cabling unit 1-introduction to data cabling.ppt - donna warren 1... · r golden rules of cabling e...

NSSTTRR UNIT 1ETW

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UNIT 1

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RREEDD Introduction to Data CablingABLCCAA

t oduct o to ata Cab g

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DPWDPW© Donna Warren © Donna Warren

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NSSTTRR Donna P. WarrenETW

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Donna P. Warren• Education

AS Acco ntingWORK

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– AS Accounting– BS Electrical Engineering– MS Computer ScienceK

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p• Work Experience

– 8 years as Network Engineer and owner of a small IT consulting companyA

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IT consulting company– 7 years as networking instructor– 7 years as a WebmasterL

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y• Certifications

– MCSE, CCNACIW M t D iG

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– CIW Master Designer– CTT+, MCT and CIW Instructor

NSSTTRR Contact InformationETW

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Contact Information

• Class WebsiteWORK

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Class Website

http://donna-warren.com/Classes/K

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Note: the “C” in classes is a capital “C”ABLCCAA • My Email Address – Please put your LING

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class in the subject [email protected]

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@

NSSTTRR Goals of this CourseETW

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Goals of this Course• Introduce students to the industry standards and W

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ypractices involved in wiring a computer network

• Learn why the underlying connectivity is an K

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essential basis for an advanced network configuration

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• Acquire the skills to successfully design, plan, manage, and troubleshoot a cabled infrastructureL

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infrastructure • Preparation for Network Administrator, Network

Engineer Customer Service Technician andG

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Engineer, Customer Service Technician, and LAN Administrator jobs.

NSSTTRR Topics in this UnitETW

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Topics in this Unit• Cable Function - Describe the role of a data W

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cable and the transmission passing through it • Cable Structure - Identify physical components

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of a cable • Data Transmissions - Determine the

bandwidth frequency and data rate of a copperABLCCAA

bandwidth, frequency, and data rate of a copper cable and explain the role of decibel in data communicationsL

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communications • Signal Loss - Describe how signal degradation,

including attenuation, noise, signal errors, G

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g , , g ,crosstalk and delay slow down data transmission

NSSTTRR Golden Rules of CablingETW

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Golden Rules of Cabling

• Networks never get smallerWORK

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Networks never get smaller• Build one system for voice and data• Install more than you needK

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• Install more than you need• Use structured-cabling standards

Q lit t ith bli dABLCCAA

• Quality counts with cabling and componentsD ’t i i t ll ti tL

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• Don’t scrimp on installation costs• Plan for higher speed technologies

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• Documentation is a must!!

NSSTTRR Importance of Reliable CablingETW

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Importance of Reliable Cabling• 10 % total network cost is cablingW

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• Life span upwards of 16 years• 70 % of all network problems due to cabling and

component technique problemsK

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component technique problems• Cabling is the foundation of any network• Drop-rate magnification

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– 1% drop in Ethernet packets relates to 80% drop in throughput

– Wiring problems drop packetsLING

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– Wiring problems drop packets• Other cabling problems

– Intermittent problemsG

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– Slow access time– PC’s locking up

NSSTTRR Proprietary Cabling SystemsETW

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Proprietary Cabling Systems

• Vendor specificWORK

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Vendor specific• No standards existed in the 1980’s• Different equipment/connectionsK

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Different equipment/connections– Wang– IBM twinax

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– Twisted Pair – digital phone systems– Thinnet and thicknetL

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– RS-232 forms– Coaxial cable

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• Thing of the past, but still exists in some areas

NSSTTRR Cabling StandardsETW

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Cabling Standards

• Anixter Cables Performance LevelsWORK

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Anixter Cables Performance Levels describe performance only

• Organizations involvedK

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Organizations involved– ANSI– TIA

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TIA– EIA

• Comprehensive standards setLING

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Comprehensive standards set– ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-1991– ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-A in 1995G

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– ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B in 2001

NSSTTRR Cable SpeedsETW

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Cable Speeds

• 10 Mbps - EthernetWORK

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10 Mbps Ethernet• 16 Mbps – Token ring• 100 Mbps FDDI & Fast EthernetK

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• 100 Mbps – FDDI, & Fast Ethernet• 155 Mbps – ATM

655 Mb ATMABLCCAA

• 655 Mbps - ATM• 1 Gbps – Gigabit Ethernet

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• 2.5 Gbps - ATM• 10 Gbps – 10G Ethernet

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NSSTTRR Need for SpeedETW

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Need for Speed

• Application size and data transfer ratesWORK

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Application size and data transfer rates have increased

• Applications are more complex andK

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• Applications are more complex and require more bandwidth to operateP f d d bli tA

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• Performance demands on cabling must be able to keep up with these new

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requirements

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NSSTTRR Twisted PairETW

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Twisted Pair

• UTP – Unshielded Twisted PairWORK

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UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair• Most common today• 100 ohm Ω ± 15%, 24 AWG, four-pair cable

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Twisted Pair

• STP – Shielded Twisted PairWORK

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STP Shielded Twisted Pair• Standard set by IBM Type 1A cable• All the cable pairs are shielded from EMI

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• Performance considerations– Shield must be continuous– All components must be shielded

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p– Shield must be grounded at both ends IAW TIA/EIA-

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Twisted Pair• ScTP

H b id f STPWORK

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– Hybrid of STP– 100 ohm Ω , 24 AWG, four-pair cable– Foil shield surrounds all the pairs and a drain wireK

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Foil shield surrounds all the pairs and a drain wire provided for bonding

– Individual pairs not shieldedM i l RJ 45 l d j kA

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– Must use special non - RJ-45 plugs and jacks– Used in area with high EMI levels

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NSSTTRR Fiber Optic CableETW

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Fiber Optic Cable

• AdvantagesWORK

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Advantages– Greater transmission distances

Higher bandwidth capabilityK

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– Higher bandwidth capability– Not affected by EMI

No crosstalkABLCCAA

– No crosstalk– More secure

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• Dark fiber – spare fiber cables “Not Lit-up”

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NSSTTRR Fiber Optic CableETW

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Fiber Optic Cable

• Single-mode fiberWORK

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Single mode fiber– Used as a backbone cable– One light source onlyK

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g y– Long distance communications

• Multimode fiberABLCCAA

– Used with ATM, FDDI and 10Base-FL applicationsL

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– Allows more than one path through the fiberTypesG

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– Types• Step index• Graded index

NSSTTRR Coaxial CableETW

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Coaxial Cable• Used primarily for TV and video distribution

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now• Difficult to run and terminate

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• Better protection against EMI than UTP• Higher bandwidth than UTP also

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NSSTTRR Cable Design QuestionsETW

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Cable Design Questions• What types of cable already exist?W

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What types of cable already exist?• Is the existing cable sufficient?

What kind of cable do you plan to use?K

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• What kind of cable do you plan to use?– Untwist a twisted pair cable?

Shi ld d hi ld d?ABLCCAA

– Shielded or unshielded?– Single-mode or multimode fiber?

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• Are there fire safety requirements?• Ae their building code requirements?G

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g q

NSSTTRR Cable TypesETW

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Cable Types• Plenum

Space between false ceiling and structural ceilingWORK

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– Space between false ceiling and structural ceiling– Requires a cable rated for this type of space

• RiserK

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– Vertical shaft between two floors– Must be fire-stopped on each floor

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• General purpose– Horizontal cable – wiring closet to wall outlet

Patch cablesLING

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– Patch cables• Limited use

– Single and duplex residences onlyG

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Single and duplex residences only

NSSTTRR Cable JacketsETW

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Cable Jackets.– Normally polyvinyl chloride (PVC) W

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y p y y ( )jacket

– Cat 1-3 PVC jacket and insulationK

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Cat 1 3 PVC jacket and insulation– Cat 4 and higher – jacket only,

insulation uses other materials such asABLCCAA

insulation uses other materials such as HALAR, KYNAR, and FEPSlitting cordL

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– Slitting cord– Jacket color – no standard

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NSSTTRR Cable MarkingsETW

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Cable Markings– Example - 000750 FT 4/24 (UL) c(UL) CMP/MMP

VERIFIED (UL) CAT 5e SUPERIOR ESSEX COBRAWORK

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VERIFIED (UL) CAT 5e SUPERIOR ESSEX COBRA 2313H

– FT - footage indicatorK

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g– 4/24 – four pair, 24 AWG– (UL), c(UL) – underwriters laboratories listed

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– CMP/MMP – plenum rating– VERIFIED (UL) CAT 5e – certifies to standard

SUPERIOR ESSEX f tLING

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– SUPERIOR ESSEX – manufacturer– COBRA – cable brand– 2313 – Julian date of manufactureG

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– 2313 – Julian date of manufacture– H – manufacturing plant

NSSTTRR Common AbbreviationsETW

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Common Abbreviations– NFPA – National Fire Protection W

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Association– NEC – National Electrical CodeK

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NEC National Electrical Code– UL – Underwriters Laboratories

CSA C di St d d A i tiABLCCAA

– CSA – Canadian Standards Association– PCC – Premises Communication CordL

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NSSTTRR Wire InsulationETW

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Wire Insulation

Excellent dielectric for high frequencyWORK

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– Excellent dielectric for high frequency signals (PVC)Fl i t d th l l (FEP)K

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– Fluorinated ethylene-propylene (FEP), polytetraflourethylene (PTFE/TFE) –l t dA

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plenum rated– High density polyethylene (HDPE) –L

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non-plenum rated

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NSSTTRR Wire Insulation ColorsETW

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Wire Insulation Colors

• Colors are standardizedWORK

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Colors are standardized• US color code based on 10 colors

Tip and ring combinationsK

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• Tip and ring combinations– Tip – white/colored stripe or band

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– Ring – unique color• 25 possible pair combinationsL

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5 poss b e pa co b a o s

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NSSTTRR Color CodeETW

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Color Code

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NSSTTRR Cable FeaturesETW

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Cable Features• TwistsW

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– Cancels out unwanted EMI on pairs• Crosstalk and other effectsK

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Crosstalk and other effects– Do not untwist more than ½ inch at any

connectorABLCCAA

– 2 to 12 or > twists per foot• Wire gaugeL

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Wire gauge– AWG– 22-26 rangeG

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22 26 range

NSSTTRR Solid vs StrandedETW

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Solid vs. Stranded– Solid has better electrical propertiesW

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• Used as horizontal cabling– Stranded

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• More flexible• 20% more attenuation due to skin effect

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• Normally used as patch cables• Some networks set up with strandedL

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Some networks set up with stranded conductors

– Require different connectorsG

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q– Punch-down blocks require solid conductor

NSSTTRR Cable LengthETW

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Cable Length– Attenuation is a problem

WORK

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• Propagation delay• Delay skew

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– Cable length vs. conductor length• Twists make the four pairs have different

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lengths• Example – Cat 5e cable -139 ft cable length

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– Pair 1-2 145 ft– Pair 3-6 143 ft

P i 4 5 141 ftG

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– Pair 4-5 141 ft– Pair 7-8 142 ft

NSSTTRR Signal PropertiesETW

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Signal Properties• BandwidthW

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– Maximum frequency for data transmission

FrequencyK

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• Frequency– 1 cycle per second = 1

HzABLCCAA

Hz• Data Rate

– Maximum number ofLING

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Maximum number of bits transmitted in one second = Bps

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NSSTTRR What are dB’sETW

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What are dB s• Tenfold logarithmic ratio of power output to power

inputWORK

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input• Power/output• 3 db – 50 % change in signal power

K

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• 6 db 50 % change in signal voltageABLCCAA

• 6 db – 50 % change in signal voltage

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NSSTTRR Signal DegradationETW

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Signal Degradation

• AttenuationWORK

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Attenuation– The lose of signal as it moves away

M d i dBK

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– Measured in dB• Noise

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– The additional unwanted signals from outside sourcesL

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• OtherEMI RFI StaticG

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– EMI, RFI, Static

NSSTTRR LAN Throughput vs Operating FrequencyETW

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LAN Throughput vs. Operating Frequency

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NSSTTRR ATTENTUATIONETW

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ATTENTUATION• Loss of signalW

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• Conductor resistance• Mutual capacitanceK

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Mutual capacitance• Impedance

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• Return loss

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NSSTTRR NoiseETW

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Noise

• Resistance unbalanceWORK

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Resistance unbalance• Capacitance unbalance

C t lk(animation)K

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• Crosstalk• Twist requirement

(a a o )

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NSSTTRR CrosstalkETW

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Crosstalk• Near-End (NEXT)

same end as sourceWORK

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– same end as source– 20-30 meters

• Far End (FEXT) (animation)K

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Far End (FEXT)– End opposite the source

• Equal-Level Far-End (ELFEXT)

(a a o )

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– End of cable pairs opposite source

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NSSTTRR CrosstalkETW

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CrosstalkWORK

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• Pair-to Pair

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• Power-Sum

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NSSTTRR Other ProblemsETW

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Other Problems• External InterferenceW

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• Propagation Delay– Nominal Velocity of Propagation (NVP)K

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Nominal Velocity of Propagation (NVP)– Normally 60-90 % speed of light

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• Delay Skew

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NSSTTRR Attenuation-to Crosstalk Ratio (ACR)ETW

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Attenuation to Crosstalk Ratio (ACR)

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• Calculated value• Difference between crosstalk and K

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attenuation

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NSSTTRR Lab 1ETW

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Lab 1

• In this lab you will identify cables andWORK

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In this lab, you will identify cables and interpret their labeling instructions specificationsK

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specifications • Determine the information that can be

gained through physical examination ofABLCCAA

gained through physical examination of the cablesThi l b i th l blL

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• This lab requires the use sample cables and the included product data sheet

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cabling unit 1-introduction to data cabling.ppt - donna warren 1... · r golden rules of cabling e...

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