byproducts transformation: from waste to resource to energy
TRANSCRIPT
Byproducts Transformation: from Waste to Resource to Energy
Ljupka ArsovaGershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc.
Fairfax, VA USA
May 14, 2015
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Introduction
MSW in the United States
Technologies & Products
Technology Review
Trends, Expectations and Opportunities
Outline
GBB -- Quality – Value – Ethics – Results
• Established in 1980• Solid Waste
Management and Technology Consultants
• Helping Clients Turn Problems into Opportunities
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GBB Waste Technology Services
• Economic, technical, and environmental reviews
• Markets development • Process planning and
design • Waste characterization
and sourcing• Procurement and
negotiation assistance• Independent feasibility
consultant• Technology due diligence• Acceptance testing and
operations monitoring
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www.rewmag.com
MSW in the US
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Disposition of MSW in the U.S.
EPA Estimate: 251 million tons (2012)
Discarded53.80%Recovery
34.50%
Combustion with Energy
Recovery11.70%
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Discarded63.50%Composted
6.34%
Recycled22.58%
Combustion with Energy
Recovery7.58%
Columbia University/ SOG 2013 results: 389 million tons (2011)
MSW Composition
Paper & Paperboard,
27.4%
Food Scraps, 14.5%
Yard Trimmings,
13.5%
Plastics, 12.70%
Metals, 9%
Rubber, Leather &
Textiles 8.4%
Wood, 6.3%
Glass, 4.6% Other, 3.4%
Source: US EPA, 2014
Composition of the MSW as generated, before recycling
Paper & Paperboard,
15%
Food Scraps, 21%
Yard Trimmings,
9%Plastics, 18%
Metals, 9%
Rubber & Leather &
Textile, 11%
Wood, 8%
Glass, 5%Other, 4%
Composition of the MSW as disposed, after recycling
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Recovery of Material Types as Percentage of Generation (EPA, 2012)
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0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
Management Practices
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What are we doing today with our waste?
Historical Generation & Management of MSW 1970 - 2012Source: US EPA, Municipal Solid Waste in the United States, 2012 Facts and Figures
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0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2005 2007 2008 2009 2010 2012
Mill
ions
of T
ons
Year
MSW Generation
Recovery for Recycling
Recovery for Composting
Combustion with EnergyRecovery
Discards to Landfill, otherDisposal
Technology Number
Transfer Stations 3,350
Material Recovery Facilities (MRF) 586
Mixed Waste Processing Facilities (MWPF) 51Composting 4,900
Anaerobic Digestion 21WTE 84
Landfills 1,908
U.S. Waste Management Infrastructure
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Technology reviewExisting and emerging technologies
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Technologies and Products
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Secondary Product
Product Conversion
UpgradingGasoline
Extraction Chemicals
Engine
Ethanol/Methanol
Gas Turbine
Ammonia
Boiler Electricity
Synthesis
Primary ProductConversion
TechnologyChar
Tars & Oils
Syngas
Heat
Biogas
Ethanol
Compost
Anaerobic Digestion
Ethanol Fermentation
Feedstock
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Combustion*may be pre-
processed
Aerobic Composting
Status of WTE facilitiesOperating Facilities 80
Inactive Facilities 4
Total number of facilities 84
Facilities under construction 1
WTE (mass burn) plants in the US
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WTE facilities by TechnologyMass Burn 64
Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) 13
Modular 7
Hartford, CT (RDF dedicated boiler)
Alexandria, VA – Covanta (mass burn facility)
Source: Energy Recovery Council, 2014
State of the Composting in the US
Yard trimmings
70%
Food Scraps 7%
Mixed Organics
2%
Biosolids5%
On Site Institution
7%
On Site Farm/Ag
8%Other 1%
Composting Facilities by Type
• 4,914 composting operations in 43 states
• 19,4 million tons of organics diverted for composting (reported by 33 states)
• CA is the leader followed by FL, IA, WA and NY
• Average amount of organics processed at a composting plant: 5,155 TPY
• >20 states have yard waste bans from landfills
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Source: Institute for Local Self-Reliance & BioCycle, July 2014
Anaerobic Digestion
• Currently the most popular in the US• >20 commercial plants operating in
the US• Feedstock: Commercial food waste,
residential SSO, co-digestion at WWTP and farms
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• Emerging technology • Partial combustion in an
air-controlled environment• Product: Syngas for production
of electricity, chemicals/ fuels (ethanol) • Feedstocks: MSW, biomass,
medical waste,
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Gasification
• Thermal conversion in the absence of oxygen• Non-recyclable plastics to oils, fuels• Plastics-to-Oil Technologies Alliance formed by ACC
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Pyrolysis
TRENDS, EXPECTATIONS, AND OPPORTUNITIES
FOR THE FUTURE
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1950’s
Incineration for volume reduction
1950’s-1990’s
Mass burn with energy recovery
1990’s- 2000’s
Development and implementation of new and emerging technologies
Today
Material recovery towards circular economy
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Evolution of the Waste-to-Energy
Conversion technologies are
advancing
Increased interest in mixed waste processing and
MBT
Single vs dual stream collection
of recyclables
Sustainability and zero waste
Organics diversion and bans
Current Trends
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Example of MSW through Processing and Alternative Technologies
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MSW
Organics
MaterialsFor Recycling Organics
Mixed Waste Processing
Refuse Processed
FuelWTE facility
• Oil Refineries• Dedicated RE-Boilers• Paper Mills
Food Scraps
Power
WWTP Composting Anaerobic Digestion
Landfill
Biogas
Residue
Soil Amendment
Steam
Trucks and/or gas grid
User
Alternative Risks/Liability Risk SummaryProcessing for
Recyclables and Fuel Proven commercial technology Low
Composting Proven commercial technology Low
Mass Burn Combustion Proven commercial technology Low
RDF Combustion Proven technology; limited U.S. commercial experience Moderate to Low
Anaerobic Digestion Proven technology; limited U.S. commercial experience Moderate to Low
Pyrolysis and Gasification
Previous failures at scale; no operating experience with large -scale operations in the
U.S.; full-scale demonstrations nearing operationHigh
Technologies and Risk
24Source: Gershman, Brickner & Bratton, Inc. 2014
Energy/Fuel Product Values Are Key
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++ sale of chemical feedstocks, heat and/or recovered metalsSystem Capital Costs and O&M Costs impact the NET MSW costs!
Conv
ertin
g M
SW to
…
Product 1 ton MSW yields Value Per Production Unit
RevenuePer Ton
Power 500-600 kWh @ $0.06 / kWh $30-$36
Synthetic Crude 4 barrels @ $80 / barrel $320.00
Ethanol 80 gallons @ $2.50 / gallon $200.00
Jet fuel 50 gallons @$1.86/gallon $93
Thank you!!Questions and comments?
Ljupka Arsova1-800-573-5801