1. 1. Effective utilization of industrial waste in concrete
2. 2. introduction The consumption of natural aggregates of all types has been increasing in recent years in most countries owing to rapid industrialization. Due to increased construction activities in India, availability of natural fine aggregates are depleting by each passing day. The continued extraction of natural aggregates leads to serious environmental problem including landslides. Using industrial waste products as either cement additives or alternate fuels, it is possible to reduce the quantity of raw materials and fossil fuels used to produce cement.
3. 3. The use of industrial by-products diverts the material from the waste stream, reduce the energy used in processing virgin materials, use of virgin materials and decreases pollution. Besides industrial waste offering environmental advantages, it also improves the performance (HSC and HPC) and quality of concrete which is the need of hour for most problems of 21st century including Earthquake resistance and Durability.
4. 4. Utilization in concrete a best alternative since it uses up Fly ash, Red mud, Silica fume, Rice-husk ash or GGBS for OPC. It helps to put off Global Warming but utilizes the waste materials efficiently thereby reducing the risk of waste disposal and at same hand, safeguards dwindling natural resources. The role of a Civil Engineer is to reduce cement consumption through the use of supplementary materials. Hoping this simple initiative will add water to the burning fire and it will kindle the spirit of young Civil Engineers to use eco-friendly construction materials in this present scenario.
5. 5. Materials used Most common materials that can be used in concrete are Fly Ash Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS) Red Mud Microsilica Metakaolin Rice Hush Ash (RHA)
6. 6. Fly ash - non-combusted by-product of coal-fired power plants. During combustion, the coal's mineral impurities such as clay, feldspar, quartz and shale fuse in suspension and are carried away from the combustion chamber by the exhaust gases. Such fused material cools and solidifies into spherical glassy particles called fly ash. Fly ash is a finely divided powder resembling Portland cement consisting mostly of SiO2. Red mud - major industrial waste by Bayer process for the extraction of alumina. Characterized by strong alkalinity due to presence of excessive amount of dissolved NaOH. The red color is by the oxidized Fe present, which can make up to 60% of mass of the red mud. In addition to Fe, the other dominant particles include silica, unleached residual Al, and TiO .
7. 7. Disposal becomes a huge problem due to the presence of high pH, heavy metals and radioactivity. Hence new technologies utilizing red mud are gently needed, besides the use in of GPC. Kaolinite - clay mineral with the chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4, which means each particle has one tetrahedral silica layer and one octahedral alumina layer. It is a soft mineral produced by the chemical weathering of aluminum silicate minerals like feldspar. Rocks that arerich in Kaolinite are also known as china clay, white clay, or kaolin. Metakaolin is a dehydroxylated form of the clay mineral Kaolinite in the temperature range of 500- 800C. It is a highly pozzolanic.
8. 8. Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) - obtained by quenching molten iron slag from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine powder. The main components of blast furnace slag are CaO (30-50%), SiO2 (28- 38%), Al2O3 (8-24%) and MgO (1-18%). GGBS has now effectively replaced sulfate-resisting Portland cement (SRPC) on the market for sulfate resistance because of its superior performance and greatly reduced cost compared to SRPC.
9. 9. Silica fume - also known as microsilica, is an amorphous polymorph of silicon dioxide, silica. It is an ultrafine powder collected as a by-product of the silicon and ferrosilicon alloy production. It is an ultrafine material with spherical particles less than 1 m in diameter, the average being about 0.15 m. This makes it approximately 100 times smaller than the average cement particle which makes it suitable as pozzolanic material for high performance concrete.
10. 10. Rice husk Ash (RHA) - Rice husk also called rice hull, is the hard protecting covering of grains of rice, which is a by-product generally obtained from milling process of rice. The RHA is generated after burning the rice husk in the boiler, which is collected from the particulate collection equipment. It is highly porous, lightweight and contains silica in high content (90 95%). At present, disposal of RHA is dumping on waste land, creating land dereliction problems. Since amount of RHA generated is in plenty, an effective way of disposal of RHA is needed urgently.
11. 11. FLY ASH RED MUD METAKAOLIN GGBS MICROSILICA RHA
12. 12. From the literature reviews it is concluded that, Micro silica can be added at a rate of 5-15% by weight of cement Red Mud can be used up to 30%. Fly Ash and GGBS can be used upto 100% in GPC RHA can be replaced upto 20%. The performance of various by-products in concrete can be listed as follows conclusion
13. 13. Material Flyash Workability Enhanced Compressive Strength Increase with age Split Tensile Strength Increased as fineness of fly ash increased Modulus of Elasticity Higher than conventional concrete Material Redmud Workability Improved due to low moisture absorption of Red Mud Compressive Strength Increased upto 30% Split Tensile Strength Similar to that of compressive strength Modulus of Elasticity No effect
14. 14. Material metakaolin Workability Better Compressive Strength Improved upto 40% Split Tensile Strength Improved upto 40% Modulus of Elasticity Increases with increase in Metakaolin content Material GGBS Workability Improved Compressive Strength Reduction at early age Split Tensile Strength Slightly higher Modulus of Elasticity No effect
15. 15. Material microsiica Workability Increased upto 10% Compressive Strength Increase upto the level of 7.5% Split Tensile Strength Increase upto the level of 7.5% Modulus of Elasticity Increase with increase in Microsiica content Material RHA Workability Less than 20% replacement shows decreased Workability Compressive Strength Highest value is expected at 20% Split Tensile Strength Enhanced performance Modulus of Elasticity Decreased as addition of RHA decreased
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