Chapter 17Chapter 17

Organizing Life’s DiversityOrganizing Life’s Diversity

ClassificationClassification

The grouping of objects or The grouping of objects or information based on information based on similiaritiessimiliarities

TaxonomyTaxonomy

Science of Science of classification classification

11stst classification classification system was system was done by done by Aristotle Aristotle (Greek (Greek Philosopher).Philosopher).

Aristotle’s ClassificationAristotle’s Classification Animals were classified as to Animals were classified as to

where they lived.where they lived.Land dewellersLand dewellersWater dewellersWater dewellersAir dewellersAir dewellers

Plants were classified as the Plants were classified as the followingfollowingHerbsHerbsShrubsShrubsTreesTrees

Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus

Swedish naturalist formulated a Swedish naturalist formulated a system called system called Binomial Binomial NomenclatureNomenclature Two word naming system (all organisms Two word naming system (all organisms

given scientific namesgiven scientific names Consists of the genus & speciesConsists of the genus & species Latin Words / ItalicizedLatin Words / Italicized Ex.Ex.

Man = Man = Homo(Genus) sapien(Species)Homo(Genus) sapien(Species) Lynx rufus (Lynx = Genus, rufus = species)Lynx rufus (Lynx = Genus, rufus = species)

Scientific NamingScientific Naming

7 Basic Taxa for 7 Basic Taxa for Classification Classification

KingdomKingdom – Largest grouping 6 – Largest grouping 6 PhylumPhylum – subgroup of kingdom – subgroup of kingdom ClassClass – subgroup of phylum – subgroup of phylum OrderOrder – subgroup of class – subgroup of class FamilyFamily – subgroup of order – subgroup of order GenusGenus – subgroup of family – subgroup of family SpeciesSpecies – subgroup of species – subgroup of species

Example: ManExample: Man Kingdom – AnimaliaKingdom – Animalia Phylum – Chordata – backbone Phylum – Chordata – backbone

like structurelike structure Class – Mammalia – female Class – Mammalia – female

produce milk for their youngproduce milk for their young Order – Primate – stand uprightOrder – Primate – stand upright Family – Homindae – manlike Family – Homindae – manlike

structurestructure Genus – Homo – true manGenus – Homo – true man Species – sapien - wiseSpecies – sapien - wise

Classification TaxonomyClassification Taxonomy

Organisms are classified Organisms are classified by:by:

1. Structural similarities1. Structural similarities 2. Embryological Evidence2. Embryological Evidence 3. Genetic Similarities 3. Genetic Similarities

(chromosomes)(chromosomes) 4. Biochemical4. Biochemical 5. Geographical 5. Geographical

distributiondistribution

How do you classify?How do you classify?

17.2 The Six Kingdoms 17.2 The Six Kingdoms Evolutionary RelationshipsEvolutionary Relationships Phylogenetic Classification Phylogenetic Classification

Phylogeny Phylogeny – shows the – shows the evolutionary evolutionary historyhistory of species of species

ModelsModels CladogramCladogram – – model of the model of the

phylogenyphylogeny of a species of a species FanlikeFanlike – includes both – includes both Earth’s Earth’s

geologic timegeologic time and the probable and the probable evolution of organisms during the evolution of organisms during the timespantimespan

CladogramsCladograms

Six KingdomsSix Kingdoms 1. 1. Archaebacteria – ex. Archaebacteria – ex.

BacteriaBacteriaProkaryoticProkaryoticUnicellularUnicellularAutotrophic & heterotrophicAutotrophic & heterotrophicThe oldest fossil is 3.5 billion The oldest fossil is 3.5 billion years agoyears ago

Live in Live in extreme environmentsextreme environments (swamp, bottom of ocean)(swamp, bottom of ocean)

ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria

Six KingdomsSix Kingdoms 2. Eubacteria – ex. Bacteria 2. Eubacteria – ex. Bacteria

(blue green aglae)(blue green aglae)10,000 species10,000 speciesLive everywhere except Live everywhere except extreme environmentsextreme environments

Single cell (unicellular)Single cell (unicellular)Autotrophs & heterotrophicAutotrophs & heterotrophicMicroscopicMicroscopic

BacteriaBacteria

Six KingdomsSix Kingdoms 3. Kingdom 3. Kingdom

Protista – ex. Protista – ex. Amoeba, algaeAmoeba, algaeSingle cell or Single cell or multicellularmulticellular

Aquatic Aquatic (water)(water)

EukaryoticEukaryoticHeterotrophic Heterotrophic & autotrophic& autotrophic

Amoeba

Six KingdomsSix Kingdoms 4. Kingdom 4. Kingdom

Fungi – ex. Mold, Fungi – ex. Mold, mushroommushroom EukaryoticEukaryotic Multicellular Multicellular

and Unicellularand Unicellular TerrestrialTerrestrial HeterotrophicHeterotrophic Cell wall Cell wall

contains chitincontains chitin

Six KingdomsSix Kingdoms

5. Kingdom 5. Kingdom Plantae (plants)Plantae (plants) AutotrophicAutotrophic MulticellularMulticellular Terrestrial Terrestrial

(land) (mostly)(land) (mostly) EukaryoticEukaryotic Cell wall make Cell wall make

of celluloseof cellulose

Six KingdomsSix Kingdoms

6. Kingdom 6. Kingdom Animalia – ex. Animalia – ex. Dog, giraffeDog, giraffe HeterotrophicHeterotrophic MulticellularMulticellular EukaryoticEukaryotic Aquatic & Aquatic &

TerrestrialTerrestrial MobileMobile