T H E

ANGLO-

by L. C. DERRICK-JEHU

. i : I n t r o d u c t i o n

i ) . T H E A m 0 -CHJr -E AN COMMUNITY ation from the original set t ler , in o ther families the original sett ler 's descendants have either returned to the ancestral homeland o r have moved t.3 a third country. And throughout, the prefix "Anglo-18

anywhere in the British (and this whether the origin b e by blood, mar r i age or association).

When the genealogist obse rves t h e family origins of those persons who would today be mut-

Community", his f i rs t impression is that the label is as vague as that of &'the Holy Roman Empire" (as a colonv of which. the countrv of Chile came

ually recognised as 'Ithe implies lloriginll, not literalIy only in England,, but

into being). For he has to treat of those most mobile of all human beings: men 9 women who left their !x?crr,e ocuatrias ta =e& thair fortune in

I other lands. And mobility i s o n e of the haza rds of genealogy: it complicates r e sea rch , as it confuses group definition. Yet "Anglo-Chilean Community1' i s no meaningless term. So f a r as a definition can be offered, it would run thus: the body of men and women, of British descent o r tradition, who have in common an affiliation with Chile through past or continuing family residence there.

If the orinin by blood i s British, the point of depa r tu re f o r t h e original voyage to Chile i s usually, though not always, in the British Isles. T h e r e are several Anglo-Chilean families whose progenitors emigrated from, for instance, Aust- ra l ia U Canada; and some long-settled families of North American origin are closely linked with the Community. T h e male-line origin by blood is not necessarily British, as a glance through the Liat of Members of T h e Anglo-Chilean Society shows: for many families, "Anglo" by tradition and asso- ciation, and usually by blood in the female-line, bear names of European origin. T h e family may have other South American associations ear l ie r than those with Chile: b many families arrived in Chile &er a stay,varying from years to generations, in for instance P e r u or Argentina.

Bilingual fluency is not a common factor: for the Community r anges from persons of non-British s u r n a m e who would be "taken for" British, to pe r sons with completely British su rnames whose great-grandfathers forgot how to speak English. N o r is continuing residence in Chile a common

1 factor: fo r whilst, in some families, the babies now being bord are of the sixth FJ seventh gene&

I

T h e s e preliminary comments serve to emph- a s i s e the varied and mobile origins of the community h e r o trezted.

ii) T H E LIMITATIONS OF T H I S P A P E R

F r o m the very abbreviated account of the extent b variety of British associations with Chile that is given in this paper , it will b e evident that, as suggested in Chapter I1 (ii), the total number of pe r sons potentially involved in a complete rev iew . of the Anglo-Chilean Community is probably to be counted in tens of thousands. It would b e a task beyond the powers of any o n e man to trace them all and tocompile a comprehensive index. So f a r as I am aware, no book h a s hitherto been published, devoted to Anglo-Chilean genealcgy: and it would appear that only one book ( "The English in South America", by Michael M U L H A L L , ~ 1 8 8 0 ) has so f a r been published, devoted to biographies of Brit ish set t lers in South America generally,

Th i s paper, that I venture to offer, suffers from the inherent limitations of my Genealogical Collection, f r o m which the Family Notices in Chapter 1V have been summarised. I should therefore explain what those limitations are and, as it were, present my credentials. I have been collecting genealogical information about the Anglo- Chilean Community s ince I first went to Chile in 1949: but, as genealogy is my pastime but not my profession, the time available to m e for r e s e a r c h h a s been limited and my Collection h a s been built up in concentric c i rc les of connection , starting from my wife's family (IV.28 1 . Where there was "genealogical continuity", w h e r e any connection of a connection appeared, I have sought out inform- ation recorded it. As a result , my Coilection

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probably contains some 5000 names of pe r sons , living Ef deceased , of this Community. But I am v e r y a w a r e that t he re i s much grcund into which this "personalised" line of r e s e a r c h has not yet led me, particularly with r ega rd to families of early settlement, in l e s s c lose touch with families of

relatively recent settlement like my wife's. Never- theless, I offer the paper as it i s ihoping that, with the cooperation of old families, the omissions may I

be remedied, and that this pape r may o n e day s e r v e a nucleus for a m o r e comprehensive work.

i i : The Chi l ean People Before attempting to identify those persons

who have comprised the Anglo-Chilean Community, it is desirable first to give a brief picture of the Chilean people amongst whom that Community has grown.

A) HI ST ,ORICAL E T H N O G R A P H I C A L

ASPECTS

i ) T h e country known to u s today as the Re- public of Chile extends along the wes tern coast of South Amer ica from C a p e Horn (so named by Jacob LEMAIRE, native of Horne , in Holland, who rounded it in 1616) northwards for 2661 miles to latitude 17' South, yet with neve r a g rea t e r breadth than 250 miles between the Andes cordillera and the Pacific seaboard. 3

It i s said that the f i rs t European to s e t foot i n the country w a s the d iscoverer Ferdinand MAGELLAN (Fe rn - de MAGALHAES: c1480- 15211, in December 1520, after h e had passed through the S t ra i t that bears his name, in the c o u r s e of his ( the F i r s t ) Circumnavigation.

But the settlement Ef Colonisation of Chile, whereby it c a m e to be o n e of that family of South American republics w h e r e the Latin culture has been transmuted in a n Amerindian environment, dates b a c k t o 1535/36 w h e n don Diego d e ALMAGRO (~1470-1538 led the first abortive expedition into the northern Chilean deserts. T h e Marshal ALMAGRO, 'conquistador', had been with F ranc i sco P l Z A R R O (~1.471-1541) one of the original contractors for the Conquest of P e r u . T h e Conquest of Chile was an offshoot from the Peruvian Conquest,ALMAGRO having been granted by the E m p e r o r C H A R L E S V the terri tory for 200 leagues south of Cuzco, to be named New Toledo. T h e f i rs t Chilean expedition of 1535/36 proved to be purely exploratory: but a second expedition in 1541, under the command of don Pedro d e VALDIVIA (1500-1544) founded the capital city o f Santiago (1541) t3 t h e port of Valparaiso (1544) and laid the foundations of the Spanish colonisation of this area. Not m o r e than 150 Europeans took par t in this expedition (see "Young1' pages 21/22 and miscegenation followed naturally.

T h e indigenous inhabitants with whom their conquerors intermarried w e r e the Araucanian Indians, a valiant race unlike any other South Amerindians, who w e r e only finally defeated by the Chileans at a pitched battle in 1882. T h e name 'Chile' i s pe rhaps derived from 'tchili', the word for 'snow' in the language of the Quechua Indians of P e r u (E .B . 1. T h e r e are today somewhat l e s s than 100,000 pure-bred Araucanians living, mainly concen t ra ted in t h e t w o southern p r o v i n c e s of Malleco 8 Cautin: b u t the m ~ o r i t y of Chilean families who have been settled for more than four

o r five generations have in them some strain of Araucanian blood, and are proud of it. Many aristocratic Chilean families can t r a c e a descent from one of the companions of VALDIVIA, a German mercenary named Bartholomew BLUMEN, who married Elvira daughter of the Cacique of Talagante (see "Young" pages 21/22).

T h e Captaincy-General Ef Pres idency of Chile remained subordinated to the Viceroyalty of P e r u until the Declaration of Independence i n 1810. Colonisation during nearly th ree centuries of Spanish lmperial ru le w a s slow. S o m e years ago, don Franc isco d e BESE, of the Chilean Central Office of Statistics, estimated that the population of the country was about 80,000 i n 1700, and about 500,000 when Independence was dec lared in 1810. Th i s half - million "included 300,000 'mestizos' (mixed bloods), half as many 'criollos' ( 'Creoles ' , i.e. natives of European descent ) , s o m e 20,000 ' peninsulares' (recently a r r ived Span ia rds , among whom Basque immigrants from northern Spain formed an energetic commercial element), and a smattering of negroes and recently emancipated Indiazs"! E. B. ) . Meria GR/U-iAM (see v i ) , visir- ing Valparaiso in 1822, likens it to an English fishing village by comparison with which Sidmouth would b e an important town.

i i ) T h e Declaration o f Independence o n 18th September 1810 (commemorated annually as the 'Diez-y-ocho' , t h e Chilean national day) was provoked by the Napoleonic invasion of Spain, which ihrew the pa r t s of t he f o r m e r Empire each on i ts own re sources . Chile was the f i rs t of the Spanish possess ions in South Amer ica to proclaim its independence, and its revolt was at the time directed against continued government from Lima by the Viceroy of P e r u . T h e autonomists w e r e split amongst themselves and in 1814 were defeated in battle at Rancagua by the royalists, who resumed control of the country for another two and a half years. In 1817 fighting acain b roke out, the patriots being led by the Argentinian l iberator, General Jose de S A N MARTIN (1778-1850); and with the decisive victory at Maipu, April 1818, independence was effective. However , fighting stil1 continued against the last Spanish royalist ga r r i sons in the south of Chile: and it w a s not until 1826 khat they were finally expelled from Ancud, on the island of Chiloe.

With the opening of the ports and of commerce to European t rade , Chile grew and prospered. I'By 1850 England, France t3 Germany had largely crowded Spain out of Chilean trade" (E.B. 1. T h e 1907 Census recorded a population of 3,249,279 and the 1930 Census recorded 4,287,445 of whdm 105,463 were 'foreign-born' (one quarter of them Span ia rds ) . About o n e qua r t e r of the total pop- ulation live in the central Province of Santiago.

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'Whilst German, S l a v fr Italian immigrants p re - dominate der Spaniards , t h e body of British settlers is of significant s i z e within the nation, and about 1900 it was estimated that 20,000 residents in Chile were of Brit ish descent.

The population of Chile today h a s passed ' the 7 million mark; and it would not be very r a s h to hazard the g u e s s that about one percent of the Chilean nation has s o m e st rain of British blood. Indeed, t h e r e i s probably no other country in the world, that never was a pa r t of the British Empire o r Commonwealth, w h e r e British associations and sympethies are so strong.

B) SOCIOf.0 CICAL ASPECTS

T h e Chileans, in common with other South Amer icans , are intensely a w a r e of family relation- sh ips end kinships to a degree that would seem udusual to most of the inhabitants of modern urban- ked Britain. T h i s i s undoubtedlydue to the Latin sense of family having been transported to a remote part of the world, to continue the re throughout centuries in relatively i sda ted 8 small communities. Until the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, Chile was one of the countries most distant by trade route from Britain; and the sea voyage by sailing shir could las t months. Nevertheless those families that could W o r d to do so sent their s o n s t o Europe f o r education, throughout the XIXth Century, often involving parent-child separations of u p to 7 years: and it may be this custom as much as any other factor that accounts f o r the dual allegiance of s o m e of the old Anglo-Chilean families.

Vocabulary is the prime clue to the strength of famiiy .feeling. T h e English words father, mother, son 8 daughter are translated. into Spanish by 'padre', (madre', 'hijo' & 'hijaf. T h e grand- parent-grandchild relationships are m o r e specific- aily r ende red 1 abuelo', ' abuela', ' nieto' 8 'nieta'. T h e cumbersome great-great prefixes of English are replaced b y the m o r e manageable labels 'bisabuelo' , 'tatarabuelo', or tbisnieto' etcetera: ( a necessa ry verbal economy in a country w h e r e g i r l s m a r r y young and live to grea t ages , where- by great-relationships are commonplace). For the untidy '-in-law' s e r i e s , t h e r e i s a s e t of specific words: 'suegro', 'suegra', 'verno' 0 'nuera ' meaning respectively father-, mothen, son- 0 daughter-in-law. The 'step-' relationships are identified by the suffix I -astrot : thus 'padrastro ' a n d 'hijastra' mean respectively step-father 8 fr step-daughter. Brothers-in-law are recognised in two degrees: t h e 'cunado' i s the s i s t e r ' s husband or the wife's brother, and the I concunado' i s the wife's sister's husband.

T h e r e are also w o r d s for human relation- ships, for which t h e r e are no exact translations into English. ' Consuegro' defines the connection between the respective fathers of the bride and bridegroom. Compadre' defines the association between the godfather and the father of the baptised child. And the colloquial term 'ti0 politico' (literally "political uncle" 1 usually indicates a very remote connection through marr iage , mutually recognised f o r mutual benefit.

Against such a background, the British immi- grant, exposed to the dual influences of remoteness 1

from the home-country and assimilation by a hos- pitable host-nation, h a s tended t o absorb and acqui re this highly developed s e n s e o f f amily. Generalising, the "Chileno" (€2 the Anglo-Chilean) knows to an extensive degree who his cousins are, and who are related to pe r sons who married his cousins. Fifty y e a r s ago, so it is said, it was a dinner-party game fo r those present to "relate" themselves to o n e another. If two Chileans are introduced for the f i rs t time, t he instinctive reaction is for them to catechise o n e another in the hope of identifying some common link (which t h e y usually succeed in doing). In small, remote and intermarried communities, a different w a y of life ru les , in which it i s not possible for the least member to remain anonymous.

Anglo-Chilean genealogy thus tends to become a vast exercise in what one might call "sideways- genealogy'' (of which examples c a n be found in the diagrammatic char t in Anthony S A M P S O N ' s book "Anatomy of Britain'' 1962, and in Tab les 111 B IV of S i r Anthony WAGNER'S "English Genealogy" 1960). T h e pre-Chilean origins of the Community are as d ive r se as life itself: but the immigrant family, once settled, usually becomes connected through its first local mar r i ages with the Community that it h a s joined. T h e Geneagraph annexed to this paper gives some indication of the connections through intermarriage that cha rac t e r i s e the Anglo- Chilean Community,

C ) NAMES 0 S U R N A M E S

The Chilean i s required to. use , by the law of his country, two surnames; the paternal followed by the maternal, without any conjunction. T h i s i s ve ry confusing for foreigners who are unfamiliar with the practice. ii t h e name of a prominezit Chilean i s mentioned in the British Press, it i s usually wrongly cited, as if o n e were to refer to t h e g r e a t wartime P r e m i e r a s S i r Winston JEROME. E v e n recognised w o r k s of family re ference , when recording cadet b ranches settled in Chile, have not avoided this pitfall; and the reader unacquainted withthe family would often be misled as to the identity of the su rname (in an English s e n s e ) .

To avoid any possibility of confusion in this paper, 1 have followed the practice that 1 observe in my Collection, namely to place the maternal su rname in brackets: but I must emphasise that this i s purely a personal practice. T h u s (in para . lV.8.d.i), Luis son of James L Y O N by his wife Ger t rude P E R E Z w a s known in Chile as Luis LYON P E R E Z , though h e may have written his name as "Luis L Y O N P.''.. Hyphenated su rnames are not unknown in Chile, well-known examples being GOMEZ-LOBO and GARCIA-HUIDOBRO, to which would be added in each individual case the other parental surname. It i s a practice that greatly assists the tracing of relationships; but which produces s o m e odd resu l t s when a British immigrant h a s already b e e n baptised with his mother 's maiden su rname ( - as in the case of Ralph R O G E R S ( R A L P H ) , see IV.20.b).

A marr ied woman i s formally styled b y suffixing 'de' 8 her husband's paternal su rname to h e r own maiden name: thus, continuing the foregoing illustration, J ames L Y O N ' s wife was known as Ger t rude P E R E Z de LYON. When widowed, the 'de' becomes I viuda de ' (abbrevi- ated in writing to 'vda.de'). In practice, women

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are frequently r e fe r r ed to by their maiden names only, though they may have been married for years and have had children: and this o c c u r s not only in conversation ( a habit of some confusion for newly a r r ived fo re igne r s ) , but also in their official docu- ments (identity c a r d s 0 passpor t s ) which sometimes may never be altered t o record their married names.

T h e range of given names in Chile is not as restricted as it i s in Argentina, w h e r e it is illegal to name a child other than after o n e of the saints in the calendar. But a certain conservatism (by British s tandards) in naming habits is m o r e than compensated by a multiplicity of diminutives and nicknames, which are invariably used in convers- ation to identify the person re fer red to.

D ) NATION A L l T Y

T h e f i rs t Constitution of Chile w a s promul- gated in October 1822. T h e aspect of a written Constitution that particularly interests the genealogist i s that which r e f e r s to Citizenship b Nationality. Chapter II of Part I of that Constitution defined as

i i i : Bri t i sh Assoc E) T H E R O Y A L LINKS

S i r Anthony WAGNER refers in his book "English Genealogy" (p.199) t o "the magic of royalty and royal descent". T h e line of descent of t h e British Monarchs is, a s it were, the "Greenwich meridian" of the grea t cha r t of British genealogy. T h e char t of Anglo-Chilean genealogy has a rega l point o f original re ference in the mar r i age on 25th July 1554, only 19 years &er A L M A G R O ' s first expedition into Chile, of MARY T U D O R , Queen of England a n d PHILIP of H A B S B U R G , KING OF CHILE. PHILIP did not become King P H I L l P I I of Spain until 18 months la te r , 16th January 1556, when his father tte Empero r C H A R L E S V resigned the crown of Spain to him. In o r d e r that P H l L l P might not be of lesser rank than his bride, his father created him King of his most recently acquired ti distant dominion. None o ther h a s held the title "King of Chile" s ince PHILIP. " T h e r e i s an old painting now hanging at the Museo de Bellas A r t e s in Fantiago, perhaps the only one in existence, of Bloody Mary in h e r robes as Queen of Chile. O v e r t h e picture an inscription reads MARIA T U D O R : REGINA CHILAE" (see Young p.12).

For members of the Anglo-Chilean Community who can trace a descent from EDWARD I, King of England, and his first wife, special interest lies in the fact that Queen Consor t E leanor w a s daughter of ST. FERDINAND I11 (d.12521, King of Castile & Leon. ISABELLA the Catholic, Queen o f Castile b Leon (reigned 1474-15041, whose belief in Christopher C O L U M B U S (~1446-1506) enabled him to sail on his Voyage of Discovery of the New World 1492, was a great-granddaughter of JOHN of G A U N T , Duke of Lancas t e r (by his 2nd wife, C O N S T A N C E o f Castile). S h e m a r r i e d FERDINAND (11, King of Aragon, la te r ) V , King of Spain (reigned 1479-15161, in whose name Vasco Nunez d e BALBOA (~1475-1517) took possession of the "Grea t South Sea" 1511 (re-

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Chileans: 1) those born in the country; 2 ) those . born of Chilean parents living abrdad; 3 fore igners married to Chileans, after t h ree years of residence: 4 ) foreigners who invest in Chile a capital of not l e s s than 2000 pesos, €? after five years of resid- ence. A t that time, the peso (originally the Spanish piece o f eight), had parity with the American dollar. U n d e r the second definition, Chilean nationality can , in fact, b e claimed f o r a child born outside Chile, even when the mother only i s Chilean. To understand the philosophy behind those definitions, one must remember that the population was then probably little m o r e than 500,000 (see para.A.i above), and appreciate the anxiety of a new indep- endent S ta t e to inc rease the number of its citizens.

T h e Anglo-Chilean who t rave ls elbroad may, though does not always, claim h is second nationality: f o r Chile (unlike s o m e o the r South American Republics) i s tolerant towards the human problem of dual nationality. B u t the Anglo-Chilean, born 0 resident in Chile, i s f i rs t 0 foremost a Chilean national.

iations with Chile named Pacific Ocean 1520 by M A G E L L A N ) . At that time, 1511, the King of England was H E N R Y VIJI, son-in-law of FERDINAND. ,

T h e Conquest of P e r u in 1524 by P I Z A R R O b ALMAGRO, & its sequel, that of Chile 1525, both took place in the reign end s e r v i c e of the Empero r C H A R L E S V, grandson maternally of FERDINAND b ISABELLA, b first-cousin of h i s daughter-in-law MARY T U D O R , Queen of England 0 Chile.

Of the Families noticed in Chapter IV, those o f G I B B S ( s e e 91, P R I C E ( s e e 13) a n d W O D E H O U S E (see 32) have descents from King EDWARD IEI (see Ruvisriyts F l a t a g e n e t Roll) : that of BLAIR (see 29) h a s a descent f rom King R O B E R T Ill of Scotland: b the WHITE family (see 11) h a s its confused tradition of Hanoverian origin: but genealogical precedence must be allowed to the family of LYON ( s e e 8 ) with its uninterrup- ted male descent f rom Sir John L Y O N of Glamis by his wife Joan duaghter of King R O B E R T IIq of Scotland. They were ances to r s also or H . k . Queen E L I Z A B E T H T h e Queen Mother: which connection r e n e w s today the four-hundred year old link between Chile b the BRITISH Crown.

F) T H E COl.0 NIAI P E R I O D . 1535-181Q

British associations with Chile during the first two centuries of its history are, &S o n e would expect, exclusively maritime and consist of contacts with the Chilean coastline b islands on t he part of the great English navigators. To the genealogist t he re is something about this period reminiscent of the period of Viking r a ids along the English coast, p r io r to permanent N o r s e settlement. T h e r e must have been some mingling of British with Araucanian and mestizo blood, but quite beyond the ken of any genealogist to trace.

i ) S i r F r a n c i s D R A K E (1545-15961, in the course of his glorious Circumnavigation on the

"Golden Hind", was off the coast of Chile during the year 1578, plundering €2 pillaging. "He then continued his voyage along the coast of Chile b P e r u , taking all opportunities of seizing Spanish ships, and attacking them on shore , till his men w e r e satiated with plundert# ( E . 6 . ) . ii) Thomas CAVENDISH (?1555-1592), t h e second English circumnavigator, behaved in similar fashion and, on the "Desire" (140 tons) , touched et Quintero fr Arica in 1586. (see *1Galdames18).

iii) Alexander S E L K I R K (1676-17211, prototype of "Robinson Crusoe", was sailing master on the 'Y3nque Porte1@ galley, o n e of the two vessels commanded by William DAMPIER (1652-1715), buccaneer fr hydrographer , on an expedition to the South Seas. In September 1704 this ship put in at Juan Fernandez Islands and S E L K I R K w a s left behind, as other English seamen had been marooned t h e r e before him. H e was taken off in F e b r u a r y 1709 by Captain Woodes R O G E R S (circumnavig- ator of f708/11), commdnder of t h e llDukell privateer (DAMPIER being the pilot 1 (E. B . . T h e Juan Fe rnandez Islands (so named after the Spanish pilot who discovered them in 15631 lie s o m e 400 to 500 miles off Valparaiso, and are Chilean terri tory.

iv) Commodore George A N S O N (1697-17621, la ter Baron Anson, also called at Juan Fe rnandez in his flagship "Centurion", in June 1741, during his expedition to attack the Spanish possessions: andla te r that year h e captured the town of Pai ta , in the north of P e r u (E.B.) .

VI Admiral the Hon. John BYRON (1723-1786) ~ ("Foul-Weather Jack". grandfather of the poet

had been a midshipman in A N S O N ' S expedition, on the "Wager" wrecked n e a r Cape Horn. H e commanded a circumnavigation 1764/66 (see his "Narrative" published 17781, in w h i c h Philip C A R T E R E T (1733-17961, later Rear-Admiral, commanded the "Dolphin". C A R T E R E T subse- quently commanded the llSwallowll in Wallis' ex- pedition of 1766/69, during which h e called at Juan Fe rnandez and discovered Pitcairn Island, 1767 ( s e e his Journal" in Hawkesworth 's Woyages" 1773).

Whilst i t m a y b e stretching genealogical connections almost as far as those seamen stretched maritime routes , it i s possible to include DRAKE' s name in the annexed Geneagraph and to show connections between A N S O N b the P R I C E family, fr between BYRON D thefamilies of WODEHOUSE & RAIKES (IV.28.c).

T o w a r d s the end of the XVIIIth Century, British contacts of another sort begin to be made that lead t o family settlement. T w o prominent instances also s e r v e to illustrate what must have been the comparable careers of scores of unre- corded men who did not attain to eminence.

vi) Ambrose O'HIGGINS w a s born in 1720 at Ballinary, Co. Sligo (according to 'lGaldamestt or at Summershill, Co.Meath (according to P . H. ) . 'i'he son of a peasant fa rmer on the estate of the Countess of Bective (sic P . H . 1, h e w a s educated at Cadiz by an uncle who w a s a chaplain at the Court at Madrid. H e went to P e r u in commerce, end arr ived in Chile in 1761 as a Captain-General of Chile in 1788, w a s promoted Field-Marshal 1789, and pacified the Indians. In

1

1796 h e w a s appointed Viceroy at Lima, w h e r e he died 18.3.1801. By Isabel RIQUELME, he left a natural son , Be rna rdo (see para. G.iii) (llGaldamesll 0 P. H .). Rosa , s i s te r of Be rna rdo , i s mentioned as living 1822 ( l lGrahamtl) .

vii) Juan MACKENNA, born in 1771 at Drogheda Co. Louth,was a nephew of Alexander 0' R E I L L Y (1722-17941, who settled in Spain, w a s created a Count, commanded Spanish forces in Louisiana 1769 b in Algeria 1774, w a s disgraced b died at Chinchilla, Murcia ("Galdames") . MACKENNA went to P e r u b served under Viceroy O'HIGGINS (i.e. in o r before 18001, a n d w a s appointed Governor of Valparaiso in 1811, H e was killed at Buenos Aires in 1814 in a duel with Luis C A R R E R A (see para. G.ii) ("Galdames"). His grandson Benjamin VICUNA (MACKENNA) (1831- 1886) w a s a distinguished Chilean historian. T h e MACKENNA family is represented in Chile today in both m a l e b female lines: and i s thus one of the Chilean families able to t r a c e the earliest known descents from an original progenitor born in the British Isles.

viii) Besides those men from the British Isles who arr ived in Chile through the Spanish serv ice , as soldiers b civil se rvants , t h e r e were the seamen who in d ivers circumstances stayed o r were left behind. T h e r e must have been similar instances throughout the XVlIlth Century, but nc specifically named cases have come to my notice ear l ie r than t h e XlXth Century. I n 1802, D r . George EDWARDS, surgeon on the whaler "Backhousetl, settled at Coquimbo b founded what has beaoma a prominent Chilean family in public life (IV.2). In 1804, a ship bound for Australia mutinied off the Chilean coast b s o m e 100 of the passengers landed a: Conzepcion, inclcding Dr. Henry FAU L K N E R who later became Governor of Quillota (P. H . 1. T h e su rname F A U L K N E R continues in Chile to- day, probably i n descent f r o m him. William KENNEDY, mate of the "Scorpiont' in 1808, when h e r captain b s o m e of h e r c r e w w e r e murdered, stayed in Chile, became a merchant b was resid- ent in Valparaiso, 1823 ( P . H. ).

ix) in 1805, Amasa 'DELANO (whose brother Paul founded a prolific family in Chile: ~ e e I V . 4 ) ~ native of Boston, who t raded on the Chilean coast, captured off Coronel the mutineered s laver "Prueba8@ (see his "Narrative" published 1817). x ) An 'early example of an English t r a d e r in Chile w a s John MIERS, coppersmith, who settled at Concon in 1808, married t h e r e G had i ssue , and published his "Trave ls in Chile" 1826. xi) W i t h ' t h e exceptions of MACKENNA, EDWARDS, D E L A N O (collaterally) and possibly F A U L K N E R , none of the other names mentioned in this paragraph ( F) are indicated as having been the progenitor of a family subsequently resident in Chile: and it might b e objected that the mention of those other names would b e m o r e Bppropriate in a historical account ra ther than in a genealogical paper . But the reader has been warned in the Introductory Chapter of the limitations of this paper . And, in any case, the interest of the other names to the genealogist ( w h o s e role is to chart the s t reams of blood, noble & common, open b hidden) is that, in a period of incomplete and virtually un- researched r e c o r d s , they illustrate the various ways in which the first w a v e of British blood must

161

have seeped into Chile in the y e a r s prior to the m o r e formal & r e c o r d e d travel of the XlXth Century. T h e descendants of t h e unnamed seamen and soldiers-of-fortune, who s e t out from the British Isles before the end of the XVlIlth Century, his- panicized their su rnames and adopted Chile as their home, and their families today must b e as completely Chilean as their neighbours. Yet they mu& also have preserved , for a generation or two, s o m e tradition of their British origin: and so, through their cushioning presence , and un- doubted hospitality towards subsequent arr ivals f rom Britain, they would have facilitated the accli- matization of the XIXth Century set t lers , amongst whom w e find the progenitors of the extant B re- cognisable Anglo-Chilean Community. T h e present day descendents of the "first wave" of British blood can rarely b e said to form part of the Anglo-Chilean Community: but the p re sence of their forebears made the existence of that Community possible.

G I T H E I N D E P E N D E N C E PERIOD. 1810- 1 8 2 6 : NAVAL b MILITARY ASSOCIATION S

i) During the period of a decade 5 a half that intervenes between the Declaration of Independence and its complete unchallenged exercise , there is a considerable influx of British names into Chile: and, in this "second wave", the names of transient soldiers- b sailors-of-fortuni overlap with those of eventual sett lers. T h e focal point f o r the soldiers w a s the "English Brigade" (recruited mainly from officers who had served in the Peninsular W a r , 1808/14), which formed par t o f 0"lGGlNS' Patriot Forces in S A N h4AR'Tlh"s &my o f Liberation, that c r o s s e d the Andes in January 1817 and defeated the Spanish royalist forces at Chacabuco, 12.2.1817. T h e focal point for the sa i lors w a s serv ice under Admiral Lord COCH- R A N E ( s e e para.iv below).

i i) T h e first Independence movement of 1810 (sea Chapter 1l.ii) w a s originally a 'junta' (com- mittee) movement, from which the dominant f igure to emerge w a s Jose Miguel C A R R E R A (brother of L u i s , see para.F.vii) . H e w a s born in 1785 at Santiago, se rved in the Spanish Army against N A P O L E O N , b returned to Chile in 1811. Styled the ItLiberator of Chile", h e was Dictator from 1812 until deposed by the royalists in 1814, being subsequently counted as the 1s t President of the Republic. H e w a s shot at Medoza, Argentina, in 1821 ("Galdamestv). His niece Magdalena married a brother of Carmen S A N T A MARIA, the wife of George LYON (IV.8) (see "Young" p.60).

iii) T h e leader of the second 5 effective Indep- endence movement (see Chapter 1I.K) w a s Berna rd0 O'HIGGINS (RIQUELME), t h e great national hero. Born at Chillan, Chile, in 1776 5 educated in England, h e returned to Chile in 1802 and commanded the Patriot Forces in 1813, in super - session of C A R R E R A . During the period of royalist restoration, h e w a s in Argentina, helping S A N MARTIN to organise the A r m y of Liberation: and, aRer the battle of Chacabuco (see para. i above) , h e w a s appointed b y S A N MARTIN Director-General of Government. 0' HIGGINS i s counted as the 2nd President of the Republic. , H e ruled until 1823, when h e resigned 5 retired to P e r u w h e r e h e died peacefully in 1842 ("Galdames" b E.B.). H e left no descendants. It w a s a t his

I

162

.invitation that COCHRANE entkred the Chile? service.

iv) T h o m a s C O C H R A N E , (Admiral Lord C O C H R A N E ) (1775-1860) accepted in 1817 the invitation to command the Chilean naval squadron, which he car r ied out with complete s u c c e s s 1818/ 23 in a s e r i e s of actions fought along Chile 's extensive coast , f+ has s ince been revered as a national hero. His signal exploit w a s the cutting out of the Spanish frigate "Esmeraldal' under the fortifications of Callao harbour , P e r u , 5.11.1820. In 1823 h e t ransferred his s e r v i c e s to Brazil and w a s created Marquess of Maranhao by the Empero r Dom P E D R O 1. H e succeeded his father as 10th E a r l of Dundonald in 1821 ("Galdames" b B u r k e ' s Peerage). His descendants maintain close links with Chile and with the Anglo-Chilean Society (see para. M.vI.

v) Prior to C O C H R A N E ' s arr ival , t h e r e i s record in 1817 (P-H.1 of Captain MACKAY, a former seaman on a whaler , l eader of a party of 6 unemployed English sailors ( S a m BRAIN, Dan F U R E Y , George JENKINS, Tom MARTIN, Aleck MORRlS 5 Bill SHAE) who set out from Valparaiso in a launch b captured the "Minerva" in Africa. They subsequently captured a Spanish brig bearing despatches from t h e Viceroy of P e r u to the Spanish royalist authorities in Chile, which news MACKAY passed to the Pa t r io t s in VaIpar- aiso, who then iegalised his privateer.

vi) O n 22nd April 1822, H.M.S. frigate"Doris" put into Valparaiso, aboard being Maria GRAHAM, widow of the 1 a t e commander Capt. Thomas GRAHAM, R.N., who had died off Cape Horn b who w a s buried at Valparaiso. Maria daughter of George DUNDAS, Vice-Admiral of the Blue, w a s born 1785 near Cockermouth b died 1842 at Kensington. S h e had marr ied Capt. GRAHAM in 1809; and in 1827 marr ied, as h e r 2nd husband, Augustus Wall C A L C O T T (1777-1844, knighted 1837, F.R.A. 1813, o n e of whose best-known paintings i s "Milton dictating h i s poem t o his daughterst1 1. Maria GRAHAM travelled widely 8 published a number of books; but E.B. omits to mention (in the reference t o h e r , sub A. W. C A L C O T T ) h e r I'Journal of a Residence in Chile 1822", published 1824, and recognised i n that country as an authoritative description of the ear ly days of the Republic. Capt. GRAHAM had been a colleague of COCHRANE, who presented the widow to Chilean society, amongst whom s h e lived for the following 9 months.

vii) In h e r Journal, s h e mentions the names of 1 2 naval officers who were at Valparaiso in 1822, apparently serving under COCHRANE. F o u r of them are also mentioned in WMuthalP or P.H.: M r C A N D L E R , of the I'Doris". Capt. COBBETT, nephew of William COBBETT (1763-1835: the Radical). H e was drowned 1826 off Cape Horn, when C O C H R A N E ' s former flag- ship tlOIHiggins't (that had been the Spanish frigate "Maria Isabel" before s h e was captured) W-

wrecked on h e r voyage to Argentina (which country had bought the ship) (P.H.). Dr. CRAIG, surgeon on thet8OVHigginstt: appar- ently temporarily resident in Santiago. Capt. C R O S B I E , commander of t h e flagship "0' Higgins": an Irishman. According to "Mulhall" , h e marr ied C O C H R A N E ' s daughter: but t h e r e is

no mention of such a marr iage in Burke ' s Pee rage . M r D A N C E , of the I1Dorisl1. P. 0. G R E N F E L L , Lieutenant in the Chilean Navy. commander of the "Mercedes". M r J A C K S O N , of the i*Moctezumal'. Capt. M O R G E L L , of the Chilean brig "Aranzazu'? Capt. the Hon. F rede r i ck S P E N C E R , commander of the frigate ''Alacrity". Capt. Vernon, of the "Doris". Capt. WILKlNSON (also named in tlMulhallll). Capt. WINTER, of the "Moctezuma". H e w a s later in command of the "Independence" when that ship was sold to Argentina, but s h e w a s broken up at Tdcahuano , 1826 (P .H . 1. Only one military name i s mentioned in the Journal: that of Major O ' C A R R O L , who attended General S A N MARTIN when h e passed through Valparaiso on his return to Argentina from Lima. And only o n e merchant captain i s named: Capt. WHITE, of the "Medwayt1, in Valpafaiso harbour at the time of the earthquake of November 1822.

viii) Other naval names survive from other sou rces . In 1818, Capt. T U R N E R of the "Santa Rosa" was put a s h o r e at Valparaiso by mutineers ( P . H . . In the s a m e year, BYNON (IV.5) engaged as C O C H R A N E ' s signal midshipman. In 1819, the American, Paul D E L A N O , ar r ived to deliver the corvette 1Quriacio" to the Patriots fr stayed to join them: h is son Pau l Hinckley engaged as a mid- shipman under C O C K R A N E , & la ter founded a numerous family (IV.4). In 1821, Robert W. S I M P S O N entered t h e Chilean Navy, t la ter settled (IV.25.d.iii): a n d in 1822, Humphrey B U N S T E R settled in unique style, being lassooed (IV.5).

A l so in 1822, John R O B E R T S O N , a sailor on the British brig-of-war itHecatelt (which ship had been Capt. GRAHAM'S first command i n 18101, joined the Patriot Navy t w a s given com- mand of a brig. H e settled on La Mocha Island, off Talcahuano @ marr ied a Chilean. H e w a s captured b y the royalists, escaped t resumed Patriot se rv ice , turned privateer t was killed by the Spaniards (P.H.) . In 1826, Capt. YOUNG commanded the Peruvian brig-of-war "Congressol' (ltMulhalll*): and in t h e same year Lieutenant O X L E Y , of the brig IIGalvarina" (formerly the "Hecatel'), w a s present at the capture of Chiloe ("Mulhall") . ix) John WILLIAMS entered the Chilean Navy before 1826. H e w a s born in South Wales, nahtralised a Chilean, & hispanicized his name to Juan GUILLERMOS. La te r Captain, he formally b o k possession of the S t ra i t of Magellan in the name of Chile, 21st September 1843. His son Admiral WILLIAMS ( R E B O L L E D O ) (b , 1826 at Curacevi ) la ter s e rved in the Pacific War 1879 ("MulhaiP t3 P.H.).

Another settler prior t o 1826, L Y N C H , from Ireland (IV.lO.a.i), was also probably a naval man. ''Mulhall~~ also mentions Capt. BLAIR, commdnder of a pirate vessel off the Equadorian .coast, who was captured in 1821 by C O C H R A N E and subsequently released. A rare military ref- e rence is to (201. T U P P E R (b. 1800 in Guernsey , C - I - ) , who ar r ived in Chile in 1821, & m. 1826

Valparaiso a grand-daughter of Count Z E E G E R S had issue: he defeated the Spanish at Chiloe in

' l 826 , W w eppoipted Governor of Coquimbo 1829,'

& was murdered 1830 after the battle of Maule by rebellious Indians ('tMulhall'' .

M a n y British subjects (particularly S c o t s @ Irish) w e r e similarly engaged during this period e lsewhere in South America: and amongst them, General Nicholas B U T L E R , in Argentina, w a s ancestor of several families la ter settled in Chile (IV.3).

It i s probably d u e to the British seamen of this period that all British immigrants and visitors to Chile have been and are known by the gener ic te rm 'gringos'. T h e derivation of t h e word 'gringo' i s obscure, but i s said to allude to the refrain "Green grow the r u s h e s O!" chanted b y the seamen as they heaved at the capstan.

H ) T H E I N D E P E N D E N C E P E R I O D . 181 0-1826 TRADING & CIVIL ASSOCIATION S

i ) Whilst the fighting for Independence continued, the foreign mercantile and civil community was already beginning to take shape; and marly of the f i rs t British merchants to t rade with South Amer ica were those who already had trading connections with the Peninsula, particularly the Cadiz merchants Indeed, it could be argued that N A P O L E O N ' S attempt to conquer E u r o p e was the catalyst through which the Anglo-Chilean Community originated, Unemployment after the campaign sen t the ex-com- batants to South America. Blockade during that campaign sent the merchants there. And both these movements of individuals were in consonance with British Government policy, epigrammatically defined o n 12th December 1826 b y George CANNING (1770-18271, then Fore ign S e c r e t a r y , when he declaimed: "1 called the New World into existence to redress theba lance of the Old'? Oiie might style him the "political godfather" of emanci- pated South America. H e can be remotely con- nected with families now res idence in Chile ( s e e Burke ' s Peerage, art. 'IBaron Garvagh" ii) P e r h a p s one of the earliest re fe rences to a British merchant in South Amer ica , whose trading activities gave r i s e to a family la ter settled in Chile, i s to John P a r i s h R O B E R T S O N (1792-1843) e

H e w a s born at Kelso, Scotland, son of the Asst. Secretary of the Bank of Scotland, by his wife Julia P A R I S H , dau of a Hamburg merchant. H e went to South Amer ica in 1807, w a s the f i r s t merchant to t r a d e with Paraguay 1811, founded the Sco t s colony of Monte G r a d e on the R ive r P la te 1825, G retired to Scotland 1830, w h e r e h e died. His y o u n g e r bro ther William P a r i s h ROBERTSON(1795-1861 )settled in South Amer ica in 1814, died at Valparaiso, B was the father of William R O B E R T S O N (IV.15.c). Another early South American settler, who left descendants in Chile, was Thomas P A T R I C K S O N (1V.ll.b) who d, 1819 at Buenos Ai re s .

iii) Andrew BLEST, merchant, of Co. Sligo, Connaught, a r r ived in Chile in 1813 on the ship "Emily", with his 2 bro thers , & settled (S.P.M.1. Joshua WADDINGTON (b.1792 at York , d.1876) went to Buenos A i r e s in 1812, fr thence to Val- paraiso in 1817. H e financed the copper mines at Copiapo fr Coquimbo, and irrigation at Limache, trading a s 'Waddington, Templeman 6 C 0 . 1

("Mulhall") . In or soon after 1822, WADDINGTON w a s joined by Edmund E A S T M A N , founder of a family resident in Chile (IV.6).

163

iv) It is evident f rom Maria GRAHAM'S Journal ( s e e para. G.vi above) that by 1822 there w a s alr-eady an "English" colony resident in Valparaiso. But s h e i s a disappointing authority for a genealogist tr often only identifies h e r contacts with blanks or initial letters. S h e tells us , for instance, that "five English" died in the earthquake of November 19th: and s h e mentions meeting an Englishman, manager of a soap B candle factory n e a r Melipilla, who had been a sai lor on a whaler wrecked n e a r Juan Fernandez: but s h e does not give any of their names. T h e non-Spanish residents named in h e r Journal were:

Mr B E N E T T , from Co. Lincs. H e had been Governor of Esmeralda in the early p a r t of the W a r of Independence, and later became COCH- R A N E f s secre ta ry B manager of his estate at Quintero. M r B E R N A R D , of Santiago; known as 'don Diego' settled with a family. M r C A M P B E L L , S c o t s merchant, who had m. a s i s te r of Mariano d e ENCALADA. Mr C L A R K E (no details) . M r CRUIKSHANK, of Quintero Viejo. M r DAVIDSON (no details). M r FAWKNER, "born in >England", Lt-Governor of Quillota ( w h o must b e identical w i t h D r F A U L K N E R , see para. F.viii). M r G O L D S E G G , who had come from Woolwich, with his family, to make rockets to fire against Callao. Mr HOGAN, the American Consul at Valparaiso, his wife b daughter. M r H O S E A S O N (no details) . M r MIERS k his family (see para., F.x) . M r O L V E R , shipwright. M. P H A R O U X , proprietor of the "Hotel F rances" at Valparaiso. . Mr P R E V O S T , the American-Consul General k a Chilean judge, whose father, a S w i s s from Geneva, had settled in Chile. M r THOMPSON, phi!anthropist b founder of schools, who s e e m s to have been a transierrt and to have left Valparaiso for Lima in June 1822.

v) British Consular representation apparently commenced the following year, 1823, with the appointment a s Vice - Consul o f William Henry R O U S E . In 1827 h e went t o Concepcion as Consul, B later returned to Valparaiso in that office. H e marr ied c1838 Adela daeghter of Auguste B A R D E L , the F r e n c h Vice-Consul at Concepcion. R O U S E i s said to have been Ita son of King G E O R G E 1V k anoriental lady" ( P . H .) . T h e f i rs t British Consul-General at Val- paraiso (after t h e Ac t of 1825 regulating the appointment of consuls) w a s Christopher Richard N U G E N T , who held office until 1828 (P.H.1. Rev. Thomas K E N D A L L (bapt.1778), who went to New South Wales in 1813, w a s a missionary in New Zealand 1814/25 tr w a s ordained 1820 in the U . K., was resident in Valparaiso 1825/27. T h e r e w a s a "Burying Ground for Foreigners" a t Val- paraiso from a n early date: and Capt. P e t e r DILLON subscribed to its upkeep in 1827, on his way to discover the fate of LA P E R O U S S E ' s Expedition. But British churches fr schools ( a t least those that survive in today 's community) are of l&er foundation.

vi) O n e of the f i rs t British merchant houses to establish itself in Chile, and still today one of the

164

leading houses, w a s that of 'Antony Gibbs b Sons', founded in London in 1808 with Peainsula con- 1

nections. In South America, the house first traded in Peru, under the successive s tyles of 'Gibbs Ci-awley M o e n s b Co.' f1822/24) b 'Gibbs Crawley k Co .I (1824/47 1 . T h e latter firm opened its f irst office in Chile in 1826: and from 1847 on- w a r d s Gibbs have continuously traded in Chile under the successive styles of 'William Gibbs D Co.1 (1847/79), *Gibbs b C0.I (1880/1948) and 'Gibbs y Cia. S.A.C. ' ( s ince 1948). Thei r s tory is told in "The History of Antony ti Dorothea Gibbs" by J .A.GIBBS, published privately 1922,. and in "Antony Gibbs B S o n s , Limited, Merchants b Banker s , 1808-1958", compiled 1958 by W. MAUDE. T h e first English employees of the firm mentioned as resident i n South Amer ica were George Thomas DAVY (d.18741, who went to P e r u in 1823 k stayed in South Amer ica until 1846, being subsequently a p a r t n e r (1848/74) ; and John HAYNE (d.18641, who went to Pemr In 1825 k stayed in South Amer ica until 1846. HAYNE, who was a par tner (1848/59), w a s uncleof James Char les HAYNE ( p a r t n e r 1880/56: d.18991, who resided in South Amer ica 1849/79 0 w a s t h e father of Caroline w h o m. 1887 Archibald WILLIAMSON (later 1 s t B a r o n F o r r e s ) ( s e e para.K.ii 0 IV.16). F r o m 1828 onwards , some members of the GIBBS family have occas- ionally resided in Chile (IV.9).

vii) In 1826, the year in which the Spanish were finally driven from their l e t stmnghold, George LYON (1803-1866) settled in Chile. H e had been "sick 0 ailing" and w a s sent to Chile for his health his family possibly havicg been influenced by the publication of Maria GRAHAM'S Journal, 1824 , in which s h e described the country m t t a n e a r t h y paradise b beneficial to the lungstt (see "Young", p.61). H e settled and founded a large family, whose descendants are widely connected by mar- riage with other Anglo-Chilean families 0 with Chilean families. (1V.8).

In the s a m e year, 1826, Mathew B E G S (d. 1853) b his wife went to Lima, Peru, and raised a family that subsequently (1842) settled in Chile. Between the descendants of D E L A N O (1819) , LYON (1826) 0 BlGGS (18261, the genealogist can trace close connections with a l a r g e proportion of the families that today comprise the Anglo-Chilev Community.

J ) T H E E A R L Y TRADlNG P E R I O D 182 6-185Q

i ) In the 1830s Chile w a s exclusively ( a s it still continues largeIy today) an agriculturai 0 mining country, and the export of mined p r o d u d s h a s always accounted for the great part of Chi le 's foreign trade. T h u s the trading pattern of the country, which from this period onwards provides the occupational background of the mqjority of the British immigrants, is o n e familiar throughout the World during the XlXth Century, namely the export of national raw materials and the import of European finished goods and technical knowledge.

A t the beginning of this period, the principal export w a s 'guano' for u s e as fertiliser. T h e droppings of milliards of seabi rds over centuries of time had formed r ich deposits along the coast that required no more than to be cut out and shipped In the w o r d s of the clerihew quoted to me in 1949

by the Hon. Antony Gibbs.

Gibbs first made their dibs out of the turds of foreign birds.

S o m e of the l a r g e r of the ear ly merchant houses owned their own fleets of sailing vessels , such those of CANCIANI Sobrinos (an Italian family settled ~1830, with many Anglo -Chilean descendants: see N.101 B the Cornish family of R O G E R S 8 Co., of whom Ralph R O G E R S m. e granddaughter of James F R A Z E R (b.1794, d. 1847 et 'Valparaiso) . T h e 'Pacific Steam Navig- &ion Company' (P.S.N.C.) w a s founded in 1840 D established itself as the traditional shipping line o n "the West Coast", a generic term in common local usage embracing Chile, P e r u 8 Bolivia, and whereby many old-timers refer to themselves as "West-Coasters" .

Traders l a r g e B small went to Chile them- se lves , cr sent par tners , and later their contracted managers , c l e r k s B overseers a s their needs dictated. Other British subjects, sometimes pro- fessional men, went to Chile independently to test their luck: and some who went a s employees s t w e d to set up business on their own account. And through the whole s tory of British immigration t h e r e r u n s an intriguing thread of men whom o n e c a n only descr ibe as "cliance settlers": men who were apparently "en route" for some other country or to nowhere in particular, and who fell in love wit&-chils B stayed to settle there. T h e motives of the mobile would in themselves %e afascinating study.

S o m e who went to Chile moved on or returned; o t h e r s brought their wives with them: but many, original settlers or their children, married in the country, F9 so the Community with its network of connections through intermarriage took shape. It will b e noticed that only a minority of the names so f a r mentioned carry references to "Chapter IV", w h e r e a s the mqjority of the names subsequent to this point are so cross-referenced: and the r e a d e r

.-.- -

,

is w a i n reminded of the limitations of this paper , explained in the Introduction.

ii) Another grea t English name connected with Chile at this time w a s that of Char les Robert DARWIN (1809-1882), the naturalist B scientist, H e took part in the surveying expedition of the '!Beagle1' 1831/36, which cruised up the Chilean coas t 1832, in the c o u r s e of h e r circumnavigation. It was the observations that h e made on this voy- age that inspired him to begin his work, 1837, on the tlTransmutation of Species"; and h e mentions the island of Chiloe more than once in his works. Again, a remote connections with the Community can be traced, through the marr iage of his son Sir Franc is (1848-1925) to Amy RUCK, whose s i s t e r Mary w a s mother of the 1 s t Baron A T K I N of Abcrdovey (IV.23).

iii) D r . William BLEST (1800-18841, born at Sligo, County Sligo, physician a n d surgeon, settled in Chile 1827, D became deputy D senator. H e m. --- G A N A & had issue 3 s o n s born in Chile:

1 ' ) Guillermo (1829-19051, b. at Santiago, p l a w r i g h t 8 poet, became Chilean Minister Pleni- potentiary to Argentina & Brazil. About 1880 b e

1 *

w a s lntendente of S a n Felipe. H e m. an English- women.

2') AIberto (1831-19201, novelist, deputy, 8 Intendente of Colchagua. H e left Chile in 1886 to b e Envoy Extraordinary to P a r i s & London.

3") Joaquin (b.18321, lawyer , tj editorof the daily newspaper 1ICorreof1, w a s Minister of Information 1866/71 D President of the Hbuse of Deputies 01880. (llGaldames" & "Mulhall" 1. iv) T h e following are s o m e names that o c c u r during the period 1830-1850, most of whom left descendants, members o f t h e Anglo - Chilean Community today, as noticed in Chap te r IV:

McLAUGHLIN, Thomas Morris (1800-1882) : w a s settled at Tacna , P e r u before 1830. H e m. Maria MAZU E L O S (1802-1886 1 B his great-grandchildren w e r e surnamed A L L A R D I C E B B I R R E L L .

P O R T E R , James: b. in London c 1800. H e m. before 1830, Narc issus daughter o f Ferneudo M A R T E L L , of Valparaiso (P.H. 1. F L I N D T , Adolph Ferdinand (1813-18511, from Larenfeld, Denmark. H e settled at Valparaiso c 1832/33 B m. a niece of Antonio CANCIANI, whose par tner h e became (lV.10).

WHITE, ---, whosefamily w a s settled at Valparaiso before 1837m when h i s s o n - i n - l a w Thomas P A T R I C K S O N d. t h e r e ( N . 1 1 )

MacKAY, D r . John (1819-1901), b. at Inverness. H e qualified as a doctor et Glasgow, 1838; sailed 1839 for New South Wales , D was sent thence to Chile for supplies, 1840, w h e r e h e arr ived et Talcahuano w h e r e h e settled B died (P.H. 1. BRAUN, Elias: b. in Poland. H e settled 4 8 4 0 a t Punta A r e n a s , in the extreme south of Chile F9 set u p sheepfarming, which developed into the 1 Sociedad Expiotadora d e Tierra del Fuego' ( s E .T . F. ) , the principal sheep-farming and wool - producing undertaking in Chile (IV. 12) .

YRIBERRY, Pedro : a Basque from Pamplona or Santander , Spain. H e settled in P e r u before 1842, When his s o n Simon w a s b. t h e r e (lV.14).

RlED, Dr . Chinas (18iO-18691, military surgeon, from Bavaria. H e settled at Velparaiso 1842, when returning to England after a tour of duty in Australia, B m. a niece of Antonio CANCIANI (IV.10).

BUDGE, F o r b e s : from Scotland. H e settled in Chile before 1843, when his daughter Isabel (d. 19351 w a s b.there. S h e m. Carlos B A R R O I L H E T (1835-18761, son of a F r e n c h immigrant, B their son Car los . (1866-1954) m. Teresa CANNON, ~

s i s te r of M r s Feder ico YRIBERRY (IV.14).

PLUMMER, Anthony (1817-1864) : was settled in Chile before 1844, when h e w a s already m. to Ana daughter of Paul Hinckley D E L A N O (IV.4).

O X L E Y , Samuel Pot te r (1804-18721. H e had settled at Valparaiso before 1844, when his infant daughter Isabel was buried t h e r e (IV.13).

T R U M B U L L , Rev. David (1819-18891, b. at Elizabeth, New J e r s e y , U.S.A. H e settled in Chile 1845, and founded & w a s the first minister of the Union Church, at Valparaiso, w h e r e h e d i ed. H i s granddaughter M a r y m. George COMPTON (1V.ll.c).

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S O T H E R S , Joseph (1815-18921, b. at Graves- end, London. H e s d e d et Tacna , P e r u , before 1645 when h e m. Carmen PIVIDAL, a grand- daughter of General B U T L E R (1V.3).

S A L K E L D , Freder ick ; from London, H e settled at Tacna , P e r u , before 4846, when his daughter El isa was b. t h e r e (1V.14).

MACQUEEN, William Lennie (1832-18791, b. at Drymen, Co. Stirling. H e settled in Chile 1849, became Manager of the Banco Nacional d e Chile, t m. a great-niece of Antonio CANCIANI (IV.10).

A R M S T R O N G , Rev. William: during this period, w a s the first formally appointed Consular Chaplain

' at Valparaiso. W e w a s succeeded before 1852 by Rev. Benjamin HILL ( P . H . ) . .

K) T H F P F R I O D OF COMMERCIAI. EXPANSION. 18 50-188L

i ) F r o m t h e middle of the XIXth C e n t u r y , there w a s construction t operation of railway lines, and the building. C expansion of port works. T h e Antofagasta-Bolivia Railway, climbing from sea- level to the plateau at 12,500 ' , was a fine feat of railway engineering, T h e activities brought a fur ther influx of British subjects, both as managers t artisans. Sometimes they arr ived in par t ies , as for example the gang of men recruited in the shops of Dubbs t Co., locomotive engineers, of Glasgow, in 1862. Dubbs were manufacturing locomotives for the Chilean S ta te Railways, and the men w e r e contracted to help s e t up the oper- ation. They w e r e led out by John KING (1833- 1921) (IV.19.b). ,

Sheep-farming 0 the wool export business brought out m&y Scotsmen and Northcountrymen to work on t h e sheep-stations, again both as managers t shepherds. Other shipping lines operated on the West Coast , such as the Nautilus Steam ShiFping Campany ( 'Gulf Line' 1 of Gteenock (cf. IV.28) 5 the M c A U L I F F E Line (IV.271, who, like the P.S.N.C., brought out or engaged locally their s h o r e staff. Most of the vessels on the 'West Coast ' at the beginning of this period were sailing ships o r paddlewheel s teamers . T h e first s teamer on this coast installed with electric lighting was R.M.S."Mendoza"(then 'Queen of the Pacific' ), commanded in 1880 by Capt. Elias John JOSTE (IV.28.b).

British subjects have been employed in the nitrate, copper , iron t coal mining companies; though ownership C direction of the last th ree activities has tended to lie ra ther with American interests. Copper-mining has always been of the first importance in Chilean economy, and in 1876 Chile produced 38% of the world supply of copper.

.William Gibson D E L A N O (1810-1877) (IV.4) w a s o n e of the pioneers i n developing coal-mining. T h e important S c h w a g e r Coal Mines (today oper- ated by 'Cia. Carbonifera y Industrial d e Lotat ) w e r e first developed b y Freder ick William SCHWAGER (1789-18611, b. a t Z e r b s t ( i n Anhalt, Germany) , d. at Valparaiso, w h o s e daughter Marion (d. 1912) m. Robert Adolph C L A U D E (d.1891) t had 2 children (IV.13.c).

ii) T h e second, in o r d e r of age, of the leading Brfiish merchant houses i s that of 1 Williamson, Balfour t Co.'. T h e firm w a s established in

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I . Liverpool in 1851 undsr the style of ' S, Williamson . t (20.8, to act as Forwarding Agents, Merchants

t Shipowners; and the Chilean office w e opened in the following year by Stephen WILLIAMSON (1827-1903) , the first of several members of his family to res ide occasionally in Chile (IV.16). T h e story of t h i s merchant house i s toId in "Balfour Williamson 0 Co., 5 Allied F i r m s: memoirs of a merchant house", published privately 1929, and in "Heirs of Grea t Adventure" by Wallis H U N T , 1951. T h e style w a s changed in 1856 to 1 Balfour Williamson t2 Co ,I; and again to 'Williamson Balfour t2 Co.' in 1863, in which year David DUNCAN (1831-18863 left the partnership.

David DUNCAN had been o n e of the t h r e e original par tners in 1 S . Williamson & Co. ' t in 1855 became WILLIAMSON ' s brother-in-law (IV.

,161. In 1863, he founded, based upon an ear l ie r firm of Ravenscroft Bro thers , the third traditional British house, 'Duncan Fox ti Co.'

T h e third original par tner in IS. Williamson 0 Co.' w a s Alexander B A L F O U R (1824-1886), who also resided sometime in Chile (IV.21). Both WILLIAMSON & B A L F O U R w e r e active philan- thropists, and the Anglo-Chilean Community in Valparaiso owes much t o their efforts. They w e r e sponsors 0 benefactors of the Union Church ( s e e para . J.iv. under T R U M B U L L ) , tr BAL- FOUR was one of the founders of the Y.M.C.A. in Chile. B A L F O U R also founded the Art isans ' School in Valparaiso in 1857, and c h o s e Peter MACKAY, of Edinburgh, as the f i rs t headmaster. S O M E R S C A L E S , the marine painter, was a master at this Schooi iintii 1877, when MACKAY resigned. T h e school, s ince known as MacKayIs School, still teaches the community's sons.

iii) T h e period of Chile 's greatest prosperity came with the development and exploitation of the sodium nitrate deposits in the north of the country. T h e s e 'nitrate pampas' are r ich fi extensive, and in an ordinary year s o m e 40,000 Chilean work - men w e r e employed in the 'nitrate oficinas'(E.BJ. S o m e of the r ichestdeposi ts were interr i tory that then belonged to Peru t Bolivia, and many w e r e worked by Chilean companies under agreements and concessions. This situation, and the s o u r c e s of disagreement that it provoked, was the c a u s e of the "War of the Pacific" 1879/83, during which the Chileans occupied Lima in 1881. By this W a r , Chile won its two northernmost provinces, T a r a p a c a the iurthest north) ceded by P e r u in 1883, and Antofagasta ceded by Bolivia in 1884. Most of the nitrate ports, such as Iquique, are today m e r e shadows of their fo rmer selves: but during the late XIXth 5 ear ly XXth Centur ies many British subjects lived t worked there , and the English genealogist should remember that, as with so many European countries, South American frontiers have also changed. A man may have left Ensland to settle in P e r u or Bolivia, and have died in Chile, yet always havelived in the same South American town. T h e houses of Gibbs, Williamson, 5 W.R. G r a c e 0 Co. w e r e specially interested in the nitrate trade. iv) S o m e of the British sett ler family f i rms that date from t h i s period, besides those already mentioned, were : Altardice 0 Co: founded 1876 by David A L L A R - DICE (d. 1912) , formerly a par tner in Williamson Balfour.

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Balfour 'Lyon @ Co. Beaus i re c/ Co: before 1870 in P e r u (IV.25). Buchanan Jones b Co: (IV.22) : since succeeded by Jorje Jones y Cia. (IV.17.b.iii). Cooper 0 Co: before 1869, closed 1899 (IV.26). Heatley E v a n s c/ Co: before 1853, liquidated 1865 (lV.10.a.iii). Jackson b Co: about 1854, closed before 1916 (lV.3.e). Morrison @ Co: about 1860, family interest sold 1963 (IV.20). Rose-lnnes & Co: about 1860, now closed (IV. 3.e.v). Wallace 0 Co: still trading. O the r f i rms , with British connections, but which do not appear to have been named after settler- founders a r e Wessel Duval (still trading) and Graham Rowe (in P e r u before 1886, now s u c - ceeded by Agencias Graham in Chile:. cf. IV.25. C).

V I During this period, members of the liberal professions still settle in Chile and se t up practice &d, after the XlXth Century, it is unusual for a doctor or lawyer , already qualified elsewhere, to settle. S u c h professions may only b e practiced today by p e r s o n s who have qualified in Chile: and amongst them i s a representative number of des- cendants of British settlers.

t) MODE RN TIME s , 188 3-1964

i ) For about 50 years following the ' 'War of the Pacific", times w e r e prosperous for Chile; though a national economy that depends to so grea t an extent on t h e export of mined products i s subject to many vicissitudes. By 1906, Chilean copper production represented only 4% of the world sapply. But in 1910, Chile suppiied 64% of the world 's nitrogen requirements: though only 25% in 1926 (E. B . ) . In t e r m s of Anglo-Chilean genealogy, this prosperi ty meant a continued influx of contracted employees to s ta r t their own businesses. And prosperity a lso brought another category of immi- grant, the domestic servant. For the r ich (and some were very r ich) built l a rge houses and set up establishments in the grand Victorian manner. Tutors b Governesses , butlers b ladies' maids, cooks f3 gardeners , went from Britain at this period to work in Chilean b Anglo-Chilean homes: and a quota of these marr ied b settled in the country.

ii) British Banks made a slow s ta r t in Chile, d u e to t h e fact that transactions w e r e usually car r ied out through the merchant houses. In 1888, iargely on the initiative of Colonel NORTH (who went to Chile for a Yorkshire firm of boiler- maker s , 6 acquired substantial interests in the nitrate industry), t h e 'Bank of Ta rapaca and London' w a s founded, w i t h i ts f irst office at Pisagua, a nitrate port in the northern province that had formerly belonged to P e r u . T h e Bank la ter opened offices i n Antofagasta, Santiago, Valparaiso a n d Concepcion; a n d it pioneered banking in the far south, where its office at Punta A r e n a s , on the Strai t of Magellan, w a s the first bank in that locality, F r o m that area, the Bank extended its activities into Argentina, and in 1900 amalgamated w i t h the 1 Anglo-Argentine Bank' (established in Buenos Aires and in Montevideo, Uruguay) , taking the name of 'Bank of T a r a p a c a and Argentina'. In 1907, the name w a s again changed to Anglo-South American Bank' ; and

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for the next 25 y e a r s this Bank continued to expand throughout Latin America and in Spain, acquiring various other banks of British origin. ( S e e " B a n k of London b South America L t d . , Quarterly Review, Centenary number, October 1962").

iii) M o r e family firms of British origin date from this per iod, including; Casa MacKenzie; Hardy b Co (IV.30) in 1903; Kenrick f4 Co (IV. 3 6 ) ; McKAY & Co., biscuit manufacturers; Robinson b Co; Sutton b Co. ( s u c c e s s o r to Huth b Co. founded 1901) ; and W e i r Scot t b Co; all still trading. Other , 0 most divers , reasons have brought British FY American subjects to settle in Chile: the GARVINs (Americans: tV.35) went t h e r e in 1884 as medical missionaries; professors have gone to teach at Chilean universities; hospital matrons, schoolteachers 8 football referees have been contracted by Chilean B Anglo-Chilean organ- izations.

iv) During the world economic crisis of 1929/32, the Chilean nitrate industry [already badly hurt by the competition of synthetic nitrates) collapsed , with very prejudicial effects on the Chilean economy, on the merchant houses most involved in the nitrate t rade , and on many individual careers, T h e assets of the closely involved 'Anglo-South American Bank ' were frozen in 1932, and taken o v e r in 1936 by the I Bank of London b South Amer ica Limited'. T h i s Bank, "a fusion of s e v e r a l h n k i n g t-nter- prises established i n different par ts" o f South America (of which the two ear l ies t were begun in 1862, respectively in Buenos A i r e s b in Rio de Janeiro, Braz i l ) , i s Ittoday the only British bank with branches in Latin America'' ( s e e the s a m e authority as for para.ii above) .

v ) T h e s e Banks in turn brought out many British subjects in their employ, and at this s tage there i s a f resh genealogical aspect, for the banking organ- ization is one of the big international employers, whose practice it i s to t ransfer their careers. Comparable employers, from a genealogical view- point, with branches or subsidiary companies in Chile, are the Western Telegraph Co., the Shell Petroleum organization ( Shell Chile Ltd .), Imperial Chemical Industries (Cia, Chilena d e Explosivos) , the British American Tobacco Corporation (Cia. Chilena d e T a b a c o s ) , b the f i rms of auditors, Deloitte P lender Griffiths and P r i c e Waterhouse Peat. Amongst the par tners b executives of such organizations, the genealogist finds many persons with family connections by mar r i age in m o r e than o n e South American country, t h u s extending throughout the Continent the network of "Anglo'# family connections B associations. T h e Brit ish insurance companies have sometimes sent their own employees to Chile: but in general their interests, which date back to the 1830s, tend to have been cared for (as in the cases of British manufacturers 8 exporters 1 by firms o r individuals acting as agents.

vi) S ince the economic crisis of 1929/32, Chile has encouraged a g r a d u a l industrial development, in the c o u r s e of which the British merchant houses (all now trading under Chilean styles ) have diversi- fied their activities; and in consequence their more recently engaged contract employees have included technicians in various branches of industry. In 1960, the Bank of London b South America Ltd, acquired the whole of the s h a r e capital of Balfour Williamson; and in the Centenary number of its

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Review (quoted in para.ii above), the latter f i rm 's trading activities are summarised in the following words: %i m o r e than a century of existence the re i s hardly any form of economic activity in which Balfour Williamson and its associated companies have not at s o m e time participated ; .. . . flour-milling, cement manufacture, mining, fruit-farming, sheep- farming (on Easter Island in the Pacific), shipping, banking and insurance, besides its normal trading activitiestf. The description i s typical for the o ther big houses: Duncan Fox, for instance, controls m o r e than o n e l a rge textile mill on the West Coast.

MI T H E COMMUNITY TODAY

i ) During the period of a century b a half in which t h e varied British interests, influences and associations reviewed briefly above, ' have shaped the Community with a flow of immigrants, the body of the Community has been building in the pe r sons of t he descendants of those who stayed and settled. T h e r e h a s , of cour se , always been a constant r e v e r s e movement: the merchant retiring, the contract employee opting to re turn , the children, or descendants of a set t ler re-emigrating to the original homeland or to a third country. And s o m e of t hese descendants who returned to Britain have s ince become prominent in public life of theunited Kingdom: there are a number of peoplenamed in "Who 1 s Who" who have Anglo-Chilean backgrounds. Yet such i s the attraction 'that Chile exerts on those who have lived there , that a number of fo rmer residents continue to lend their support to Community organizations.

ii) In its widest s e n s e , b as was observed in Chapter I , the Cornmucity (if understood to include d l descendants of British set t lers 1 i s heterogeneous. For it ranges, with every intermediate graduation, between the ex t remes from the most recently- a r r ived 'gringo' struggling with his first Spanish lessons, to the seventh-generation descendant whose only rel ic of British heritage i s his surname. In that widest s e n s e , British d+scendmts are to be found in all walks of life. In s o m e families, w h e r e the emphasis naturally lies ra ther on the 'Chilean' actuality than on the ItAnglo-11 origin, members have been prominent in public life, as deputy, sena tor , Minister or Ambassador. S u c h families would probably include those o f MACKENNA, EDWARDS, R O S S 0 LYON. Col. Marmaduke G R O V E (b.1878 at Copiapo) w a s the socialist candidatefor election as Pres ident of the Republic in 1932: and h is bro ther Eduardo, Chilean Ambas- sador to Canada, marr ied Ines, s i s t e r of Sa lvador AL-LENDE, who was defeated in the latest Pres- idential election, 1964 (IV.24.b). In other families with British surnames , w h e r e t h e u s e of the English language in the home lapsed long ago, the descendants are indistinguishable from their Chilean neighbours: they might be officers in the Chilean Army, businessme% shopkeepers, c le rks , art isans, or labourers. ~

iii) In a m o r e restricted sense , the word Com- munity c a n be understood to signify only British- born residents and those Anglo-Chilean descendants who actively keep their British associations b con- nections d ive . S o m e such would be pa r tne r s in their family businesses. T h e daughters tend become bilingual secretaries in business houses or with United Nations representations, international

airline hos tasses , or t eache r s in qr i t i sh Gt American schools. T h e sons often en ter the empIoy of the old merchant houses or of the local branches of the international firms. Many (including a few who barely spoke English) went 'thome" to s e r v e in the Forces in the Second World W a r (1939/45) as members of the British Latin-American Volunt- eers (B.L.A.V.): and those who served in the R.A.F. may now be pilots in the national airline

Linea Aerea National' ( L. A. N .I. Others en ter the Chilean Navy (which h a s inherited a s t rong British tradition from the days of Lord C O C H - R A N E ) , o r become officers in the Chile- CUI mer- chant navy ( 'Cia. Chilena de Navegacion Inter- oceanica', and 'Cia. Sud-Ameri-ana de Vapores ' ). Other s again practice the liberal professions and have qualified in Chile as doctors, dentists, l awyer s , architects D accountants. S o m e are s tockbrokers B exchange brokers . A few have been ordained both Protestant b Roman Catholic., S o m e have settled in the countryside E3 become farmers : but the rnGority live an urban life. T h e l a rge pros- pe rous communities in the northern nitrate ports have mostly dispersed; and the great mJority of the Community live today in b around Santiago, a d Valparaiso (with its res ident id suburb, Vina del Mar ) , with smaller nuclei i n the south at Concepcion and Punta Arenas .

iv) Again in this restricted s e n s e , the Community possesses, within the corporate body of the Chilean nation, an undoubted s e n s e of group personality, that finds expression in its Community organizations, some of which have already been mentioned. T h e old "Burying Ground for Fore igners" at Valparaiso (see para. H.v) h a s now become the 'Cementerio de Disidentes" (and shared about equally by British b German dead). Besides the Union Church ( s e e para. K.ii) , t he re are three main Anglicm Churches: St. Pau l ' s , at Valparaiso; St Peter's, at Vina; and St A n d r e w ' s at Santiago, T h e fo rmer British-American Hospital at Vatparaiso was closed about 20 y e a r s ago, and its p lace taken by the 'Clinica Miraflores' , a British nu r s - ing home n e a r Vina del Mar. Of schools: at Valparaiso, besides ( for boys) MacKay 1s ( s e e para. K.ii) t he re i s St. Margare t ' s (for g i r l s ) ; and at Santiago, T h e Grange School (see IV.3. e.ii) was founded 1929 for boys, b there is Colegio Dunalastair (see IV. 34) f o r Girls. T h e Chambers of Commerce are traditional. T h e Sociedad Chilona de Cultura Inglesa provides a focal point for the artistic and dramatic interests of Anglo-Chileans , besides its principal function of teaching the English language t o the public generally. T h e "South Pacific Mail", an English language weekly paper, was first published in Valparaiso in November 1909, and is still in circulation (published s ince 1950 in Santiago, and s ince then tending to reflect American ra ther than British interests!.

v ) T w o other Community bodies serve to co- ordinate an$ focalise communal interests. In 1910, the Canning Club (named after George CANNING: see para. H.i) w a s founded in London, and h a s its p remises at 1, Hamilton Place, W.l. next door to the Chilean Embassy. Whilst it is not exclusively "Chilean" , being described "social (South American) b non-political", its members include Anglo-Chileans and British businessmen with interests in Chile. In 1944, T h e Anglo- Chilean Society was founded in London, under the

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