they experience. The aim of this experiment was not only to examine the

side effects of eating disorders but also to realize how hard it is to have to go

through one full day without any food because many people around the world do

not have enough food to stay healthy and fit.

Also this experiment related to cultural issues because fasting is an

important part of many cultures and traditions. This shows that science and culture

have slightly different opinions about similar issues.

Similar to sleep deprivation, eating disorders will also cause people to

feel less energetic causing academic performance as well as performance in

their professions to be lowered and this will lead to a lowered economic output.

Also individuals have feel dizzy often and also experience impaired memory.

This will also lead to decreased work efficiency.

In addition, people with eating disorders have issues with sleep as

well and so the problems discussed in the sleep deprivation apply to eating

disorders as well to a certain extent. This is because not eating properly will

result in decreased levels of vitamins which will, in some cases lead to impaired

vision. This in turn can cause accidents on the roads. Hence scientific studies

have allowed us to examine the effects of eating disorders and find cures to

prevent such problems

BibliographyInformation

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