JEHOACHAZ SON OF JEHU, KING OF ISRAEL818- 802 BCE

Aram DamascusJehoachaz of IsraelReturn of Assyrians

Aram-Damascus

Jehoachaz and Jehoash Jehoachaz ruled Israel during

the second half of the reign of Jehoash of Judah

Aram-Damascus attacks Judah and Israel

Hazael takes the coast to Gath one of the cities of the Philistines

Aram already controlled the Transjordan

Aram now controls both trade routes directly

After taking the coast he turned to Jerusalem

Jehoash paid a heavy tribute to Hazael

Jehoachaz of Israel

Teshuvah of Jehoachaz

Jehoachaz’s Teshuvah

Jehoachaz, King of Israel followed the sins of Jeroboam ben Nebat

Israel was oppressed by Hazael and his son Ben-Hadad of Damascus

Jehoachaz prayed to Hashem who sent him a ”savior“ "מושיע"

This was his son Jehoash, King of Israel

Return of the AssyriansAdad-Nirari III

Adad-Nirari III 811-783 BCE

He began to campaign in Southern Syria in about 802 BCE

He attacked Aram-Damascus and by 796 found an inscription states that he received tribute from Hadadezer from Damascus, Jehoash of Samaria, and the Tyrians and the Sidonians

JEHOASH SON OF JEHOACHAZ,KING OF ISRAEL802-787 BCE

AMAZIAH SON OF JEHOASH, KING OF JUDAH801-753BCE

Revenge on Aram-Damascus

Independent Campaigns Israel attacks Aram-

Damascus and defeats them twice

Israel retakes Transjordan

Judah attacks Aram’s ally Edom and takes their land

Civil War

Amaziah’s Mistake Then Amaziah attacks Jehoash

◦ Jehoash turns and attacks Judah they meet at Beth-Shemesh and Israel defeats Judah and takes Amaziah prisoner

◦ Israel then attacked Jerusalem destroys the north wall and takes the Beis Hamikdash’s treasure

◦ Judah becomes a vassal of Israel just like during the Omride era

After the disastrous loss to Israel there was a conspiracy against Amaziah who fled to Lachish and was killed there

The people chose Azariah, Amaziah’s son to rule after him

THE ERA OF JEROBOAM II OF ISRAEL &

AZARIAH OF JUDAHFORTY YEARS OF

PEACE AND PROSPERITY787-748 BCE

Political Situation

Israel’s Neighbors

Urartu expansion reached its height around 735 BCE which coincides with the reign of Jeroboam II and Azariah

Aram-Damascus has been left weak and defeated by the Assyrian attacks of Adad-Nirari III followed by the attacks of Israel under Jehoash of Israel

Assyria became entangled in internal conflicts

Assyria also faced trouble from the expanding Urartu

Jeroboam II 787-748 BCE

Different Lifestyles Jeroboam II restored

the borders from Lebo Hamath in north Syria to the Dead Sea

The two trade routes pass through Israelite territory which brings wealth in trade and tax collection to Israel

Judah benefitted some but is a vassal to the Israel

Building ◦ Expansion of existing settlements ◦ Refurbishing cities with new fortifications ◦ More city planning ◦ Expansion of towns and villages

Luxury Items ◦ Many luxury items found in this strata◦ Carved ivory – shows control of trade

between Egypt and Phoenicia Amos

◦ Was the prophet in Israel during this period◦ He criticized the rich for oppressing the poor◦ He depicts the rich as vain and arrogant

interested only in their pursuit of money and pleasure

Azariah (Uzziah) 783-732 BCE

Wars of Expansion Azariah built up Judah’s army This must have been with

Jeroboam’s approval Azariah attacked the Philistines

defeated them and built Ashdod and other cities in Philistia to control the Via Maris

Azariah attacked the Negev and built forts there◦ It helped expand Judah’s

agricultural land ◦ They also helped control the King’s

Highway Recovered the Port of Elat from

Edom and rebuilt it

Azariah (Uzziah) 783-732 BCE & Jotham

Tzaraas צרעת According to Divrei

HayaminAzariah wanted to

bring קטורת incense in the Beis Hamikdash

As he did he was struck with צרעת on his forehead

At the same time a terrible earthquake

As a Metzorah Azariah could not function as King and so his son and then grandson ruled while he was still alive

Jotham 750-735 BCE◦ Defeated the Ammonites◦ Constructed parts of the wall of

Jerusalem ◦ Fortified the country◦ Probably concerned about an

invasion from Aram Ahaz 735-732 BCE as regent for

Azariah and 732-727 BCE alone (will have his own slide)

END OF ISRAELLast days of JeroboamZechariah 748-747Shallum 747Menachem 747 -738Pekahia 738-737Pekah 737-732Hoshea 732-724

Zecharia, Shallum & Menachem

Quick Succession The final years of Jeroboam II were a

period of economic decline for Israel Judah expanded into Ammon and

Edom in Transjordan and into Philistia

After Jeroboam’s death Judah’s power increases

Gains practical control over Israel Jeroboam’s son Zachariah takes

over and is kill six months later Shallum from Jabesh Gilead

assassinates Zachariah and becomes king for one month

Before being killed by Menachem who not only killed Shallum’s family but many people in the city

Tiglath-Pileser III745-727 BCE

Resurgent Assyria

743 BCE attacked and defeated the Urartu

740 BCE defeated Arpad a state which controlled northern Syria

Once Arpad fell this led to the capitulation of most northern and central Syria

738 BCE reached the Mediterranean

Receives tribute of Rezin of Damascus, and Menachem of Israel

Menachem747-738 & Pekahia 738-737

Assyrian Vassal

Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum a Seculo Hominum is a collection of short biographies of historical figures with fanciful portraits in the form of coins, published by Guillaume Rouillé (1518?-1589) in Lyon in 1553

Menachem paid tribute to Assyria to keep from being attacked

Judah was in control of the trade routes and was stronger than Israel by this time

Israel did not receive any income from the trade routs but needed to pay a high tribute to Assyria

This led to very high taxes Pekahiah was killed by an anti-

Assyrian coup by those who were upset by the taxes

The coup was supported by Rezin King of Damascus to get an ally against Assyria

Pekah ben Remalyahu became king

ACHAZ OF JUDAH735-727 BCE

&PEKAH OF ISRAEL 737-732 BCE

Aram allies with Israel

Joint Attack

The Shlomo Moussaieff Collection, London/Illustration from Robert Deutsch, Messages from the PastBulla of King Ahaz. “Belonging to Ahaz (son of) Jotham, King of Judah,” reads the Hebrew inscription impressed onto this bulla (lump of clay), which was originally used to secure a papyrus scroll. Ancient bullae and seals are not uncommon, but this is one of the first that can be attributed to a Hebrew king: Ahaz, who ruled over Judah from 735 to 727 B.C.E.

Pekah and Rezin were trying to get Judah to join the anti-Assyrian coalition forming to hold off Tiglath-pileser

Aram and Israel begin to attack Judah to intimidate Judah

They began their attacks on Judah during the reign of Jotham

The Shlomo Moussaieff Collection, London/Illustration from Robert Deutsch, Messages from the PastBulla of King Ahaz. “Belonging to Ahaz (son of) Jotham, King of Judah,” reads the Hebrew inscription impressed onto this bulla (lump of clay), which was originally used to secure a papyrus scroll. Ancient bullae and seals are not uncommon, but this is one of the first that can be attributed to a Hebrew king: Ahaz, who ruled over Judah from 735 to 727 B.C.E.

Aram-Damascus Falls to Assyria

Tiglath-pileser’s Syrian Campaign of 732-734

First he put down the last resistance of the Urartu and the Medes

Then he moved Assyria’s army to defeat Aram-Damascus and its allies

The Navi (2 Kings 16:5-9) tells us that Tiglath-pileser attacked Rezin in Damascus in response to a request of Achaz of Judah

This shows that rather than begin intimidated to join the anti-Assyrian coalition Achaz was intimidated enough to bribe Assyria to help Judah and become Assyria’s vassal

Aram-Damascus Falls to Assyria

Tiglath-pileser’s Syrian Campaign of 732-734

Tiglath-pileser attacked and defeated the coalition starting with the minor states involved Ashkelon, Gaza, Tyre

He took over the Mediterranean coast of Israel as well as Edom, Moab, and Ammon

Damascus was put under siege in 733 until 732 when it surrenders and Damascus is incorporated into the Assyrian Empire and Rezin assassinated

At the same time Tiglath-pileser attacks northern Israel and takes 13,520 prisoners to exile

HOSHEA SON OF ELAHLAST KING OF ISRAEL732-722 BCE

Hoshea son of Elah

Cause for Assassination

A Roman Map Of Israel but the red area depicts the size of the Kingdom of Israel during the time of Hoshea ben Elah

Assyria takes away most of the territory of the kingdom of Israel

It is only a tiny state in the Ephraim Highlands

Transjordan, the coast, Galilee and Jezreel valley were taken

Assyria now controls the Via Maris but since the states of Ammon, Moab, and Edom remain independent Assyria does not directly control the Kings Highway

Due to the losses Pekah is assassinated by Hoshea son of Elah

Hoshea makes peace with Tiglath-pileser

Hoshea

Shalmaneser V Hoshea removed the guards and

allowed the people of Israel to go to Jerusalem for Aliya Le’regel

The people did not go and Hashem decided that Israel needed to be destroyed

While Hoshea was loyal to Tiglath-pileser there was a rebellion against his successor Shalmaneser

It was led by Tyre Shalmaneser put Tyre under

siege in 725 BCE for five years It seems that Hoshea paid

tribute at the beginning of the campaign

He appealed to Egypt for aid against Assyria

Hoshea was captured by Shalmaneser and put in jail

The End

Siege of Samaria Shalmaneser V put Samaria

under siege for three years Shalmaneser died and was

replaced by Sargon II Sargon claims credit for

capturing Samaria But the Babylonian Chronicle

backs up the Navi which says that Shalmaneser was the one who took Samaria

Sargon was forced to return to put down a rebellion of the king of Gaza

Gaza was supported by Egypt and Assyria defeated them and exacted tribute from Egypt

Assyria also started mass deportation of the people of Israel

King of Judah Reign King of Israel Reign

Reheboam 930-913 Jeroboam I 930-908Abijah 913-911 Nadab 908-907Asa 911- 870 Baasha 907-884Jehoshaphat 870- 846 Elah 884-883Jehoram 846-841 Zimri 883Ahaziah 841 Omri 883-872Athaliah 841-835 Ahab 872-851Jehoash 835-801 Ahaziah 851-850Amaziah 801-783 Jehoram 850-841Azariah (Uzziah) 783-732 Jehu 841-818Jotham 750-735 Jehoachaz 818-802Ahaz 735-727 Jehoash 802-787Hezekiah 727-697 Jeroboam II 787-748Manasseh 697-642 Zechariah 748-747Amon 642-640 Shallum 747Josiah 640-609 Manahem 747-738Jehoachaz 609 Pekakiah 738-737Jehoiakim 609- 698 Pekah 737-732Jehoiachin 598-597 Hoshea 732-724Zedekiah 597-586