c2-blood circulation and transportation-stu (1)

8/9/2019 c2-Blood Circulation and Transportation-stu (1)

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CHAPTER 2

BLOOD CIRCULATIONAND

TRANSPORT

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NAME : ______________

CLASS : ______________

TEACHER : MS AZIE



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TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES :

• To describe the circulatory system as a system oftubes with a pump and valves that ensure one-way

flow of blood.

• To state the function of the heart.

• To identify the structure of the human heart.



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The human circulatory systemconsists of:

1. __________2. __________3. __________

HEART STRUCTURE



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HEARTSTRUCTURE



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HEART STRUCTURE



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From head

and body

To headand body

From lungs

From trunk

and legs

To lungs

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HEART STRUCTURE



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HEART STRUCTURE



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• Most powerful organ

in the circulatorysystem.• Cone-shaped organ.• Weight about 300g.

• Location: in thethoracic cavity,

between the lungs.• A muscular organmade up of ______

_______, connectivetissues and bloodvessels.

HEART STRUCTURE



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The heart pumps blood to the wholebody.

The human heart consists of fourchambers:

a) ____________b) ____________C) ____________

d) ____________The heart is connected to four main

blood vesselsi) ____________ii) ____________

iii) ___________iv) ____________

The _______ separate the atria/atrium from the ventricles. To ensure

that the blood flows only in one

direction.

HEART STRUCTURE



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• right side of theheart contains _______________.

• left side of the

heart contains _______________(blood rich in

oxygen).

HEART STRUCTURE



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VALVES

The one-way flow of blood in the heart is controlled by threetypes of valves :

! ____________(mitral valve) – controls blood from leftatrium to left ventricle

! _____________ – controls blood from right atrium to rightventricle

! ______________ – controls blood from left ventricle toaorta



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VALVES

" Present in some blood vessels." Prevent backflow.

" Ensure blood flows in 1 direction only.



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• larger volume of space than the atrium.• thicker wall than the atrium.

•

Left ventricle is thicker and moremuscular than the right ventricle.

WHY ?

VENTRICLE STRUCTURE



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PARTS FUNCTIONSUPERIOR VENA

CAVABlood from the upper portion of the body

flows into the heart.

AORTABlood from the heart is pumped to the whole

body.

PULMONARYVEIN

Blood from the lungs is pumped into the heart

RIGHT ATRIUM Cavity where blood flow from vena cava intothe heart

TRICUSPIDVALVE

Prevents backflow of blood into the rightatrium

FUNCTION OF HEART STRUCTURE



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INFERIORVENA CAVA

Blood from the lower portions of the bodyflows into the heart

PULMONARYARTERY

Blood is pumped into the lungs from the rightventricle.

LEFT ATRIUMCavity where blood flows from the pulmonary

vein into the heart

BICUSPIDVALVE

Prevent backflow of blood into the left atrium

AORTIC VALVEPrevent backflow of blood into the left

ventricle

LEFTVENTRICLE

Cavity where blood flow into from the leftatrium through the bicuspid valve

RIGHT

VENTRICLE

Cavity where blood flow into from the right

atrium through the tricuspid valve

FUNCTION OF HEART STRUCTURE



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BLOODVESSELS



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• To identify the structure of arteries, veins andcapillaries.

• To relate the characteristics of the blood vesselsto their functions.



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3 TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELSARTERIES CAPILLARIES VEINS

BLOOD VESSELS



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BLOOD VESSELS



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BLOOD VESSELS

Capillaries are found veryclose to the cells of the

body.They join to form biggertubes called veins.They

connect the arteries to theveins.

Blood flows slowly in thecapillaries and at a higherpressure compared to theflows of blood in the veins.

Capillaries transportoxygenated blood to the body

cells.They transportdeoxygenated blood from the

cells.



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The thin walls of the capillaries allow the ___________

_______________ between the blood and body cells.Substances such as oxygen,carbon dioxide,nutrients and

excretory products are exchanged between the bloodand body cells.

BLOOD VESSELS



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BLOOD VESSELS



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BLOODCIRCULATIO



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LEARNING OBJECTIVES :• To compare and contrast oxygenated and

deoxygenated blood.

• To illustrate the path of blood flow in thecirculatory system.

• To describe the role of the blood circulatorysystem in the transport of substances.

• To explain the importance of maintaining a healthyheart.



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HEART STRUCTURE

CHARACTERISTICS OXYGENATEDBLOOD

DEOXYGENATEDBLOOD

Where it is carried?

In all arteriesexcept the

pulmonaryartery

In all veins except

the pulmonary vein

Colour of blood Bright red Dark red

Composition of blood Contains oxygenin the form ofoxyhaemoglobin

Contains less oxygenbut more CO 2

Where it is found in largequantities?

The bloodleaving the lungs

The blood from allparts of the body

except the lungs

COMPARISON BETWEEN OXYGENATED BLOOD ANDDEOXYGENATED BLOOD



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2 parts!!!!

1. _______________________circulation: from heart to lungback to heart

2. _______________________ circulation: from heartto all parts of body

except lungs

BLOOD CIRCULATION



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IMPORTANCE OFAHEALTHY HEART



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Why it is important to

maintain a healthyheart?????

An unhealthy heart may causes varioushealth problems which may lead to

death.

HEALTHY HEART



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# The heart will stop pumping blood.# Blood will not reach critical organ like the brain and

the heart itself.# If the heart muscles do not receives enough blood within in a

few minutes the cell in the area will die. This is fatal.# If the brain does not receive oxygenated blood, critical brain

cells may die.This may cause coma or brain damage.# Toxic waste will quickly build up when blood stop flowing.

HEALTHY HEART



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THE IMPORTANCE TO MAINTAIN

A HEALTHY HEART.

HEALTHY HEART



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HEALTHY HEART

• smoking• high blood pressure

• too much fat in your diet/ obesity• diabetes• age,male

• hereditary

• poor blood cholesterol level.

RISK FACTORS THAT CAN TRIGGER

THE HEART ATTACK



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HEALTHY HEART

1. Avoid smoking2. Reduce the intake of fatty foods.

3. Maintain a moderate body weight4. Avoid drinking alcohol

5. Reduce mental and emotional stress.

THE WAYS TO MAINTAINA HEALTHY HEART



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EXERCISES

1-Name the four chambers of the human heart and the blood vesselconnected to each chamber.

________________________________________

_______________________________________

________________________________________

_______________________________________

2-State the difference in function between the vena cava and thepulmonary vein.

________________________________________

_______________________________________

________________________________________

_______________________________________



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EXERCISES

3-List four substances which are transported by blood.

________________________________________

_______________________________________

________________________________________ _______________________________________

4-State four ways that can prevent heart disease.

________________________________________ _______________________________________

________________________________________

_______________________________________



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HUMANBLOOD



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ANALYSING HUMAN BLOOD


• To state the constituents of blood and theirfunctions.

• To state the blood groups.• To match the blood group of the donor to

that of the recipient.• To justify the importance of blood donation.

• To describe how donated blood isstored and handled.



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HUMAN BLOOD



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HUMAN BLOOD

Produced in thebone marrow



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HUMAN BLOOD



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Form“

scabs”

when you cut yourself.

Helps to stop the

bleeding(BLOODCLOTTING).

HUMAN BLOOD



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HUMAN BLOOD

HUMAN BLOOD



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HUMAN BLOOD

RED BLOODCELLS WHITEBLOOD CELLS PLATELETS

Produced in Bone marrowBone marrow

and lymphnodes

Bone marrow

Shape Biconcave disc-shape Irregular Roundfragments

Nucleus Not present Present Not present

Function Transportoxygen

Protect bodyagaintsdiseases andfight

infections

Help in bloodclotting

Lifespan 120 days 2-4 days 4 days

BLOOD CONTITUENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS



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FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD

TRANSPORT OXYGEN

-Oxygen is transportedfrom the respiratory

organ (lung) to the bodytissues.

-The red blood cellstransport oxygen to the

body tissues where oxygenis used in cell respiration

to release energy.




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TRANSPORT CARBONDIOXIDE

-Carbon dioxide fromrespiring cells

dissolves in the blood

plasma. It is releasedinto the alveoli and isexcreted by the lungs.




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TRANSPORT DIGESTEDFOOD

-Digested food such asglucose and aminoacids diffuses intothe capillaries and

carried to the bodycells.




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REMOVE EXCRETORYPRODUCTS ANDWASTE PRODUCTS

-Excretory products

such as carbondioxide,urea,waterare transported tospecific organ for

removal.




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TRANSPORT HORMONES

-Hormones which are secreted by the endocrine glands aretransported to where they are needed.




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DISTRIBUTES HEAT

-Heat produced locally isdistributed to the whole

body.-This also helps maintainbody temperature



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BLOOD GROUPS

ANDCOMPATIBILITY

BLOOD GROUP



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BLOOD GROUP

• Human blood can be classified into four main groups

which are _______________ .

• Every individual belongs to a particular blood group.

BLOOD GROUP



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People from blood _________ are called ________ __________ because they receive blood from donors

of all the four groups.

People from blood _______ are called ____________because they can donate their blood to recipient

of all the four groups.

BLOOD GROUP

BLOOD GROUP



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BLOOD GROUP

BLOOD GROUP



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BLOOD TRANSFUSION

Blood transfusion is thetransfer of blood from a

donor to a recipient.

The donors red blood cellsmust be compatible

with the recipients plasma

BLOOD GROUP

BLOOD GROUP



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In blood transfusions, the recipient’

s bloodmust be ____________ with the donor

’

s.

If they are incompatible, blood cells will ________________. This may lead to death.

BLOOD GROUP

THE IMPORTANCE OF BLOOD DONATION



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•

Blood donation does not bring us any illeffects nor does it endanger ourhealth.

• Our body produces and replaces bloodvery quickly.

• Therefore we should adopt a positiveattitude towards blood donation.




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1. For major and minor surgeries2. To replace blood lost due to accidents.

3. To make blood constituents like red blood cells,plasma and platelets.

4. For children suffering from thalassaemia (bleedingdisorders).

BLOOD IS NEEDED IN THE FOLLOWINGSITUATION:





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5. For mother who encounter complications duringchildbirth.

6. For patient suffering from anaemia andleukaemia.

7. For victims who suffer burns on their body.

8. To help controls blood clots.





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HOW DOES DONATED BLOOD ARE STOREDAND HANDLED ???

The donor isinterviewed and

given medicalcounseling

The donatedblood is tester

for Hepatitis B, Cand HIV.

The blood sent tothe hospital wherethey are stored inblood bank at 4 oC.

Before the blood is used fortranfusion, the bags are taken outand left at room temperature for

2 hours.



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TRANSPORT SYSTE

INPLANT

ANALYSING THE TRANSPORT



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ANALYSING THE TRANSPORTSYSTEM IN PLANTS


• To investigate the pathway of water in a cut stemusing a suitable stains.

• To identify the locations of xylem and phloem,describe the functions of xylem and phloem.

TRANSPORT TISSUE IN PLANTS



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The transport system inplant consists of thin

tubes called _______ _____________ .

The vascular bundle canbe found in the ______ ,

_________ , and _____.

The transport system inplant

is made up of :

$ ____________$ ____________

XYLEM



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XYLEM

Made up of xylem vessels whichare _________ with no nucleus

and cytoplasm.

Form long tubes with thick walls.

From the woody tissue of plants.

____________________ ___________________

______________________ ______________________

from the roots up tothe leaves.

PHLOEM



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PHLOEM

Made up of living cells.

Phloem cells are arrangedto form long tubes

with separating wallsin between.

___________________from the leaves to

all parts of the plant.




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WILTING



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In the morning In the afternoon

What differences do you notice??

WILTING



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IN THE MORNING

The stem of a non-woody plant isupright

and the leaves are well spreadout.

This is because the cells are _______________ .

IN THE AFTERNOON

The stem is no longer upright andthe leaves drop or wilt.

This is because there is not enoughwater inside the plant (lose water).

90% of the water absorbed by aplant is lost as water vapour. ___________________ .



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TRANSPIRATION

ANALYSING THE TRANSPORT



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ANALYSING THE TRANSPORTSYSTEM IN PLANTS


• To describe what transpiration is.• To describe the function of stomata.

• To identify the factors affecting the rate of

transpiration.• To describe how the factors affect the rate of

transpiration.• To describe the rules of transpiration.

TRANSPIRATION



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Transpiration is the process by which a plant ________________ inthe form of water vapour from leaves to the environment.

The water vapour passes out of the leaf through tiny pores calledstomata in the epidermis.

TRANSPIRATION



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An open stoma:• the stomata of plants are

normally open during the dayto allow the exchange of

carbon dioxide and oxygen.

• Takes place duringphotosynthesis.• Loss of water by

transpiration.

A closed stoma:• occurs at night.

• Photosynthesis doesnot take place.

• Slows down water loss.

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TRANSPIRATION



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6ACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF TRANSPIRATION

• A potometer is used to measure the rate of transpiration.• The rate of transpiration depends on the:

FACTORS RATE OFTRANSPIRATION REASON

Humidity Increases with lowerhumidity

On dry days,there is lesswater vapour in the air.

Temperature Increase with an increase intemperature.

Rate of evaporationincreases.

Light intensity Increases with greater lightintensity

Evaporation of waterthrough the open stomata

increases.

Air movement Increases on windy daysMoving air removes watervapour from the surface

of the leaves.

TRANSPIRATION



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THE ROLE OF TRANSPIRATION

1. __________________________________________

2. Absorption and transport of mineral salts from the soil.

3. __________________________________________ 4. Cooling of plant.

5. __________________________________________

TRANSPIRATION



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ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT OF WATER

• Enable water to be transported from the root andstem to the leaves.

• This enables all cells in the plant to be active and toremain in a state of turgidity.

• This flow of water is continuous and is called thetranspirational stream.

TRANSPIRATION



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ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT OF MINERALSALTS FROM THE SOIL

• Water in the soil contains dissolvedminerals salts.

• During transpiration,the minerals salts present inthe soil are absorbed by the roots and transported

up the stems and to the leaves.

TRANSPIRATION



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REMOVAL OF EXCESS WATER

• Transpiration thus helps to get rid of the excesswater from the plant.

COOLING OF PLANT• Transpiration has a cooling effect on plants.

• As the water from the transpiration evaporates,heat from the plant is used up.This cools the plant.

TRANSPIRATION



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EXCHANGE OF GASES

• Carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis.Duringtranspiration,the opening of stomata allows carbon

dioxide from athmosphere to diffuse inside the

leaf.• Oxygen which is produced during photosynthesis

diffuses out into the athmosphere through thestomata.

EXERCISES



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Name the structure P and Q.State one function of P and Q.

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4 CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC

CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCD

EXERCISES



What is the meaning of transpiration? __________________________________________ _________________________________________

__________________________________________

Give TWO reasons why transpiration isimportant to plant?

________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________

EXERCISES



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State FOUR factors which affect the rate oftranspiration.

1-_ ______________________2-_______________________3-_______________________4-_______________________



THANKYOU

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