By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua,

NY NY

Edited by Mr. Adam StonehillEdited by Mr. Adam Stonehill

By: Ms. Susan M. PojerBy: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua,

NY NY

Edited by Mr. Adam StonehillEdited by Mr. Adam Stonehill

Christ of Colon Christ of Colon [1451-[1451-1506]1506]

-European explorer whose discoveries had long term -European explorer whose discoveries had long term effectseffects

-promoted future Western European exploration-promoted future Western European exploration

Christ of Colon Christ of Colon [1451-[1451-1506]1506]

-European explorer whose discoveries had long term -European explorer whose discoveries had long term effectseffects

-promoted future Western European exploration-promoted future Western European exploration

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages

Other explorers• Da Gama – Portugal – reaches Indian Ocean trade routes

• Vespucci – Spanish – further explorations of “New World”

• Magellan – Spain - circumnavigates the world

• Cabot – England – first Western European to North America

• de Leon – Spain – first Spaniard to North America

• Cortes – Conquistador of the Aztec Empire

• Verrazano – Spain – North America

• Pizarro – Conquistador of the Incan Empire

• de Soto, Coronado, Cabrillo – Spain – further explorations of North America

• 1565 – Spain establishes first North American colony at St. Augustine, FLA

• Cartier – France – first Frenchman to reach North America

• Frobisher – Dutch – first Dutchman to explore North America

• Raleigh – England – explores Virginia area (future Jamestown colony)

• Hudson – England – explores NYC region and up the Hudson river

• Gilbert,Champlain, LaSalle – France – further explorations of North America

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16cEarly 16c

Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First

Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16cEarly 16c

European ExplorationsEuropean ExplorationsEuropean ExplorationsEuropean Explorations

Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”

Fernando CortesFernando CortesFernando CortesFernando Cortes

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs

Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II

vsvs..

vsvs..

The Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma IIThe Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortésCortés

Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortésCortés

Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro

Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:

The The IncasIncas

AtahualpaAtahualpaAtahualpaAtahualpa

vsvs..

vsvs..

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization

Explorers Conquistadores

Mission

arie

s

PermanentSettlers

OfficialEuropeanColony!

Economic Effects of Colonialism

Europe• Mercantilism policy put into place• Mother Country becomes wealthy at the expense of their colonies• Country tries to export more than it imports – favorable balance of trade• Colonies exist as markets for their mother country’s goods• Country tries to get as much gold and silver as possible

Latin America • – “encomienda system” – large plantations or mines and forced labor Native

Americans first and then African Slaves• Plantations - Sugar, bananas, tobacco, etc.• Mining of Precious Metals - Silver and Gold

MercantilismMercantilismMercantilismMercantilismThe economy and trade

are essential to the health and safety of the nation.

1.Get as much gold and silveras you can.

2.Establish a favorable balance of trade.

3.Get colonies.

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”

The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

Docs. 1- 4Docs. 1- 4

Sacrifice of the First-Sacrifice of the First-BornBorn

by Theodore de Bryby Theodore de Bry

Sacrifice of the First-Sacrifice of the First-BornBorn

by Theodore de Bryby Theodore de Bry

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade

Slave ShipSlave ShipSlave ShipSlave Ship

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck

African CaptivesAfrican CaptivesThrown OverboardThrown OverboardAfrican CaptivesAfrican Captives

Thrown OverboardThrown Overboard

Slaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar MillSlaves Working in a Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar MillBrazilian Sugar Mill

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!

Colonialism – Social Effects

• Latin America – New Social Status structure put into place based on race and ethnicity

• - Catholicism becomes the dominant religion• - Spanish now “universal language”•  • North America – religious freedom and economic opportunity often

brings new colonists• -Protestant groups

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem

PeninsularPeninsulareses

PeninsularPeninsulareses CreolesCreolesCreolesCreoles

MestizoMestizoss

MestizoMestizoss

MulattMulattosos

MulattMulattosos

Native IndiansNative IndiansNative IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack SlavesBlack SlavesBlack Slaves

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic

ChurchChurch

The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic

ChurchChurch

Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral

Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral

Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe

Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe

Spanish Spanish MissionMission Spanish Spanish MissionMission

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation

The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &

The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation

Father Bartolomé de Father Bartolomé de Las CasasLas Casas

Father Bartolomé de Father Bartolomé de Las CasasLas Casas

New Laws --> 1542New Laws --> 1542

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

European Empires in the European Empires in the AmericasAmericas

Political Effects of Colonialization

• Political:• Spain – 2 main colonies in ‘New Spain” (Mesoamerica) and “Peru” (South

America). Also have various colonies in the Caribbean• Basically Imperialize local population which means complete control of

government, laws, economics, etc.)• Hidalgos – lazy upper-class develops in Spain itself as described in Cervantes’

Don Quixote•  • Portugal – main colony in New World is Brazil and colonies in Indian Ocean

trade (India-Goa and Southeast Asia)•  • England and France – colonies in North America and Caribbean• Sea Dog terror tactics used to plunder much of the wealth of Spain and Portugal

from the New World• Colonies are often left to rule themselves since resources are less than in Spain