c81cog cognitive psychology revision lecture (2008-2009)

C81COGC81COGCognitive PsychologyCognitive PsychologyREVISION LECTURE REVISION LECTURE

(2008-2009)(2008-2009)

LecturersLecturers:: Peter ChapmanPeter Chapman

Alastair SmithAlastair SmithJonathan StirkJonathan Stirk

Richard Tunney Richard Tunney Geoff UnderwoodGeoff Underwood

Structure of lecturesStructure of lectures

Semester 1Semester 1 Intro to cognitionIntro to cognition Perception/IllusionsPerception/Illusions Pattern recognition/visionPattern recognition/vision ImageryImagery AttentionAttention

Structure of lecturesStructure of lectures

Semester 2Semester 2 Psychology of languagePsychology of language Word recognition/readingWord recognition/reading Memory- sensory/categoricalMemory- sensory/categorical Thinking/Problem solvingThinking/Problem solving Deduction/ReasoningDeduction/Reasoning

Breakdown of assessmentBreakdown of assessment

20 credit module20 credit module Assessment by exam & courseworkAssessment by exam & coursework Exam: Exam: 75%75% Coursework (tutorial essay): Coursework (tutorial essay): 25%25%

Structure of examStructure of exam

Number of questions: Number of questions: 120120 5-7 questions per lecture5-7 questions per lecture Type of questions: Type of questions: ALLALL Multiple Multiple

choicechoice BRING A PENCIL AND ERASER!BRING A PENCIL AND ERASER!

Length of exam: Length of exam: 2 hours2 hours

What to do when What to do when you sit in your you sit in your

seatseat

Read the Read the instructionsinstructions

Fill in the details Fill in the details on the on the ANSWER ANSWER SHEETSHEET

Fill in the Fill in the candidate slipcandidate slip

What to doWhat to do•READ INSTRUCTIONS READ INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY!CAREFULLY!

•FILL IN REQUIRED FILL IN REQUIRED INFORMATIONINFORMATION

•REMEMBER TO USE THE REMEMBER TO USE THE GRID ON THE TOP RIGHT TO GRID ON THE TOP RIGHT TO MARK OUT YOUR MARK OUT YOUR CANDIDATE NUMBER (WITH CANDIDATE NUMBER (WITH A PENCIL)A PENCIL)

•FILL IN THE ANSWER GRID FILL IN THE ANSWER GRID WITH A PENCIL MAKING ONE WITH A PENCIL MAKING ONE THICK PENCIL LINE ONLY THICK PENCIL LINE ONLY PER QUESTIONPER QUESTION

•REMOVE ANY INCORRECT REMOVE ANY INCORRECT OR ADDITIONAL MARKS OR ADDITIONAL MARKS WITH AN ERASERWITH AN ERASER

What What notnot to do! to do!

Tips for answering MCQ’sTips for answering MCQ’s

Read the directions carefullyRead the directions carefully The directions usually indicate that some alternatives The directions usually indicate that some alternatives

may be partly correct or correct statements in may be partly correct or correct statements in themselves, but not when joined to the stem. themselves, but not when joined to the stem.

You are required to answer 120 multiple choice You are required to answer 120 multiple choice questions in 2 hours or less. This means you questions in 2 hours or less. This means you may have may have less than a minuteless than a minute, on average, to , on average, to spend on each question. Some questions, of spend on each question. Some questions, of course, will take you only a few seconds, while course, will take you only a few seconds, while others will require more time for thought. others will require more time for thought.


Plan to progress through the exam in three Plan to progress through the exam in three ways:ways: Read every question carefully but quickly, answering Read every question carefully but quickly, answering

only those of which you are 100% certain. Put a "?" only those of which you are 100% certain. Put a "?" on those that need more thought. on those that need more thought.

Then, examine/study the questions not yet answered. Then, examine/study the questions not yet answered. Answer those you are reasonably sure of without Answer those you are reasonably sure of without pondering too long on each. Erase the "?" pondering too long on each. Erase the "?"

Finally, study read the remaining unanswered Finally, study read the remaining unanswered questions. If you cannot come to a decision by questions. If you cannot come to a decision by reasoning or if you run out of time, guess. Erase the reasoning or if you run out of time, guess. Erase the "?". A guess is better than a blank. "?". A guess is better than a blank.

Tips for answering MCQ’sTips for answering MCQ’s Use the process of elimination procedure. Use the process of elimination procedure. Eliminate Eliminate

the obviously incorrect alternatives. the obviously incorrect alternatives. Read Read allall of the stem and of the stem and everyevery alternative alternative

Read the stem with each alternative to take advantage of Read the stem with each alternative to take advantage of the correct sound or flow that the correct answer often the correct sound or flow that the correct answer often produces. Also, you can eliminate any alternatives that do produces. Also, you can eliminate any alternatives that do not agree grammatically with the stem. not agree grammatically with the stem.

Consider "all of the above" and "none of the above." Consider "all of the above" and "none of the above." Examine the "above" alternatives to see if all of them or Examine the "above" alternatives to see if all of them or

none of them apply none of them apply totallytotally. If even one does not apply . If even one does not apply totally, do not consider "all of the above" or "none of the totally, do not consider "all of the above" or "none of the above" as the correct answer. Make sure that a statement above" as the correct answer. Make sure that a statement applies to the question since it can be true, but not be applies to the question since it can be true, but not be relevant to the question at hand! relevant to the question at hand!

Tips for answering MCQ’sTips for answering MCQ’s Note negativesNote negatives

If a negative such as "none", "not", "never", or "neither" If a negative such as "none", "not", "never", or "neither" occurs in the stem, know that the correct alternative must occurs in the stem, know that the correct alternative must be a fact or absolute and that the other alternatives could be a fact or absolute and that the other alternatives could be true statements, but not the correct answer. be true statements, but not the correct answer.

Note superlativesNote superlatives Words such as "every", "all", "none", "always", and "only" Words such as "every", "all", "none", "always", and "only"

are superlatives that indicate the correct answer must be are superlatives that indicate the correct answer must be an undisputed fact. In the social sciences, absolutes are an undisputed fact. In the social sciences, absolutes are rare. rare.

Note qualifying wordsNote qualifying words "Usually", "often", "generally", "may", and "seldom" are "Usually", "often", "generally", "may", and "seldom" are

qualifiers that qualifiers that couldcould indicate a true statement. indicate a true statement.


Study QualificationsStudy Qualifications Break the stem down into grammatical parts. Pull out Break the stem down into grammatical parts. Pull out

the the bare subjectbare subject and and verbverb (if it is in the stem), and (if it is in the stem), and then examine all the modifiers (qualifiers) to the then examine all the modifiers (qualifiers) to the subject and verb. This process ensures that you will subject and verb. This process ensures that you will examine every part of the stem. examine every part of the stem.

Changing AnswersChanging Answers Research has shown that changing answers on a Research has shown that changing answers on a

multiple choice or true-false exam is neither good nor multiple choice or true-false exam is neither good nor bad: if you have a good reason for changing your bad: if you have a good reason for changing your answer, change it. answer, change it.

Example MCQ QuestionsExample MCQ Questions

Cognitive psychology assumes that:Cognitive psychology assumes that: a. information processing is unlimiteda. information processing is unlimited b. perception is guided only by incoming datab. perception is guided only by incoming data c. perception is guided only by knowledge c. perception is guided only by knowledge d. none of the aboved. none of the above


The Müller-Lyer illusion can be explained The Müller-Lyer illusion can be explained in terms of:in terms of: a. misapplied size constancya. misapplied size constancy b. interpreting the figure as showing lines in b. interpreting the figure as showing lines in

depthdepth c. integration of the lines into the objects at c. integration of the lines into the objects at

the endsthe ends d. all of the aboved. all of the above


In Shepard & Metzler's (1971) experiment:In Shepard & Metzler's (1971) experiment: a. rotation of images was much easier in 2-D a. rotation of images was much easier in 2-D

than 3-Dthan 3-D b. time to answer was a linear function of the b. time to answer was a linear function of the

angular rotation requiredangular rotation required c. the results did not accord with the c. the results did not accord with the

participants' introspectionsparticipants' introspections d. people had to physically rotate complex d. people had to physically rotate complex

block figuresblock figures


The Stroop Task illustrates that:The Stroop Task illustrates that: a. people can name words printed in coloured a. people can name words printed in coloured

inkink b. words and colours are easily confusedb. words and colours are easily confused c. some colours are so similar that we have to c. some colours are so similar that we have to

give them the same namesgive them the same names d. printed words can unavoidably interfere d. printed words can unavoidably interfere

with attended processeswith attended processes


In Broadbent's (1958) theory, preattentive In Broadbent's (1958) theory, preattentive analysis is accomplished by:analysis is accomplished by: a. the perceptual systema. the perceptual system b. the template-matching systemb. the template-matching system c. the sensory systemc. the sensory system d. none of thesed. none of these


Which of the following is true of Anne Which of the following is true of Anne Treisman’s theory of selective attention:Treisman’s theory of selective attention: a. unattended information is attenuateda. unattended information is attenuated b. unattended information is processed b. unattended information is processed

semanticallysemantically c. attended information is filteredc. attended information is filtered d. d. bothboth a and b above a and b above


Phrase Structure Grammar (PSG) allows Phrase Structure Grammar (PSG) allows us to:us to: a. produce both meaningful and meaningless a. produce both meaningful and meaningless

sentencessentences b. produce b. produce onlyonly meaningful sentences meaningful sentences c. map from the deep structure to the surface c. map from the deep structure to the surface

structure of a sentencestructure of a sentence d. produce grammatically incorrect sentencesd. produce grammatically incorrect sentences


The smallest unit of meaning in language The smallest unit of meaning in language is called:is called: a. a morphemea. a morpheme b. a phonemeb. a phoneme c. a graphemec. a grapheme d. a syllabled. a syllable


Craik & Tulving’s (1975) classic study Craik & Tulving’s (1975) classic study showed that as depth of processing showed that as depth of processing increases:increases: a. latencies decreasea. latencies decrease b. latencies increaseb. latencies increase c. recognition accuracy decreasesc. recognition accuracy decreases d. recognition remains constantd. recognition remains constant


Kleiman’s (1975) experiments showed Kleiman’s (1975) experiments showed that:that: a. graphemic decisions are not affected by a. graphemic decisions are not affected by

articulatory suppressionarticulatory suppression b. phonemic decisions are not affected by b. phonemic decisions are not affected by

articulatory suppressionarticulatory suppression c. semantic decisions are not affected by c. semantic decisions are not affected by

articulatory suppressionarticulatory suppression d. none of the aboved. none of the above


In which of the following problems are In which of the following problems are people’s feelings of warmth good people’s feelings of warmth good predictors of how close they are to predictors of how close they are to success?success? a. the Tower of Hanoi taska. the Tower of Hanoi task b. the cheap necklace problemb. the cheap necklace problem c. the reversing triangle taskc. the reversing triangle task d. the nine dots taskd. the nine dots task


““If P then Q. Not-Q. Therefore not-P.” is an If P then Q. Not-Q. Therefore not-P.” is an example of:example of: a. modus ponensa. modus ponens b. modus tollensb. modus tollens c. affirmation of the consequentc. affirmation of the consequent d. denial of the antecedentd. denial of the antecedent


““If P then Q. Not-Q. Therefore not-P.” is an If P then Q. Not-Q. Therefore not-P.” is an example of:example of: a. modus ponensa. modus ponens b. modus tollensb. modus tollens c. affirmation of the consequentc. affirmation of the consequent d. denial of the antecedentd. denial of the antecedent

Denial of the consequentDenial of the consequent ““If I am happy, then I smile. I am not smiling, therefore If I am happy, then I smile. I am not smiling, therefore

I am not happy.”I am not happy.”


Kahneman and Tversky attributed base Kahneman and Tversky attributed base rate neglect in the Taxi Cab problem to:rate neglect in the Taxi Cab problem to: a. hindsight biasa. hindsight bias b. representativeness heuristicb. representativeness heuristic c. divided attentionc. divided attention d. prospect theoryd. prospect theory

And Finally……And Finally……

ANSWERSANSWERS

The correct answers for the example The correct answers for the example questions are in order below:questions are in order below:

d d b d c d a a b d a b bd d b d c d a a b d a b b

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