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C17- Organizing Lifes DiversityPp. 442 - 4711C17- Organizing Lifes DiversityClassification- grouping of organisms or info based on similaritiesTaxonomy- branch of science that groups & names organismsAristotle grouped everything into plants & animals with subgroups for each.

Organizing Lifes DiversityHe grouped plants into herbs, shrubs & trees.As more organisms were discovered, some did not fit Aristotles categories.His ideas persisted for centuries.

Organizing Lifes DiversityIn the late 18th century, Swedish botanist, Carolus Linnaeus, developed a system based on structural & physical similarities.Grouping reveal relationships.

Organizing Lifes DiversityBinomial nomenclature- 2 word naming system Linnaeus developed to identify species.Genus specific epithet- Homo sapiens or H. sapiens

Organizing Lifes DiversityWe use Latin because the language is no longer changing.Printed in italics; handwritten underlinedGenus uppercase species lower case

Organizing Lifes DiversityAtropa belladonna by C. Linnaeus.Organisms also have common names which may vary depending upon location.

Modern ClassificationTaxonomists compare: internal/external structure geographical distribution genetic makeup evolutionary relationshipsEasier to understand biological diversity

Modern ClassificationTaxonomists discover new sources of lumber, medicine & energy.

How Living Things are ClassifiedRanked in taxa from general to specific characteristics.Species look alike & successfully interbreed.Genus similar features; closely related

How Living Things are ClassifiedDomains include all six kingdoms.

17-2 The Six KingdomsHow are evolutionary relationships determined?Structural similaritiesBreeding behaviorGeographic distributionChromosome comparisonBiochemistry

Phylogenetic ClassificationPhylogeny evolutionary history of a speciesCladistics is based on phylogeny.Cladograms are models of these evolutionary relationships

Cladogram

Cladogram

Six Kingdoms- ProkaryoteProkaryotes microscopic, unicellular, without membrane-bound nuclei, may be autotrophic (chemosynthetic or photosynthetic) or heterotrophic3.4 BY old fossils

Six Kingdoms- EubacteriaEubacteria- very strong cell walls, less complex genetic makeup, live in most habitats except extremes, some cause disease, most are harmless, some are helpful

Six Kingdoms ProtistsProtists-

Six Kingdoms- ProtistsProtists- eukaryote lacking complex organ systems, lives in moist environment, unicellular & multicellular, plant-like autotrophs, animal-like heterotrophs or fungus-like heterotrophs2 BY old fossils

Six Kingdoms- FungiFungi- heterotrophs, earths decomposersUnicellular or multicellular eukaryoteAbsorbs nutrients from organic materials in the environment400,000 MY old fossilsMore than 50,000 known species

Six Kingdoms- PlantsMulticellular, oxygen producersPhotosynthetic eukaryotesContains chloroplasts & has cell walls of cellulose400 MY old fossilsMore than 250,000 known species

Six Kingdoms- AnimalsMulticellular consumersCells, tissues, organs, systemsCan move about600,000 MY old fossils