by: sydney freedman

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By: Sydney Freedman

+General Background 1895: Germany, smallpox

outbreak Led to Jaundice

Liver doesn’t destroy blood cells properly

1942: United States, WWII, vaccinated against yellow fever Jaundice

Vaccines used to prevent viral diseases caused another

All infect and damage the liver Means “liver inflammation”

Different strains

+What is Hepatitis A?

Serious liver disease caused by HAV Found in stool Causes inflammation of

liver and affects ability to function

Acute virus Recovery=complete

elimination (no damage) Mildest form

1-2 months

+Transmission of Hepatitis A

Spread orally when contaminated food or water is ingested Disease of feces and filth

sewage disposal/unclean conditionsthrive

Come in contact w/ blood or stool of infected individual

Individual doesn’t properly wash hands and then touches objects or food

+Signs, Symptoms and Diagnosis

Show up after 2-6 weeks Signs and Symptoms:

dark urine, fatigue, itching, loss of appetite, low-grade fever, nausea/vomiting, pale or clay colored stools, yellow skin (jaundice)

Diagnosis: Noticed in physical exam

(enlarged/ tender liver) Blood tests show: raised

IgM and IgG antibodies and elevated liver enzymes

+Treatment and Prevention

Rest, avoid alcohol and other substances that are toxic to the liver (Tylenol), avoid fatty foods

Vaccines are available (4 weeks) Booster is necessary

Wash hands thoroughly after using the bathroom

Avoid unclean food and water

+What is Hepatitis B? Serious liver disease caused by

HBV Irritation and swelling of the

liver Infects 5% of the world’s

population with a lifelong chronic infection Destruction of liver

cellscirrhosis Causes 5 million liver cancer

cases a year More common in areas of

Southeast Asia, tropical Africa, gay men and intravenous drug users

+Transmission of Hepatitis B Transmission occurs

through sexual contact and contact with contaminated blood and bodily fluids Blood transfusions Direct contact with blood

in health care settings Tattoo or acupuncture

with unclean needles or instruments

Shared needles during drug use

Shared personal items (such as toothbrushes, razors, and nail clippers) with an infected person

+Signs, Symptoms and Diagnosis May not appear for up to 6

months Signs and Symptoms:

Appetite loss, fatigue, low-grade fever, muscle and joint aches, nausea and vomiting, yellow skin and dark urine due to jaundice

Diagnosis: Tests: antibody to HBsAg,

Hepatitis B core antigen, Hepatitis B surface antigen, Hepatitis E surface antigen Identify/Monitor Liver

Damage: albumin level, liver function tests and prothrombin time

Need ongoing blood tests

+Treatment and Prevention Monitor liver and other

bodily functions Liver failureliver transplant

Rare Antiviral medications

Decrease/remove HBV from blood and reduce risk of cirrhosis and cancer

Vaccines are available Only 1 percent receive

vaccines

Avoid sexual contact with a person who has hepatitis

Avoid sharing personal items, such as razors or toothbrushes

Do not share drug needles or other drug equipment

First dose of the hepatitis B vaccine at birthcomplete the series of three shots by 6 months old

+What is Hepatitis C?

Caused by HCV viral disease that leads to

swelling of the liver Not as globally common as

B, but much higher percentage of individuals become chronically ill More cases of cirrhosis

and liver cancer

+Transmission of Hepatitis CTransmitted through bodily

fluids like B Sexual contact with a person who has

hepatitis C Inject street drugs or share a needle with

someone who has hepatitis C Received a blood transfusion before July

1992 Received a tattoo or acupuncture with

contaminated instruments Blood, blood products, or solid organs

from a donor who has hepatitis C Share personal items such as

toothbrushes and razors with someone who has hepatitis C

Was born to a hepatitis C-infected mother

+Signs, Symptoms and Diagnosis Not as common for symptoms to

develop…may not be noticed until cirrhosis has developed and liver is permanently scarred

Possible Signs and Symptoms: Abdominal pain, abdominal

swelling, clay-colored or pale stools, dark urine, fatigue, fever, itching, jaundice, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting

Diagnosis: Blood tests Genetic testing for the hepatitis C

genotype Identify and monitor liver damage:

Albumin level, liver function tests, prothrombin time and liver biopsies

+Treatment and Prevention

Given an antiviral medication that is taken 3 times a week for 6 to 12 months Effective if started within

2 to 3 months of infection No vaccine

Avoid contact with blood Do not share needles with

anyone Tattoos and piercings

+There is more? Strands go all the way up to

G D, delta virus, is only found

with B Symptoms become more

severe E is different strand than A,

but is also spread through fecal contamination Large outbreaks in Asia

and South America Later two new strands were

isolatedF&G

+Works Cited

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001323/



http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/vis/downloads/vis-hep-a.pdf

Killer Germs By: Barry and David Zimmerman Google Images













by: sydney freedman

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