calvary chapel lesson plans · calvary chapel lesson plans 161 psalm 136 162 proverbs 1 163...

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Journal of Environmental Biology November, 2008 © Triveni Enterprises, Lucknow (India) J. Environ. Biol. ISSN : 0254-8704 29(6), 933 -936 (2008) http : //www.geocities.com/j_environ_biol/ [email protected] Industrial application of keratinase and soluble proteins from feather keratins B. Deivasigamani* and K.M. Alagappan Centre for Advanced Studies in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-608 502, India (Received: November 15, 2006; Revised received: June 25, 2007; Accepted: July 02, 2007) Abstract: Feather keratin is highly resistant to degradation, but some keratinase producing microorganisms can easily degrade these insoluble keratins. These keratinase producing species have an important apnplication in removal of poultry waste and recycled into valuable byproduct. Bacillus sp was screened from soil samples of slaughter house and poultry farm area using azokeratin medium. Highest keratinase activity (122.5 KU ml -1 ) was observed at 8.0 pH. Submerged fermentation was carried out at 8.0 pH up to 5 th days. On 4 th day enzyme production was highest (140 KU ml -1 ) with 1% feather (w/v).Crude protein content was high on day 5, around 1.44 mg ml -1 . 75% of filtrate was found to be crude protein. The molecular weight of this keratinase was 32 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The crude protein from feather has of high nutrient value and could be used as animal feed for livestock and fish feed in aquaculture. Key word: Feather keratins, Degradation, Keratinase, Crude protein, Animal feed PDF of full length paper is available with author (*[email protected]) Introduction Animal wastes have been used as nutrient sources for crop production. During the last three decades, researches have been conducted to improve the agronomic utilization of animal wastes, including poultry waste, slaughter waste and human waste. Feather waste, resulting in large quantities as byproduct of poultry farms processing, are pure keratin proteins. Poultry feather keratin is highly resistant to degradation. Over 5% of the chicken has feathers with alpha or beta keratin. This material can be recycled into useful products and it would have great commercial value. A microbial inoculum might convert waste feathers into supplements for digestible feed for poultry, livestock and fish and can also be utilized for the production of biogas. Any liquid nutrient residues from feather composting that are high in nitrogen could be used for aquaculture and hydroponics crops (Ichida et al., 2001). Keratins are insoluble proteins from feathers, wool, hooves, scales, hair, nails (hard keratins) and stratum corneum (soft keratins). These proteins which belong to the scleroprotein groups are compounds that are extremely resistant to the action of physical, chemical and biological agents. Mechanical stability and high resistance to proteolytic degradation of keration are due to their disulfide bonds, hydrogen bonds, salt linkages and cross linkings (Kaluzewska et al., 1991). The feathers which are hydrolysed by mechanical or chemical treatment can be converted to feed-stuffs, fertilizers, glues and foils. These are also used for the production of aminoacids and peptides. Current commercial production of feather meal involutes, treatment at elevated temperature and high pressure. This process in addition to being energy intensive results in the loss of some essential aminoacids (Papadopoules et al., 1986). Because of environmental considerations the use of keratinolytic enzymes in the production of amino acids and peptides is becoming attractive for biotechnological applications. Due to insoluble nature of keratin, it is resistance to enzymatic digestion by plants, animals and many known microbial proteases. Therefore the keratinase producing microorganisms have been described having the ability to degrade feather. They are general species of fungi, actinomyces and bacteria viz., Doratomyces microsporus, Aspergillus sp, Alternaria radicina, Trichurus spiralis, Stachybotrys atra, Onygena sp, Absidia sp, Rhizomucor sp (Friedrich et al., 1999), Streptomyces pactum, S. albs, S. thermoviolaceus, S. fradiae (Noval and Nickerson, 1959), S.thermonitrificans (Mohamedin.,1999) ,Flavobacterium pennavorans, Bacillus sp (Suntornsuk and Suntornsuk, 2003), Stenotrophomonas sp (Yamamura et al ., 2002), Bacillus licheniformis and B. pumilus (Nitisinprasert et al., 1999) and Vibrio sp (Sangali and Brandelli, 2000). Keratinase producing microorganisms have the important industrial application in fermentation technology. Submerged fermentation of poultry waste by microorganism producing keratinase helps in the conversion of non-soluble keratin (feather) into soluble protein or polypeptide (Suntornsuk and Suntornsuk, 2003).These protein byproduct may be used as animal and livestock feed, and as leather filling agents (Sastry et al., 1986). Keratinase has also emerging application in dehairing process in leather industry instead of sodium sulphides (Alexandre et al., 2005) and also used as a detergent to remove strains on cloth (Gessesse et al., 2002). Valorization of keratin containing wastes like feathers from poultry farms and hair from leather industries may have the potential in development of non polluting processes. The scope of this work is to degrade the poultry feather wastes (insoluble protein) to soluble protein.

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Calvary Chapel Lesson Plans

1 Genesis 1:1-2:25

2 Genesis 1:26-4:1

3 Genesis 2:8-17

4 Genesis 3:1-24

5 Genesis 4:1-17

6 Genesis 5:18-24

7 Genesis 5:28-6:22

8 Genesis 7:1-8:19

9 Genesis 8:20-9:17

10 Genesis 10:8-10; 11:1-9

11 Genesis 11:26-12:9

12 Genesis 12:10-13:1

13 Genesis 13:6-18

14 Genesis 14

15 Genesis 15:1-17:19; 18:1-16

16 Genesis 16

17 Genesis 18:16-33

18 Genesis 19:1-30

19 Genesis 21:1-8

20 Genesis 22:1-18

21 Genesis 24:1-67

22 Genesis 25:19-34; 27:1-46; 33

23 Genesis 27:1-46

24 Genesis 28:10-22

25 Genesis 29:1-30

26 Genesis 29:31-30:24; 35:16-26

27 Genesis 32:22-32

28 Genesis 37:3-36

29 Genesis 39:1-23

30 Genesis 40:1-41:57

31 Genesis 42:1-44:34

32 Genesis 45:1-16

33 Genesis 45:17-50:26

34 Exodus 1:1-14; 2:23, 24

35 Exodus 2:1-10

36 Exodus 3:1-4:17

37 Exodus 7:14-11:10; 12:29, 30

38 Exodus 12:1-28

39 Exodus 12:31-51

40 Exodus 14

Calvary Chapel Lesson Plans

41 Exodus 16:4-35

42 Exodus 17:1-6

43 Exodus 19:20-20:17

44 Exodus 32

45 Exodus 33:7-34:35

46 Exodus 36:8-40:38

47 Numbers 9:15-23

48 Numbers 11:4-14, 31-34

49 Numbers 13:1-14:9

50 Numbers 14:11-38

51 Numbers 20:1-13

52 Numbers 21:4-9

53 Numbers 22-24

54 Deuteronomy 34

55 Joshua 1

56 Joshua 2

57 Joshua 3-4

58 Joshua 6:1-26

59 Joshua 9

60 Judges 2:7-10

61 Judges 4:1-23

62 Judges 6:11-40

63 Judges 7:1-25

64 Judges 13

65 Judges 16:4-21

66 Judges 16:22-31

67 Ruth 1:1-18

68 Ruth 2

69 Ruth 4:1-13

70 1 Samuel 1:1-19

71 1 Samuel 1:20-28

72 1 Samuel 2:12-36

73 1 Samuel 3:1-20

74 1 Samuel 4:1-7:2

75 1 Samuel 9:1-12:25

76 1 Samuel 14:1-46

77 1 Samuel 15:10-35

78 1 Samuel 16:1-13

79 1 Samuel 17:1-52

80 1 Samuel 20

Calvary Chapel Lesson Plans

81 1 Samuel 23:14-24:22; 26

82 1 Samuel 31

83 2 Samuel 5:1-4

84 2 Samuel 6:1-19

85 2 Samuel 7:1-17

86 2 Samuel 9:1-13

87 2 Samuel 24:1-25

88 1 Kings 1:28-53

89 1 Kings 3:3-14

90 1 Kings 3:16-28; 4:21-34

91 1 Kings 6:1-38

92 1 Kings 8:1-66

93 1 Kings 10:1-13

94 1 Kings 11:1-13, 41-43

95 1 Kings 11:26-40; 12:1-24

96 1 Kings 12:25-13:6

97 1 Kings 17:1-7

98 1 Kings 17:8-24

99 1 Kings 18:1-40

100 1 Kings 19:1-18

101 1 Kings 19:19-21

102 2 Kings 2:1-11

103 2 Kings 2:13-15

104 2 Kings 4:1-7

105 2 Kings 4:8-17

106 2 Kings 4:18-36

107 2 Kings 5:1-14

108 2 Kings 5:15-27

109 2 Kings 6:1-7

110 2 Kings 6:8-23

111 2 Kings 8:1-6

112 2 Kings 12:1-19

113 2 Chronicles 29:3-19

114 2 Chronicles 29:20-36

115 2 Kings 17:5-41

116 2 Kings 22:1-2; 23:1-30

117 2 Kings 22:3-20

118 2 Kings 25:1-21

119 Ezra 1:1-11

120 Ezra 3:1-13

Calvary Chapel Lesson Plans

121 Ezra 4:1-24

122 Ezra 6:13-22

123 Ezra 10:1-17

124 Nehemiah 1:1- 2:20

125 Nehemiah 4:1-7:3

126 Nehemiah 8:1-9:5

127 Esther 2:1-18

128 Esther 2:19-3:15

129 Esther 4:1-17

130 Esther 5:1-14

131 Esther 6:1-14

132 Esther 7:1-10

133 Esther 8:1-17

134 Esther 9:18-32

135 Job 1:1-5

136 Job 1:6-22

137 Job 2:1-10

138 Job 2:11-32:1

139 Job 32:1-37:24

140 Job 38:1-40:24

141 Job 42:1-17

142 Psalm 1

143 Psalm 2

144 Psalm 5

145 Psalm 19

146 Psalm 20

147 Psalm 22

148 Psalm 23

149 Psalm 29

150 Psalm 30

151 Psalm 34

152 Psalm 37

153 Psalm 40

154 Psalm 51

155 Psalm 63

156 Psalm 73

157 Psalm 91

158 Psalm 100

159 Psalm 119

160 Psalm 127-128

Calvary Chapel Lesson Plans

161 Psalm 136

162 Proverbs 1

163 Proverbs 3:3-35

164 Proverbs 4

165 Proverbs 14-15

166 Proverbs 20-21

167 Proverbs 22-23

168 Proverbs 26-27

169 Proverbs 31

170 Ecclesiastes 1-12

171 Isaiah 6:1-13

172 Isaiah 9:1-7

173 Isaiah 11:1-9

174 Isaiah 53:2-12

175 Isaiah 65:17-25

176 Jeremiah 1:1-12

177 Jeremiah 10:1-16

178 Jeremiah 18:1-11

179 Jeremiah 36:1-32

180 Ezekiel 2:1-3:15

181 Ezekiel 34:11-31

182 Ezekiel 36:26, 27

183 Ezekiel 43:1-12

184 Daniel 1:1-17

185 Daniel 2:1-49

186 Daniel 3:1-30

187 Daniel 4:28-37

188 Daniel 5:1-31

189 Daniel 6:1-28

190 Hosea

191 Joel 1:14-18; 2:11-14; 3:14-18

192 Amos 1 - 9

193 Obadiah 1:1-21

194 Jonah 1:1-2:10

195 Jonah 3:1-10

196 Jonah 4:1-11

197 Micah 6:6-8

198 Nahum 1:1-15; 3:1-7

199 Habakkuk 1:1-2:4; 3:17-19

200 Zephaniah