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TRANSCRIPT
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(2)(1)
Brumbach, M.; Veneman, P. A.; Marrikar, F.S.; Schulmeyer, T.;Simmonds, A.; Xia, W.; Lee, P.; Armstrong, N. R. Langmuir 2007,23, 11089–11099.
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Hypothesis to test
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Scientific Method approach:
• Observation – electrode homogenization improves performance• Hypothesis for phenomena
• δ – characteristic diffusion length• D - diffusion coefficient• V - average front velocity due to charge generation at D-A interface • Rooted in electrochemical studiesV
D
Thus we hypothesized : • When δ > d… heterogeneity should not matter.
Figure (B) provides estimates • δ ~ 400 nm for 4 mA-cm-2
• δ ~ 200 nm for 15 mA-cm-2
• based on mobility corresponding to CuPc of ~ 2.9 X10-4 cm2-V-1-s-1
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Simulation and model methods based upon: Marsh, R. A.; Groves, C.; Greenham, N. C. J. Appl. Phys. 2007, 101, 083509.
Simulation(1)
(2)(3)
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More simulation
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Eq 1.
Eq 2.
Eq 3.
Equations of transport
Evolution of simulation
• Polaron-pair placed across D-A interface
• Braun’s ‘extension’ of Onsager theory applied to limit recombination
• Periodically placed depending on theoretical maximum photocurrent
• Equation 1-2 applied to calculate rate for each possible nearest neighbor hop
•Site i to site j
• Equation 3 applied to calculate probability for each of the possible nearest neighbor hops
• Actual hop selected from the weighted probability and implemented at time determined by Equation 1
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‘Flat‐band’ simulation
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• In contrast to a continuum model simulation approach, this nanometer scale approach is computationally voracious!
• All simulations were performed at a single-operating point• The ‘flat-band’ condition – transport dominated by diffusion
• Achieved by use of symmetric and ‘neutral’ contacts• The ‘flat-band’ condition
is NOT VOC
…
Moliton et al., “How to model the behaviour of organic photovoltaics”, Polymer International, 55, 2006.
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Some results
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(1)
(2)
(3) (4)
Recognize 100 watts-m-2
represents ~10% power conversion efficiency
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Some trajectories(1) (2)
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Conclusions
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• We see the effects of heterogeneity for all the electrode constructs implemented
• Our hypothesis predicted we would not see much effect
• δ ~ 400 nm for 4 mA-cm-2
• δ ~ 200 nm for 15 mA-cm-2
• The PVs in our simulation were sensitive to ~2x orders of magnitude less heterogeneity than we predicted
VD
• Our simple hypothesis ignored space-charge effects in vicinity of electrode and trapping by image forces in front of electrically inactive regions
• Significantly reduces the effective diffusion coefficient (D)
• Interlayers are necessary in low mobility/conductivity active layers to achieve practical power conversion efficiencies
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A little perspective…(if time permits)
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Does the low percentage of electrically active area of the electrode matter for PVs?
• Blocked showerhead
Single molecule junctions => 10-9 – 10-6 mA-molecule-1
with an electrostatic potential of 0.2 V applied(1)
(1) Frisbie et al., “Comparison of Electronic Transport Measurements on Organic Molecules”, Adv. Mater., 15, 22, 2003
CuPc|C60 PHJ @ PMAX => J ~ 3 mA-cm-2
~1013 molecules-cm-2 => 104 – 107 mA-cm-2
~1012 molecules-cm-2 => 103 – 106 mA-cm-2
Does this magnitude of current density stress the electrode?
Cu wire => J ~106 mA-cm-2