canada environmental assessment agency british … · daryl harrison. gary robinson. steve nicol....

Mainland Reporting Services [email protected]

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IN THE MATTER OF THE JOINT REVIEW PANEL ("JOINT PANEL")

ESTABLISHED TO REVIEW THE SITE C CLEAN ENERGY PROJECT

("PROJECT") PROPOSED BY BRITISH COLUMBIA HYDRO

AND POWER AUTHORITY ("BC HYDRO")

CANADA ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AGENCY

AND

BRITISH COLUMBIA ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OFFICE

_______________________________________

PROCEEDINGS AT HEARING

Topic-Specific Session

(Day 2)

Local and Socio-Economic Environment

January 21, 2014

Volume 26

Pages 1 to 285

________________________________________

C o p y

________________________________________

Held at:

Pomeroy Hotel - Scott Pomeroy Ballroom11308 Alaska Road

Fort St. John, British Columbia


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APPEARANCESJOINT REVIEW PANEL:Dr. Harry Swain - ChairmanMs. Jocelyne BeaudetMr. Jim Mattison

Brian Wallace, Esq. (Legal Counsel)

THE SECRETARIAT:

Courtney Trevis (panel Co-Manager)Brian Murphy (panel Co-Manager)

PARTICIPANTS:

Craig Godsoe, Esq., BC Hydro (Legal Counsel)Peter Feldberg, Esq., BC Hydro (Legal Counsel)Ms. Bridget Gilbride, BC Hydro (Legal Counsel)

REALTIME COURT REPORTING:

Mainland Reporting Services, Inc.

Nancy Nielsen, RPR, CSR(A), RCRDiane Huggins, OCR

AUDIO/SOUND SYSTEM:

AVW-TELAV Audio Visual Solutions

Alex Barbour.Technical Services Representative.


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INDEX OF PROCEEDINGS

DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

Opening remarks by the Chairman: 7

BC Hydro Panel:

Susan Yurkovich.Siobhan Jackson.Alex Izett.Trevor Proverbs.Judy Reynier.D'Arcy Green.Daryl Harrison.Gary Robinson.Steve Nicol.Jeff Lundgren.

7

Opening remarks by BC Hydro: 9

Presentation by Kwadacha First Nation,by Maya Stano, Legal Counsel:

13

Presentation by Dr. Charl Badenhorst: 27

Presentation by Penny Gagnon, FortSt. John Child Development Centre:

47

Ministry of Forestry, Lands and NaturalResources Operations Panel:

Ben Naylor (Legal Counsel).Jennifer Davis.Peter Harrison.Chris Addison.Dr. Kristy Ciruna.

61

Introduction of the Ministry of Forest,Lands and Natural Resources OperationsPanel by Mr. Ben Naylor:

61


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Presentation by Ms. Jennifer Davies,Ministry of Forestry, Lands and NaturalResources Operations:

63

BC Hydro Panel:

Susan Yurkovich.Siobhan Jackson.Alex Izett.Trevor Proverbs.Judy Reynier.Bettina Sander.Celesa Horvath.Jeff Lundgren.Brent Mossop.Dave Mormorek.

129

Presentation by Mr. Brian Churchill,Peace Conservation and Endowment Trust:

130

Presentation by Dr. Kristy Ciruna,Ministry of Forests, Lands and NaturalResource Operations:

160

Presentation by Mr. Neil Thompson,(Atmospheric):

202

Saulteau First Nations Panel:

Jesse McCormick (Legal Counsel).Rick Palmer (via telephone).Alyssa Murdoch (via telephone).

229

Presentation by Jesse McCormack, LegalCounsel for Saulteau First Nations:

229

Introduction of the Saulteau FirstNations panel, by Mr. Jesse McCormick:

231

Presentation by Mr. Rick Palmer,Saulteau First Nations:

238

Continued presentation by Mr. JesseMcCormick, Saulteau First Nations:

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Presentation by Ms. Alyssa Murdoch,Saulteau First Nations:

245

Continued presentation by Mr. JesseMcCormick, Saulteau First Nations:

248

Comments by Mr. Brent Mossop, BC Hydro: 252

Closing comments by BC Hydro: 262


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INDEX OF UNDERTAKINGS

DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

UNDERTAKING 88: To confirm air qualitynumbers in Volume 2, Appendix L,Table G8

9

UNDERTAKING 89: Provide link forguidelines for dealing with overlappingtenure holders on the Ministry ofForests, Lands and Natural ResourceOperations website

84

UNDERTAKING 90: Provide the source ofinformation for the study within theland and resource management planningboundary for Dawson Creek and how farback that information goes

115

UNDERTAKING 91: Provide the suite ofspecies and more information about theresults and what the species were inthe study

183

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Tuesday, January 21st, 2014

Fort St. John, British Columbia

Topic-Specific Session:

(Day 2)

Local and Socio-Economic Environment

(Proceedings commenced at 9:00 a.m.)

Opening remarks by the Chairman:

THE CHAIRMAN: Good morning, everybody. And

welcome to the final day of the consideration of

local and socio-economic topics.

BC Hydro Panel:

Susan Yurkovich.

Siobhan Jackson.

Alex Izett.

Trevor Proverbs.

Judy Reynier.

D'Arcy Green.

Daryl Harrison.

Gary Robinson.

Steve Nicol.

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Jeff Lundgren.

THE CHAIRMAN: I will spare you my usual opening

speech in favour of a leftover question on air

quality from my colleague, Madam Beaudet.

MS. BEAUDET: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

There was one more question of clarification

of verifications, if you want, that I forgot to

ask, I think it was yesterday. It's in the EIS,

volume 2, Appendix L, air quality technical data

report.

In table G.8: maximum predicted

concentrations of particulate matter with

background at schools. The column of particulate

matter, 2.5, 24-hour, gives for all the schools a

value of 16 microgram per cubic metre.

Now, when -- I was wondering why it's like

that? Is it a mistake or if chosen a basic

quantity, or ...

So if you can look at that and come back,

please. You may not have your air quality person

here.

There he is.

If there is an answer to that right away,

maybe we can just deal with it.

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MR. DAVID CHADDER: Good morning. I'm David

Chadder from RWDI. I'll have a look at and

reconfirm the numbers, but I'm pretty sure they are

correct. You'll see likewise amongst the PM10

numbers, and also the -- and several averaging

periods, the numbers are fairly consistent. So the

model is suggesting not much change amongst the

receptors, but I will reconfirm those numbers for

you.

THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Thank you very much.

UNDERTAKING 88: To confirm air quality numbers in

Volume 2, Appendix L, Table G8

THE CHAIRMAN: And I'd like to turn now to

Hydro for their opening remarks.

Opening remarks by BC Hydro:

MS. YURKOVICH: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

Good morning, panel. My remarks this morning will

be brief, as we are carrying on from the local

socio-economic topics.

I note we have a number of presentations from

parties today, and I just would make a few comments

about a couple of them.

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Today, we will hear from Northern Health. We

have had very constructive discussions with

Northern Health representatives about what health

services BC Hydro should plan to provide directly,

such as first-aid and physician care. And which

health services are appropriately delivered by

Northern Health such as specialized hospital

services.

We appreciate the leadership of Northern

Health in conducting recent and ongoing research

into camps from a perspective of both worker and

community health.

We look forward to working with Northern

Health, further incorporating the results of their

research and recommendations into our plans and

policies as we move forward.

We'll also hear from the Fort St. John

development centre. We do understand there are

existing stresses on social service agencies,

particularly, non-profit groups like the Fort St.

John development centre.

For that reason, BC Hydro has proposed a

number of measures to support Social Services,

including providing, amongst other things, $100,000

each year of construction to support non-profit

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organizations in the north and south Peace. These

funds will be provided -- will provide resources to

be determined by the local non-profit sector to

areas of greatest need.

We've also committed to provide financial

support to emergency and transition housing service

providers, and these are outlined in the draft Fort

St. John proposal for mitigation.

We'll hear from Saulteau First Nation and

their fisheries consultants, who were rescheduled

from our aquatic session on January 13th.

We understand they will present this

afternoon on fish and fish habitat. I would note

that we met with Saulteau to review the preliminary

findings with them in October. Preliminary

findings of our effects assessment on fish and fish

habitat in October of 2012 prior to filing our EIS.

Our fisheries experts are back with us today,

and will be available to answer questions. And we

look forward to working with Saulteau to continue

our discussions around mitigation measures for fish

and fish habitat.

And, finally, I would just like to respond to

a question raised by Madam Beaudet yesterday. You

asked about our sustainability reporting and

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whether there were indicators for addressing

Aboriginal group social issues as part of being a

good corporate citizen.

We do report on our social performance as

part of our annual service plan, and benchmark our

performance against the Canadian electricity

associations sustainable electricity program.

In our service plan, we have a measure of

succeeding through relationships, which includes

Aboriginal groups.

We measure our performance for that through

the progressive Aboriginal relations program, which

is a program of the Canadian council of Aboriginal

business. This program includes a comprehensive

independent external verification and measures an

organization success in four key areas, including

Aboriginal employment, business development,

community investment, and community engagement.

BC Hydro has an annual target of achieving

the gold level of standard, which is an indication

of sustained excellence in four areas. We achieved

that level in 2012, and we are committed to

maintaining it.

As well as part of the Canadian electricity

association's sustainable electricity program, we

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report each year on our sustainability performance,

including a social category that includes health

and safety, community investment, stakeholder

engagement, and Aboriginal Relations. This program

measures BC Hydro against other utilities.

And, finally, while not a measure, I just

would like to tell you about a program -- or a

committee that we have recently established. It's

a strategic engagement committee consisting of

First Nation leaders selected -- self-identified

and then selected by a group of Chiefs who will be

advising us on building stronger, enduring

relationships with First Nations in BC. And we

look forward very much to the advice that this new

committee will provide us as we move forward.

Thank you for the opportunity to make these

opening remarks. We look forward to today's

discussion.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you very much.

I would now like to call on Kwadacha First

Nation.

Presentation by Kwadacha First Nation, by Maya Stano,

Legal Counsel:

MS. MAYA STANO: Good morning.

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THE CHAIRMAN: Good morning, Ms. Stano.

MS. MAYA STANO: My name is Maya Stano, and I

am here today to speak as legal counsel on behalf

of Kwadacha First Nation.

Before beginning my presentation, I would

like to recognize and thank the Treaty 8 First

Nations on whose Traditional Territories we are

here today.

Now, there are two key points that I will

raise with the panel today.

First, the cost and availability of goods and

services to the Kwadacha community of Fort Ware.

And, secondly, the cumulative effects of the

proposed Site C project, along with other past,

existing, and reasonably foreseeable projects in

the Peace region.

Now, although I'm here today --

THE CHAIRMAN: Could you pull the mic a

little closer to you.

MS. MAYA STANO: Yes.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.

MS. MAYA STANO: Although I'm here today to

speak specifically to concerns for Kwadacha and its

members in Fort Ware, similar considerations may

also apply to other Peace River -- Peace region

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communities located more remotely from the project

site.

Turning to my first point. Kwadacha is

particularly concerned of the effects of Site C on

the increased use of regional goods and services,

and, in particular, the availability and cost of

construction materials, trades, trucking services,

community infrastructure, and social services in

Fort Ware and the surrounding centres.

Kwadacha already struggles with meeting the

needs of its stressed housing market and community

infrastructure needs in Fort Ware.

If the Site C project goes ahead, the long

projected construction period, coupled with the

current and projected boom of industrial activities

across the region, will further impact Kwadacha's

ability to meet its members' basic housing,

community infrastructure, and service needs with

likely and substantial cost increases and supply

complications for food and other important supplies

and materials to Fort Ware.

Today, virtually everything supplied to Fort

Ware comes in by truck over gravel road from Prince

George and Mackenzie. Now, this adds significant

costs to goods, fuel, and materials of every kind.

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Already, some companies are not willing to

come to Fort Ware at the best of times. Those that

do come, have to charge high enough rates to make

it worthwhile and to compensate for rough road

conditions and the associated damage to their

equipment.

Now, whether unstable road conditions also

compress Fort Ware's building season and can

dictate trucking schedules, this makes it

particularly critical that Kwadacha finds suppliers

that are both willing and able to work within these

severe constraints.

So it is reasonable to expect that these cost

and supply problems to Fort Ware will further

exacerbate as companies have the option to pursue

larger and more attractive and lucrative

opportunities with Site C and other projected

projects across the region.

In its EIS, BC Hydro has not adequately

assessed these potential impacts from the Site C

project, either alone or cumulatively with other

existing and projected projects. Instead, BC Hydro

has focused on the population levels in Fort Ware,

and the lack of projected change thereof as a

result of the Site C project.

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Now, Kwadacha does not suggest that Fort

Ware's population will experience significant

changes if the project goes ahead. This is not the

concern that it has repeatedly raised.

Instead, it is the effects of the Site C

construction and the cumulative impacts from other

projects in the region on the availability and the

cost of community infrastructure and services,

construction materials, and trades to Fort Ware.

Now, Kwadacha notes that, although the

spatial boundaries of the LAA used in the Site C

EIS include Fort Ware, BC Hydro did not include

Fort Ware or other rural communities in its

assessment. Instead, the assessment focused on

Fort St. John and those communities from which

workers would commute to the project site during

construction.

Similarly, BC Hydro did not consider the

drain on goods and services from Prince George and

other similar centres in the region to support the

construction of Site C, as well as other existing

and reasonably foreseeable projects.

Now, Kwadacha members secure many of their

goods and services from Prince George. And, thus,

the impact on the availability of these goods and

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services will also have a significant impact on

Kwadacha members.

BC Hydro does note that training and

recruitment of new workers may partly offset labour

market imbalances. Kwadacha is, however, concerned

that this does not adequately address lag times

until those new workers have been adequately

trained, or until they have arrived into the

region.

Now, to more substantially mitigate the

likely impacts, Kwadacha recommends that BC Hydro

promptly initiate trades and equipment training for

its community members.

Empowering community members with the

necessary skills may help alleviate some -- and I

stress "some" -- of the impacts on the availability

of services in Fort Ware.

Further, in light of the uncertainty of

impacts associated with the long-term construction

period and the new projects, training opportunities

must also be guaranteed over the long-term, through

legally-enforceable commitments such as conditions

attached to the EA certificate, if it is issued.

In addition, training; although, an important

aspect, is not enough on its own. Efforts are also

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required to ensure that the quantity of general

goods and construction materials are adequately

maintained in the region such that surrounding

communities are not deprived of these essential

materials.

Notably; although, BC Hydro repeatedly

indicates that the bulk of goods and services would

not be procured locally, BC Hydro concurrently

highlights the millions of dollars that the

proposed project would generate for the regional

economy and local trades persons and contractors.

So these conflicting statements create

further uncertainty and jeopardize the credibility

of assessments and commitments made in the EIS.

I will now turn to my second point, which

pertains to the lack of adequate cumulative effects

assessment in the EIS.

Notably one of the key purposes of CEAA 2012

is to encourage the study of the cumulative effects

of physical activities on a regional basis.

The concerns I've raised today will only be

exacerbated by the other existing and reasonably

foreseeable physical activities across the Peace

region.

In addition, as I mentioned at the wildlife

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session, a cumulative effects assessment cannot be

limited to only existing and reasonably foreseeable

projects and physical activities.

It must also take into account past

activities as contextual evidence to determine the

seriousness of the potential impacts on the

proposed development that is under consideration.

This need is also clearly articulated in CEAA

2012 with provisions that speak to physical

activities that both have been and will be carried

out.

Thus, the temporal scope of the EA for the

Site C project should have been addressed from the

pre-industrial context, which is the only context

from which total cumulative effects over time can

be reasonably measured. So this means before the

Williston Reservoir was created.

Unfortunately, the EIS fails to provide an

adequate cumulative effects assessment. Instead,

it repeatedly concludes that there will be no

residual effects, leaving the cumulative effects

analysis of important aspects, including the labour

market and the regional economy incomplete.

Now, clearly, the duration and the size of

this proposed project would create significant

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impacts to the region. Being a Crown corporation,

BC Hydro is well-positioned to consider the

cumulative impacts of its proposed project along

with those of past, existing, and reasonably

anticipated projects in the Peace region.

So this leads me to the need for a broader

regional planning approach for northern British

Columbia.

Douglas Eyford, the Special Federal

Representative on West Coast Energy Infrastructure

recently released his report titled Forging

Partnerships; Building Relationships, based on his

discussions with numerous First Nations and

regional stakeholder representatives across British

Columbia and Alberta.

In his report, Mr. Eyford acknowledged the BC

government's call for Canada to collaborate with it

on flexible and innovative approaches to address

Aboriginal issues.

Concurrently, Mr. Eyford noted that both

industry and Aboriginal groups have urged

governments to engage in land use planning on a

regional basis to identify and manage cumulative

effects.

Ongoing regional planning processes that

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establish desired environmental outcomes and

identify environmental thresholds to manage

subsequent land use decisions would help achieve

these goals in northern British Columbia.

It could also help to successfully build

prospering long-term relationships, which

Mr. Eyford described as requiring a foundation of

trust built on constructive dialogue, understanding

interests, and commitment to find solutions.

In Mr. Eyford's words:

"Shared interests encourage

constructive relationships."

In summary, I would like to provide the

following recommendations to the panel.

First, to address concerns about costs and

supply impacts on remote communities from drains on

regional goods and services, we recommend that a

forum or other mechanism be implemented through a

legally-binding agreement between BC Hydro and

communities in the Peace region, such as Kwadacha.

Such a mechanism would provide that if there

was a period during which the community needed to

meet a community need, such as building a new

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school, and was unable to get reasonable and

effective contractors to bid on that project, the

community could seek and obtain assistance from

BC Hydro, be it financial or other.

Now, admittedly, this would appear to be a

bit of an unusual request of a project proponent.

However, the Site C project, with its long

projected construction period and its purpose to

supply electricity to numerous projects across the

region is ideally situated to deal with persistent

and more long-term impacts in the Peace region.

Further, as a Crown corporation, BC Hydro is

an important public sector organization. The

British Columbia policy, which is entitled

Government's Expectations For British Columbia

Crown Agencies specifically acknowledges the vital

role that BC's Crown agencies play in advancing the

government's policy priorities and strategic

objectives.

In addition, on an annual basis, the

provincial government publishes a letter of

expectation, which provides a formal means of

communicating direction and priorities to the

boards of Crown agencies, such as BC Hydro.

The government's recent letter of

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expectations to BC Hydro for 2013 and 2014

specifically notes that it is up to the boards and

the senior management teams of organizations such

as BC Hydro to manage in the best interests of the

Province and the Province's citizens.

Thus, BC Hydro is ideally situated, and even

mandated, to play an active role in ensuring the

citizens and communities in the Peace region are

adequately protected and supported from adverse

impacts associated with the Site C, if approved.

Engaging in a mechanism to ensure communities

have adequate access to affordable goods and

services would be one means of exercising this

role.

Now, secondly, as mentioned above, Kwadacha

recommends that BC Hydro promptly initiate trades

and equipment training to its community members.

As stated, empowering community members with

the necessary skills may help alleviate some of the

impacts on the availability of services in Fort

Ware, whose availability and cost would be very

likely impacted by the proposed Site C project.

And, finally, there is clearly a need for

broader regional planning for northern British

Columbia.

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Although this must be government driven, it

needs to include proponents of projects in the

region, such as BC Hydro, and must provide First

Nations with meaningful roles in shared

decision-making over the future use of their

traditional territories.

We request the panel consider making the

recommendation to both the federal and provincial

levels of government regardless of the

recommendation on the Site C project.

With the boom of activity across the Peace

region, further delay on this matter is not an

option. Action was required yesterday, and it is

imperative today.

In summary, these recommendations are

consistent with the approach that Kwadacha has

adopted throughout its participation in this

regulatory process.

Kwadacha does not wish to be prescriptive,

but is willing to sit down with BC Hydro,

government representatives, other First Nations,

and more general stakeholders to further discuss

the project and plans for going forward should the

project be approved.

Thank you very much.

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Are there questions from the floor?

Then thank you very much, Ms. Stano.

MS. MAYA STANO: Thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Feldberg.

MR. PETER FELDBERG: Mr. Chair, I believe that

Mr. Chadder can answer the question now that Madam

Beaudet asked, so maybe while the next presenter is

coming up, he could do that.

THE CHAIRMAN: All right. While, Dr. Charl

Badenhorst is coming up, could we hear that

response?

MR. DAVID CHADDER: Thank you.

The results of the PM2.5 modelling in Table G8

are the sum of the maximum model concentrations

presented in Table G7, and the numbers are very

close to one microgram per cubic metre.

If you look at Table 3.3.5, that's where we

summarize the ambient background concentrations of

PM2.5. And for that averaging period, the

background value is 15. The modelling is estimated

at a contribution of 1 from the project. So the

sum of the two is close to 16 all the time.

There is some rounding in there amongst the

numbers, but the ambient background of 15 accounts

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for most of the total of sums to 16 all the time.

So the numbers are correct as presented.

MS. BEAUDET: Thank you.

What prompted this question is that it's only

for the schools. We don't have I believe something

similar for childcare facilities or hospitals. You

have for -- okay, you have for childcare

facilities.

The table you're referring is in the EIS

proper text, not in the appendices; is that what

you're saying?

MR. DAVID CHADDER: All of the tables I just

mentioned are in our technical report, in L.

MS. BEAUDET: Okay. I usually look at the

appendicis more than the EIS proper.


MR. DAVID CHADDER: You're welcome.


And welcome Dr. Badenhorst.

Presentation by Dr. Charl Badenhorst:

DR. CHARL BADENHORST: Good morning to the panel and

everybody present. And thank you for the

opportunity to present some outcomes of a very

special workshop that was presented and conducted a

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few months -- a few weeks ago in October last year

organized by all the medical officers of BC as part

of the health offices council and in collaboration

with Northern Health.

I'm wearing various hats. I'm also a

practising physician in this community. I'm a

public health physician, and I'm sitting on the BC

medical association board, as well as the board of

North Peace division of family practice, and also

the public health Association of BC.

So I'm hoping to bring some perspective on

what we understand the socio-economical impacts are

from a public health point of view.

And to be clearly recognized, the boom and

bust cycles have a significant impact on

communities, and we have to recognize that.

I just want to ask the panel a few questions.

Number one is: how many reps do we have

around here from the northeast? I just want to see

to help myself.

Anyone in the northeast?

Does anyone know how many oil and gas wells

we have in the northeast? And will be drilled in

the northeast?

What is the child poverty rate in BC?

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Is this project about revenue, or is it about

what is the right thing to do?

Is this a quick fix?

And, as a member of this panel, what is your

understanding of the socio-economical impact of

this intervention on the local community?

And how will this consequences of this

project influence health budget in the next to five

to ten years.

As a medical officer in BC, we are appointed

under the order of council in BC under the

government, and, actually, are an extension of the

Minister of Health. So our roles and

responsibilities are depicted in the public Health

Act. And, particularly, Section 3 of this Act

cites that even if a medical officer is concerned

about any health impact or health concern, it may

request the Minister of Health to develop a health

plan.

And with this in mind, I just want to bring

to your attention that from a public health point

of view, it would be recognized, as public health

physicians, that policies may significantly impact

community health.

It may be also a health hazard, and may also

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pose health risks to people.

And as I've mentioned, the child poverty rate

in BC is 20 percent and more; although, we say that

BC is one of the best places in the world to live.

In BC, the revenue from the northeast plays a

significant role from this area. But, as a public

health physician, when I looked at the health

indicators when I came to this region about eight

years ago, I was really concerned about looking at

the health status. And this data that came from

the Stats Canada community health surveys, they do

every second year, and if you look at these health

indicators, we win most of the prizes for poor

health.

THE CHAIRMAN: Dr. Badenhorst, can I get you

to bring the mic a little closer. Thank you.

DR. CHARL BADENHORST: Sure. Thank you.

Now, for me, it was a conflicting thing

because on the one side, I hear -- and if you look

around you, you see a lot of health -- wealth. And

you see the vehicles people use, the toys they buy,

and so on. Then you don't think about poverty.

But if you look at the health indicators, it

clearly doesn't jive with that impression.

If we look at the unemployment rate in this

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area, it's less than 4 percent. So -- and the

past, they said if you can pass a pee test and you

can have a driver's licence, you could get a job.

Today, they say if you can breathe over a meadow

and you can make fog, that means you can get a job.

So we call it the fog test.

But that means that if you want to work, you

can work.

So people from all over the country who've

got hope will come to this region for work.

And as a physician -- and I'm also involved

with addiction services in community; I'm running a

methadone clinic in this region, you see the

problems that come to this community by means of

this route.

So why do we have this paradox then?

Firstly, I thought, well, I was very smart to

figure out, though, I understand what's going on,

until someone said to me, no, you have to go back

in the literature and see, in the 1800s, this was

very well described; that boom and bust cycles in

New York and other northern part of the countries,

and the States, showed these cycles very clearly

and what they mean.

And, also, if you look in the old gold rush

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history, there's not much difference between the

economic rush today and the gold rush. And the

question is: did we really learn from the past?

So Henry George was a journalist and wrote up

all these cycles, and what it means to communities,

with a clear understanding of is it really

necessary? It can be addressed and it can be

mitigated and we could optimize the resource

development in the same time.

There's things we can do and there's things

we can't change.

If we look at the policies from the BC

government industry regulatory bodies, local

authorities, health authorities, the BC medical

association, the Canadian medical association, the

division of family practice, they all have one word

in common. It's about community.

If the well-being of the community is so

important, so why is it so difficult, then, for

key-role players to work together to form

partnerships and respect communities as you heard

from the previous presenter? To plan and prepare

for communities for what is coming.

I went on a road show, and I talked to all

the Mayors in the different towns in the area, and

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their story was very clear. And part of our health

offices council workshop is -- I made a joke one

day, and I said, "But there's no airport in Fort

St. John; he has to fly into Prince George and then

take a bus to Fort St. John", and then actually it

became a story, and we made this Northern Health

trip with all the medical offices and other people.

And we actually -- the Mayors from the region, each

stop along the road, we picked them up and they

tell their story. And then we took -- picked up

the next guy and so on.

So it forced people to sit on the bus, to

listen to people in the community, and to

understand what is really going on.

So to plan and prepare for communities, the

one way to do it is really to understand what is a

socio-economical impact?

We use these words very widely, and sometimes

irresponsibly, the same with environmental impacts,

and even with health impact studies.

Health impact is very complex. Environmental

is very complex, and socio-economic or economic

tools, we don't really have a formal tool in BC

that we can really use for most industries.

How do we ask citizens for their

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perspectives? If you ask them, they will probably

give you most of the answers.

How do we ask industry for what they need in

order to do their job in the community?

Well, I did that. I talked to bigger

industries, and I learned a lot from them, their

frustrations, because on the one side, as they want

to develop, and the other side, there's not

supportive infrastructure for them. How do you ask

local governments what they need? And how do we

ask healthcare providers what they need?

Most of the time, communities involvement is

about window-dressing, and sometimes let's take

what we can and get out of there.

Can these cycles be better managed?

Yes. We have basic project management tools.

It's been done in big industries, so why can't you

do it in the community?

And the boom and bust cycles are economic

laws. Like, what's happening now with oil and gas

drilling; we have new technology now, so everybody

is on the bus to develop as fast as they can, now

we build pipelines. Now that pipelines has got

more capacity, now we have to have -- add more

wells. And now we produce more gas, and -- so on

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-- and then they got competitiveness and the

industry becomes so competitive that it becomes

sometimes not lucrative.

And if you laid down people, if the price

drops a few dollars [indiscernible] centre, then

people are in trouble and a lot of people lose

money. And it's usually the unskilled people that

pay the price.

If you look at what the boom cycle really

means from a political point of view in this --

from a political point of view is they win

elections on this, they promote job creations,

stimulate economy. This leads to migration of

people and money to a community. This includes

revenue for the province. We've just been used for

a lot of industries to get involved in the

communities as the carrot.

Income in the region. There's some money

coming back to the region like BC fair share. Who

makes the real money?

It's not always the local people that's

making the money, it's usually -- it creates

poverty in many aspects, which I will show it to

you later on. And this creates a battle between

the old-timers and the newcomers.

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The bust phase is also, as I mentioned, part

of the economic laws. We overproduce and prices

drop and then people get laid off and they invested

in their equipment and so on.

The loss of jobs, people move out, they left

them in debt, family crisis, single parenthood,

substance use, alcohol use, and my list can go on.

So this leaves the community usually in a

socio-economical health dilemma and a crisis.

At-migration of people and money have

significant impacts of industry, and like -- if a

city council developed land, they have to take

loans, and suddenly people leave, the prices might

drop and plunge and keep -- and increase the

poverty rates.

And one of the biggest problems we see is

young people leave school very early because they

can make much more money than their moms and dads,

and they leave school in Grade 10, 11, 12. And

when the prices drop after four, five years, or

their health get impacted, or they make too much

money and they don't know how to use this money

wisely, they get in trouble with the law, they lose

their driver's licence, they get criminal records

for substance use and alcohol use. So that group

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of our young people get into trouble. And when

they get laid off, they don't have education.

So without planning, the quick buck we intend

to make out of resource development does sometimes

outweigh the socio-economical disasters it created.

It's like a credit card's philosophy: it's nice to

buy, but you pay back an interest later.

Unplanned community development will cost the

government probably more at the end from a

socio-economical point of view.

For instance, if you look at the one case of

Hep C or the one case of HIV or a single parenthood

and so on costs lots of money.

So if we just look quickly in -- at northern

health and the health indicators, despite the thing

is economic growth.

A lot of money is invested in this community.

We have a low unemployment rate, and significant

projects coming into this region.

So this project will actually just add up to

the activities in this community.

Now, if you look at the population profile,

in yellow, you look at northern health regions for

First Nations. The yellow line means that on the

one side you have more young people in the younger

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age group. And the blue line is northern

residents. If you look on the right side of the

graph, we follow more or less that of BC, but we

drop down at the end, so we have less older people

in the community. And we have more younger people

in the community compared to the rest of BC.

If you look at Fort St. John, specifically,

we have record birth rates. For the first time, we

are to create a prenatal clinic because it couldn't

accommodate the number of births and the loss of

physicians in the community. We have a record low

of physicians in the community because of policy

change of recruitment by the colleges that makes it

very difficult for people to recruit physicians.

Like in Hudson's Hope, we had a long time

that we didn't have a physician in that area. And

the government throw money out to physicians to

attach patients to the clinics. Although, we are

already working very hard, now you have to take

more patients on. Now, what's the balance between

good health care and taking on more patients? We

have more working clinic hours than ever before.

So this spill over to the ERs, where people

seen in the ER and put a lot of pressure on the

staff there; we had to deal with very difficult

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things, and don't have the time to do that

properly.

If you look at these figures, the blue is for

the northeast: northern interior and northwest.

And the red line is that for the average for BC.

The percentage of youth receiving employment

insurance. Does that tell a story? Does this

reflect employable, but not working people because

they work for three, four weeks, make enough money,

and sit at home and do something else, get in

trouble?

Lots of injuries, driver's licence suspended,

elicit drug use, and so on.

If you look at the motor vehicle accident

hospitalization rate per thousand; again, the blue

line is our areas. With the northeast very high

compared to the rest of the BC and Vancouver areas.

Total serious crime. Look at the blue lines

again. We win all the prizes there.

If you look at the percent of 18-year-olds

who did not graduate. That reflects what I've said

before, we lose a lot of people to the industry at

a very early age.

Alcohol sales also very high compared to the

rest of BC. So with this in mind, then, let's look

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at specific health issues.

Now, this shows the standardized mortality

ratio. That means death rates due to different

causes, motor vehicle crashes sky high.

And then for all those on the left side:

suicide falls, digestive system, chronic diseases

and all that list, we are over the average compared

to BC. So overall, we have a sicker population

compared to the rest of BC.

Potential years of life lost. The north are

the highest compared to BC and other areas in BC.

Motor vehicle crashes due to deaths due to

crashes. Look at our figures in the north: sky

high.

Deaths attributable to alcohol in northern

BC, it's also very high; although, it's coming

down, but this is only numbers, it's not the rate,

so it's very difficult to interpret this data.

Hospitalisation due to elicit drug use. If

you look at over the years, from 2002 to 2008,

significant increases. And this year, because of

illegal Fentanyl that came into the market from

other countries, we have record deaths in the past

three years in these regions because of overdose.

If you look the reports from the RCMP, that

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clearly state that, from the police chief,

"gastrolyne causing increase in crime locality".

If you look -- work in the walk-in clinics and

addiction clinics, you see that very clearly.

So this panel must ask themselves today do we

really care for those 300,000 people living in the

north? Or do we care more about what we can take

from them?

Will our interventions add to the health care

concerns, or will it make a difference?

How do we work with the BC medical officers

to develop policies and regulations to help plan

better in communities, to prepare communities

better for what's coming?

Accept that citizens and minority groups have

a democratic right to determine how the communities

will be used or abused.

How new projects may affect their health.

Unfold our health -- how do we unfold our

communities rather than how do we mold them into

something they don't want to be?

Prepare our communities better for economic

boom and bust cycles.

Leave something behind for the community. So

once your dam is done, what do you leave behind?

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How many of the people is going to work here,

live here, or going to fly in? When the VIPs and

executives fly in for a meeting and go out, how do

they understand the dynamics of that community?

And then realize that economic growth may

pose one of our biggest public health challenges.

And that came from Dr. -- the chief medical officer

from the north, Dr. David Bowering.

And today's exercise, I said with all

respect, is it just a window-dressing? Or do we

really understand the impact of this in the

community? Long-term effects? How do we consult

with communities? How do we develop plans to make

it sustainable, to make the life for the people who

live here, before the dam and before any other

project, that's an impact them forever?

And with this in mind, I say thank you very

much for the opportunity to present this to you.

Thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you very much,

Dr. Badenhorst. Those are pretty shocking numbers.

Madam Beaudet.

MS. BEAUDET: The motor vehicle crash

that's for the north is very high. I was wondering

if you have any data for Fort St. John?

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DR. CHARL BADENHORST: It's always difficult to

break it down by smaller areas, but I think, with

some effort, it can be done. But I suppose -- if

you look at the Trans Alaska Highway, it's just

impacted with high vehicles. If you drive, and you

just count the number of big trucks on the road

compared to normal small trucks or small vehicles,

it's impressive.

If they closed this road for an hour, I

wonder what the back-up will be in an hour's time.

So this is difficult to say, but it reflects

some of the problems we have, but I think there's a

lot of safety also in place, to make sure driver's

rest a lot, and there's a lot of work done.

But the big truck -- the drivers -- the truck

drivers have, it's a problem of his own. It

creates, from a men's health point of view, a big

concern because people don't exercise, they eat the

wrong foods, they become overweight, they have

sleep problems, and that causes crashes.


THE CHAIRMAN: One of the earlier slides

showed that this is a younger population than the

rest of BC. If you normalized the statistics for

age and education, would the picture for BC -- I

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think it would still be fairly grim in northeast

BC, but possibly not quite so much so.

DR. CHARL BADENHORST: I think that it improved a

bit. I've talked to some of the school board

members in the past. It didn't improve a lot.

But, again, this explained to us that there's

a -- so if people, young people, get lost to

school -- from schools to communities, then same

with public health; why don't we take the services

to the camps? Why don't we take the services to

school services or school educations or internet

education or other means, to give people the

opportunity to get the education off -- on the

website? Why can't we do that? We can have mobile

clinics, there's many ways to do that.

So your question is clear. It can be

addressed. And people don't do well -- there's a

lot of slides I didn't show in terms of

mathematical skills and learning abilities; we have

low performance rates compared to BC.

THE CHAIRMAN: Are there questions from the

floor for Dr. Badenhorst?

Or comments from Hydro?

MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Yes.

Thank you, Dr. Badenhorst.

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We definitely look forward. And we already

have sought the advice of Northern Health, and one

of our team attended the workshop that

Dr. Badenhorst is talking about.

And in our EIS, it may look like just one

line, but we have also focussed on making available

-- or, sorry, having Northern Health's programs

that are relevant to the health indicators of our

workforce be provided to our workforce at the camp.

And that was at the advice of Northern Health, and,

in particular, the programs that are focused on a

young and male population. And I think that that

will be a great partnership, and provide a good

opportunity to deliver to the workforce, those

programs.

THE CHAIRMAN: These are very deep problems.

And, I must say, your panel is a long way from

having solutions for them; you've thought about

them much more than we have.

I'm encouraged by the fact that you're

talking pretty closely with Hydro about specific

concrete things that might be done in the present

circumstances.

DR. CHARL BADENHORST: Thank you. And I think it's

important because this will be one project, but

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46

there's lots of other projects going on in the

community.

What forum are we going the use to work

together and plan together and pool forces because

there's a lot of goodwill from all industries. And

I -- there's not a blame game to play because I

went out and I talked to them. And I think we need

the forum where all the industries work together

and join forces with the city council and the

health professionals and say how can we make it

better?

Like, if we have an apartment block, and we

have cheap accommodation for healthcare providers,

for other people who want to come in. Young

people, we need creches where people -- young

couples people come in.

If you look at this, they pay $1,000 a day --

a month for one kid in a creche, or a daycare. Why

can't we have that services to them on a cheaper

way of doing that? If people live like that, they

will be happy, and they will stay.

So we spend a lot of money recruiting health

care professionals, but they leave because it's

expensive to live here.

If you look at the taxes for this year, we

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have the highest tax per property, I think, in the

whole BC. So for a young couple to come in here,

it's almost impossible to get a place to stay and

to start a living.

So if we make it easier for them to get their

roots in the community, they will stay. People

don't leave because of money; they leave because

they are unhappy.

THE CHAIRMAN: Dr. Badenhorst, I'm struck by

the crosswalk between your message about let's

think and plan and engage in some foresight and the

comments made by the previous witness, Ms. Stano.

I'm also struck by the reference to Henry

George, and the notion that we are all prisoners of

dead economists.


DR. CHARL BADENHORST: That's true, yeah. Thank

you.


Is Penny Gagnon in the room?

Ms. Gagnon, would you be willing to do your

presentation now rather than -- thank you.

Presentation by Penny Gagnon, Fort St. John Child

Development Centre:

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THE CHAIRMAN: Welcome, Ms. Gagnon. I had a

feeling that what you were going to tell us about

might relate to what Dr. Badenhorst just said.

MS. PENNY GAGNON: Yeah. I was going to say

it's a great privilege to actually follow

Dr. Badenhorst. I had the privilege to work with

him for a short period of time before I left

Northern Health and went to the child development

centre seven years ago. So he really does set the

stage for what is happening in north-eastern BC

and, particularly, in Fort St. John.

I'm originally from Prince George, and I

moved here eight years ago. And I have to say that

Fort St. John has been an amazing community to live

in. It cares about its people. And people

generally stand together for what we believe in.

And I've really become entrenched in this community

partly because of the work that I do with children

and families, but partly because Fort St. John

really welcomes newcomers and I -- you know, just

listening to Dr. Badenhorst talk about the health

determinants of this area, it really does sort of

link with what I have to say today about the

children and families that we serve.

So we are a non-profit organization in Fort

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49

St. John. We are one of the larger, maybe the

largest, non-profit organization next to North

Peace community resources. We have been in this

community for 40 years. We're celebrating our 40th

anniversary this year. And we are governed by a

board of directors, who are very well-established

in our community.

We are very, very embedded in Fort St. John.

We have excellent partnerships with industry. We

have very well-established partnerships with

individuals, small businesses. We do two big

charity events every year that raise quite a

substantial amount of fundraised dollars.

We recently did an expanded project on our

building. We operate under about 20,000

square feet, and we're actually starting to burst

at the seams.

Our expanded project that we call Project

Build a Fort was completed about four years ago,

and we are now in a situation where we're starting

to look for more space.

We have a golf tournament that brings in lots

of fun, and we also have a talent show coming up in

March.

We really focus on inclusion in our

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community. We want all children and their families

to flourish at their most highest capacity. And we

work very, very hard to provide a service that not

only works with the individual child, but works

with the family, as a whole.

We know that families are the best advocates

for their kids. And we know that at the end of the

day, they move on from our services, and we want

them to make experts in the health of their own

children.

So John Lennon says:

"You may say I'm a dreamer,

but I'm not the only one.

I hope some day you'll join

us, and the world will live as

one."

So it speaks to the notion that we all need

to be working together for the betterment of our

community.

We offer a number of services; particularly,

our main focus is early intervention and paediatric

rehabilitation for kids 0 to 5.

We focus on early childhood development.

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We've been sort of switching gears a little bit,

and really taking a -- sort of a more well-rounded

approach, looking at parent caregiver attachment

and child and youth mental health.

We offer preschool to 240 kids in our

community. We do infant development, life skills,

respite, and services for children with autism.

I'm just going to show you a couple of

numbers.

So when I started at the child development

centre seven years ago, I think we were sitting

around serving about 450 children annually. In

2009/2010, we served 694 unique clients; meaning,

children. So from -- when you're working with a

child, usually you have a sibling, you have a mom

and a dad or a grandma or a caregiver. So when you

have a unique client, there's typically about two

or three other people wrapped around that child.

In 2012 and 2013, we served over 1,200 unique

clients. So we are a very, very busy centre. And

Dr. Badenhorst spoke to the birth rate in Fort St.

John. We can talk about numbers, but, you know, I

invite you all to spend a day in our centre and

watch. There's probably about 160 kids every day

that come through our centre. So these are just

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some historical comparisons.

In March 2013, in our infant development

program, we had a caseload of 255. Two years ago,

that caseload was only 125. I'm not going to go

through them specifically, but you can just kind of

see that our number of clients accessing our centre

is on the rise.

We have not seen an increase in our staffing

levels of any sort of, you know, big sort of jump

in the whole seven years that I've been there.

We've seen little leaps of having, you know, .8 FTE

increased to a -- you know, a full-time FTE,

but ...

You know, we also struggle with the

recruitment and retention of qualified

professionals, as they do in the sort of acute

health care system.

And if you look at the numbers of the unique

clients that are accessing our centre, without, you

know, proper growth in terms of our staff, that

does impact, you know, what our waitlists look

like.

So if you just go over across and compare it,

you know IDP in -- two years ago, we -- at the end

of the year, in March, we had 19 children on our

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waitlist. In March of last year, we had 162.

So those numbers are very disturbing, you

know, and -- and, like I said, numbers are numbers,

but, you know, when you come into our centre, and,

you know, we're sitting around every Wednesday

morning at a team meeting, and, you know, I see the

grave faces on the clinicians and the therapists

and consultants that work directly with these

children and families, and we have, you know, 50

new referrals that we've just received in a week,

children being referred with no feet, children

being referred -- haven't even left the hospital

yet because they have been born at 33 or 32 weeks,

have, you know, rare syndromes that we haven't

even, you know, ever heard of before, and, you

know, we're all looking at each other, and I have

to remind them, you know, we're not an acute

centre. But there's a lot of pressure put on our

staff at the child development centre because there

is no paediatrician --

Slow down? Okay.

There is no paediatrician in this community;

although, we have the highest birth rate.

Just a couple of images of some of the

children that we work with.

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Again, some more historical comparisons:

March 2011: 771. March 31st, 2013: 1,208. So you

can see that the pressures on our centre continue

to rise; they are not changing, if you look at sort

of the graph over a period of time. Again, new

referrals increasing every year.

So I just wanted to point to a couple of

general concerns that I have. You know, when I

listen to Dr. Badenhorst speak today, it -- you

know, definitely we don't want to sort of --

everybody repeat what we have to say, but the

information that he provided is -- really needs to

be considered in the context of this community.

And I'm really hoping that BC Hydro can sit

down with the non-profit organizations because --

you know, although, we've had some general

conversations; we've had -- you know, I've met with

BC Hydro staff, and we've -- you know, they know

about our services, but we really have not sat down

and just really hashed out what our -- the real

short- and long-term impacts of Site C on all of

the non-profits in Fort St. John, not just the

child development centre.

The concern for daycare is always a concern.

However, there has been some recent changes in Fort

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St. John. We've had a couple of expanded services;

a new private daycare opened, so we're really

excited about that. It is still a concern. I'm

just wondering if it's still the most important

concern -- or the primary concern.

Accessible, affordable daycare definitely is

something that needs to be examined.

And, although, I've been provided with some

stats from BC Hydro in terms of what the number of

children will be at the height of the project, I

just -- it's really hard for me to fathom or agree

that it will only bring, you know, around that 40

new additional children to our community under the

age of 5.

I'm no scientist; I'm no statistician, but

I've been in this community long enough to know

that big projects bring a lot of people and a lot

of families. And I think what happens is there's

this idea that people will come and stay in camps.

They come to this community; they realize how great

it is, and they bring their families.

I only have two -- actually, if I can just

speak to a couple more things around the general

concerns.

The accessibility of our service for, you

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know, any new workers -- you know, if I can be so

blunt to say that, unfortunately, new families

coming to Fort St. John, you know, needing our

services, unless their children are very, very

complex, and they hit a prioritization for our

services that is extremely high, they will sit on a

wait list. They will not have access to service.

That's how stretched we are right now.

When I left the office yesterday, I just did

a quick poll of where our waitlists were, and we

have about 300 kids sitting on our waitlists right

now.

Sorry.

So my two recommendations are that I would

like a formal discussion from BC Hydro to assist

with the mitigation of short- and long-term impacts

of Site C project; particularly, on our

organization and children and their families that

access our services.

I would also like, after that conversation or

several conversation happens, some type of formal

agreement made with the child development centre

about the state of affairs, and what things will

look like at the end of the day.

And so that's my --

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It sure looks like you've got your hands

full.

MS. PENNY GAGNON: M'mm-hmm.

THE CHAIRMAN: Rather than waiting until the

end of the day, I wonder if Hydro has any comment

on that right now?

MS. SUSAN YURKOVICH: Thank you.

Thanks for your presentation.

As Penny mentioned, we have had discussions,

and, you know, we understand that the existing

services are stretched, as I mention now. We look

forward to having further discussions and seeing

how we can be of assistance in this area.

I think part of, you know, putting together a

fund was hopefully to allow communities to make

choices about where the need is greatest, and so

that was what we have proposed, but we absolutely

are interested in having further discussions.

I think we've had some really helpful

suggestions already. And I think there is a

recognition that Site C is part of it, but there's

also some existing conditions. And so we look

forward to following up with you.

Thanks.

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MS. BEAUDET: I want to know if you have

statistics on the parents, if -- to what extent

they come from the region, to what extent they are

locals that have grown up and lived here all their

lives, parents that are attached to a company

working here. Do you have any data?

MS. PENNY GAGNON: No, we don't actually keep a

lot of stats on the people around the child,

per se. We keep the stats on the child. We,

obviously, have the information around the parents,

but we don't track whether they are local

individuals or people who have sort of migrated in,

but, you know, from a -- just a -- the experience

of being there, I can very comfortably say that --

you know, I don't even know what the percentage

would be, but most people who are coming to our

centre probably are not born and raised here.

Because we know who those people are. Right? They

come and they tell us they don't have any family,

they don't have any help, they can't find childcare

because, you know, grandma and grandpa don't live

in town.

We are looking at hiring a contract

clinician, and she's actually going -- because we

don't have a physiotherapist, and, you know,

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childcare is an issue for her, and so she's

bringing a family member from a different city to

come and help with childcare.

So, you know, we see a lot of people from the

eastern provinces come and need some assistance,

so ...

MS. BEAUDET: The reason why I'm asking is

because usually when there's a bigger centre in the

region, and it offers services that you don't find

in more rural areas, then more people come to that

big centre.

MS. PENNY GAGNON: M'mm-hmm.

I know that some employers do use the child

development centre as one of their sort of

marketing strategies for recruitment efforts, but,

you know, like I sad, unless their children are

very, very highly complex right now, they're not --

they're sitting on waitlists way longer than they

should be.

So if you have a child with a, you know,

fairly simple articulation problem, they probably

will maybe get one appointment with the speech

language pathologist, and then they will be sent

home with a home program. And the days of weekly

therapy, or coming for therapy three days a week,

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are far gone. Whereas, you know, some of these

children with very sort of easy-fix problems, that

could be addressed in a block, and make great gains

in a shorter period of time are, unfortunately, not

being seen because of the kids that are, you know,

born premature with rare syndromes, you know, and a

whole other host of problems.


THE CHAIRMAN: Are there comments from the

floor?

Mr. Little.

MR. JAMES LITTLE: Anyway, CDC does provide a

great service here, but my question is is that --

and I think I know the answer, but I'd like it

stated, is that you basically are the only service

that does what you're doing? And that's what I

want in the record, please.

MS. PENNY GAGNON: M'mm-hmm. Yeah, we are the

only service in Fort St. John that offers this type

of paediatric rehab, and I think, as well, to build

on what the gentleman had to say was that the

concern that we have, and will continue to have, is

there is no paediatrician in Fort St. John. Not

saying that's a BC Hydro problem, but it is a

community problem.

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MS. PENNY GAGNON: Thanks.

THE CHAIRMAN: I'm going to suggest that we

take a somewhat early coffee break, come back in

15 minutes, at 25 after the hour, and then spend

some time with the Ministry with the impossible

name. Thank you very much.

(Brief break)

THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Good morning, again.

We now have an opportunity here from the

Ministry of Forestry, Lands and Natural Resources

Operations; principally, on tourism. We're in your

hands.

Ministry of Forestry, Lands and Natural Resources

Operations Panel:

Ben Naylor (Legal Counsel).

Jennifer Davis.

Peter Harrison.

Chris Addison.

Dr. Kristy Ciruna.

Introduction of the Ministry of Forest, Lands and Natural

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Resources Operations Panel by Mr. Ben Naylor:

MR. BEN NAYLOR: Good morning, Mr. Chair,

esteemed panel members.

My name is Ben Naylor. I'm legal counsel for

the Province of British Columbia, and I'm here to

introduce a panel that's been convened to speak on

tourism topics and questions that were raised by

the panel.

Principally, in the centre of the panel, we

have Ms. Jennifer Davis, who is the executive

director of the tourism branch of Ministry of Jobs,

Tourism and Skills Training.

On the panel's right, we have Mr. Peter

Harrison, who is the director of partnership

marketing of Destination British Columbia.

And on the panel's left, we have a familiar

face, Mr. Chris Addison, who is the director of

resource management for the Ministry of Forests,

Lands and Natural Resource Operations.

So I will leave you in their hands. But

before I turn the presentation over into the

capable hands of Ms. Davis, I would just like to

add that if there are any follow-up questions that

need to be addressed in the form of undertakings, I

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63

note that today is the last day to submit those

undertakings. So if there are any questions that

do fall within that category that we do have a

brief discussion about the timing of that after the

panel speaks.

THE CHAIRMAN: Yes, we'll do whatever ad hoc

thing we need to do.


MR. BEN NAYLOR: Thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: Ms. Davis.

Presentation by Ms. Jennifer Davies, Ministry of

Forestry, Lands and Natural Resources Operations:

MS. JENNIFER DAVIES: Thank you. Merci.

Thank you for letting us come here in person

and answer the questions that you put to us. There

were seven questions, and what we thought we would

do is go through them in a bit of a systematic

manner, going from the provincial context down to

the local context and work through them that way.

But, first, I wanted to talk a little bit

more, you've gone from the agency, as you said,

that has the indescribable name, to having

additional people with another agency --

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THE CHAIRMAN: Now, Ms. Davis, I'm going to

have to tell you right away that --

MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: Slow down.

THE CHAIRMAN: -- you're being transcribed

and the speed must be moderated.

MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: Thank you, sir. I appreciate

the reminder.

So, as Mr. Naylor mentioned, you've got

representatives here from three government groups.

I'm with the Ministry of Jobs, Tourism and Skills

Training. This is the ministry that is responsible

for the provincial agenda for tourism, that

includes setting the strategic direction.

Tourism is one of the eight jobs plan sectors

for British Columbia. And it has its own strategic

plan, which is called Gaining the Edge, which we've

provided to the Secretary as well.

Gaining the Edge kind of sets out where we're

going. It runs from 2012 to 2016.

In delivery of Gaining the Edge, we've got a

core partner called Destination British Columbia.

This is a Crown corporation. It's newly-minted.

It started out just a year ago. And Destination

British Columbia's primary focus is to work on the

demand side of tourism marketing us locally,

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65

nationally, and internationally with the goal of

increasing revenue and jobs and businesses all

across British Columbia.

The third component, we have some operational

delivery elements. One of the most important being

our colleagues at the Ministry Of Forests, Lands

and Natural Resource Operations.

They have, in summary, kind of two roles for

us: one, they do the integrated resource management

for the natural sectors, that includes tourism.

And, two, they have straight-line delivery of

some programs, including outdoor recreation.

There's a branch that deals with the mountain

resorts in British Columbia, heritage, and a few

others.

So in the Province of British Columbia, it

kind of links the three groups together to really

deliver tourism, and why you've got the panel here

that you have today.

So the first question that you asked was a

little bit about the basis for BC tourism

promotion. I have five slides that quickly go

through this, and they will set the context for the

remaining questions.

So the first point is that we define tourism.

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We use a standard methodology both here in BC and

Canada. It's the definition that the world tourism

organization uses and the UN. And it's written

there for you.

So it's the activities of persons travelling

to and staying in places outside their usual

environment for not more than one consecutive year

for leisure, business, and other purposes.

There's three quick points I want to add to

this. There is a distinction between tourism and

public recreation.

Tourism is generally about generating

revenue, employment, and businesses.

The second point is that, as the definition

states, there is both leisure and business travel

in tourism.

Sometimes I use the definition "a travel

economy" to help people understand what's in

tourism, that seems to resonate more easily to

understand: "a travel economy."

On that one, I just want to note that the

definition says for not more than one consecutive

year, here, in British Columbia, we understand that

there are areas of the Province, and this being

one, where there's a lot of long-term business

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67

travel. So we use statistics that separate out

anybody who is staying for more than 30 days. So

we don't want to overestimate what's going for

tourism, so we net those folks out here in BC.

The third point, is that, for us, this

includes domestic travel. So people in BC, we

don't view them just as circulating money around

the Province.

In the tourism lens, quite often those are

people who might go elsewhere: to Mexico, to

Hawaii. We'd rather they spent their money here at

home on our wonderful products.

So continuing on. This slide, I wanted to

talk a little bit about -- there's a suite of

industries that are part of tourism. Sometimes

people hear the word "tourism" and think of our

adventure tourism business operators, but that's

only a part of how we define tourism.

This pie chart in front of you is just an

example about employment. So it shows -- the big,

yellow chunk is accommodation and food services.

There's transportation, retail, and some other

services in there as well.

Again, we are using a globally-standard

methodology. And in that, it's important to note

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that not all sectors are fully linked to tourism.

So we talked about accommodation earlier.

Accommodation is, you know, more than 95 percent

visitors are coming and staying in your hotels.

But taxis, for example, taxi services, about

25 percent of that is accrued to tourism.

Retail is, again, proportionately less.

So, again, it's very important that we don't

overestimate how much of this industry is accruing

to, what we call, tourism.

So, again, we use some standard methodology

that BC Stats handles for us.

Just to give you a quantum here in British

Columbia, given all those industries pooled

together, it's a 13.4 billion-dollar industry in

British Columbia. That's why it's one of our eight

job sectors, jobs plans sectors.

But the question really asked around how we

promote British Columbia. We have our BC brand.

It is Super, Natural British Columbia. We've had

it for more than 30 years. And we continue to

analyze the relevance of this brand. It's a

highly-competitive marketplace out there.

In the 1950s, there was about 15 countries

that had 90 percent of the travellers. And Canada

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69

was in there.

Now, we're finding a lot of, what's called,

exotic locations: Thailand. New Zealand. The

marketplace is becoming increasingly crowded. So

Canada is dropping in its destination in terms of

the percentage of travellers of the world coming

into Canada; ranking, that is, not in volume.

We're still growing.

So we continue to take a look at our brand,

and how we action that brand on the marketplace.

And it's important to know the essence of what

British Columbia has, and how we market ourselves.

We're seen as a welcoming place. We're

sophisticated. We have a great diversity of

cultures, city experiences, small-town experiences.

All in a very safe environment. We're seen as a

very safe destination. And all of this is in the

backdrop of breathtaking beauty and exceptional

experiences. That's our brand, and our brand

promise.

So we'll touch on British Columbia's key

markets. And I've provided you two pie charts:

one that looks at the volume. So who is coming?

And the second one is the expenditures; who's

paying?

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70

You can see that British Columbia

domestically is our -- continues to be our key

volume market. But when we're looking at who's

paying more, we can look at Asia Pacific, which is

the purple slice, and Europe, which is the blue

slice, which are proportionately more. This is

really important because Canada and British

Columbia are considered high-cost destinations for

people coming elsewhere.

So we have a target client; it's the people

that can afford to come, and, ideally, like to

enjoy spending their money here. We're not a

Disneyland that works on volume. We're a high-cost

destination. So we operate giving exceptional

experiences, high quality.

Just to give you a flavour: in 2011, which is

kind of our best statistical information right now,

there was 4.3 million international tourists coming

to British Columbia. So we've got lots of people

coming, even in those smaller slices.

So this is my last slide on question one,

which was how do we promote and really focus

promotion of tourism in British Columbia?

Really, we need to look at the marketing

side, and this is where my colleagues in the Crown

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71

corporation Destination British Columbia play a

pivotal role, and we really want to convert

awareness of British Columbia as a destination,

both for people here in BC and elsewhere, and

convert that awareness into actually coming.

And through our programs, we also want to

profile and market our businesses.

We have key products, these are in our

Gaining the Edge strategy, which I referenced

earlier, touring vacations -- and we'll talk a

little bit more about that as we talk about the

local economy -- city stays, skiing and

snowboarding. There's a picture there of our Ski

It To Believe It winter campaign, that's on right

now. Aboriginal tourism, conventions, outdoor

adventure and ecotourism.

We have about 50 products in British Columbia

that we're looking at, tending, monitoring, but

those are our key ones that we're focusing on right

now.

Moving to question two. And the question was

around the northern regions, is the basis for

tourism a cultural frontier experience?

And I've taken the liberty of providing a

picture of British Columbia. And we divide it into

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72

six tourism regions, each with their own unique

characteristics, each with their own branding

flavour, all of which together come to make the

Super, Natural British Columbia brand.

So the next slide is about northern BC, but

keep in mind that's the red on this one. It's

pretty much everything Prince George and up, is,

what we call, our northern region.

So I have very good -- we've got good

information by regions. We don't have very good

information slicing the regions down into a more

granular level.

So for the northern region, here's how we can

describe it. It's an expansive, diverse, and

spectacular world for outdoor enthusiasts. The

visitor who visits northern BC is drawn to the

frontier of the north by its beauty, the uncrowded,

wide-open spaces, the abundance of wildlife, and

unique Aboriginal culture.

No problem.

Of course, in the north, there's some

seasonality: May to September. We know the key

markets for the north, they are listed here: BC,

Alberta, Alaska, Germany, and Washington.

We have travel motivators. Those are the

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things that make you decide to go to a certain

place. It may not be all that you do when you're

there, but it's the lure that brings you there.

The travel motivators for the north is that

sightseeing, the nature viewing, there's a huge

piece around visiting relatives and friends.

That's a little different than some of the other

regions in the Province.

And that's also reflected in accommodation

pattern. There's more people that actually go and

stay with family and friends in the north.

Now, we have products. It's a bit of a busy

slide, but I wanted to give you a flavour of the

regional products, number one, and that's the

northern region.

And then we look at number two, which is the

northeast products. And number three, the local

area products.

So you can see from the regional products,

that great big, blue slice is touring. People

taking long-term treks through the north, lots of

RV travels and that sort of thing. A huge and

important component of tourism in the north.

It's also an incredibly important component

in this part of the country. The Alaska Highway

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traveller is the most critical visitor to the

market here locally. That's not to say there

aren't other products.

Again, outdoor recreation, parks trails,

wildlife viewing. But from a tourism market,

demographic, and traveller, the Alaska Highway is

number one for this area.

I did -- we do have a listing of businesses

affiliated with tourism. It's our approved

accommodation and attractions listing. We use that

with our partners in Destination British Columbia

to help promote businesses.

And I did a query on our listing. And for

this area, of course, there are hotels,

accommodations, that sort of thing. But I

specifically looked for -- because the question had

asked -- ecotourism and outdoor recreational

businesses. And there were none on our listing.

That's not to say there are none in the area, but

there are none currently accessing our marketing

side of things.

For example, I also know there are guide

outfitters in the area, that they are not on our

tourism business listings. So I've got a takeaway

there for some follow-up work with the local area.

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So moving to question four, which was around

the market in the area. So given the information

that we've got so far, I think you can see that

there's definitely an existing market

proportionately to British Columbia; it's small.

It's got definite potential to grow. And I've

given a few statistics there.

Again, BC generates 13.4 billion in revenue

for tourism. The entire north is 1.1 billion, so

about 8 percent. We don't have comparable stats

for the Peace area, but I do know we have a report

that I believe one of the communities submitted

earlier, and it's called the Value of Tourism Study

for the North Peace Region. Again, that report was

done through colleagues in my ministry.

It's a good report, but it's the little

apples to oranges in terms of comparative. But if

you look at it, the Peace is about 10 percent of

the north.

And then I've also done visitors overnight

and expenditures, which are about 5 percent each.

If you compare this to Vancouver, Whistler, and

Victoria, they represent about 70 percent revenue,

visitors, and expenditures. That's not to say that

tourism is not important in this area.

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It's very important in every part of the

Province, and it's certainly an area we'd like to

grow, but the question was how does this compare

provincially?

I wanted to touch a little bit, as well, on

the traveller profile for this area.

So, again, it's sliced up here around Canada,

U.S., and international travellers to this area.

BC and Albertans are about 70 percent.

And what was interesting -- and I'm going to

say these are leisure travellers, this is not the

business traveller.

Again, the demographic of -- or the profile

of this traveller represents often that Alaska

Highway traveller. A little bit older, a little

bit more time on their hands, fewer children with

them, because often you need, you know, a couple of

weeks at least to start taking that touring

adventure.

So question five asked about whether or not

we expected major changes in clientele. So you can

see the Site C project isn't really expected to

have major changes in the clientele. We continue

to have business travellers here. We'll continue

to have the Alaska Highway. We'll continue to have

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some local businesses. And from my provincial

perspective, we would like to continue to

definitely grow the tourism in the area.

Question six was a very interesting and very

good question. And asked a little bit about

changes and comparability to things like the

Revelstoke Dam.

So comparing a potential Site C here to the

Revelstoke Dam was a bit difficult for us because

they are, again, different regions from our tourism

perspective. They have different clientele,

different key products. So we were a little

challenged to give you a good, crisp answer on that

one. But what we do know, visitor centres at the

dams are definitely tourism attractions. People

like to go there. But just creating a visitor

centre unto itself doesn't meaningfully help

tourism. It has to be aligned with the marketing

and promotional side of things.

So the final question we were asked was

perspective on the proposed mitigation measures.

And in looking at it, you know, the -- as we've

talked about, the key issues are around scenics,

visual management, replacement of some of those

infrastructure elements that might get impacted:

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camp sites and boat launches, I know are specific

ones. The visitor centre potential at the site,

they all seem to be -- you know, Hydro has looked

at all of those aspects and come up with some ways

of going forward with them.

What we did note, though, is that at a more

operational level, if the project was to go

forward, there's some additional opportunities that

we should be looking at.

And I know the communities yesterday talked a

lot about traffic flow. And I ask you to put your

tourism lens on it. You've got the big RVers, that

Alaska Highway traffic coming through. It's a

bucket-list trip for people. We want them to have

a great experience. And we want them to have it

easy to get into the local communities and enjoy

the facilities here. So traffic management becomes

a really big point.

And I said earlier on the slide around a

visitor centre, great idea to look at a visitor's

centre from BC Hydro. And we'd love to do some

more discussions around how we can build that into

what we do provincially with visitor centre

networks.

So this is a picture of an RV on the Alaska

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Highway.

And we hope that that's answered the

questions you put at us. And we're here if you

have any further questions or things that we can

help with.

THE CHAIRMAN: That's very helpful, thank

you.

Jim's got one question.

MR. MATTISON: I just want help to

understand the business traveller that's part of

tourism. I looked in the parking lot of the hotel,

and I watch people -- and we've been here for some

time -- I've watch people get up in the morning,

and there's a lot of guys putting on hard hats and

reflective vests and boots and going out to get

into well service trucks or communications trucks

or whatever. That's not your business traveller, I

assume?

MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: From a statistical

perspective, if they are here for less than 30

nights, they are --

MR. MATTISON: Okay.

MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: -- because we can't get

it so granular to really define it out any tighter

than that. And the reality is that business travel

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is often the welcome mat to leisure travel. We

know there's a tight correlation in terms of them.

So, again, we use the 30-night marker to break it

down.

MR. MATTISON: Okay. That's helpful, thank

you.


It is very helpful to put things in

perspective for us.

The reason why we ask if you could look at,

for instance, the Revelstoke reservoir, is from the

comments we had and we read, was people would come

and tell us it's different if you are a river

person or a lake or reservoir person.

We had other comments saying a reservoir is

not a lake. And we wanted to know from a previous

experience of a change from a river to a reservoir,

if there had been noticeably a change in -- not

just the type of clientele, but also a drop in that

region? But maybe we are getting here too much in

the details of what northern BC offers. Or maybe

you can answer more precisely to that.

MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: Well, I can certainly comment

that if we were in another area of the Province

that had a river that had a number of established

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businesses on it, that would change the perspective

on it.

Here, as I said, when we look at this part of

the Peace River, there's not an existing number of

tourism-related river-based businesses.

So from a development perspective, you're

definitely going to impact the river-use enjoyment

largely from a public recreation, not to

marginalize that.

From a tourism business development, you

don't have a number of businesses that are

currently going to be impacted.

So if you're an entrepreneur, looking to

develop, it's a bit of a net -- net, you know,

gain/loss perspective. Whereas -- and I don't know

about the number of existing businesses in the

Revelstoke area that may or may not have been

impacted.

So we tried to take a look at it specific to

this area, and the existing product, or lack of

product, in terms of tourism, ecotourism, and

river-based businesses.

MS. BEAUDET: We had a few presentations in

writing or orally of outfitters. Would that

category fit in the ecotourism, or in the outdoor

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recreation?

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: I'm sorry, I'll answer that;

guide outfitters are my client.

So they are -- I don't think that they

necessarily see themselves as being either of those

things. They are a sustainable resource use

tourism business, you know. I would expect that

the half dozen of them or so who would be impacted

would need to change how they operate, but I don't

know that it would have a net impact overall.

MS. BEAUDET: In a way, they have fallen

through the crack?

THE CHAIRMAN: But it seems as if they don't

register with you and get on the list of approved

accommodations. Why is that?

MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: It's an excellent point.

We've just started working with another

program with the guides and outfitters, to look at

how we might help themselves market themselves a

little bit. The program is called Experiences BC.

Guides and outfitters are definitely -- we

view them as part of tourism because many of them

bring in external clients and often high-paid

clients. So back to our target demographic.

But I'll leave it to Chris to talk about

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whether the specific development of Site C would

have a meaningful impact on their business or not.

And we're currently thinking probably not.

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Yeah. In terms of an overall

impact, it would be difficult to see a direct

effect there.

I know that there are individuals, for

instance, who are -- we heard from Gary Drinkall

last week specifically about this, that he's got a

camp that's within the project area, that sort of

thing. Those kinds of effects would be certainly

important to individuals. But as an overall

tourism thing within the area, it's difficult to

see that direct line.

MS. BEAUDET: I believe you have a guide

for compensation for outfitters, and I was

wondering if we could get a copy of that, please.

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: I'm sorry, we do?

MS. BEAUDET: BC Hydro said that you do

have a guide if outfitters, for instance, here,

lose part of their business because of the flooding

of the river, and we were told that your Ministry

has a guide. Can we -- did I understand well?

MS. JUDY REYNIER: On the -- on the internet

site, or the website, there's a reference, and I

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forget the exact name of it, but it's guidelines

for dealing with overlapping tenure holders. And

what it does, it deals with the category of tenure

holder, like oil and gas or guide outfitters or

trappers. And there's a page on each, very, very

general. What it says is just sort of make -- form

an agreement between the two overlapping interests.

It doesn't actually give compensation guidelines.

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: For guide outfitters, in

particular, there is no compensation mechanism

within the Wildlife Act.

We rely on where there is an impact between

two tenure holders. We rely on those people to

work together to come to a common understanding.

But we don't insert ourselves in that.

MS. SUSAN YURKOVICH: Madam Beaudet, we could

provide you the link, if you'd like that.

MS. BEAUDET: Yes, please, I would

appreciate it. Thank you.

UNDERTAKING 89: Provide link for guidelines for dealing

with overlapping tenure holders on the Ministry of

Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations

website

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MS. BEAUDET: My last point is with respect

to, I would think, promotion of activities up here.

And you did explain very well where it is based,

like -- you know, it's a safe place, breathtaking

views, exceptional experience.

What we heard, for instance, from the

outfitter, one of the groups, anyway, here, it's

really "adventure". I mean, they have foreign

clientele, I suppose, fairly at ease with their

finance.

And I know that instead of concentrating on

breathtaking views, I mean, that level of clientele

usually has seen the world very often, and they

want an exceptional experience. And I was

wondering if you have a little niche for that type

of clientele? And how do you promote it for BC

and, especially, I suppose, northern BC?

MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: It's an excellent

question. Two parts to the answer.

From the tourist clientele to this part of

the country, we have to make sure we're taking care

of the Alaska Highway traveller. They are the

bread and butter, the volume user, the ones that

generate the most revenue, particularly, for these

communities. But you talk about that niche

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clientele.

And, as I mentioned earlier, we're just

engaging with the Guide Outfitters Association of

British Columbia to talk more about how do we

actually help with their promotions? Because they

are often dealing with our BC ideal customer,

exactly as you said, a high-pay affluent person.

There's a comparable to our heli-ski client.

So it's an area that we know is an opportunity, and

one that we're starting to action. We actually

started last year to work with that association.


MR. MATTISON: I'm astounded to get this far

into this presentation and no one has said the word

"parks." Does that not matter in the north?

MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: Parks are incredibly

important in the north and across British Columbia,

of course. It's a great question.

Parks -- and, again, the questions were

around the impacts of Site C. If the questions

were around how we action the tourist advantage in

the north, then certainly the answer would be an

inclusion of areas like the parks and whatnot.

So, again, the Alaska Highway traveller

certainly accesses the parks along the routes.

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We know that the parks interpretive and

visitor stops are part of our, what we call,

visitor servicing and network. So it's very much

part of the tourism fabric. It just didn't come up

from the questions that we were asked here.

THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Hadland.

MR. RANDAL HADLAND: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

I've got a couple of questions.

The first one is for this panel. And I'm

wondering if they have any information on the

potential for agritourism in the Peace Valley, that

we've heard the impact of the flood reserve on

agriculture itself. And agritourism is,

apparently, a growing industry. Have you looked at

that potential?

MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: Provincially -- again,

great question. Provincially, agritourism is on

the radar as a really important product. We're

finding more market seeking it in the Fraser

Valley/Lower Mainland area. It hasn't emerged yet

as a market-ready product for the north. That's

not to say it's not important.

Again, earlier on, we track about 50

products. And we have to -- we pick and choose

where we put our energy. We certainly both want to

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invest our energy in those new and emerging

markets. And we want to invest our energy in those

existing markets that draw clientele.

So agritourism in this area, again, we

haven't got much in the way of businesses aligned

to that in our inventory. I personally think it's

a great growth opportunity that we should be

actioning, particularly. I'm going to talk with my

tourism hat. We've got, in a way, this wonderful

influx of people to the north to experience it.

And a great place to live is a great place to

visit. So I think there's a great tourism

opportunity in this area.

MR. RANDAL HADLAND: Thank you.

Mr. Chairman, my second question is for

Hydro. And this comes out of the Section 25 on

recreation. And I can't get a more specific

reference to it, I was looking for it a minute ago

and I couldn't find it.

But Hydro established a series of points from

which they tried to determine the aesthetic impact

of the project, but none of those sites were on the

river. And I wonder if Hydro could comment on what

they might be missing by not having any of those

sites from the river itself.

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MS. SUSAN YURKOVICH: Are you speaking about

the visual resources, Mr. Hadland?

MR. RANDAL HADLAND: That would be -- that sounds

reasonable to me.

MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: I'll ask Mr. Harrison to

follow-up.

I will note that the Joint Review Panel asked

us to provide additional viewscapes from the view

of the river, and while Mr. Harrison is talking,

I'll find the reference.

MR. RANDAL HADLAND: Well, Mr. Chairman, I wasn't

aware that the panel had already done that, or

asked that question.

THE CHAIRMAN: Earlier on you had asked for

synthetic pictures of the landscape from the river.

MR. RANDAL HADLAND: Oh. Oh, I didn't --

THE CHAIRMAN: Once it had been flooded in

comparison with the existing --

MR. RANDAL HADLAND: And has Hydro provided that?

THE CHAIRMAN: Yes, they did.

MR. RANDAL HADLAND: Okay. That's good for me.


MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: The reference is JRP IR

number 13.

MR. JAMES LITTLE: Thanks.

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Jim Little. Just a couple points, the first

one is the other day, I didn't get -- have the

opportunity to come up when Mr. Drinkall finished

because things got speeded along, so ...

The point on that one was they were talking

about compensation for outfitters, and one of the

points that I wanted to make on that is that an

outfitter like Mr. Drinkall, or a high country

outfitters, they have actually have several

tenures, not just the one he's -- under the

applications where he'll have a guide outfitters

certificate. And he also has a commercial back

country recreation tenure. And there are two

different tenures and they both have evergreen

clauses in them.

So Hydro had suggested that they would only

negotiate to the term of the tenure, but they

actually have -- in the midterm, they can apply

for -- to start again, type of deal, go to the --

whatever the term of the tenure is, so that's the

point I wanted to make there.

The other thing I wanted to add on the Alaska

Highway tourist thing is that the Northern Rockies

regional municipality, which is Fort Nelson, they

actually changed the name of their community to

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91

represent what was happened in the Fort Nelson

LRMP, the Northern Rockies is one of the zones, and

then included the Muskwa Kechika.

So the Northern Rockies has a significant

tourism thing on their website. If you went to the

Northern Rockies' deal, you would see

significant there. And, also, the Alaska Highway

Tourist Association has significant advertising and

stuff within that.

In addition to that, the guide outfitters

themselves are fairly successful in doing their own

advertising for their own businesses and beyond

that, even the Ministry environment -- Chris'

organization -- in their annual hunting synopsis,

they actually have advertising in there to say

people can have back country experiences being

whether you're just going out to take photography,

et cetera. So there's some substantial advertising

out there for that. So I just wanted to mention

that.

Thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Atkins.

MR. TONY ATKINS: One of the reasons people

come here on their way to Alaska is to drive the

section between Hudson's Hope and Fort St. John.

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It is a valley that's worthwhile looking at, and

it's probably one of the better drives or the nicer

drives or the most scenic drives in British

Columbia.

We already have two visitor centres at two

existing dams. So if people wish to go and have a

look at the dams and the visitor centres, we've got

two of them. We've only got one road by the river

in the Peace, and we'd like to keep it that way.

Thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, sir.

Mr. Boon, I'm sure you have an opposite view.

MR. KEN BOON: No, I concur with that.

My comment and question is in regards to the

response to the question number six.

I would suggest that the two previous dams

have had a tremendous impact on tourism that could

have taken place in the Rocky Mountain Trench

section that's now all inundated.

You know, like, we seen a presentation this

morning from Kwadacha. Like, you know, how

different would things look up at the north end of

the trench around Fort Ware if that was not a

reservoir, and, you know, the tourism potential up

there would have been just tremendous. And, you

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know, it could be argued that Fort St. John might

have been almost like the Calgary of Alberta with

all the mountains to the west. You know, we're --

we are really missing out on a huge potential there

because of those two dams, and I'm just wondering

if this panel could maybe comment on that a little

bit.

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: I don't think we're prepared

to speculate about what might have happened if we'd

made other decisions.

THE CHAIRMAN: I think there's wisdom in

that. The question was a bit of a set-up.

Madam Beaudet.

MS. BEAUDET: I would be interested to

know -- for me, I'm discovering, in these last few

months, British Columbia. We always -- you have

the reputation of being a very beautiful province,

and, you know, you look at Vancouver, the Rockies,

I mean -- and I was wondering in the planning of

promoting for tourism if the northern part has been

a little bit neglected to some extent because you

have so much to offer in other places.

If you look, for instance, just agro-tourism,

you have the Fraser Valley. If you want to ski,

you have Whistler. And so in the planning, you

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have to look, first, for your bread and butter, and

you have to concentrate more on the assets that you

know will bring a lot of tourism.

So I would like to hear your comments on

that, please.

MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: Again, excellent

question. And it's a delicate balance between --

to be blunt, if we just wanted to raise revenue for

tourism in British Columbia, we would only focus on

Vancouver, Whistler, and Victoria. We could up the

numbers very quickly by doing that. It's existing

markets; people come. It's got global reputation.

But that is not what the Province is doing.

The Province is investing extreme resources

around supporting each of those six regions so they

can market themselves to their target clients.

And we have a few other programs, I mentioned

one called Experiences BC, which focuses on key

sectors, guide outfitters is one. We also have

other programs for community development. And we

have our visitor centre networks.

So you make an excellent point around is

enough resources being put to the north? And I

think that's always a debatable question. But we

certainly from a provincial perspective are

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focusing, in fact, a little more of our provincial

resources outside of those three centres of

Vancouver, Victoria, and Whistler because, frankly,

they are taking care of themselves quite well. And

we are trying to look at our promotional activities

in these other areas.

But if we have no supply, then there's not

much to market. We want to make sure people come,

have a great experience, and the product is

developed in a way that the supply and the demand

match up.

MS. BEAUDET: What year did you start

investing, for instance, in the region of northern

BC? I mean, you say the strategy is to look at the

entire province, but when did northern BC start

getting funds to look at this particular area?

MR. PETER HARRISON: Yeah, we've worked very

closely with the six tourism regions in the

Province, and, obviously, northern British Columbia

is very important. And we've had a partnership

program with northern British Columbia tourism

probably for about 30 years, and it's close to

about $1 million that's provided to the region to

do cooperative programs with the different tourism

stakeholders that operate throughout the Province.

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The other thing that we do primarily for

northern British Columbia, but also the Cariboo

Chilcotin Coast Tourism Association as well, is

that there's a program called Tourism North, which

is targeted directly towards the RV consumer that

is done in the lower 48, that's wanting to drive up

to Alaska for that trip of a lifetime. And we've

been involved in that program for probably about

15 years. And that's trying to encourage those

consumers to come up and be able to enjoy all the

different experiences that are available in British

Columbia. And there's a very important market here

right in northern British Columbia, and especially

along the Alaska Highway.



Maya.

MS. MAYA STANO: Thank you very much.

I wonder if the government panel could just

bring some slides back here. There was one

question on impacts, and the answer was no.

Could you just bring that one back up.

Here we go. Okay.

So I just want to make some comments, and

then I hope the government panel could perhaps

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respond to these comments.

So, first, there was the comment about the

promotion of the northern area, and that the area

has got beautiful wide open spaces, and it's a big

draw to also show Aboriginal cultures.

I just want to stress that Aboriginal

cultures are not frozen in time. They are not just

what happened pre-European contact or in the last

hundred years ago or so on. It is well-recognized

that the Aboriginal rights and Aboriginal cultures

are meant to evolve over time. There's

Constitutional space for that. And those are still

a culture worth promoting.

And when there's this discussion of wide open

spaces, I think that's perhaps maybe a bit of a

narrow characterization of that because these wide

open spaces are covered with traditional

territories of First Nations where they exercise

their traditional rights to hunt, trap, gather,

exercise spiritual and cultural uses.

So I think there needs to be some clarity on

that.

But then that leads me to this issue of who

are the tourists that come to northern BC?

Now -- and the government representative

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mentioned that this is usually an older population,

a touring population.

But what I'm wondering is, in answering this

question here that no major changes are expected,

has the government panel considered whether the --

sorry, there was a mention earlier about a great

place to live is a great place to visit. So I'm

wondering how the government panel in answering

this question has considered the impacts of the

increased population, construction population, for

both Site C and all other projects in the area,

recognizing that that can be a short-term

population. Some workers will be here for that 30

days or less period; some will be here the less

than a year period. But as the panel had mentioned

earlier, often business travel leads to

recreational travel.

And there was also reference to heli-skiing

as the ideal traveller. Well, this is a

population -- construction population that will be

making high salaries. So, ideally, they will

actually be this type of population, this ideal

recreational use population.

And I note, too, the reference to Whistler

area, which, yes, is great proximity to

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99

Vancouver --

Sorry.

To Vancouver and so on, but not far from

Mackenzie. There's Powder King, which is I think

one of the best named resorts in the Province. It

truly is Powder King. And many people come to

Powder King and they discover the back country uses

in that area.

So all of these implications I wonder if the

government panel could just speak to those, please.

MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: I love the questions.

I'm happy to speak to this all day.

The question that I was asked to come back to

was a very specific question that the panel asked

of us, which is around expecting major changes in

clientele with a change from a river environment to

a reservoir, a lake environment. And with that

specific question, I think we answered it fairly

clearly.

The questions, though, that come up

specifically around -- I've got three notes here.

Aboriginal culture. We know that one in four

people coming to British Columbia would like to

experience some component of Aboriginal culture in

their stay. We know that's a wonderful product

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that British Columbia has. And we work very

closely with an association called Aboriginal

Tourism British Columbia. And we're working both

with them on both marketing and product

development.

For example, I've got one of my directors

working directly with them around youth

entrepreneurship.

We really support Aboriginal tourism not only

from wanting to have that cultural product, but

continuing to have Aboriginal business people in

tourism. So there's -- that doesn't have to be

limited to the culture experience.

And the work that we've done with Aboriginal

Tourism British Columbia has led -- well, hasn't

led, that's overstating it, but their work has led

them to be international renowned as leaders in

Aboriginal culture. British Columbia is very

pleased that we are helping -- we are hosting the

International Aboriginal Tourism Forum this April.

And part of my team will be working with Aboriginal

Tourism BC on that.

So the question was an excellent segway to

talking about Aboriginal tourism and culture,

businesses and products.

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Just a note that Aboriginal Tourism British

Columbia is currently doing regional profiles.

They didn't have the work done for their north

region in time for -- to share with me for this

panel, but what they are trying to do is an

inventory of all of the businesses and interests,

and then we can start looking at what's in the art

of possible to help grow those businesses.

The other question that came up was with the

construction, the inflow of people. And as other

presentations have talked about, Site C is one of

many industrial developments in this area. And

that's bringing a lot of people to the area, and a

lot of affluence to the area. And the speaker

rightly pointed out that we want those people to be

enjoying the area.

Coming back to my very first slide. Tourism

is not about public recreation in how we define it,

so we want those people to either come back and

visit, have their relatives come and visit, we

want -- one of the northern BC's critical

challenges is the consumer's lack of awareness of

what we've got here up in the north.

So we would like the booms to help deal with

that problem a little bit.

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Now, how we action that into targeted

marketing and promotion, we need -- that's not for

the Province to impose on the communities or the

regions. We work in partnership with the

communities and the regions around how that may

evolve in the future.

And the last point was around Powder King.

I've skied it. I love it. Powder King is part of

the Ski It To Believe It campaign, that is our

winter campaign under way right now. But the point

that the more awareness we can get of our product

outside of those three centres, the better.

Couldn't agree more.

MR. MATTISON: The panel is charged with,

among other things, determining the impacts of the

proposed development on heritage resources. And

one of the -- there's a couple of sites in the

valley where Alexander Mackenzie passed through

here in 1792 on his way to the coast and camped,

and he came back and camped in 1793. Simon Fraser

camped in the valley. David Thompson camped in the

valley; they set up forts.

When I think of, I don't know, Fort McLeod,

Fort St. James, other sites; now, there's nothing

left of the encampments that those people made in

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the valley, but the viewscapes are largely

untouched probably because they've been in a flood

reserve for several decades, but, nevertheless,

they are undeveloped.

The question for us is what are we losing

here by inundating those sites and changing the

nature and character of that valley from a tourism

perspective?

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Forests, Lands and Natural

Resource Operations has a heritage branch that may

be posed to provide some information on that

question. I don't think that we are today.

We don't -- like, the tourism, the Ministry

of Tourism that Jennifer represents doesn't have

that information on that scale. We don't have that

degree of resolution.

THE CHAIRMAN: But if those sites were

developed or reconstructed or an historical

tableaux set up around them, it might be something

which could be promoted and enter into a regional

tourism strategy; is that it?

MS. JENNIFER DAVIS: Absolutely. Heritage

attractions are a great product. It's not existing

yet, so ...

THE CHAIRMAN: Yes. Yes. Okay. Well,

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look, unless there are other pressing questions

from the floor, I think we will break a little

early with the idea that we might reconvene a

little early.

Sorry, do we have another presentation on

wildlife?

MS. BEAUDET: Well, we have questions.

THE CHAIRMAN: We have questions. All

right. We're not going to break.

Okay. Mr. Addison, in particular.

Madam Beaudet.

MS. BEAUDET: I hope you were prepared that

we would go on with the conversation and questions

we were having with you last time and it was a very

long day and we said we would come back some other

day and I think it was planned for this morning.

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Okay.

MS. BEAUDET: You, yourself, had a long

list -- and I hope you still have it -- of points

that you had heard through the different

presentations and discussions that you wanted to

clarify or correct the information, so maybe we can

start with that.

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Sure.

I think there were several, I think, that we

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105

really wanted to touch on. And I think it's

important to note, in particular, when we talk

about moose hunting and regulation proposals, and

this idea that I've raised about how we can grow

more moose within the region, and make more people

happy with the resource that we have for moose.

I want to make it clear that it's my

intention and my preference to change moose harvest

within in this region regardless. I mean,

irrespective of Site C, I believe that changing how

we manage moose, in particular, can solve a lot of

problems that we have internally and with all the

stakeholders and with First Nations as well.

So I'm hoping to do that over the

coming years, but it's important to recognize as

well that my intention is to do that both

thoughtfully and with intent and from a position of

knowledge. And there are a lot of things that we

don't know about our moose population today,

particularly, around demographic questions. And we

need to answer those before we can intentfully move

forward with how we manage moose.

MS. BEAUDET: Regarding that, we had

started with looking at a population density or

numbers. You had mentioned that, for instance, for

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106

moose, it was stable.

You also gave us a fair amount of details on

grizzly bears. I think you had said -- I can't

remember if it was mule deer or elk, the population

had dropped extensively --

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Yeah.

MS. BEAUDET: -- and recently. Was it mule

deer or elk?

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: It's both over recent

periods. But over, say, 20 or 30 years, elk are

probably higher than they have been. Elk are not

new to the area specifically, but they are -- over

time since about the '70s or '80s, they have

increased in number. And then over the last five

or six years have decreased, and I'm kind of

expecting Jim little to stand up and correct me

about that as well.

Mule deer are a bit of a different story in

that over longer timeframes, there have always been

quite a few mule deer here, and, in particular, in

the valley. And then they've declined since about

'06 with a major decline in that winter, '06/'07.

MS. BEAUDET: You took an undertaking about

looking at the waterfowl corridors, and if --

anywhere, can you notice if there's another

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107

corridor that could take, you know, the place of

the Peace River?

And I was wondering also for ungulates

because we've heard a lot of people say they don't

move, others say they move, they cross the river;

they don't cross the river. So I was wondering if

you could sort of make a statement so that we can

understand in a way who is right. I mean, you know

about the populations here. You know where they

move, what they do.

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: I'm a firm believer that all

generalizations are false. And there are generally

populations within populations of mule deer, some

of them might move in elevation, some of them might

not.

Without some fairly detailed collaring

exercises, it's difficult to tell exactly which --

you know, which individuals might choose to move to

higher elevation or move to different areas.

So I guess the short answer there is that

both of those things are true. Some elk cross the

river; some mule deer cross the river; some don't.


I would like to look at another area of your

expertise here, unless my colleague has some

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108

questions about populations.

No? Okay.

Licensing and permitting. We heard, for

instance, that a trap line -- I mean, the trappers

would use also the islands on the river, and I was

wondering when you give a license for trapping, a

trapping area, do you include also the licenses

of -- I mean, the rivers on -- sorry, the islands

on the river?

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Generally, yeah.

The trap line boundaries will generally be

one shore or the other. And they can trap any land

that they have permission for within that area. So

if it's private land, then they need the permission

of the landowner. But if it's Crown land, then

they can trap it.

MS. BEAUDET: I'd like a side question with

BC Hydro, then. When you determined the percentage

of the trap line that is lost by the flooding of

the river, did you also calculate in the hectare

number, of the islands?

MR. STEVE NICOL: Steve Nicol.

Yes, we did. It's based upon the reduction

or the overlap between the project activity zone

and the territory of the trap line, was based upon

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109

the total area of the trap line, so that would

include the islands.


We had several presentations concerned with

the change in the bag limits or the catch or -- in

terms of the judgment passed by BC Hydro from their

analysis, saying that there'll be no effect because

the bag limits would be taken into consideration,

of course, you know, the population that rises or

is lowered. And they were worried about the

magnitude of that because -- you say there's no

effect because it would be adjusted. But then if

you have less number that you can hunt, it is an

impact.

And I was wondering, first of all, what do

you look at when you determine these numbers. And

has there been historically big changes that, you

know, people would feel the impact? In

recent years, of course.

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: I'm not sure I understand.

Are you asking if the regulation changes over

time more generally? Or just bag limits? Or.

MS. BEAUDET: Bag limits.

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Yeah. Bag limits for all

ungulates are one -- no, sorry, that's not true.

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110

It's different for deer. Bag limits for deer are

actually quite complicated. But for elk and moose,

you know, a licensed hunter can take one per year.

The same applies to mountain goat and sheep.

In terms of the harvest itself has, you know,

fluctuates over time for sure.

And, I'm sorry, can I ask for clarification

about -- is there something else that's missing

from my answer?

MS. BEAUDET: Well, if you look, for

instance, I think we heard from BC Hydro that there

would be, let's say, 25 percent loss of habitat

that could affect moose. I don't think it's

necessarily the figure, but let's take that as an

example.

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Okay.

MS. BEAUDET: And then hunters -- and also

Aboriginal groups would be worried that, you know,

the number of moose will go down.

Now, we know the moose population is stable,

and you said that, you know, there's enough at the

moment. But if it does go down, and you can't even

hunt a moose per year, or you have to be three

hunters for one moose.

So, first, how do you determine, you know,

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111

that suddenly you have to go down in the number

that you are allowed? Could there be one year you

can't hunt moose or you can't hunt elk? To what

extent the users of the land could be impacted?

I mean, we say, okay, there's no change or

there's no residual effects, but to what extent is

that true?

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Okay. With respect to

moose, specifically, we use a regulation for

hunting moose that we consider -- we call them

"safe regulations" because they are

density-dependent.

So if there are only a certain proportion of

the moose that we have, and it's about 20 percent

or so, of the moose that we have on the landscape

are vulnerable to harvest, based on the animal

configuration they have.

If there are fewer moose out there, then

there'll be fewer moose vulnerable to harvest, and

harvest will go down.

If we were to see that, then, it's certainly

possible that we would change regulations to effect

that.

The point that gets asked of me quite

commonly is to forecast what that's going to be,

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112

what the appropriate tool is going to be in the

future, and that's a difficult question for me to

answer.

It's somewhat like -- you know, you're trying

to build a house and you've got a plan and then

somebody comes and says, well, go hammer those

boards together, you know, and without really

understanding if that's going to be the right tool

or not.

MS. BEAUDET: Just one more thing on that

subject.

The regulations will not change, but there

was somebody -- I think it was Dr. Nagy who

suggested, like, what they do in the Northwest

Territories, that they can have a limited number

for certain years with the tag, that you can't hunt

more than this or that when there's an influx of

population.

And so, let's say, the people that do come in

are restricted more than the users of the land or

any other proposal that would sort of counteract

the possible effect. Have you envisaged that?

Have you ever done it here?

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Differentiate between local

people from British Columbia?

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113

MS. BEAUDET: Yes.

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: No, we don't. We

differentiate between a resident of British

Columbia and someone who is not a resident, but we

don't differentiate between the residents.

You know, a moose licence or an elk licence,

you can go into, you know, any Service BC or any

sport store, most Wal-Marts, buying an elk licence

or a moose licence, and it's good wherever there is

a season in BC.

MS. BEAUDET: Regarding the moose that are

infected, and that we heard from the Aboriginal

groups, you had brought some documents. And I

don't think you gave them to us. I think they are

not on the Registry.

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Around the health?

MS. BEAUDET: Around the health of the

moose. And I was wondering if you could give that

to the Secretariat. Maybe you don't have it today.

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: For sure. Yeah, I certainly

can.

I believe I forwarded them to Gelita, to the

Secretariat.

MS. BEAUDET: Oh, okay. Because we tried

to look at the documents, and we didn't have them.

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So I thought -- okay. If you've done it, it's

okay.

Maybe we can -- my last point was on

watershed restoration. We've heard several

presentations trying to explain to us how it should

be done and what should be preserved and it should

be a rallying concept, you know, for the problems

that you have with all the different industries

here.

And I believe -- I don't know if it's

Minister of Environment or your Ministry, but you

do have quite a lot of involvement in watershed

restoration, and I was wondering how you function

when you have a huge project adding to the other

local industry that is happening here?

Do you have any strategy with respect to

Site C concerning watershed restoration?

Do you intend to look at all the different

planning tools that exist here on the land?

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: I don't think I'm the person

to answer that.

MS. BEAUDET: Okay.

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: That may be a Ministry of

Environment question. I'll confer with the people

here, and get back to you.

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115

MS. BEAUDET: Yes, please. Thank you.

UNDERTAKING 90: Provide the source of information for

the study within the land and resource management

planning boundary for Dawson Creek and how far back

that information goes

THE CHAIRMAN: You have a point, I think,

probably on what was just being talked about?

MR. JASON LEE: Yes, I do. Thank you, panel.

And Jason Lee, my instructor at the Treaty 8

Tribal Association.

So in regards to trapping, and the question

about trapping, to FLNRO and to the proponent,

BC Hydro, was the panel aware that although there

is the provincial trap line system, Treaty 8 First

Nation members, throughout the Treaty 8 Territory,

which makes up a third of this Province, do not

require a trapping licence to trap in the Treaty 8

Territory.

And so although some members and communities

do participate in the provincial trapping system,

members, any member, can trap anywhere. So was

that taken into the assessment when you asked that

question about the islands?

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116

THE CHAIRMAN: Yes, we are certainly aware

of that.

MR. JASON LEE: Okay. Thank you.

The second question I -- a point I would just

like to make is when you asked Mr. Addison about

moose and moose harvest, you did mention First

Nations. I didn't hear in that response how it's

taken into account the First Nations moose hunt

considerations? Was that answered? Or did I

miss --

THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Addison?

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: No, I didn't.

Currently, we consider that we have a

sufficient surplus, you know, on broad spatial

scales, especially to meet the Aboriginal need.

What we do is consider that -- and this is

another question that has come up quite a bit, is

this issue of how do we assess what a community

needs to meet their Aboriginal Right? And that's a

complicated question. And we're just starting to

have that conversation with communities now. It's

more than a number.

And it's, you know, how we assess it today is

that we have this fairly restricted harvest for

licensed hunters. And then the Aboriginal hunt is

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essentially unrestricted. They have access to the

whole population of moose over the whole year.

Certainly, you know, recognizing that, you

know, I -- I do hear that they are -- you know,

there are individuals at least who have -- you

know, who bring to my attention to this perceived

decline in moose populations. We need to be

thoughtful about how we address that in the future.

So the -- you know, over the coming year or

so, I'm expecting to have a fairly in-depth

conversation about Treaty 8 needs.

THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Lee, one gap in the

system that I think I've been hearing is that there

is incomplete data about the Aboriginal take, which

needs to feed into the demographic of the moose

population.

MR. JASON LEE: M'mm-hmm.

THE CHAIRMAN: Treaty 8 is alive to that

proposition, or problem?

MR. JASON LEE: It is, yes. And that is an

outstanding question.

And, as I mentioned the other day, I have

been in this position full time since 2004. And

this question has been asked and requested over

the years since I've been there by the Treaty 8

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communities, and still it has not been answered or

addressed with the communities. We're hopeful in

the future our government will sit down and have a

that dialogue. But as to my recollection, there is

no data on that.

Thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Thank you.

MR. JASON LEE: Now, I do have two questions

for FLNRO in regards to our conversation the other

day, and I thought today would be the day to ask

those two. Should I wait for that, or could I ask

them now?

THE CHAIRMAN: No, you're there, carry on.

MR. JASON LEE: Okay. So two, quick

questions.

I'm aware, and we're aware, and we mentioned

the other day the collaring project. And I talked

about how Treaty 8 had been involved in the

consultation for that permit, and also in the study

design; although, they tried early on to be

involved.

I know there was collaring was done and there

was line transects done throughout Stage 2, but I'm

wondering at any time did BC government or the

proponent -- I've heard about FLIR -- no, I'm not

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an expert on that, but that's using infrared,

forward-looking infrared image scanning. And I'm

just wondering did the proponent ever consider that

or do that for this project, for the islands or the

studies?

THE CHAIRMAN: That's a factual question?

MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: I need Mr. Simpson to come

and respond to that. He's here somewhere.

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: In advance of that, I might

be able to address it. This use of FLIR is not

currently within the accepted protocols of the

British Columbia; mainly, because we don't know how

to index it. Like, we know that regardless, you're

not going to see 100 percent of animals in your

scanning area. And we don't know how to index that

to what the actual population is.

THE CHAIRMAN: I suppose it's difficult to

tell an elk from a moose, too, with a FLIR

instrument.

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: It can be, yeah.

THE CHAIRMAN: Can you comment on that?

MR. KEITH SIMPSON: Yes. I think the question

was had used or considered using infrared imaging

for doing surveys?

MR. JASON LEE: For this project.

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MR. KEITH SIMPSON: No, it's not required. The

visibility of the animals is high enough in this

area that it's quite easy to do a standard survey.

MR. JASON LEE: So it was not done?

THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Lee, your second

question.

MR. JASON LEE: Yes. That's regards to -- we

had a lot of dialogue about grizzly bears in the

past week, and I know you've heard this a lot.

So when Mr. Addison was here last week -- and

just paraphrasing -- he talked a bit about the Fort

St. John area, and not wanting grizzlies really in

this area. We talked a bit about -- he talked a

bit about the management unit where they are

currently, quotation marks, "considered

extirpated."

I did have dialogue with the staff who

originally were tasked many years ago, and I

believe it was Tony Hamilton, at that time about

saying -- looking into the grizzly bear population

of that management unit. My understanding was

there was no field research ever done to come up

with that decision.

In our experience at Treaty 8, just saying

they are extirpated has become more of a problem

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and that's because it's allowed a lot of activities

to go on in that area that may have not in the past

because the understanding is there is no grizzly

bears. So I understand there was no actual field

research done to make that decision.

What I'd like to ask Mr. Addison is I know

Treaty 8 First Nation communities, members, Elders,

and Chief and councils have raised this for a long

time about their understanding that there is a

population there, and there is, you know, a lot of

sightings by grizzly bears. I received the

pictures anywhere from April all the way -- I have

pictures up until December of grizzly bears within

this area.

I also heard from the proponent for -- that

they mentioned -- that they talked about when they

were in Doig that it was the FLNRO office that had

not recommended or didn't think there needed to be

a study of grizzly bears, but I know the

communities have raised that with government.

So how was that taken into consideration by

FLNRO and the ecologists in the office when they

were hearing from the Treaty 8 First Nations that

there should be a grizzly bear study; was that

considered?

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THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Addison?

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: There are -- a "grizzly bear

study" is a pretty loose term. I'm not exactly

sure what the specifics of that would be.

If we were to do a population assessment --

and, again, we know that there are bears in there.

In the spring, when a grizzly bear walks by a

school bus stop, I'll certainly hear about it. And

those are fun, fun phone calls to have. If we were

to do a population inventory within the Peace, it

would not be my top priority.

We know that the mortality of them is quite

high within this region. It's really -- the

extirpated applies to a management strategy. We

are -- there are only three classifications for,

what we call, grizzly bear population units within

the Province. And in this case, it's three

management units running from the border to about

the Halfway River or so.

And we have no real intent to manage these

grizzly bears like we do in the rest of the

province. To have a hunt there, it's just not

appropriate for this area.

THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Lee?

MR. JASON LEE: Sorry, I asked about how

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Treaty 8 First Nations were considered in that --

in the decision not to go ahead with the grizzly

bear study, so --

THE CHAIRMAN: But we're now getting a

little far afield from the Site C question. You

may have a --

MR. JASON LEE: Okay. It's in regards to

those management units in that area.

So I guess my understanding that there wasn't

a study recommended by FLNRO, or it was recommended

they did not require to do a study, but I heard

from our communities there should -- there needed

to be a study to be done. And I just -- is it all

science-based, or does FLNRO consider the Treaty 8

First Nations' interests or recommendations? I

think that's important.

THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Addison, do you have

further comment on that?

MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Yeah, I mean, we would look

at it in terms of what the information need was to

answer the questions in front of us. And a grizzly

bear research program -- you know, I mean, they --

they are included as a VC within the EIS. You

know, there's -- to say that we need a study of

them is a very broad statement, and I don't know --

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you know, I wasn't involved in the decision to do a

study or not do a study, perhaps Keith can answer

that. I see him actually interested in it.

MR. KEITH SIMPSON: I think I can clarify what

happened with grizzly bears. We did consult with

the provincial specialists for grizzly bears, both

Tony Hamilton and Matt Austin, and what should be

done in this area. They were quite happy with the

habitat-based assessment that we did, which was

totally consistent with the current assessments

that the Province had done for grizzly bears,

recognizing that there are very few in the area.

And in terms of potentially capturing grizzly

bears and collaring them and tracking them in an

area like that is a considerable effort involved to

capture animals, even in a normal bear population

because they are quite widely dispersed, and they

don't occur at high densities, even in a healthy

population.

In an area like this, it would take an

extreme effort, months to capture a bear probably,

and all you would find out is what we really

already know.

THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Lee, I think we'll call

that one there. Thank you very much.

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MR. JASON LEE: Okay. Thank you.

Mr. Little.

MR. JAMES LITTLE: Thanks. I got several

points. I appreciate the opportunity.

I'm also representing the North Peace Rod &

Gun Club also, one of my questions are.

Just to -- Chris had talked the other day

when they presented that basically how they

allocate populations basically, first of all, you

have to have a huntable population. First Nations

then get the first kick at it, then the rest of us

have the opportunity. I just wanted to emphasize

that. And we support that.

Beyond that, this past weekend we just

finished what we have annually, we have a wildlife

count. And the Rod & Gun Club plus others in the

community go out and that get designated areas to

count what's going on out there in terms of

critters. So my zone is actually the confluence of

the Doig, and my wife and myself did ours on

Sunday. And other people did it in the Peace

valley, et cetera.

I can report to the panel their current

information on wildlife populations. In our zone,

there's literally no deer left this winter, or at

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least not actively operating out in our zone, which

we cover 280 kilometres of roads and trails and

stuff this past weekend. We saw one mule deer.

Last year, we saw 30 whitetails and about the

same number of mule deer in our zones that we've

had the look at.

We also saw -- last year, we saw elk, and we

didn't see an elk this year. And we saw three

moose, and the moose were -- they looked healthy

and everything else, but that's all we saw in our

zone for 280 kilometres.

The Peace Valley, the people I have talked to

there, there's a significant number of moose in the

Peace Valley this winter, and also a significant

number of both mule and whitetail on the slopes.

So this winter it's going to be a winter

that's going to prove what we've been talking

about.

The unfortunate thing is now going forward

for the deer, this icing and nice weather we have

is going to kill a lot more deer going forward

because your predators can take them on pretty

good, and we'll probably loose about a half of

what's left out there because of predators.

And, also, their skins are very thin compared

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to moose. They go through the deep snow, or if

they get chased out there, they actually literally

can bleed to death from cuts they achieve in the

snow. So Peace Valley is very important, in this

kind of winter.

Going beyond that, I want to remind people in

terms of the ability to cross the pond when the

reservoir is filled.

The other day, I was out in the valley, a

moose did come across the river, and did quite well

on it. This type of winter, where you get

freezing, thawing, everything else, and here,

steep-sloughing banks, the odds of a moose crossing

or an elk or any kind of wildlife is next to

nothing. And I've seen in my career, I've seen a

lot of critters die in the Pine Pass and that's

where the deer try to cross even the Pine River

there in the winter, where if they get in the

water, they can't get back up on shore, et cetera,

they don't make it. And onto the new reservoir

regime, there's going to be very little crossing of

that.

I guess in terms of changing seasons and

everything else, we do work with fish and wildlife

significantly in terms of providing funds for their

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wildlife count, providing funds for expansion of

stuff, and have done that along the Peace Valley

and wildlife berms, et cetera.

So the North Peace Rod & Gun Club do

continue, and will in the future continue to work

with Chris' group to see that we have a huntable

population of all species, even with or without

Site C, but we really feel that Site C could be a

critical downfall in the number of populations.

Thank you.


And now I think it's time for lunch. I'd

like to thank the panel for the two topics that

they covered in some considerable detail.

We'll reconvene at 1:30. Thank you.

(Proceedings adjourned at 11:55 a.m.)

(The luncheon adjournment)

(Proceedings reconvened at 1:30 p.m.)

THE CHAIRMAN: Well, good afternoon,

everybody. I think most of us are here.

Mr. Brian Churchill is our first speaker,

and, as he's getting set up, I would like to turn

to Hydro, who, I gather, have information on

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accidents on roads.

MS. SUSAN YURKOVICH: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

I believe you asked the question of

Dr. Badenhorst this morning about motor vehicle

accidents statistics in Fort St. John. I'd like to

-- Mr. Izett can provide a little bit of

information related to that.

BC Hydro Panel:

Susan Yurkovich.

Siobhan Jackson.

Alex Izett.

Trevor Proverbs.

Judy Reynier.

Bettina Sander.

Celesa Horvath.

Jeff Lundgren.

Brent Mossop.

Dave Mormorek.

MR. ALEX IZETT: Thank you, Ms. Yurkovich.

Madam Beaudet, from the information that we

have from the Ministry of Transportation and

Infrastructure, there has been one fatal injury

collision from along Highway 97 from a point

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several kilometres east of the 100th Street to

about a kilometre and a half west of here at 269

Road. That's information from the Ministry's

collision information system. There might have

been -- sorry, one.

SPEAKER: What years?

MR. ALEX IZETT: Two thousand -- between 2002

and 2011.

THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Churchill. Welcome.

Presentation by Mr. Brian Churchill, Peace Conservation

and Endowment Trust:

MR. BRIAN CHURCHILL: Thank you.

My name is Brian Churchill. B-r-i-a-n,

C-h-u-r-c-h-i-l-l.

First, I would like to acknowledge the

traditional territory of several Treaty 8 First

Nations, and thank them for sharing.

I would like to thank the panel for granting

me an opportunity to make this presentation.

My wife and I have driven 1,300 kilometres,

from Creston, BC to Fort St. John, at our own

expense to attend a week of your panel hearings. I

would like to say that the only clients I represent

are my family and perhaps the public interest.

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My personal commitment to volunteer with the

Peace Valley Environmental Association and Treaty 8

exceeded the useful life of no less than three

computers. This commitment has had a significant

negative influence on the financial resiliency of

our retirement.

I am no longer resident of the Peace. I'll

get to that later. So I thank you to my many

friends and acquaintances in Fort St. John who has,

again, made me welcome.

I would like to introduce myself.

I'm a land owner in the upper Cache Creek

within the regional impact area identified by

BC Hydro. I'm a businessman holding wood lot 1925,

also, in the upper Cache area.

I'm a former resident of Hudson's Hope and

Fort St. John from 1977 to 2011.

I'm a (indiscernible) member of the North

Peace Rod & Gun Club.

I earned a Bachelor's degree from the

University of British Columbia with a dual major in

ecology and physical geography.

I earned a Master's degree in forestry,

forest wildlife from the University of British

Columbia.

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I was honoured to serve as a school trustee

in School District 60, Peace River north, from

1998 -- 1988 to 1993, serving both as Chairman and

finance Chair.

I was honoured to serve as a councillor with

the City of Fort St. John from 1995 to 2001.

I enjoyed a career as a biologist for the

British Columbia Ministry -- Minister of

Environment from 1975 to 1997, holding a number of

positions as a researcher, MOE regional team leader

for the northeast coal project, wildlife habitat

enhancement biologist, and regional combined

wildlife management and fish wildlife habitat

section head for the Peace drainage subcomponent of

the Peace region for a decade.

I'm a registered professional biologist in

the Province of British Columbia, number 128. And

currently president of the College of Applied

Biologists of BC, the regulatory body for

biologists.

I've been a principal of Chillborne

Environmental, a small consulting company since

1997 with a focus on interactions and

accommodations of wildlife, primarily ungulates, in

response to industrial developments.

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In 1998, I teamed with a number of other

local persons forming the Peace Habitat and

Conservation Endowment Trust facet to promote

conservation planning in the Peace low lands.

I have a varied project history, as do most

consultants, you may be interested to know that my

most recent and last major project included

submitting a report and being qualified as an

expert in the Northern Gateway Joint National

Energy Board, Canadian Environmental Assessment Act

panel proceedings. My specific focus was caribou.

My introduction to the Peace country is

similar to many who have drunk from the waters of

the Peace, and have been drawn to return as per the

Dane-Zaa culture.

Coming down the Alaska Highway in 1972 from

the north, after several weeks in the mountains of

the Muskwa Kechika, I couldn't understand the

brilliant, lush agricultural landscape and the

valley that suddenly appeared out of the sea of

spruce forest that made travel on the Alaska

Highway in those days so prolonged, like crossing

northern Ontario.

To this recent university graduate familiar

with the dry Ponderosa ecosystems of southeastern

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BC, the lush hillsides of the Peace River Valley

were a complete surprise this far north. They

spoke of much promise.

The northeast coal project provided

employment to begin my 35 years of residency in the

Peace. I lived initially in Hudson's Hope and

commuted to Fort St. John, but I moved to Fort St.

John with my family, taking the kind advice to buy

a house on one of the few paved streets.

Living and working in Fort St. John, I

learned the ecological values and functions the

valley mostly related to, the warm air flow that

creates a microclimate as it flows through the only

river valley to breach the Rocky Mountains chain;

now, the Peace Reach in the Williston lake.

This microclimate, the wildlife, the berries

abundant in the valley, the protective pastoral

landscape of farms and wildlife formed a personal

bond to the values found in the valley.

I'm here because I believe socio-economics

are not just about the numbers and graphs and

models and management plans; they are about

individuals, their occupations, investments, and

social satisfaction.

Those who choose to change their place of

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135

residency for their final resting place, perhaps,

easily understand the trade-offs -- understand

trade-offs are based on history and on family, on

quality of each day, and the comfort for their soul

are used in that decision. The place you choose to

live is a socio-economic decision.

My wife and I invested 35 years of the most

productive years of our life in the Peace. We

raised our family and formed our lives and dreams

in a continuing investment in place in community.

Suddenly our mental health would not allow us to

live here. The social and economic cost to us of

the dark cloud that has hung over the valley.

My objective for these hearings I'm going to

outline. The information flow has been

insurmountable for an individual, and the hearing

process has been fatiguing for me. I have respect

for the panel's fortitude and forbearance. I will

attempt to be concise and talk only about what, I

feel, may assist the panel's understanding. I will

close with some specific suggestions.

I'll address four topics: done deal, style of

consultation, the failure of the current Peace

mitigation plan, and the opportunity cost of a dark

cloud or shadow of the dam.

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The done deal, the long-term impact. After

30 years since the findings of the BC Utilities

Commission, and with continuing statements by the

proponent that Site C is shelf-ready, some people

and organizations have adopted a mentality that

Site C is a done deal.

The concerns of individuals and organizations

like the Peace Valley Environment Association, the

City of Fort St. John, have tended to be dismissed,

similar to the stop-the-hearing/start-the-dam

sentiment at the time of the BCUC hearings.

Without the BCUC, what would have been the

cost of Site C to the provincial economy had it

been built 30 years ago?

We hear much about the need for business to

have certainty, a concept I believe has merit.

Some level of certainty required by individuals,

organizations, business, and government so they can

anticipate and plan for the future.

Business needs certainty in the rules that

support not only their financial datas, but their

social licence.

Individuals need certainty that they can

invest in property, business, and community.

Social licence requires the perception of

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137

trust in fairness, transparency, and governance in

the best public interest.

A 30-year hanging done-deal status for Site C

has created uncertainty opportunity costs for

agriculture, recreation, conservation, and

effective mitigation for existing hydro

developments.

For example, Peace Habitat and Conservation

Endowment Trust Society facet was created by myself

and some other concerned individuals, many from the

local Rod & Gun Club. The purposes of this society

were to initiate habitat conservation projects with

other partners and to stimulate conservation

planning in action in the Peace lowlands

ecosection.

Unfortunately, those efforts have been

stymied by the perception of Site C being a

done-deal. Being in 1998.

In most every institution, local and

national, as well as individuals, identified that

the pending dam would waste their effort of

investing either energy or funding in projects in

the Peace lowlands; the most valuable and diverse

ecosystem in the region.

The substantive absence of meaningful

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138

dialogue and presence by the proponent in the three

decades following BCUC hearings fundamentally

implies the corporation has the right to Site C,

and, further, that such review, as your panel, is

perfunctory and perhaps unnecessary.

Much of the frustration in the region comes

from the projected attitude that Site C is a

done-deal. This perception has significantly

impaired the management of the valley and

associated resources.

Just try to develop a wildlife viewing

strategy, off-road vehicle management,

recreation-based business. These issues would not

be dealt with by the authorities because Site C was

perceived to be a done-deal.

Has the done-deal mentality led to minimizing

the scope of assessments and significance that the

proponent has chosen? Could the assumptions of

outcome flavour the process?

It would decrease values in both financial

and social licence terms, lubricating the way for

the project.

To me, the done-deal mentality certainly

appears to have had some impact on current day

short-term values that are used for the new

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baseline.

The economic axiom of resource certainty

(sic) indicates the abundant resources have less

value than scarce ones.

I need to repeat that.

The economic axiom of resource scarcity

indicates that abundant resources have less value

than scarce ones. So if an ecosystem, a soil, or a

desirable landscape becomes scarce or is perceived

to be scarce, its value increases.

So industrial envelopment is having a

cumulative impact on environmental resources and

social well-being in the assessment area, the less

impact the resources in the Peace Valley increase

in value.

The greater the region cumulative and social

impacts, the higher the value in keeping them

intact in the Peace Valley, contrary to the

perceived decrease in value from the done-deal

mentality.

A sentiment, apparently, shared by 1,000

people who participated in the Paddle for the Peace

in 2012. However, the done deal is not necessarily

done. And in the David and Goliath type situation,

the PVA and the people of Treaty 8 First Nations

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have raised, approximately, half a million dollars

in donations and contributions in excess of that

for volunteer efforts, all to try and provide the

panel with enough information to understand that

Site C is not a done deal, nor in the public

interest.

THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Churchill, could I get

you to move your mic a little closer. Thank you.

MR. BRIAN CHURCHILL: Thank you.

I want to talk about the style of

consultation. People tend to react based on

experience. I cannot remember when the proponent

ever accepted that it did not have the best

perspective or the correct interpretation.

The scepticism of many of the participants in

this hearing to the Proponent's intentions or

undertakings are not a matter of trust. It's a

reaction to experience.

The proponent has undertaken two

highly-structured consultation processes since 2010

that I have been involved in.

The Oxford dictionary online has a definition

of "consult". It's a verb to be used with an

object:

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"To seek advice or

information from, or ask guidance

from. Or to refer to for

information. Or to have a regard

for a person's interest,

convenience, et cetera, in making

plans."

For me, the proof is in the pudding. As I

sat with this panel for the past week, I did not

get the impression there was a surplus of people

that felt consultations met those definitions.

Not only the information provided appeared to

promote the project, but the formats appeared to

divide the consultees -- I'm not even sure if

that's a word -- into separate sessions to prevent

reasonable discussion.

Furthermore, the consultations were heavily

managed and perceived to be less than transparent.

As any recording of the proceedings was prohibited,

and only summaries, not transcripts, were produced

later.

Invitations to a number of business

consultation sessions were apparently restricted in

secret. Consultation with special interest groups

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were restricted to no observers and lacked

transparency.

Frustration levels at the open house

consultation sessions were high, as information

provided by the consultees, at one, were not

included in successive ones. Errors were common.

Such things as obvious, primary roots were

often misidentified or non-identifiable, and often

the presenter's knowledge was restricted only to

the presentation materials. This for a project

that had been shelf-ready for three decades.

Suffice to say, I doubt that anyone was

satisfied with the consultation, satisfied that the

consultation session sought advice or information

or guidance, gathered insufficient information, or

had a regard for the interests of attendees. The

proponent, however, seemed -- deemed the

consultation to be successful.

My comments on mitigation and compensation

programs. My comments made apply to mitigation and

compensation programs in general, but are

experiences with Peace-Williston for fish and

wildlife only. I have looked at the EIS

guidelines, and their requirements for mitigation.

I believe the panel has heard that the

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mitigation and compensation proposals are not

specific enough, that their effectiveness has not

been assessed in any rigorous fashion.

The funding level is not proposed in the EIS.

It was revealed at the hearings this week -- I

guess it's last week, rather than being documented

in the EIS that at least in the mitigation fund for

agriculture is not based on analysis of

effectness (sic) or cost, but on a model of the

value of today's agriculture effort.

I note that in the 2008 report for the

Columbia Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program

identifies a process of mitigation, planning, being

undertaken retroactively.

A suite of different terrestrial ecosystem

impacts are associated with the construction of

BC Hydro dams on the Columbia Kootenay river

system, from an ecological perspective, these

include loss of habitat or ecosystems, loss of

connectivity between remaining ecosystems, loss of

associated wildlife populations, and loss of

associated productivity related to those

ecosystems.

The Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program is

conducting a multiphase project to evaluate the

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footprint impacts of BC Hydro developments within

the basin by determining extent of habitat, primary

productivity, and fish and wildlife community

changes that result from dam construction.

The footprint impacts project will provide a

baseline understanding for the amount, location,

and significance of ecosystem impacts of dam

footprints in the Columbia basin, as well as assist

the Fish and Wildlife Compensation Program to

develop, prioritise, and monitor compensation

projects. This is from Oszik v. Hope (phonetic)

2008. I can supply that reference.

To hands-on biologists like myself, this

sounds suspiciously like a cumulative and

comprehensive assessment of where and possibly how

to design a mitigation program.

This 2008 project was reporting out during

the time that the proponent was keeping Site C

shelf-ready and preparing information for the EIS.

The EIS did not include similar studies and

would appear a similar project would have greatly

added in this assessment.

For some projects in the Peace-Williston

program have had the support at these proceedings

concerns have been expressed about the overall

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program and no measure or assessment of the

programs will lead to mitigate or compensate for

the losses has been identified.

The Williston program clearly does not

acknowledge downstream effects as it confines

projects to the watershed above Peace Canyon,

including virtually any relevance to the lower

Peace River communities, and even Hudson's Hope.

As a result of my tenure on the wildlife

advisory committee, I can testify that it was

identified that, for many species, many of the most

effective projects were downstream.

The terms I reference certainly impedes

wildlife and fisheries management in the lower

Peace River Valley, and frustrates the

effectiveness of trying to mitigate the impacts of

the existing dams.

Further, I'd note the proposed Peace

Williston Columbia fish and wildlife programs

started in operation, approximately, at the same.

1992.

I note that the Columbia basin and Peace

basin developments are somewhat similar. And what

is not similar is the mitigation and compensation

programs where the expenditure in the Columbia

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basin projects, I believe -- and this is very

difficult information to get -- are in the order of

55 million, a magnitude higher than what's been

expended in Williston.

However, I believe the example of the

Columbia Basin Trust model, which is not a BC Hydro

compensation program, where the objectives are

controlled by the effective communities has been

somewhat more successful.

You have been advised that BC Hydro programs

have been changed last year in the direction of the

Columbia Basin Trust model. This is positive,

however, I believe as long as the corporate

interests of the proponent set the parameters for

the program, it will continue to be unacceptable,

inefficient, and not mitigate effectively the

impacts.

The dark cloud or the shadow of the dam.

This is my last point.

I believe that BC Hydro does not believe the

dark cloud over the valley and the shadow cast by

the dam proposal is real. I know of no way of

illustrating this but through discussing personal

impacts. Despite my bull-of-the-north reputation

and somewhat fragile, as you've seen, and I ask

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your understanding if I have some difficulty with

this topic.

We professionals try to think in sterile

terms like opportunity cost or analysis of cost

benefit. But I'd like to think -- like you to try

and think of it in terms of hopes and dreams.

Think about the young person wanting to

practice horticulture as a common dream. If you

live in the BC Peace, that dream is squashed by the

potential inundation in the valley, or when the

proponent decimates the community of south Taylor.

This community was eviscerated by BC Hydro land

acquisition to prevent liability when the ice jams

formed, from their unwillingness to reduce

generation under ice forming conditions.

It is no coincidence, and not even market

forces that there's no horticulture in the valley.

[Indiscernible], a huge attraction to

resulting Taylor RV park or perhaps more it's a

lack of access to the river environment elsewhere.

I want to talk about -- to the panel about

how the dark cloud and shadow of the dam has

affected the mental state of many of us.

I believe that I represent a number of

people, some who are incapable of expressing their

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sentiments, some who are not mentally able to

withstand being here. I personally know of a

number of people who could not appear and speak to

you because the impact on their personal well-being

and the outlook of the dark cloud on this proposal

has had, day after day, year after year, for

30 years. They cannot speak to you about their --

as their dark places are too large. My list

includes residents of the valley, past and present.

People with personal or family trauma as a result

of upstream dams, people affected by the

acquisition programs, and First Nations people

whose culture is threatened.

I lived on the 269 Road, and was constantly

in contact with the valley. Our family investment

in the community was huge.

For a decade or two, we ignored the prospect

of Site C, but two issues drove it to the

forefront, and the hole in the dam was the start.

My wife was teaching at Taylor Elementary.

She was put in the position of being prepared to

rush her students out the door and make them climb

the Taylor hill on 20 minutes notice while being

responsible for their well-being from the crisis of

the hole in the dam.

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Then, for both of us, there was the

consultation, the frustration, the facilitators,

not even being able to locate the 269 Road on a

map, assuring us there would not be traffic

increase there, even when the written material said

opposite.

The lack of recognition in the consultation

that the already-limited health, culture, and

community services in Fort St. John.

Then came the secret drill rigs across the

street and other unexplained activities by the

proponent.

These incidents, combined with our frequent

recreation in the valley, in my respect for its

unique biological values could not be replaced,

worked on us day-by-day, week-by-week,

year-by-year. We became irritable, unsettled,

lacking in purpose. Instead of planning and

looking forward to our retirement years, we began

to worry that community wouldn't support us, that

the social network of long-term families would

disappear with the overwhelming influence of

construction camps and crime. Both of us began to

have physical anxiety issues.

I don't know who was more surprised: our

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friends or ourselves, when we quickly decided that

the shadow had threatened our health and future so

much, and we had to leave.

We moved to Creston. Ironically, there

appears to be more access to socio-services in

Creston, one of the smaller isolated communities in

the Kootenays, the size of Chetwynd, than in Fort

St. John. We will make a new life there, but, in

our hearts, we will grieve for our Peace River

home.

And there are some people with the fortitude

of Charles Steiner who can dream and overlook the

shadow of the dam, but they are in the minority.

The shadow is real, and results from the dark cloud

that has impacted the values in this assessment.

I want to tell you that I believe the Site C

project is not acceptable because the need for

Site C is both exaggerated and additional

generation needs can be met by more incremental

sustainable and cost-effective projects.

The agricultural valleys in the Peace River

Valley for future food security are a greater

legacy than electric generation of Site C.

The ecological values in the valley are

critical to the ecological sustainability in this

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151

region already overstressed by cumulative

industrial development.

I would submit that you might consider the

following issues in your consideration of this EIS.

The done-deal perception has acted against

the public interest. And this is in light of a

conflict between testimony of severity of potential

impacts and the proponent studies.

The cumulative effects analysis failed to

consider sufficient residual effects of the

opportunity cost in maintaining shelf-ready Site C,

and is faulty.

The Proponent's estimate of compensation and

mitigation programs do not meet the terms of

reference. They lack adequate specifics to

identify the funding required or the effect --

efficacy of the proposed and potential measures.

The compensation proposals lack the

information and technical details at this point.

Lacking the information and technical details at

this point likely do not allow the panel to have

the assurance that the required standards of

mitigating or compensating the impacts will meet

the public interest mandate.

Compensation and mitigation programs need to

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be at arm's-length with the Proponent's role being

advisory. While it is responsible for the

proponent to identify and fund mitigation programs,

once the fund amounts for these projects are

established, the proponent has, I believe the term

is, "dirty hands" in the administration of these

funds. The transparency, the information, the

programs they provide, and their efficacy cannot be

trusted.

Your panel has identified the shortcomings of

the Environment Impact Assessment. It has failed

to have identified or assessed the number of

significant issues in scope or, in fact, at all.

However, the proponent has stated its budget,

established more than two years ago, is adequate to

cover all these contingencies. Either budget was

grossly inflated or the budget, like others

worldwide, will be significantly exceeded, as you

had earlier heard from Dr. Sandra Hoffman.

The dark cloud over the valley or the shadow

of the dam deemed insignificant by BC Hydro has

hugely impacted the agricultural community and

social fabric of the north Peace.

The cumulative effects of other regional

development on ecological, social, and community

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values are so great that the combined additional

effect of Site C project on a combination of

ecological, social, and community values will be

the straw that breaks the environmental back. This

project has a combined impact greater than the sum

of a number of impacts by working in combination.

This combination includes an overall impact

that is significant, but has been deemed

insignificant by the proponent. The level of

cumulative impact is unacceptable and contrary to

the public interest, and I believe the intent of

the environmental assessment.

I thank you. And I apologize.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Mr. Churchill.

Do my colleagues have any questions? Or are

there questions from the floor?

I see one.

MR. KEN FOREST: Ken Forest, landowner.

A question for BC Hydro. Has BC Hydro

undertaken a review and an in-depth look at the

community structures and the social structures that

have been around here, and what to expect from

those structures once the dam is in place?

I'm not sure if you understand the question.

THE CHAIRMAN: I'm not sure it's closely

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related to what Mr. Churchill said.

MR. KEN FOREST: So that it was a social

structure and a community set of dynamics in Fort

St. John over the last number of decades and years

and even up until now, and I would expect that a

magnitude dam this size and the camps and

everything else that are going to come here, the

impact on the area will change some of that.

Has Hydro looked at the potential changes for

those, and described what there can be expected

from those?

THE CHAIRMAN: Hydro?

MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: I hope this answers your

question.

In the EIS, we have provided detailed

estimates of the expected size of the workforce and

where they might reasonably be living, either in a

camp as mobile workers, or as new residents in the

community. We've looked -- the assessment looks at

the recent -- I say "recent," sort of ten years

historical trends, for example, on the existing

mobility of the region with respect to the

population. The in-migration and out-migration.

And we've looked at the project numbers in those

contexts.

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So across all of the assessment areas on the

socio-economic, there are historic trends that are

able to provide some context. And that context has

been considered in the assessment, if that answers

your question.

MR. KEN FOREST: So within that context -- one

of my concerns, for instance, would be during the

EIS, when I was here, I was looking around the room

at a large number of people that I knew that had

been here for many decades, like myself. And

there's a huge chunk of the community structure

here. They are in leadership positions, they take

on community organizations, they belong to so many

of the infrastructure of the community, and they

really do help to run this place. And most of

those people would leave.

I'm wondering if you've taken a look at how

that structure would change if Hydro came in, and

we had people parachuting in and parachuting out

and not a really long stable kind of social

dynamic, the way we've had it in the last number

of years. That's the kind of question --

THE CHAIRMAN: Sir, I would take that as a

representation, as an argument.

MR. KEN FOREST: Right.

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THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Thank you.

MR. KEN FOREST: Thank you. That ends my

comment.


Ms. Culling.

MS. DIANE CULLING: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

I know you'll be delighted to know that I

have two clear concise questions. I certainly am

delighted.

So for Mr. Churchill, this morning there was

a conversation about the tourism potential of the

-- and the effects from the project. So -- and I

believe one of the panel members asked about parks,

which were brought up.

And so drawing on your experience as in the

decades of working with the Ministry of Environment

here, could you identify some of the tourism

opportunities within the project area that are not

currently realized due to the flood reserve

superseding existing reserves like (indiscernible)

reserves that would -- could contribute to the

growth of the tourism resource in the region if

Site C doesn't go ahead?

MR. BRIAN CHURCHILL: Yeah, there's actually quite

a list of facilities because there is only one.

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There's only the lookout at Attachie. There's no

boat launches. There are no trails. There are no

pull-outs. There are no places where people can

park their cars and go enjoy it. There's no -- all

those opportunities are not developed. And they

are not developed as was my personal experience in

trying to develop wildlife viewing areas in the

valley because, well, there's this dam proposal

here, and we won't spend any money there.

As a provincial government employee, every

project they brought up to enhance access to

wildlife and access to wildlife viewing, in

particular, and a major project going on time.

Said, no, you can't go there.

THE CHAIRMAN: Follow-up question?

MS. DIANE CULLING: Thank you.

And so my second question -- and you gave me

a segway here -- was drawing on your career as a

Ministry wildlife biologist, can you comment on the

importance of that drive on Highway 29 for

wildlife-viewing opportunities with specific

reference to moose and the importance of seeing

moose to both international and national visitors?

MR. BRIAN CHURCHILL: Well, as a wildlife person --

and this is not the wildlife session, but it is

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really interesting.

If you talk to any of the multitude of

tourists -- and I think it's about 300,000 that go

up the Alaska Highway every year -- their trip is

enhanced by the sighting of a single moose in the

entire trip going up and down.

To give the significance of the valley, I had

the opportunity to host the Habitat Conservation

Trust Fund board at a meeting here in Fort

St. John. And I arranged a trip up to Hudson's

Hope, and actually up to Dunlevy on the other side

of -- in the WAC Bennet dam, for these members of

the board.

Now, this is the Habitat Conservation Trust

Fund, the one that administers several million of

dollars of primarily hunter and fishermen's money

to do enhancement projects and manage wildlife in

the Province. That board in that trip in that

little bus saw moose, saw mule deer, saw stone

sheep at Williston Reservoir, and the comment to me

and feedback to me from the executive director of

the board was in all the tours in all of British

Columbia, the board had never seen half that much

wildlife.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you very much,

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159

Mr. Churchill.

MS. DIANE CULLING: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

THE CHAIRMAN: Our next presentation is, I

gather, by telephone due to fog in Lower Mainland.

MR. BEN NAYLOR: Good afternoon, Mr. Chair,

panel members.

Again, my name is Ben Naylor. I'm legal

counsel for the Province of British Columbia.

Yes, as you have stated, the next

presentation is going to be given by one Kristy

Ciruna. Unfortunately, the weather has conspired

to keep her from us in person; however, I believe

she is on the line, or shortly will be.

Kristy, are you there?

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: I am, Ben.

MR. BEN NAYLOR: So Kristy is here to

speak today about cumulative effects assessment and

management in Dawson Creek operational;

specifically, the Dawson Creek operational trial.

Kristy is the director of strategic projects in

northeast region for the Ministry Of Forests, Lands

and Natural Resource Operations.

Unfortunately, Ms. Ciruna does not have

specific knowledge as to Site C project itself;

however, at the request of the panel, she is here

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160

today to present the information that the Province

does have on cumulative effects in the region.

And so, Kristy, I'll just mention that Mark

is here to operate the PowerPoint presentation for

you, so if you'd like us to move to the next slide,

just please indicate that.

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Great. Thank you, Ben.

MR. BEN NAYLOR: Without further adieu,

I'll leave it in your hands.

Presentation by Dr. Kristy Ciruna, Ministry of Forests,

Lands and Natural Resource Operations:

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Thank you, Ben.

So, Mark, yes, if you could please advance to

slide 2.

So I'm here to talk about -- thanks, Mark.

And thanks for the introduction, Ben.

So I'm here to present a cumulative effects

assessment management approach, an operational

trial that we're undertaking in the Dawson Creek

area. And slide 2 portrays the boundary of our

study area, so it generally corresponds to the

Dawson Creek LRMP area.

However, there are cases where this boundary

can extend beyond the LRMP due to logical

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161

assessment units associated with some of the values

that we're assessing. So, for example, some

watershed units that might go slightly outside this

boundary, or, for example, northern caribou

herds that might extend beyond these boundaries --

THE CHAIRMAN: Dr. Ciruna, can I slow you

down, please, you are being transcribed.

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Yes. Thank you.

So for caribou herd units that might extend

beyond this boundary, but we want to contain the

full extent of that assessment unit.

And I also want to note that the assessment

units were truncated when it extended -- when it

extended past and into the Alberta border. We're

hoping that, you know, over time we'll be able to

better match information with Alberta to have a

seamless transition across the border.

This operational trial, this cumulative

effects assessment and management operational trial

is one of three demonstration projects under way

across the Province. The other two are in the

northwest and in the Thompson Okanagan region.

The focus of this demonstration project is on

cumulative effects assessment and incorporating

that assessment into decision-making to mitigate

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162

risks through management responses.

Next slide, please.

This slide provides an overview of the

project's approach. Thousands of decisions are

made across a natural resource sector every year.

Considering only project or sector-specific effects

can allow unintended impacts to accumulate over

time.

This project is taking a values-based

approach to cumulative effects assessment and

management where we focus on a manageable set of

values that are impacted positively or negatively

by the decisions.

A manageable set of broad values are

selected. And cumulative effects assessment

considers the impacts of past, present, and

reasonably foreseeable future development on each

of these values.

The information is used to compare the

current and near-term condition of each value to

its legal or government policy objective as seen as

the dashed line in the graph. So we're trying to

focus on one -- establishing one common objective

to be applied across all natural resource sectors.

And then managing cumulative effects involves

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designing and implementing strategies to mitigate

risk to values applied in a consistent and

coordinated way across natural resource sectors.

So to meet this challenge this operational

trial is exploring ways to look at changing

internal government decision-making processes, as

required.

I would like to take this time to talk about

some of the differences between this approach to

cumulative effects assessment versus cumulative

effects assessment conducted at the project or site

level for major projects without undergoing an

Environmental Impact Assessment.

For our approach, it's the responsibility of

government to be undertaking the assessment,

whereas, at the project level, Environmental Impact

Assessments are the responsibility of the

proponent. From our approach, we're using a broad

scale sort of area-based multi-sector approach to

assessing and management of cumulative effects. So

looking at all decisions on the land base and the

effect that they have on values, and we're applying

strategies to mitigate risk across all the natural

resource sectors versus more the classic

project-level Environmental Impact Assessment looks

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at more site-specific or single-development

orientation approach to assessment and management

of cumulative effects.

So the two complement each other very well

and both are needed.

Mark, slide 4, please.

So this approach provides, what I'd say, a

major advance for integrated resource management in

British Columbia, including three shifts in

decision-making across a natural resource sector.

So the shift from a single-sector approach to

decision-making to a multi-sector

coordinated-area-based approach to decision-making

moving from a project focused decision-making to a

values-focused approach to decision-making. And

moving from reactive to more of a proactive

decision-making focus on desired outcomes.

It's also intended to support governments --

a shift to open government as cumulative effects

assessment information is intended to be publically

available. So industry will have access to the

same information that statutory decision-makers

will use in decision-making processes.

Proponents will have improved information

upfront so they can be proactive in identifying and

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addressing cumulative effects, which will help to

streamline the authorization and referrals process.

And proponents of major projects requiring an

environmental assessment certificate will be

provided consistent, accessible information for

selected values. So information on current

condition, near-term trend, risk level, which will

increase the effectiveness of current proponent

assessments and help to reduce costs.

We also hope the intended outcome will be to

substantially address First Nations and communities

cumulative effects concerns.

Slide 5.

This schematic gives you a quick sort of

schematic illustration of our cumulative effects

assessment approach taken in this operational

trial.

At the top, we have -- it's key to define

what values we're using in the assessment, and for

each of those values, we conduct an assessment

where we assemble information, identify trends, and

basically conduct a risk assessment, that we would

come up with a cumulative effects assessment and

report on that.

And then we would take that information and

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develop management recommendations as guidance to

our statutory decision-makers for, you know,

consistent and coordinated management approaches

across the natural resource sector.

At an operational level, this may be seen as

guidance for permit conditions. Or at a more

strategic level, we might look at an area where we

need to be working with industries, First Nations

communities on a management plan for a given

watershed where there's high risk. Or looking at

access management problems. Or potentially be

looking at the level of where a current objective

is set for that value, and, you know, where it

needs possibly to change based on existing

conditions if it's not set in an appropriate place.

These are just examples.

I want to preface in this operational trial,

you know, in the approach that we perceive taking

is that, you know, government is leading this work.

But we are also working closely with First Nations

communities and industry throughout the process.

So making the connections to help us define what

those values are, what's important, what

information we collectively have to support the

assessment of those values, working together to

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look at a review of those assessments, and to

discuss what those management options might be, and

where our collective strengths might be in helping

to implement those management options.

Next slide.

So what I'd like to do is in the last few

minutes run everyone through just a little bit more

detail around the assessment that was done. And

starting with the values.

So we assessed five values for this

operational trial based on the following criteria.

Because it's an operational trial, we wanted to

make sure that we had -- we could use existing

values that were associated, that had existing

legal or policy objectives. We wanted to make sure

we had values where data was available to be able

to measure current condition, that the data was

spatially explicit so it could be mapped. We also

wanted to look at the values where, you know, they

are mutually exclusive of each other.

We were interested -- you know, I've

highlighted in red, the two values: water quality

and air quality. We say that, you know, those two

values are really important to assess in terms of

cumulative effects assessment. We did not include

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them at this time because we currently didn't have

the data available in this area to do a proper

assessment, but we would like to include it in

future assessments.

One additional point that I wanted to include

around the selection of values is that these are

broad values. And we've taken, as well, more of an

ecosystem based approach, we'd say, for managing

for these values. We understand that there'd be

other values that are nested within them, so it's a

bit of a coarse-filter/fine-filter approach.

So assuming that these nested values, like,

where they co-occur within these broader values,

they would share common ecological processes and/or

threats and we would assume that they would be

expected to respond similarly to development

pressures, as well as corresponding management

actions.

And this approach right now is -- which is --

you know, it's clearly defined in the literature,

coarse-filter/fine-filter. This

coarse-filter/fine-filter approach, this helps to

maintain a management set of values for assessment.

So the next slide just provides everyone with

an example of what we mean by, you know, the

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concept of nesting of values within these broad

values, and this is an example of some of the

values that we would say would be nested under the

riparian value.

So if we're maintaining riparian, if we have

these values that are co-occurring, then the fact

that we can say we're helping to maintain the

condition of these associated values. So things

like moose, black-footed green warbler, western

toad, bay-breasted warbler, you know, native fish

populations, et cetera.

The next slide, I just wanted to give

everybody a quick overview of the assessment and an

example of some of the assessment results. And

I've identified -- I wanted to walk people through

two values: one is an aquatic and one is a

terrestrial example.

So the first one on the left is water

quantity. So for the value water quantity, we had

the objective of limiting water withdrawals to

15 percent of monthly average flow. The converse

meaning that we want to maintain 85 percent

in-stream flow to maintain ecological processes and

maintain the environment.

So for this objective, our assessment unit

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was major watersheds, and we had 15 watersheds

identified in the study area as seen on the map.

When we assessed current condition of each of

these watershed units relative to the objective;

overall, the allocation of water was low relative

to the objective by a major watershed, but we did

note that there was some, you know, localized or

temporal over allocations.

For near-term trends. We are approaching

assessment of near-term trends not from a

quantitative approach, by trying to use

back-casting or forecasting to identify trends,

but, rather, take a more pragmatic approach,

looking at a qualitative assessment of the types of

industry development in an area, and what are the

major development drivers or leading indicators?

So for near-term trends around water

allocation, we think that the primary water

allocation pressure in the near term will be from

unconventional, natural gas development.

We know right now that market conditions are

a suppressing investment, but demand will increase,

you know, if pipeline infrastructure is approved.

We'd say, based on this information, overall,

the assessment of risk to each of those watersheds,

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in terms of hitting that objective, is low, a

low-risk. And that the anticipated bottoms

of withdrawal are very small compared to the amount

available in those systems.

And also to help to understand the risk, we

acknowledge that decisions are currently being made

on individual-stream courses, not at this watershed

level. So decision-makers are looking at the

seasonality of flows, which helps to further

minimize risk to over allocation.

So our management recommendations would be

that, you know, we need to improve the collection

of water use data, in addition to water allocation.

How much data water is actually being used

versus how much is being licensed, to give us a

better estimate of what's available, and that we

want to continue to support improvement of our

water quantity monitoring, as well as flow

modelling.

So the next example, just to give you a

terrestrial example, would be our valued old-growth

forest. And we used the objective to retain timber

in old-growth management areas except for minor

incursions, and it's, like, (indiscernible) percent

old-growth management area, less than 50 hectares

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or 5 percent. Or 40 hectares for large old-growth

management areas, whichever is less. That's a

total mouthful, but it's based on the land use

order for the Dawson Creek Timber Supply Area.

I want to note that there are no old-growth

management areas designated in the tree farm

licence 48, which is also part of this assessment

area.

So for current condition, you'll see from the

graph that most old-growth management areas have

had few incursions since being established in 2009,

so the bar on the -- the first bar on the left

shows the amount in old-growth management areas

that have had no incursion whatsoever.

The next bar shows where you've had

incursions, but it's still within the acceptable

level under the objective, and then there's no

incursions that have exceeded the objective.

In terms of near-term trends, we know forest

activity is stable or even a little bit down. Oil

and gas developments declined recently, but it's

going to increase if pipeline infrastructure has

improved the risk to this valley, we would

indicate, overall, across the old-growth management

areas as being low to moderate because even minor

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development can exceed the allowable incursions.

And the legal objectives apply, primarily

only to forestry activity, but old-growth

management areas are not designated under the Oil

and Gas Activities Act, but a process is under way

right now to develop operating procedures for oil

and gas activities.

The other risk is that, you know, for mining

exploration and development, it's a potential in

old-growth management areas, but we currently do

not have a regulatory requirement to meet this

objective.

So management objectives would be to conclude

a process for developing operating practices for

oil and gas activities in old-growth management

areas, and investigating application of old-growth

retention requirements in other sectors.

And just to conclude, after that detailed

example, I wanted to conclude on next steps for

this operational trial. So we're currently closing

up the trial for end of this fiscal. And we will

be completing a valuation of the trial: lessons

learned, what worked? What didn't?

We're going to continue to engage, to build a

shared understanding and to improve the cumulative

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effects assessment and management approach by

working with First Nations communities and

industry, and, you know, hope to be applying these

learnings to cumulative effects assessment and

management, you know, as we move forward.

Thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Dr. Ciruna.

Questions?

Madam Beaudet.


Good day. It's a pity that you're not here

with us, but we understand why.

I have a few questions.

First, I'm not sure I understand how you

determined the map according to management unit

or -- because when we look at it, there's only part

of the Dinosaur Lake that is there.

So I'd like you to elaborate a bit more on

that.

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Madam Beaudet, are you

referring to slide 2 of the study area?

MS. BEAUDET: Yes, please.

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Yes, so that's a

terrestrial -- that's the boundary of the land and

resource management planning boundary for Dawson

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Creek. So that is the standard study area.

And for the values that we assessed, we know

that our assessment units for those values may not

follow neatly within the lines of that study area,

so they would be -- if they needed to extend

outside, they would -- except for when it hits the

Alberta border where we didn't carry over into

Alberta.

MS. BEAUDET: My next question: is the

source of information -- I think you mentioned

literature -- do you also consult with federal

Ministries that would have data on wildlife;

provincial Ministries on riparian habitats? How is

the information gathered? And how far does it go

back? What date do you have with the oldest source

of data?

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: The oldest sources of data, I

would have to go back through our metadata because

it would be -- like, I can get back to you with

that information because it depends on the data we

have for each of the values.


DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Okay.

MS. BEAUDET: So what are the source of the

information? How did you build your bank? And how

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do you continue to build a bank, the bank data?

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Right. So a lot -- the

information that we're using is actually all

existing government data. And it's all data that's

currently available on -- through our -- our

government storing house.

And to get specificity, we are working with,

through this demonstration project, I'd be working,

you know, reaching out to First Nations,

communities, and industry, operating in the area to

say, you know, if they have some -- where they

might have existing information that could bolster

our existing datasets. But, right now, it would be

on provincially-collected data.

And then over time, we would have that

information, the vision, is available, open to

public so that anybody can look at that data and

analyze it the same way that we did, proponents,

anybody, public, would have it available to look at

how we did the condition, the near term, and the

risk assessment. All that information would be

publicly available.


My next area of questioning is the two types

of cumulative effects assessment, you did mention

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that what you're doing is government

responsibility, and I agree. And for proponent, it

would be more specific type of cumulative effects

assessment not for a region.

When we look -- when you mentioned that you

would be advising proponents, who can either use

the bank to, I suppose, to prepare EIS or any

direction that you would feel is important to --

for them to notice. It would be more -- what you

have after the fact, when you do -- when the

proponent does an Environmental Impact Assessment,

it's a planning tool. And if he finds, through his

studies or through advice that you give him, that

certain things should be looked at more closely, or

that he should modify his project because there

would be some major impacts.

And I'm trying to understand if your role is

proactive, or if you just give the information. I

know it's a pilot study, but I would like to have

some indication in the direction that you will be

taking with proponents that have to prepare the

Environmental Impact Assessment.

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Great question. And I would

like to just sort of say that, although, the

Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource

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Operations is leading this work, we're working at

part of an inner-agency team.

So we are working closely with the Ministry

of Environment, Oil and Gas Commission, Natural

Gas, Development, Energy, Mines, Aboriginal

Relations and Reconciliation, and Environmental

Assessment Office.

So we've had many discussions with staff at

the EAO on how we can sort of fit these two

elements together. And where we see the most

interest -- and I think it's quite exciting -- is

that what we envision is that this assessment work

that's being done for these values, in essence,

could be defining what the regional assessment --

regional -- what is it called? The regional

assessment --

MS BEAUDET: (Indiscernible).

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: -- area. Correct, for a

classic Environmental Impact Assessment so that

proponents would have that information to know the

regional context, and that they'd have to provide

the site specificity.

The other area where we think that there's a

direct link is that the environmental assessment

office is a policy-taker, not a policy-maker. So

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179

they would be looking for direction from government

about how -- the vision for this to be successful.

And it's rampant in the literature, is that in

order to truly address cumulative effects, you need

to be managing in a consistent way across the

natural resource sector.

So we are setting up a process right now

where we're looking at establishing, you know,

heading towards the establishment of these common

objectives for a given suite of values.

These values -- or these objectives would

then be objectives that we would foresee the EAO

adopting to help with their assessment of

cumulative effects and guidance to proponents.

So those are the two pieces where I see the

direct link.

MS. BEAUDET: When we look at the region

here -- and we received a lot of information from

briefs and witnesses that have come to us -- you

look at the region, and you feel that they -- in

order to go ahead with any more projects, there

should first be a strategic environmental

assessment done.

And I was wondering if -- with all the

information that you are gathering, and the

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180

interactions you have with the different proponents

and agencies that you consult, if that would be

eventually a role that you would take on.

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: I think the two -- from my

understanding in the literature of reading of a

strategic environmental assessment or a strategic

regional environmental assessment, this process

that we're testing right now and trialing in the

Dawson Creek study area is very close to that.

And then I would see over time -- I think we

can all acknowledge that it being an operational

trial, we had to pick, you know, the low-hanging

fruit of a set of values where you've got some

clear objectives and data to test, but over time,

we would be envisioning to expand that list and

create more policy objectives to address more

values.

So I definitely think that that's where

you're going with the relationship of this project

to that type of work.

I think it's hand-in-glove.

MS. BEAUDET: My last point would be -- I

find it interesting that you are doing input from

15 different watersheds. We did have some

presentation, trying to indicate to us that there

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are lots of land-use planning and all kinds of

plans and committees, and the underlying direction

should be watershed protection.

You have indicated here -- like, for

instance, there's a low-risk with water allocation

-- sorry, there's a low-risk with the values of

location of water and -- in each different

watershed. Or forest is low to moderate with what

you have at the -- at present.

Two questions here: what would be -- what is

your role in watershed protection? Do you have --

on top of the data, you collect an active role on

different committees, or do you plan to have?

And, also, I would like to know, you've been

talking about water and forests, but you didn't

mention anything about priority wildlife.

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Correct on that question, I

think just for the sake of time. I just gave

snapshots of these two values. I can go into more

detail on the priority wildlife, if you would like.

Coming back to your question around the role,

and what we've done currently in watershed plans.

The Province of BC does have a very robust

land-use planning program where we have established

objectives on the land base that, I think, for the

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182

most part define watershed units, and we've set

objectives within that, which would be incorporated

into this type of project. So we do have a role to

play right now, currently, in how we're maintaining

values from a watershed perspective.

We also have, and will be furthering with,

with implementation of the Water Sustainability

Act, an interest in water sustainability plans.

So those are -- I think those are the two big

pieces to best address your question there.

I believe that you had a third part that was

the second question, and I have already forgotten

it. So if you could please repeat, that would be

appreciated.

MS. BEAUDET: My second question was with

respect to priority wildlife.

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Priority wildlife, yes.

So we assessed a suite of priority wildlife.

They were determined where we have objectives right

now for wildlife, that has existing wildlife

habitat areas, and objectives for wildlife habitat

areas, as well as ungulate winter ranges.

And, specifically, looking at northern

caribou, with the objectives coming out of the

northern caribou management plan.

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MS. BEAUDET: So only caribou so far was

looked at?

MS. RENATA KURSCHNER: Caribou and a suite of

wildlife species, for right now, where we have

objectives related to their core habitat, which

would be their ungulate winter ranges, or wildlife

habitat areas.

So we assessed the percent incursions, the

objective was 100 percent intactness of wildlife

habitat areas in ungulate winter ranges against

those suite of species.

Sorry, unfortunately, I do not have that

suite of species in front of me, but if you would

like more information about the results and what

those species were, I could easily provide that to

you.


UNDERTAKING 91: Provide the suite of species and more

information about the results and what the species

were in the study

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Okay. Thank you.


MR. MATTISON: Hi Kristy, it's Jim Mattison.

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A couple of questions. I'm looking at your

map of the study area, the Site C proposals on the

Peace River, which is the northern boundary,

really, upstream of Taylor there to Hudson's Hope.

So we've been looking at that area east of Hudson's

Hope and south of the northern boundary of this

study area.

And one of the -- a couple of issues -- and

you just had a request for some of the wildlife --

certainly moose has been a big issue for us. And

the First Nation use of the land. And one of

things you talked about: incursions into wildlife

winter range.

Disturbances on the land, generally, has that

been looked at in any detail? We've seen some

alarming maps of -- at a different scale, with

different assumptions of the area -- much larger

area. But I wondered if you've looked at

disturbances to the land? And I'm thinking of

roads and seismic cuts and that kind of, you

know -- well sites and things that start to cut

into the land and provide access for hunters and

other vehicles and disturbed wildlife, generally.

And I wondered what work might have been done in

that area.

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DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Right. No, a good question, Jim.

So what we have done, we have done an

assessment of a -- you know, for the incursions

layer to look at the development footprint.

So, yeah, roads, pipelines whether it's been

cutblocks, et cetera. But I think the key thing --

and it's interesting when I started the project and

I started to grapple with this, the impact is going

to -- of those changes to the land base will be

different depending on your reference point. So

which value?

It may not have any effect on water quality,

but it might have a huge effect potentially for a

priority wildlife species.

So that's why, when we're looking at this

approach, we've taken a values-based approach in

saying, you know, what is the objective -- what is

the management objective for that value? And then

assessing impact past, present, reasonably

foreseeable to be able to get an understanding of

current condition, and then do that assessment of

near-term trend because it's unique to each value.

So we have done the underlying work of what

you would, you know, you would generically call

those different impact layers, but you've applied

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it differently to where it relates to each of the

values.

And for wildlife, right now, for this

demonstration project, we were just looking at the

objectives related to wildlife habitat areas and

ungulate winter ranges in terms of priority

wildlife.

MR. MATTISON: Okay, thank you. I

understand the approach, and I understand looking

at impacts on values.

It was our interest in First Nation use of

the land; particularly, with respect to wildlife

with respect to hunting and areas of importance to

First Nations that probably aren't mapped, and

don't appear to show up yet as a value.

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Right.

THE CHAIRMAN: Yes. Thank you. Just to

quickly -- are you done now with this first shot?

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Yes.

THE CHAIRMAN: When will it be published?

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: So we hope to complete the

evaluation, as well as a final, what I would say,

draft assessment report by the end of this fiscal,

which would be fiscal year, for folks that might

not be aware, it's end of March.

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THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. And I'm correct in

saying that for this first, as it were draft,

you've relied entirely on data that other people

have collected, and you've done no independent

fieldwork; is that correct?

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: That's correct. It's

existing information, so it's not a -- we have not

incorporated information at this time that's down

-- at the boots on the ground.

THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Fair enough.

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: However -- okay.

THE CHAIRMAN: Well, I understand that for

an initial study.

On the priority or values, I guess, I don't

see anything that would indicate that legal

limitations to the use of land, in particular,

Treaty Rights was a valued component. Am I

understanding Jim's question right?

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Okay, I will -- can I reframe

what I'm hearing you say is the question?

THE CHAIRMAN: Sure.

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Are you -- how are Treaty

Right -- are Treaty Rights looked at as an explicit

value?

THE CHAIRMAN: Yes, that would be a good way

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of putting it.

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Okay. So Treaty Rights are

something that's negotiated between -- with

government-to-government negotiations where, you

know, in our work with First Nations on the

project, it's acknowledgment that these values,

from the values and the condition of these values,

you can infer the condition of Treaty Rights but

establishing further on the negotiation of those

Treaty Rights because a Treaty Right could be --

it's not just moose, which might be a priority

wildlife value that we can assess current

condition, and trend, but it's more, you know, it

could be having other factors about, you know, what

is the experience of getting to area where moose

are, and the experience of the hunting plus the

value of the species. So that's a much more

in-depth process and conversation that comes out

through our specific negotiations and work with

First Nations.

But where we see the importance is that on

the values themselves, like, what's important in

terms of the environmental values, we can

understand specifically, you know, for priority

wildlife, how are they doing? What's the condition

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of their habitat. But it's just -- it's part of

that question because a Treaty Right is much more

than that, and it's hard for us to be able --

that's not for us to express, that's for First

Nations to express.


I hesitate to ask if there are any further

questions.

Tribal Chief Liz Logan from the Treaty 8

First Nations.

TRIBAL CHIEF LIZ LOGAN: All right. Thanks. You did

ask part of my question about how they gathered

information. So, Kristy, this was basically a

desktop process?

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: That's correct. And we've

been working with the communities -- we've been

working, I say, even more intensely with the

communities, with traditional territories within

this study area, and I've been working on, and it's

going to take a little bit longer a time, but

saying how does the information that the

communities have currently collected? So they're

very -- you know, approaches and their data

management and GIS, how can we help to incorporate

into this assessment?

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So those are relationships right now that

we're forming. And, you know, as we move forward,

continue to evolve, but that's very much three of

our approaches, is working together.

TRIBAL CHIEF LIZ LOGAN: Okay. So you're in the

process of informing and reaching out, but you

haven't got there yet; right?

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: I think that we have. I

think that this year we've had -- we've been able

to engage with -- engage at a high level with all

of the 11 Nations in the northeast, and I would say

intensively with -- or maybe I shouldn't say

"intensively," but working on a regular basis with

several meetings that we've had to discuss the

process and talk about values and information and

get those relationships going with many of those

First Nations.

An example might be, like, with our work

right now closely with Saulteau, West Mo, and

McLeod Lake.

TRIBAL CHIEF LIZ LOGAN: Next: are you personally

aware that this was a discussion at the Chief to

Minister's meeting in November where we had

requested, again, a regional strategic

environmental assessment --

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DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: M'mm-hmm.

TRIBAL CHIEF LIZ LOGAN: -- and we wanted to be

included in that process and to work jointly with

BC, and I know that West Moberly has been

requesting this for years. And so when is that

going to happen? When are we going to work with

you on this process?

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Right. Well, with West

Moberly, we're already working -- we've had

numerous meetings even this year, sitting down,

face-to-face, and talking about this project. So I

think that the linkages are there, and now it's

continuing to build those relationships as we move

forward.

TRIBAL CHIEF LIZ LOGAN: I'm not talking about

building relations, I'm not talking about talking,

I'm talking about when are we going to do this

because this -- I just got a text because they are

listening, and they want answers. When are we

going to be working together with BC on this

regional strategic environmental assessment,

especially in this zone, this area?

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: I -- we would need to have a

better understanding. As the question was just

discussed by Madam Beaudet, she can see the

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linkages between the approach that we're developing

provincially, and how it becomes, first and

foremost, a strategic regional environmental

assessment.

So we think that we are building those

methods right now to implement in the Province, and

we've been working with First Nations and reaching

out to build this --

THE CHAIRMAN: Dr. Ciruna, if I may, it's

Harry Swain -- and I don't want to prolong this --

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Right.

THE CHAIRMAN: But I do think it's time you

came up and sat down and had a talk with Treaty 8.

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: I -- I have been --

THE CHAIRMAN: Okay? Thank you.

TRIBAL CHIEF LIZ LOGAN: And I won't even respond to

her last comment, I figure it's -- it's on the

record.

THE CHAIRMAN: Okay.

I think time being what it is, we need to

move along, but Madam Beaudet has a question for

Hydro on this topic.


Yes, a question on cumulative effects

assessment again.

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My query started with your response, so I

think it was in your closing comments when you

referred to a response to Saulteau First Nation on

the Registry number 407, and you indicated to us

that the CEAA agency stated that for this project,

the EIS guidelines will not require the proponent

to create a pre-industrial baseline for cumulative

effect assessment.

So I went back to look at different comments,

some of them I was aware of already, when the EIS

guidelines were prepared. And there were lots of

comments of people asking that the two previous

dams be included.

And I believe there was three: Treaty 8

Tribal Association, Saulteau, and, what I found

interesting, there was also Environment Canada.

And they said that they recommended that the

guidelines direct preparation of an Environmental

Impact Statement that includes a thorough

discussion of existing hydroelectric developments

on the Peace River.

The environmental effects that have occurred

as a result of the effectiveness of measures taken

to manage them.

And I also looked at the document. It's a

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very extensive document from BC Hydro that

responded to public comments on the preparation of

the guidelines, and with respect to cumulative

effect assessment, you say -- and it's on page 3,

the letter is June 26th, 2012 -- and you say here

that you agree:

"... that in characterizing

any potential residual effect and

any potential cumulative effect, it

is helpful to characterize the

extent to which an area has already

been disturbed including a

consideration of the existing

hydroelectric generation projects

on the Peace. However, the

accumulated effects of all past

projects and activities will be

reflected in the current baseline

condition."

Some groups said, you know, that there was

existing data and you disagreed. Some agreed on --

they disagreed on your spatial boundaries,

especially with respect to the PAD, and we're not

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going to go into that. I think we've tried to have

some questions and directions on your thinking

regarding that.

But -- and you do mention that other projects

use a baseline similar to what you have done,

giving examples of oil sands projects, Prosperity

Gold-Copper Mine project, et cetera, and one is the

Dunvegan hydroelectric project because the other

projects as examples are not dams.

Now, the Lower Churchill also did the same

thing as you did. And they had lots of participant

views that disagreed.

I'd like to know more about the arguments

that you've used and managed; they must be magical.

And managed to convince the agency and

environmental assessment office of the Province to

go ahead and exclude the two dams. Because even if

there's a narrative, it doesn't preclude the

proponent to do a cumulative effect assessment,

especially if in the narrative you acknowledge that

the previous dams had effects.

DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: So in terms of that

question --

MS. BEAUDET: Excuse me, this was addressed

to BC Hydro. I'm sorry.

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DR. KRISTY CIRUNA: Okay.

MS. BETTINA SANDER: Thank you, Madam.

I think you summarized many of the issues

with the whole cumulative effects assessment

method, so I'll try and answer, I think some of

what I thought your key points were.

In terms of, yes, we did hear during the

review of the EIS guidelines many requests to go to

pre-industrial, pre-Bennett, et cetera. And we

went through that process.

In terms of -- there was some -- within that

period, that review period before the Minister of

Environment and the executive director of the EAO

finalized the guidelines, we had some discussions

with Environment Canada. We had a meeting, I

believe it was in May 2012, I believe, where we

discussed the approach to cumulative effects

assessment in light of all those questions that

came out of the working group review period.

And through that, the -- that information, I

guess that discussion we had at that meeting was

taken back to the Canadian Environmental Assessment

Agency and the EAO at the time, and the

recommendation during that meeting was to,

recognizing that there was limited information to

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be able to go back pre-industrial, pre-industrial

for us would have been going back to the 1800s.

Very difficult to recreate that scenario in a

meaningful way that would help us to understand the

effects of the project.

The recommendation was made to, using the

information that is available to go back and

understand within the limitations that data and

describe in a narrative way what those effects of

those previous dams would be. And so when the EIS

guidelines were finalized by the Minister of

Environment and the executive director of the EAO,

that was the direction to us, to include that

information. And so that's what we did.

And so in terms of available information, we

looked at -- the hydrology data went back the

furthest, so we looked at that.

And as we talked about in the downstream

sessions, used that information to understand the

current flow and how those might be changed during

construction and operation of the dam. And then

subsequently to see -- to use that information in

our effects assessment where relevant.

MS. BEAUDET: Do I understand that the

major argument was that you didn't have the data?

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I mean, the Peace Canyon Dam had the

Environmental Impact Assessment done. The Bennett

Dam -- when you build a dam, you have data. I

mean, even if it's 1957, you would have data. You

had data only on the hydrology?

MS. BETTINA SANDER: We had -- the furthest

dating back data was on the hydrology. There was

some aerial photographs as well. And other

projects have gone back to re-create those

conditions. But if you read through those, at the

end of the day, it didn't provide a lot of

certainty with respect to what those predicted

effects would be.

MS. BEAUDET: So the argument is just the

availability of data; there was no other arguments

that they agree that you were right in going in

that way?

MS. BETTINA SANDER: Sorry, Madam, could you

repeat that?

MS. BEAUDET: I'm trying to find, as I

mentioned, the magical arguments that convinced the

Agency and the environmental assessment office of

the Province for you to go ahead and consider that

the baseline was September 2012.

MS. BETTINA SANDER: I think at the -- or the

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discussion at the time in that May meeting was

around the availability of information and being

able to, in a meaningful way, go back and create

these pre-industrial condition, and how that would

help you understand what the effects of the project

would be today.

And I think those -- you made reference to

other projects that had done -- had been requested

to do that work, and we reviewed those and found

that at the end of the day, it didn't really help

in understanding what that specific project would

contribute with respect to effects.


THE CHAIRMAN: I'd now like to call on Neil

Thompson who --

MR. BEN NAYLOR: Sorry, Mr. Chair, to

interrupt. Before Mr. Thompson comes up, if I

might have a brief moment of your time.

The dreaded procedurally (sic) issue that we

had talked about previously in the morning has

reared its head in the fact that the panel has

requested more information from the Province, and,

yet, the date for undertakings to provide that

information is today.

Would it be acceptable to the panel for us to

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200

provide that information that's requested,

including the date -- the history of the age of the

data, as well as the values that were looked at in

this trial study, by February the 3rd, with the

understanding that the Province will get that

information to the panel as soon as it is able to?

THE CHAIRMAN: It would be wonderful if you

could get it by Friday because there may be other

people who want to comment. I don't think it would

be hard to find --

MR. BEN NAYLOR: We will certainly get it as

soon as possible.

THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. And I thank you very

much for that.

And I would like, also, to thank Dr. Ciruna.

It's an interesting study, and a good first start.

And I'm sure it will find a lot of interest,

locally, here, when she comes up to visit the

Treaty 8.

MR. BEN NAYLOR: Exactly.


MR. BEN NAYLOR: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

Thank you, Kristy.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thanks, Dr. Ciruna.

I'd now like to call Neil Thompson, with some

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201

gratitude for his patience, because we ran out of

time in the air environment session and he agreed

to present later.

Welcome, sir.

Just a second.

MS. SUSAN YURKOVICH: Mr. Chair, Ms. Sanders

would just like to clarify a reference that Madam

Beaudet was asking about.

MS. BETTINA SANDER: Thank you.

Madam Beaudet, you referenced -- or made

reference to a date of September 2012 as the

baseline?

Yes?

And we've heard that in some of the

submissions as well, and we just wanted to clarify

that that September 5th, 2012 was not what we

considered baseline.

Baseline was characterized based on, you

know, years of study, field studies, and that date

was simply to reflect the date that we stopped

looking at all those various databases, where we

collected the future projects that we looked at or

considered in the cumulative effects assessment.

MS. BEAUDET: Because it was the data I

think that you have in your technical memo, so ...

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MS. BETTINA SANDER: Yes, it was just to reflect

that that was because of where we are, we were at

the time in conducting our assessment, and we

needed a day where we stopped looking at the

database.

THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Mr. Thompson, I take

your suggestion. We'll have a ten-minute coffee

break and then come back and hear you.

(Brief break)

THE CHAIRMAN: Okay, let's reconvene and

turn the floor over to you, Mr. Thompson.

Presentation by Mr. Neil Thompson, (Atmospheric):

MR. NEIL THOMPSON: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

I'm here today to speak to the cumulative

impacts that I think this project will have on the

aviation weather reports at our regional airport.

And the impacts that I believe it will have on the

accuracy and the reliability of the aviation

weather forecasts that are issued in this sector.

I think the treatment of the topic to date

should move it into the category we have previous

heard in the proceeding to that of an unacceptable

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203

threshold of significance.

And it is clear to me that, collectively, we

really need to reverse the unsustainable trend when

establishing the VCs with respect to air

transportation and large projects.

We had a very large mill installed in our

airport about nine or ten years back. The

assessment works that we watched there, I

considered almost farcical with respect to the

aviation side of the issues. And I'm hoping you

can help us do better this time.

I do not offer myself as an -- as the

expertise that I think you will need to properly

assess the topic, but, rather, as one with a long

working knowledge of what is required to operate

the safe and efficient airport.

In 1962, I went back. I attended department

of transport's air services training school in

Ottawa. And on graduation, I went to work at the

forecast office in Whitehorse. '63, I've worked

briefly in Yellowknife, and went back to

Whitehorse. In '67, I started pilot training.

'68, I bought my first aircraft. '71, I was the

officer in charge at the weather office. '73, I

was lecturing in meteorology at the flying schools.

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'77, I retrained as a crash rescue firefighter at

the Grand Prairie airport; I have memories from

that that will be with me forever.

'79, I retrained at the Edmonton

International Airport as an interprovincial

electrician with specialized training in airfield

lighting systems, approach lighting systems,

back-up power systems for the navigational aids,

the radar, the direction finding, and the

communication systems.

In '84, I came here, to Fort St. John, as a

complex centre airports electrician.

And I travelled around with Transport Canada

through the western region to troubleshooting,

installations, overseeing projects on airports

between Inuvik and Calgary.

And while there aren't many sailors in this

northeast area, I am the one who has sailed between

Hudson's Hope and the town of Peace River, and it

is truly a beautiful valley.

You have my condolences, panel, on the

reading assignment that Hydro has placed before

you. I also have read considerably, and I find

some serious errors and omissions in the modelling,

and the conclusions that you are being asked to

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accept.

I try to speak to these as we go along, that

includes some diagrams and some pictures.

And I ask that you consider these items from

the perspective of the increases in aviation with

respect to the disruption, the risk, the cost, and

the environmental footprint. It is likely that we

can all agree that better stewardship of the

environment should include the approach

environment, the landing environment, and the

take-off environment.

And I find in the minutes of a

pre-consultation meeting where our past airport

manager, who was also a commercial pilot, requested

that the project be assessed by a real

meteorologist, and he is now a supervisor at

Toronto airport, at Pearson. But I've spoken with

him about his concerns, and I want to make it clear

here that in the aviation community, a real

meteorologist is a seasoned, operational aviation

forecaster with the credentials to issue and sign

an aviation forecast.

I also see that this topic has been raised by

others in the minutes of the letters to the BC EAO,

letters to the Environmental Assessment Agency,

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206

minutes of the meetings, pre-consultation meetings,

and submissions to BC Hydro.

But the EIS appears to try to dismiss these

concerns or trivialize the probable impacts of the

project. And I'd also say that the presentations

you have heard here from Environment Canada and

Transport Canada were not intended to help you

fully assess the project.

I note during their assessments, you didn't

hear the word "inversion". Not once. You didn't

hear anything about "background moisture",

"pollution", "particulate". They didn't go very

deep. And I think they have the mandate and the

expertise and the responsibility to do that

properly. But I have a suggestion later on.

So by convention, the international civil

aviation organization and the world meteorological

organization agreed at a meeting many years ago

that any phenomenon reducing the visibility six

miles or less shall be reported in an aviation

weather report, and it shall be included in the

aviation weather forecasts. And that agreement

prevails all around the world.

If we consider the visibility of six miles,

and an aircraft approaching a runway at 60 miles an

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207

hour, that's one mile per minute. Right? So you

give him six minutes to identify the landmark on or

runway and confirm that no one is on that runway.

And I think two of you are from BC, and you'll

remember Cranbrook in '78.

So if we consider six miles, the pilot gets

six minutes to identify his landmark. When the

visibility drops to three, he gets three minutes.

Visibility drops to a mile-and-a-half, he gets

90 seconds. Three quarters of a mile, he gets

three quarters of a minute. But those standards

were agreed to when airplanes were approaching at

60 miles an hour. And now 120 or more is very

common. So that three-quarter mile visibility now

only offers him 22-and-a-half seconds to make that

decision. And if we consider the view through the

windshield of the airplane, it can't look straight

down. He gets to look out at a 45-degree angle.

So that means he only gets half the time to

identify the landmark, to find the threshold to

assure himself there's nobody on that runway.

And six miles, if you consider one of the

other reasons they agreed to six miles was that six

miles indicates you have some weather in that area.

Something is going on. And the SOP from any

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carrier will require that you make a fuel

management decision at six miles. How much more

fuel shall you carry, because if that forecast is

not reliable, we'll now have enough fuel to go

elsewhere, and land with 45 minutes of fuel.

That's the law. So six miles is a big deal.

When visibility gets down to three miles,

that's when flight under the visual flight rules

stops.

If you fly to the control zone and they tell

you it's three miles, they will also tell you

remain clear of the zone because that zone is

reserved for the IFR traffic.

So now you're faced with a problem. You have

to circle outside the zone, waiting for space

between the arriving airplanes, where they could

allow you in under special VFR conditions, or you

can stay outside the zone and burn fuel until the

weather improves, or go elsewhere; the choices that

you have.

The other parameter that's not been discussed

here is a mile-and-a-half visibility, where that's

the weather minimum for three of our runways. And

I believe it's also the VFR limit for the

helicopter traffic. It's not been discussed.

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There's been no discussion about cloud

height, where a cloud ceiling of 1,000 feet is the

limit for visual flight rule traffic; half our

traffic is visual.

500 feet has been ignored. There, it's the

minimum circling height within a traffic zone. And

200 feet, well, that's the decision height when

you're approaching on our best-equipped runway.

That's a big deal that's not been discussed.

So the question becomes why does Hydro's

consultant begin the modelling at .6 of the mile?

I'd like to know who or on what credentials

that decision was made. And my view of it is is if

we took .6 and you put it over 6, that would equal

.1. That's a 10 percent understanding of this

topic, to express it.

There is a reference in the EIS about a

meeting with NPAS. It doesn't say NPA society or

services, but one or the other. And Transport

Canada.

So let us find out exactly who and with what

credentials those people attending that meeting --

because the airport manager in training comes to us

with banking credentials, and the assistant manager

comes to us with a janitorial contracting

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background. They are not flyers. They are not

forecasters. And they are certainly not

Air Traffic Controllers. So we need good

credentials making those decisions. And I'm at a

total loss to explain the .6 mile where we would

start modelling there, ignoring all the other

parameters.

At this point, I give you the website there.

Do I have to read this out, sir?

I'm sorry?

THE CHAIRMAN: No, that's all right.

MR. NEIL THOMPSON: Don't have to read. Okay.

But the reference there is to a wreck we had over

at Grand Prairie where airframe icing issues were

the main factor. And a terrible forecast was a

main factor, and that's one of my concerns, is how

much moisture will come off this reservoir and

river, on top of the pollution that we've got, it

makes it very difficult to forecast accurately.

The textbook behaviour of an air mass really gets

impacted by pollution, particulate, smoke, all the

rest of it. It's very hard to do.

And the other website, I hope you'll have

time to look at. It's about an international

development work, they are trying to design a LiDAR

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instrumentation to locate super-cooled liquid

aloft. That's a big deal to do with airframe

icing. Super-cooled -- it will hang in the air in

the super-cooled state until disturbed, like an

airplane wing would disturb, and then it's instant

ice.

And that study, there were 33 scientists

involved, representing eight prestigious

organizations from Canada, including the research

council and Transport Canada. And on the U.S.

side, there were 12 organizations, including the

Boulder, Colorado, Institute and NASA.

And there was scientists from Russia, Poland,

France, Britain. Even Boeing aircraft corporation

put money into that. And, again, a big deal. And

what they are trying to do there is improve the

forecast product to avoid the ice. The

instrumentation would probably display on a screen

in a cockpit. It would be better yet if we could

display it on a screen in the control tower, and

then help the pilots avoid it.

Now, a little bit more about heavy industry.

Our city has rezoned all the eastern territory as

heavy industry, which, unfortunately, is closest to

the airport. But there is no setback distance in

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the official community plan between a heavy

industry and an airport. And, in fact, you can

look all over the Province, you'll not find a

setback specified. I don't understand why, but

there isn't.

Already at this airport, we have -- right up

close there, we have a wood pellet plant, a large

lumber mill, the largest strand board mill in North

America.

And just south of the control zone in the

valley at Taylor, very large gas processing,

propane refinery, lumber mill, asphalt production,

and another very large pulp mill.

And at night, you can see here that around

us, the oil and gas with the flares burning to the

north and the east and the south. All these guys

are putting their little contribution of

particulate. And depending on the wind, whether

it -- whether it impacts us or not.

In fairness to BC Hydro, it is not their

fault that we have developed around the airport

with little regard for aviation. But the fact is

we did, and all over the Province. And the

regulators are not responding to this. Just so far

behind the times -- I will assume that the rules

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were written before industry of this magnitude were

considered. That pulp mill, or OSB mill is the

largest in North America. They bragged about

having the largest press in the world. But they

put it right in the middle of our air traffic

control zone without much of an assessment.

So we watched that assessment. We were

pretty aghast, I guess. But the responses, we

would take our concerns to Transport Canada, they'd

say it's outside our jurisdiction. And I don't

even believe that. They have the mandate, the

expertise, the authority. I think what it is, they

don't want to argue with every ambitious Mayor in

Canada. Right? Avoid the issue, we'll just say

it's nothing, or jurisdiction.

And I can show you a slide later where they

recommend that you don't build your industry closer

than four or five miles from the eastern boundary

of your airport. But they highlight recommend, not

enforceable. And then they step back.

Environment Canada, during that last big job,

not a word about the aviation weather. They give

us 8 pages on fish habitat, 12 more pages about the

parts per million of the chemicals that you could

put in the air, not a word about aviation weather.

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NAV Canada, they're now a Crown corporation,

I guess, they wanted to talk about the paint

colours on the stack of the mill. Not a word about

the stuff coming out of the top of that thing.

BC environmental agency assessment office,

they declared that vapour emissions from wood

processing are exempt from assessment. And I will

bet you a drink that that rule hasn't changed. And

the BC Minister of Environment, their own

meteorologist responded to one of our questions, in

writing, and he said, "I have no expertise. Ask

the pilots." But they wouldn't.

So they assessed that with no credible

calculation for the background moisture, the

chemicals, the particulate. And no actual data on

the frequency, structure, or the duration of our

inversions. And I think you're seeing it again. I

don't find the word "inversion" in this assessment,

the EIS here. Clearly, there's some gapping

loopholes being held open for industrial

application.

Now, since that decision, the aviation

community has learned that 70 percent of an aspen

log is water. And that one million cubic metres of

wood from that one mill translates into at least

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1,900 metric tonne of water vapour every day.

For perspective, I would note that

1 kilometre of cloud contains only 500 tonne of

moisture. So the mill can make about four

cubic kilometres a day.

So if you have an inversion sitting here for

three days, you'll have a horrendous load of wet,

dense cloud, and it contains super-cooled moisture.

If you consider that the emission coming out

of that stack is 270-something degrees, and then it

drifts downwind and it cools; somewhere down there,

it will freeze. And I'll fly through that after

it's frozen; I don't want any part of it when it's

still liquid.

So in the late fall, in the winter, and in

the spring, considerable super-cooled liquid dumped

into the control zone. And that is only one mill.

We have two big sawmills and a big pulp mill also

producing water vapour.

To speak a bit about airframe icing, and that

is a big deal. To our previous assessment, the

consultant tried to express the weight of ice in

terms of the percentage of the gross weight of the

airplane. I mean, unbelievable.

So to comment here, the ice will affect the

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shape of the airfoils of the wings and the control

surfaces, the shape of the curves of the

propellers. The forward visibility through the

windshield. Static venting, which you need for the

instruments on your airplane. It doesn't work if

you have a coat of ice over it.

The antennas on the airplane, it's not so

much for communication, maybe, but for accurate

alignment to the instrument landing system, a small

error is significant. And it's the antennas on the

ground and on the airplane.

And engine performance, ice can compromise

you there, too.

Yeah, this was -- I highlighted the word in

red, "Recommended" by Transport, but then they step

away. I can put this up for you later, if you

want, to read the whole thing.

When you buy an airport from Transport

Canada, you buy it for a dollar, but you get this

library of books and licence. And if you don't

follow the books, you're always under threat of

losing your licence.

In this case, they sold it to us for a

dollar; in fact, they gave us the cheque for $2

million, please take it.

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So I think this project will add freezing

mist, more low cloud where it is not wanted, it

will make it harder to avoid the plumes of

industrial crud that we've got. And that plume is

imbedded in the low cloud or hidden in the mist.

When it's poor light or snowing or dark, it's

very hard to see and avoid that when you're looking

at it down on a snow-covered terrain. And the

plume is white, so ...

Yes, they'll do their best to avoid it, but

hard to see it.

And I thought it was nearly laughable that we

refer to our air traffic control zone in all of

transport's manuals as protected air space. When

it is clearly not protected from the oil and gas

people or the forestry people or possibly the

energy people. We'll see.

So by default, Minister of Forest was given a

final word on what would be deemed acceptable. And

this time, with your help, maybe the Minister of

Energy doesn't afford it the same privilege.

And I could offer some mitigation measures

that came from just from the local aviation

community. I'm -- you know, these won't be

required if the dam is not approved, but if it is,

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point one would be bring back the Air Traffic

Controllers.

Point two would be install the second landing

-- instrument landing system that's been discussed

in the past mostly because the one we have doesn't

align itself to the prevailing wind. I'm going to

guess that the prevailing wind in Ottawa is 290

degrees because there's a lot of ILSs lined up to

290 degrees. In here, the southwest wind prevails.

We could upgrade the centreline lighting,

which would then allow us to approach at a lower

visibility. That would help.

We could install LiDAR, especially if that

icing study and development does develop a

marketable display for super-cooled liquid. It's

not on the market yet. But as soon as it is, I

think we have the perfect place to test it.

The secondary radar, we could upgrade that.

And that would allow us to reduce the separation

between the airplanes because we have more positive

identification of where they are at.

We could re-open taxi Charlie -- let's see if

I can find this.

There's a map of the airport. On the

right-hand side, there, that taxiway is closed.

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Because it costs less to paint and plough the snow

and crackfill and overlay. So we closed it. But

now what we're seeing is a line-up of traffic,

they'll leave the ramp, and they'll taxi down to

the unactive runway, and they'll taxi right down to

here and wait. And when there's a break in the

incoming traffic, they'll backtrack down this

runway, turn around, and then take off to the

northeast.

That means you need a lot more time to allow

for that backtrack; the time between the arriving

airplanes. And I've seen, you know, just recently,

six, seven, eight airplanes lined up at the

intersection there waiting. Some of those

passengers were -- well, they were there for over

30 minutes waiting for departure. So that would be

a big help.

And the other thing we do, we spray the

airplanes with glycol to spray the ice off. When

you come down through industrial emissions, you

pick up a bit of ice. Well, the law says you will

not take off with that ice. So they have type I

and type II glycol, and they spray them. Very

expensive. Not environmentally nice. But in the

bigger -- like, Pearson, now, they have a

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drive-through. Recycle. And I don't know if we're

at that stage, but at least we wouldn't be letting

it runoff on the ground. A step in the right

direction.

So that would be our suggestions. Many

millions of dollars we're talking about there. But

I think back to my concern about the assessment

work, the easy solution to that is just take the

assessment work and submit it to the professionals

that work in the aviation weather every day. The

forecasters, the pilots, the Air Traffic

Controllers. Search and rescue have a lot of

expertise. We could draw on that. Yeah.

And the boys I feel sorry for are the medivac

companies. They get called rain or shine.

And I would offer some questions that the

professionals should be answering for us.

How much glycol are we using compared to the

past?

How many aircraft per year are now being

directed into holding patterns?

I was told we're up to 17 already; at a

little regional airport, that's ridiculous. And

that can only go up with pipelines and hydro and

development. Right?

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How long are those aircraft held in the

holding patterns?

I had coffee with the captain the other day,

he was in there for 41 minutes in the holding

pattern. You think about the very expensive engine

hours that he's burning off and the fuel. That's

not environmentally acceptable.

How long do the helicopters wait outside the

zone for a break in the traffic so that they can

scoot in? It only takes them two-and-a-half

minutes. They get from the control zone to the

ramp. But they wait and they wait. And they are

burning fuel and burning engine hours trying to

keep their passengers warm while waiting.

And how many aircraft had to divert to their

alternate? The alternate, I think I may have

mentioned earlier, they have to carry enough fuel

to go to an alternate if the weather is

questionable. And they need enough fuel to go

there and still have 45 minutes of fuel in their

tank. So if you think about that, 165 pounds of

extra fuel is 165 pounds of passenger you can't

take with you. So that affects the bottom line big

time.

And how many just filed their flight plan and

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then checked the weather and cancelled it?

And back to the point about alternates, how

many aircraft are using our airport as their

alternate? You consider Fort Nelson, Rainbow Lake,

High Level, Peace River, Dawson Creek, Chetwynd,

Prince George, and we are now upgraded as a

regional airport, which means they rely on us more

as an alternate. And we need to be a reliable

alternate because they are coming here on the last

of their fuel.

Unrelated to this project, but in terrible --

what would you say -- decision-making. One of the

best examples -- well, there's so many in BC.

If you look at Kamloops, they put a pulp mill

beside the runway, and they choked on that stale

air for years. And a pilot struggled with it.

Finally, they put a duct up the side of a mountain

and pushed it up in the westerly wind and it went

away, but for years they choked on it first. And

you got to wonder who did the thinking when they

built that?

Prince George has a reputation. You go in

the coffee room of any hangar and then ask them

where's the worst approach in the Province? Well,

Prince George will be at the top of the list

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because on runway one-five, you can't see the

airport for industrial emission. And you will know

that we just spent a bunch of money expanding that

runway and developing an air cargo facility, going

to attract the polar traffic to Prince George.

Think we've had four airplanes on it now.

But you've got to wonder about the thinking

with all those mills there why would [they] develop

that runway, you know.

But back to Edmonton there; I lived there and

I saw this. The Military had built an airport

there, a beautiful airport. But as it became a

city and expanded, that surrounded the place with

residences, businesses, train yard, cement plants

and on it went. And then they put a tall hospital

in the approach path. Sure enough, somebody flew

into that.

I'll -- I hope I've generated some questions.

This diagram, I was just trying to point out

how cumulative the impacts are. You could assess

it with any one of these parameters, the visibility

of 6, 3, a mile-and-a-half, or three quarters. Or

less. And the cloud heights.

Then you could look in the records all the

way back to 1940 and see historically what's taken

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place here. We have hourly weather reports going

right back to the '40s. So it would be easy to see

the impact of each industry with the factor for

global warming and El Nino; those wouldn't be

straight lines; they would be cyclic, of course.

But I think the biggest impact in our zone is

the OSB mill, and now this project will add a new

ingredient of low-level moisture, so more mist,

more freezing mist, super-cooled liquid.

The thing about that valley, the mist will

form down there, and about mid-morning, normally,

you'll see the land start to warm up, and then it

lifts off the ground and then actually it floats

right up off the valley and floats right over the

airport.

And as the day warms and the air dries, it

gets higher and higher and pretty soon it's not a

problem. But when you mix that with the upslope

from the east, in this -- I think I got a low here

I was going to show you.

If you look at the area to the north of that

low, the winds are prevailing east. And when that

happens here -- or, say, the low is south of us, so

that this whole area is in an easterly wind flow,

that air actually flows uphill from Alberta. So

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there's -- you reach a condensation level, and the

low cloud all piles up there against the mountains

and the foothills. So then after the low is gone

and the wind comes around to the west, it all comes

back. So to mix industrial gunk into that is

heartburn for us.

I want to especially show you this picture.

That's an approach light fixture, and I would say

about three-quarters of an inch of frost on that.

It's designed to deliver about 5,000 candella at

about 8 degrees to the pilot's eye. Right? And

those are the ones you see; they flash in sequence

and take the pilots eye down to the threshold.

Well, as you can see there, you have a choice

of three brightness settings, but you're not going

to get your 5,000 candella out of that.

And that because it flashes, it doesn't

generate any heat, so it won't defrost itself.

You've got to wade out in the snow there and brush

that all off.

That's the OSB mill in the background. And a

very dry day. I'm going to suggest the southwest

wind is just rolling in. And it's dry enough that

that plume isn't even a kilometre long. Some days,

that plume will go 9 and 10 kilometres long, and

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contain the super-cooled liquid.

In the left side of that picture, you see the

threshold lighting. That is normal incandescent

light. So it generates enough heat and it defrosts

itself. But these ones, the model here doesn't.

You can see just above the orange box the

beehive burner, which, thank god, they finally took

away.

I think you're probably aware of -- the lows

turn anti-clockwise. And they can't penetrate

areas of high, so you're seeing there the boundary

between the Arctic air and the Maritime. And it's

a constant moving struggle. It goes day and night.

But the -- I could go back to this otherwise

and show you the ...

To the right of that red line, that warm

front, down in here, that's where the inversions

will be the strongest, where the warm air is

lighter than the cold.

So it can't do anything but run over top of

the cold, and then slowly erodes its way down

through the cold and you finally feel it here on

the ground.

But under that inversion, there's no

dispersion of pollution. It's very stable, very

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stagnant air. So that's where your air quality

will be the worst. That's where you're flying

weather will be difficult if there's industrial

emissions in the area.

Under the -- in the purple sector of that

diagram, that's a trough of warm air, and it's been

forced above the ground. But it's still warm, and,

therefore, it's still an inverse. And it still

gives you the airframe icing issues where you take

a cold wing and you go into warm air and then back

into cold air. This is not nice.

This is a view from the north fence looking

down the runway one-one. You can see the plume

there blowing across from the right.

Clearly, a clear blue day everywhere else

above that, but this day, very fowl conditions on

the runway. And the reason I took the picture was

that a plane had just flown over my car there, and

I realized that the winds were favouring approaches

from the other end of that runway; in fact, the

other traffic that day were all coming from the

opposite way, but this guy elected to go in this

way because there was more pavement sticking out of

that fog bank. And he landed successfully. It was

all good, but if he missed that landing, he would

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have had to climb out towards all the other planes

that are coming in. Give the controller some

heartburn there.

THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Thompson, I think I'm

going to have to stop you there because we're

running out of time. This is endlessly

fascinating, I must say, and I'm convinced when I

go back to Victoria, I'm going to hitchhike.

MR. NEIL THOMPSON: Still safer than driving,

Mr. Chair.

THE CHAIRMAN: I could entertain one

question from the floor, if there is one.

Then otherwise, sir, thank you very much for

a fascinating disquisition.

MR. NEIL THOMPSON: All I would add is that

Environment Canada and Transport Canada could have

helped you a lot more in your assessment. I don't

understand why they didn't bring the experts that I

think you need to assess this properly.

THE CHAIRMAN: Stick around for Hydro's

closing comments on this, and let's see what they

have to say. Thank you.

MR. NEIL THOMPSON: Thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: There's a couple of vehicles

that are going to get towed: a silver Ford: 191

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3CG. And a red Ford: BA3 570. See the front desk,

or they are going to get towed. Thank you.

Our final presentation is -- before we hear

from Hydro -- is from Saulteau First Nations.

MR. PETER FELDBERG: Mr. Chair, while

Mr. McCormack is just setting up, I think we

mentioned this morning that we had -- our fish

biologists were here, and, if you recall, when they

filed, they said we'd like a chance to respond.

Probably the most efficient way is, as we've done

it before, if they just do it orally once we're

done; it won't take more than a few minutes, I

don't think.

THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Good. Thank you.

Saulteau First Nations Panel:

Jesse McCormick (Legal Counsel).

Rick Palmer (via telephone).

Alyssa Murdoch (via telephone).

Presentation by Jesse McCormack, Legal Counsel for

Saulteau First Nations:

MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Good afternoon, members of

the panel. As you're aware, my name is Jesse

McCormick. I'm legal counsel to Saulteau First

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Nations.

I'm pleased to have the opportunity to

present the Saulteau First Nations presentation on

fish and fish habitat.

As you are aware, a technical memorandum

entitled Review of Site C Environment Impact

Statement, fish and fish habitat, has been filed as

written accompaniment to this PowerPoint

presentation.

The content of the PowerPoint presentation is

derived from the technical memorandum. And both

the PowerPoint and the technical memorandum have

been filed with the panel Secretariat, and they are

available on the CEAR Registry as document

number 2432.

In an effort to overcome some of the

limitations of remote participation, I'll be

conducting most of the presentation. However, we

are joined on the telephone by Mr. Rick Palmer and

Ms. Alyssa Murdoch of Palmer Environmental

Consulting Group.

They are the authors of the technical

memorandum, and the PowerPoint presentation. And

they will be helping out with some of the technical

content, and they will also be available to answer

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any questions.

I would like now to introduce them to the

panel.

You see before you slide 2. And I'd like to

confirm, first of all, do we have Rick Palmer and

Alyssa Murdoch on the phone?

MR. RICK PALMER: Go ahead, Alyssa.

MS. ALYSSA MURDOCH: Yes, I'm here, Jesse.

MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Welcome. Thank you very

much.

MR. RICK PALMER: Hi, Jesse. I'm here,

too.

Introduction of the Saulteau First Nations panel, by

Mr. Jesse McCormick:

MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you.

So you see here on the screen, the gentleman

on the left, in the blue shirt, is Mr. Rick Palmer.

He is the president of Palmer Consulting Group

Incorporated. And a senior fisheries biologist.

He's a registered professional biologist with

College of Applied Biology.

He holds a Master's of Science in fisheries

from the University of Waterloo, and a Bachelor of

Science from Simon Fraser University.

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He has extensive experience in relation to

evaluating and implementing fish and fish habitat

mitigation measures for large projects.

On the right-hand side of the screen, you see

a photo of Ms. Alyssa Murdoch. And Ms. Murdoch is

an aquatic biologist. And a registered

professional biologist with the Association of

Professional Biologists of BC.

She holds a Master of Science from the

University of Waterloo; focused on northern

fisheries ecology. And a Bachelor of Science in

marine biology from the University of British

Columbia.

CVs for both of these individuals were filed

on December 19, 2013, and are available on the

Registry at CEAA document number 2246.

Turning now to slide 3. Palmer Consulting

Group conducted a review of fish and fish habitat

and mitigation measures identified in the

environmental assessment documentation. That

review was conducted with a focus on deficiencies

and proposed mitigation, opportunities for

mitigation and compensation enhancement, fish

species of concern to Saulteau First Nations, and

priority areas for Saulteau First Nation land

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users.

Slide 4. You see this is BC Hydro's response

to undertaking 7, which displays the Peace-Moberly

Tract in the area of critical interest.

As you are aware the PMT and the ACCI are

areas of high value and importance to Saulteau

First Nations and the presentation supporting

technical memorandum focus on impacts and

mitigation measures relevant to these areas.

Slide 5. So the presentation focuses on four

key areas: fisheries productivity offsetting,

compensation; two, fish populating modelling;

three, fish stranding; and four, riparian or

stream-side vegetation.

And for each area, we identify an issue of

concern, key points in relation to that issue, and

suggested recommendations. And the overarching

purpose of the review was to identify deficient

mitigation measures or analyses and to propose

recommendations for potential mitigation

enhancements.

Turning now to slide 6. We understand that

the change from river to reservoir will likely

lower fisheries productivity and/or extirpate local

fish populations, including Moberly River Arctic

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grayling and Peace River mountain whitefish.

As the panel is aware, a fisheries

productivity offsetting plan is required by law.

The EIS guidelines also state, in Section 10.2.4,

potential effects of the project and proposed

mitigation, that the EIS will describe follow-up

and monitoring plans to determine the effectiveness

of measures to mitigate or compensate for the

adverse environmental effects of the project. That

request was included, despite a request from

BC Hydro, in their correspondence of May 31st,

2012, not to include that content on the basis that

it was sufficiently addressed elsewhere.

So BC Hydro's informed the panel that a fish

and fish habitat compensation plan is currently

being developed.

The panel requested more detail on the plan,

in information request number 11, in order to help

the panel understand how the Proponent's plans will

effectively compensate for adverse effects of the

project.

The panel requested BC Hydro to provide a

conceptual fish habitat compensation plan,

including information on the following points:

- Who would be involved in the planning

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and implementation of the plan, and how?

- What would be the objectives of the

plan?

- What would be the measures of success?

- What would be the timeline for

providing the final plan?

- How will the proposed plan address

identified effects of the project?

- What changes are expected to fish

habitat after implementation of the plan?

- And how will the plan account for

navigational concerns?

Saulteau First Nations does not consider the

response issued by BC Hydro to information request

number 11, to provide adequate information to

assess the quality or effectiveness of the proposed

fisheries productivity offsetting plan.

In our view, impacts on fish and fish habitat

arising from this project, if it were to be

constructed will be significant, and the level of

planning for fisheries productivity offsetting is

deficient for this stage of project development.

We would also note that Transport Canada has

raised concerns relating to the lack of information

provided by BC Hydro concerning habitat

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compensation measures as they relate to

navigability.

So in our view, BC Hydro has had ample

opportunity to demonstrate the specific measures

that could be implemented as part of the fisheries

productivity offsetting plan. However, the details

have been scarce.

Saulteau First Nations request that in the

absence of specific measures to address impacts on

fish and fish habitat, through fish habitat

compensation, that the panel include

recommendations in the final report to establish

clear standards for any fish habitat compensation

measures that may be developed in the future.

Turning now to slide 7. You see here some of

the recommendations from Saulteau First Nations in

relation to fisheries productivity offsetting.

Briefly stated, Saulteau First Nations'

priorities, including fish species of concern in

local habitats should be considered during

offsetting plan development.

And the offsetting plan should also include

research programs with the aim of identifying any

critical informational gaps, which will aid in

directing and prioritizing future compensation

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efforts.

Saulteau First Nations should be engaged in

guiding research priorities, and trained as

technicians for assisting in the field research.

Research initiatives can make up to 10 percent of

the total offsetting efforts under the new

Fisheries Act regulations.

So, for example, compensation could focus on

enhancing habitat for locally-harvested species

that will be reduced or extirpated due to project

effects, such as arctic grayling.

In addition, potential offsetting locations

could include the enhancement of Saulteau First

Nations' fisheries in Moberly Lake, Moberly River,

or the Peace River for measures such as habitat

enhancement or creation.

We now turn to an area on Slide 8. And I

will look to Rick and Alyssa to provide some

assistance. I am quick to admit that fish

population modelling is a bit beyond my

capabilities.

Rick.

MR. RICK PALMER: Jesse, can you hear me

okay?

MR. JESSE McCORMICK: We can hear you just

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fine. Thank you.

Presentation by Mr. Rick Palmer, Saulteau First Nations:

MR. RICK PALMER: Okay. So it's Rick

Palmer speaking. The spelling of my name is Rick,

R-i-c-k. Palmer, P-a-l-m-e-r.

So the next two slides we'll just touch on

the fish population modelling, as many of you may

know, models are really vehicles for determining

predictions.

And the issue specifically with the modelling

that's being undertaken here is that fish

population models were conducted for identified

species of concern to determine if population-level

conservation objectives will be met following dam

construction.

When they speak of conservation objectives,

we're speaking of 10 percent of pre-project total

adult abundance.

Now, both Alyssa and I are not modelling

experts. Our company does not build models for

such activities, but we are fisheries biologists.

So we understand models from a high level, and we

recognize the importance of the input parameters,

and understand those parameters.

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So our points here are meant to help build a

more robust model, not necessarily pull apart a

model that's been recommended.

Volume 2, Appendix Q3, the models were

completed for Arctic grayling, bull trout, and

kokanee.

One of our key points is that several

unrealistic or unsupported assumptions; for

example, fixed recruitment, being the number of

eggs of Arctic grayling spawners, was fixed at

1,000.

Now, the models that are provided by BC Hydro

in addition don't have the sufficient detail, we

feel, regarding such things as the basis for these

parameter assumptions, including the validation of

the methods and robustness of the model results,

depending on the type of parameter inputs; for

example, sensitivity analysis being required.

A third point is that the models results were

not adequately tested for potential changes to the

input parameter values; once again, the recruitment

and the initial population size.

So the models, as described, do not include

the potential for dynamic interactions, such as the

change in the number of recruits, depending on the

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spawner density.

So, for example, the arctic grayling model

uses a fixed recruitment of 1,000 recruits per

spawner, which is identified in volume 2,

Appendix Q3, page 30.

And the bull trout model stipulates that the

number of age-3 recruits is independent of the

number of spawners. Volume 2, Appendix Q3,

page 20.

So these are, clearly, unrealistic

assumptions, and that models with a dynamic

interaction are required to adequately predict

spawning success and result in population

fluctuations.

The fourth point is the Beverton-Holt

stock-recruitment model used is less conservative,

and not appropriate for the types of species being

modelled.

The recruitment models were employed in the

fish population model (indiscernible) and Ricker

stock recruitment model is a little more sensitive

to the changes in abundance and is the most

commonly-employed model for predicting

relationships for (indiscernible) species.

One can look to the work done by Elliott in

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England and the extensive work that was done on

brown trout.

So on the fifth point is our feeling that a

secondary risk-based model would provide additional

support to predictions, and would be more

conservative for maintaining harvestable levels of

fish.

I'm going to slide 9.

Our suggested recommendations are:

- That there's an -- include more

realistic biological relationships. So, for

example, the fixed recruitment comment versus the

real world data from other systems. So looking to

other systems within British Columbia. And if

there's not sufficient information or sufficient

baseline data collected at -- for the project site,

then look to other areas to put that information

into the model.

- To perform some sensitivity testing.

And this was completed, but it wasn't clear as to

the amount of sensitivity testing that was done.

And shown in a systematic way to show the

robustness of the model was some of these parameter

combinations.

- To report the level of uncertainty. So

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how much do the outputs, the population size vary

from the mean? What are the confidence limits?

- To provide clear, scientific

justification, and validation of model parameter

assumptions. So, once again, a reference to the

real-world studies when selecting inputs, such as

passage efficiency, sockeye versus bull trout and

arctic grayling, the annual survival of bull trout

older than age-3.

- To use more appropriate Ricker

stock-recruitment function. So data from

(indiscernible) are usually supported more by the

Ricker model, which is suggested by a large

reference of material; however, we are only -- in

this bullet, this point -- we are only suggesting

that the use of both models is conducted. And a

comparison of those two models.

- And then the last bullet is to use

secondary risk-based model to compare and confirm

abundance-based model results.

So even if the results are similar, it will

help verify the estimates. If they are different,

then what you have done is not necessarily telling

us a whole lot.

So you want to have at least two types of

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models to verify the results of the model employed.

Back to you, Jesse.

Continued presentation by Mr. Jesse McCormick, Saulteau

First Nations:

MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you, Rick.

Turning now to slide 10. Briefly discuss the

issue of fish stranding.

Fish stranding will occur during reservoir

creation, as well as part of the regular water

level fluctuations during operations. Essentially,

when the water level drops, there's the possibility

that the fish will become trapped in certain areas

and may face mortality as a result.

BC Hydro claims that fish-stranding effects

will be fully mitigated. However, the details are

quite scarce in relation to their mitigation

strategy, and the timelines for attempting to

address fish-stranding are quite limited.

Turning to slide 11, we do provide,

essentially, two main points of recommendation.

The first is that BC Hydro should be required

to provide further detail of the fish salvaging

program to support the claims that effects of

stranding will be fully mitigated. Questions such

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as:

How often will they be surveying?

What will be the triggers for surveillance?

How will the recapture program be designed?

What types of gear will they have available

to use?

And what types of methods will be employed to

reduce gear-size selectivity?

And, ultimately, what's going to happen in

the event of an emergency drain dam protocol where

the levels drop significantly?

And we would also request that BC Hydro

include estimated fish mortality from stranding in

population estimate modelling.

I will now turn to slide 12. And here we

note riparian or stream-side vegetation. And we

note that in the EIS guidelines, at Section 10.2.4,

in the subheading potential effects of the project

and proposed mitigation. The EIS will identify and

describe the aquatic and riparian habitat in

fisheries resources expected to be impacted by the

project.

And that may be found at hard copy page 52 of

the EIS guidelines.

And I would now like to ask Alyssa to provide

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some further information in relation to impacts of

the project on riparian vegetation.

Presentation by Ms. Alyssa Murdoch, Saulteau First

Nations:

MS. ALYSSA MURDOCH: Thank you, Jesse.

So my name is Alyssa Murdoch, as you were

already introduced. That's spelled A-l-y-s-s-a,

M-u-r-d-o-c-h.

So I'm going to speak a little bit about

riparian vegetation. It's a stream-side

vegetation, and it's an important component of the

aquatic environment because it provides nutrients

and food inputs, such as (indiscernible). It also

provides overhanging vegetation and woody debris

that enters the water and this serves as protective

cover for juvenile and adult fish. And it also

provides shading.

And the issue at-hand is that the conversion

of the Peace River into a reservoir will promote

the loss of a large area of existing, established

riverine stream-side vegetation. And in addition,

the regular water level fluctuations will reduce

the function of the new --

THE CHAIRMAN: Ms. Murdoch, could I

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interrupt you. It's Harry Swain. Can you slow

down just a bit, please.

MS. ALYSSA MURDOCH: Oh, yes.

THE CHAIRMAN: You're being transcribed.

MS. ALYSSA MURDOCH: Okay. So -- do you want me

to start over, or should I just continue from

there?

THE CHAIRMAN: No, carry on.

MS. ALYSSA MURDOCH: Okay. So the regular water

level fluctuations will reduce the function of new

reservoir riparian vegetation, as it will be

difficult for new plants to become fully

established, as the shoreline is constantly

fluctuating day-to-day.

So in the Environmental Impact Statement,

there is thorough assessment of the riparian

habitat loss along the river, or how functional the

new waterline will be on the reservoir.

So the new shoreline vegetation surrounding

the reservoir will have a lower influence on the

watershed for two different reasons.

So, first of all, the change from a river to

a reservoir will reduce the shoreline length

relative to the total surface area of the water.

That's the first reason.

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And then, second, the changing shoreline due

to water fluctuations will reduce the successful

establishment of plants, which will, in turn,

reduce food and nutrient inputs, and fish

protective cover and shading.

So I'm going to move now to slide 13, where

we outline our key recommendations for this

component.

So we think that:

- BC Hydro should provide an estimate of

the quality and quantity of predicted riparian

habitat loss.

- And that this should involve an

analytical discussion of how the new riparian

habitat with the constantly fluctuating water level

will be able to provide protective cover and shade

and food and nutrient input to fish relative to the

existing established stream-side vegetation.

- And we indicate that they should --

this is a requirement in order to develop the

fisheries productivity offsetting plan. So it

should be included into this so that it can be

incorporated into any sort of stream enhancement or

creation activities that are proposed.

Okay. And now I'll give it back to Jesse for

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the conclusions.

Continued presentation by Mr. Jesse McCormick, Saulteau

First Nations:

MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you, Alyssa.

Looking now at slide 14, you see here are our

main conclusions.

Despite the large array of documentation that

has been supplied by BC Hydro, there still remains

a substantial amount of uncertainty in the

assessment. We account that to the fact that there

are some legitimate unknown information.

There are some unrealistic model assumptions,

and there's a lack of transparency in some

respects.

As indicated by the EIS, future research and

adaptive management and monitoring programs will

strive to provide new information to best inform

management practices of local fisheries.

However, increased transparency and

development of model assumptions will allow a much

more effective assessment of future biological

conditions in the reservoir and the Moberly River.

In particular, future bull trout and Arctic

grayling productivity largely hinges on the

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249

accuracy of model assumptions and parameter

sensitivity.

I'll note that again:

Future bull trout and Arctic grayling

productivity largely hinges on the accuracy of

model assumptions and parameter sensitivity.

The information we're receiving from these

models is used to inform the mitigation measures

and to the degree that the models are deficient,

and their analysis is deficient, there's a

possibility that the mitigation measures will be as

well.

So bull trout projections are, as presented

by BC Hydro, currently meet population level

conservation objectives. However, there's a range

of unrealistic and unsupportable detail included in

the model, which led to the optimistic conclusion.

The sustainability of Moberly River Arctic

grayling seems unpredictable and arguably unlikely,

even if a rigorous trap and haul mitigation program

is implemented.

Considering this, future research programs

and proposed productivity offsetting should focus

on the viability of maintaining this fishery and/or

compensating for productivity elsewhere.

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250

Turning now to slide 15, we see a list of

recommendations. It's a summary of much of the

information that's already been provided, with a

little bit more detail throughout this

presentation.

The panel may recall that during the

presentation by the Department of Fisheries and

Oceans, I had the opportunity to ask the department

whether they believed that there would be room for

improvement in the analyses that were conducted by

BC Hydro, and they did confirm that in the view of

the Department of Fisheries and Oceans there is

room for improvement in this analysis.

And for ease of reference, that confirmation

may be found at pages 250 and 251 of the

transcript, Volume 19.

So the following slides offer recommendations

for improvements and we'd invite the panel to

consider them and include them in your final

report.

I won't go through all of them for the sake

of time; however, I'd like to highlight the first

two for your consideration. Those being: BC Hydro

should develop an offsetting plan to address the

potential effects on Arctic grayling, bull trout,

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251

and mountain whitefish productivity.

And, two, Saulteau First Nations' priorities,

including fish species of concern in local habitats

should be considered during offsetting plan

development.

And you'll see here the collection of

recommendations that we would like you to

consider -- and we have those available for you on

the record for review. We'd be happy to answer any

questions you may have.

I will note that this is the last

presentation of Saulteau First Nations before the

panel. And we will be leaving pleased to have had

the opportunity to present before the panel.

I would like to acknowledge the courtesy that

is characterized in these proceedings and offer our

gratitude to the panel's Secretariat for their

tireless efforts to keep these rolling, and all the

efforts they have made to ensure that Saulteau

First Nations' participation has been facilitated.

And subject to any questions you may have, we

wish you well in your deliberations.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you. Mr. McCormick.

I think we should go directly to BC Hydro.

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Comments by Mr. Brent Mossop, BC Hydro:

MR. BRENT MOSSOP: Thank you, Mr. Chair, we'll

respond to the four items raised.

With respect to fisheries productivity and

offsetting, we expect an overall increase in

fisheries productivity as measured by the increase

in total biomass of fish species that are

harvested, but with a change in species

composition.

For species harvested by Saulteau First

Nations, we expect an increase in rainbow trout,

bull trout, burbot, sucker species, and northern

pike, and a decline in Arctic grayling and mountain

whitefish.

An offsetting plan referred to here is a

specific component under the process for the

Fisheries Act authorization should the project

proceed to that stage. We've outlined the

framework for this plan in the follow-up response

to Joint Review Panel information request number

78.

As one component during operations, we

propose a compensation fund that would follow an

adaptive approach to habitat compensation, or

offsetting, coordinated with directed monitoring of

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253

the response of the aquatic ecosystem.

We have an understanding of the habitat

enhancement opportunities in the Peace River,

Site C, reservoir, and tributaries. For species of

interest to Saulteau First Nation, such as Arctic

grayling, the recommendations that Saulteau

presented are consistent with our proposed

approach.

We understand there are opportunities to

support information collection, research,

enhancement, and monitoring of Arctic grayling in

watersheds where they reside such as the Moberly,

Halfway, Pine, and Beatton watershed.

For an example of the types of enhancement

opportunities, we understand that fish movement,

past road crossings is a concern in some

watersheds, and is a priority opportunity for

enhancement that has been identified by the

Province.

These are the types of opportunities that can

be implemented over the longer term.

So we look forward to continuing to work with

Saulteau First Nations to get their input on

enhancement opportunities, priorities, and

opportunities to engage Saulteau technicians in

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this work.

With respect to Saulteau's comments on fish

stranding during construction, Section 12.4.3.2 and

12.5.2.1 of the EIS fully characterize the

increased range of water level fluctuations, the

potential effects on fish health and survival, and

prescribe a program of fish surveillance, salvage,

and fishery location to mitigate the residual

effects of stranding during construction.

A concern raised is that the surveillance and

relocation measures may miss small fish and be less

effective in some habitats.

BC Hydro has over a decade -- has for over a

decade conducted surveillance and relocation

measures at major facilities throughout the

Province.

Informed by ongoing operational monitoring,

these proven mitigation measures are customized to

the facility-specific hydrology, fish habitat, and

fish life history attributes to maximize

effectiveness. The same approach will be taken at

Site C.

Third, Saulteau First Nation raised concerns

with riparian vegetation around the reservoir.

Riparian vegetation is a transition zone between

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aquatic and terrestrial environments. The effects

on which are described in Volume 2, Section 13.4,

and in Appendix R.

Attributes of fish habitat in the proposed

reservoir such as riparian vegetation were

integrated into predicted changes in the biomass of

each fish species using multiple lines of evidence,

which were then integrated into an ecosystem model

as described previously.

As a point of clarification, riparian

vegetation is most important for fish along small

streams where its shade prevents rapid warming

during the hot summer days.

In the reservoir, the large volume of water

results in much slower warming so would not exceed

the normal temperature range of cold water fish

species such as rainbow trout or bull trout.

Riparian vegetation in streams also provides

woody debris and cover for fish, but in a

reservoir; fish use deep areas for cover, often

avoiding the shallow areas during the daytime. And

moving into the shallows or near-surface habitats

at night to forge.

Riparian vegetation in streams also provides

a food source of terrestrial insects that fall into

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the water and are eaten by fish; whereas in a lake

or reservoir, the food comes primarily -- pardon

me -- the food comes from primary and secondary

production, including zooplankton and benthic

invertebrates and not dependent on riparian

sources.

Despite the more limited role of riparian

vegetation for fish in a reservoir, BC Hydro has

provided mitigation measures for riparian

vegetation that will include planting a 15-metre

riparian buffer at BC Hydro-owned farmland, lacking

vegetation around the reservoir to provide riparian

habitat and bank stabilization.

And I will turn to Mr. Marmorek.

MR. DAVID MARMOREK: With respect to the

Saulteau's comments on fish population modelling in

Volume 2, Appendix Q2, none of the changes or

supplemental modelling that they suggested would

affect the key conclusions of the EIS regarding the

effects of passage and reservoir creation on bull

trout, Arctic grayling, mountain whitefish, or

kokanee, as described on page 12-65 of the EIS.

I'll discuss below each of the four modelling

issues raised by the Saulteau First Nation.

One, model structure and assumptions. The

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structure and assumptions of the single species

models in Appendix Q3 were reviewed at three

workshops involving representatives from DFO,

Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations, and

the BC Ministry of Environment, and were later

independently reviewed by Dr. Josh Korman.

Page 12 of DFO's submission, CEAR 1909,

concurred with the conclusions of the modelling in

Appendix Q3.

Given the uncertainties inherent in the

response of fish populations, BC Hydro has provided

follow-up monitoring to verify predictions and

guide future mitigation actions.

Two, the Arctic grayling model assumptions.

Saulteau First Nations questioned the validity of

using an assumed 1,000 recruits per spawner for the

Arctic grayling model in Appendix Q3. This was an

undertaking for DFO on January 13th, undertaking

53, which was just submitted today by DFO to the

record.

First, to clarify. The Arctic grayling model

did not use 1,000 recruits per spawner. 1,000 was

a fixed number of age-1 juvenile recruits. The

intent of the single species model for Arctic

grayling that spawn in the Moberly River was to

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inform the relative assessment of alternative fish

passage mitigation measures.

The model calculated a suite of biological

performance measures under several alternative fish

passage mitigation measures, and alternative

hypotheses about the behaviour of the Arctic

grayling population.

There was insufficient empirical information

available in the literature on the shape of stock

recruit curves for Arctic grayling; that is, how

the number of juveniles changes as a function of

the number of spawners.

Therefore, the model was simplified to assume

fixed recruitment of juveniles and then apply to

examine how much mortality occurred between the

juvenile stage and the spawning stage under

different passage assumptions.

We used a fixed number of 1,000 juvenile

recruits. This value was simply a scaling factor.

It could have been set to 100 or even to one.

The model results are reported as a relative

measure, the percentage of the pre-project

population. And are, therefore, not sensitive to

the assumption of the number of juvenile recruits.

In summary, the structure of the Arctic

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grayling model incorporated as much population

dynamics is as scientifically defensible, given the

limited available information.

The above explanation is essentially

identical to the response provided today by DFO to

undertaking 53, which was developed entirely

independently.

The Saulteau recommend sensitivity analyses

and prediction uncertainty bounds. Appendix Q3, in

fact, included sensitivity analyses using

alternative assumptions for key uncertainties in

fish behaviour that were identified by workshop

participants and model authors and were

subsequently peer-reviewed.

The EIS conclusions were robust to the range

of assumptions for these uncertainties.

Three, the form of stock recruitment

modelled. A change from Beverton-Holt to Ricker

functions was previously addressed by Mr. McCormick

on January 13th to Dr. Mike Bradford of DFO. And

Dr. Bradford responded that the Beverton-Holt

function is appropriate for bull trout.

Four, the use of secondary risk

based-modelling approaches. The approach suggested

by the consultants to the Saulteau, Staples et al

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2005, is concerned with the design and analysis of

monitoring program data. While such an approach

could be applied to post-project monitoring data,

it is not appropriate to the pre-project EIS stage.

Thank you.

THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you. I can hardly wait

to hear Hydro's summary of the last two days as we

get through the life history of fishes and moose

dynamics and all kinds of stuff, but I think the

issue may settle down to the subject that we had an

exhaustive briefing on from Mr. Lidstone last

night.

The effect that there are limits to what we

can know, or predict, and we need some kind of

ongoing monitoring mechanism and some institutional

basis for doing it. Fort St. John was suggesting

that they would like to have that. They didn't

seem to be averse to expanding their focus or

expending the participants on such a process.

So my question to you, Mr. McCormack is

whether Saulteau First Nation would be interested

in taking part in a monitoring mechanism yet to be

designed.

MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you for the question,

Mr. Chairman.

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The recommendations do include the future

participation of Saulteau First Nations and

compensation measures and I believe mitigation

measure development, as well, if the project were

to go forward, we would certainly --

THE CHAIRMAN: I'm thinking of this

specifically in the a context where the numerous

communities in the Peace River Valley would work

together with Hydro and other agencies under some

kind of monitor who could help people make

decisions and get on with things.

MR. JESSE McCORMICK: The --

THE CHAIRMAN: What I'm troubled with is the

idea that we're going to wind up with 30 monitoring

mechanisms or something.

MR. JESSE McCORMICK: No, certainly. And I'm not

in a position to offer any recommendations on

particular structures that might be implemented.

The only thing that Saulteau First Nations would

want to see is the meaningful engagement and

participation of Saulteau First Nations in the

development and identification of those mitigation

measures.

THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Thank you. That's

helpful.

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Any questions?

Are there questions from the floor?

We know all we need to know about the life

history of arctic grayling and so on? Okay.

In that case, I would turn to Hydro for their

summary reflections of the last -- their reflection

upon the last couple days.

MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you, panel members.

Closing comments by BC Hydro:

MS. SUSAN YURKOVICH: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

And as you have accurately noted, we have

covered a lot of waterfront. And while my remarks

this morning were very brief, I do want to make

sure that we reflect what we have heard over the

last couple of days. So, please, I beg your

indulgence to cover that material now.

So we started with Mr. Baker yesterday. He

provided us with an overview of the process of

mercury methylation and the links to human health.

Health Canada provided us with a presentation

commenting on our BC Hydro's Human Health

Assessment, particularly, as it related to that

topic.

I would note that BC Hydro conducted its

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health assessment in accordance with Health

Canada's guidance and in accordance with the EIS

guidelines that were scoped to be consistent with

the requirements applicable to this project and

these baseline conditions.

We have also heard about the perception of

levels of methylmercury in fish. And we have

proposed a collaborative data-gathering approach

and communications program moving forward.

We appreciate that Health Canada has endorsed

that idea of a stronger communications plan, and

agrees that BC Hydro should work with all levels of

government to communicate information to Aboriginal

peoples, and to develop an effective monitoring

program.

We will do this, and any new information will

be available to the Aboriginal communities to make

sure that they have good data on fish consumption,

as well as to the population as a whole.

Health Canada also had comments on drinking

water, and raised the issue of uncertainty about

whether any ground or surface water sources, used

by Aboriginal communities, may experience changes

during reservoir filling due to the need to keep

private well information confidential.

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We can, however, confirm that these wells are

not those relied on by the First Nations. The

closest community is, in fact, the Saulteau First

Nations, approximately 10 kilometres over land

south of the proposed reservoir.

Saulteau's community wells and water

reservoirs are -- would be too far to be impacted

and to experience any adverse effects.

I believe that Madam Beaudet requested

yesterday a copy of the Health Canada 1989 document

that documented the reaction of a people to noise

to which Health Canada committed to provide a

current draft.

BC Hydro would like to clarify that a 2011

version of the Health Canada draft guidance was

used for Appendix M, the technical data report on

noise and vibration.

The Health Canada draft guidance was used in

the technical study, and in the EIS in Section 33

on health to define noise sensitive receptors so

that the potential effects from noise were

considered at the appropriate locations.

We then had a presentation from Ms. Nelson on

behalf of the Treaty 8 Tribal Association. She

discussed the challenges of accessing and dealing

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with increased demand for community services.

BC Hydro has not had the opportunity to

discuss mitigation measures with Treaty 8 on these,

but we are committed to having those discussions

when Treaty 8 Tribal Association is ready to do so.

And then we had a joint presentation from the

Treaty 8 Tribal Association, Peace Valley

landowners, Peace Valley environmental and Y2Y, who

together made a presentation on an alternate vision

for the Peace River Valley.

Our flood reserve technical memo describes

the current vision of the Province in the form of

the two land and resource management plans that

cover the project activity zone in explicit

consideration of the potential development of the

Site C project. This was used where appropriate to

understand the likely future of the Peace River

Valley without the project in the EIS.

We had a presentation from panel from

Saulteau First Nations who discussed the potential

social impacts from development and then provided a

list of ten potential mitigation measures. Many of

those described were directed to federal and

provincial governments, but there were also areas

where Saulteau First Nations believes that BC Hydro

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could participate. We look forward to continuing

our discussion with Saulteau towards an impact

benefits agreement and discussing the options with

them.

Ms. Darvill presented on her Master's thesis

on ecosystem hotspots. Ms. Darvill has suggested

that cultural ecosystem services should be

considered, and I would note that many of the

sections of the EIS present information related to

the topics that she raised.

In the afternoon and evening, we had a series

of presentations from City of Fort St. John. There

are a number of things that I would like to

address. They are not necessarily in the order of

how they were presented.

Mr. Dumbrell presented first on the topic of

population and labour forecast. Our assessment of

future housing with us developed in consideration

of the city's official community plan, the city's

development map and with discussion with staff.

The current city's OCP anticipates a growth of 8 to

10,000 people in the next 10 years, and 20 to

30,000 in the next 25.

This is much greater than what BC Hydro and

BC Stats includes in its base case population

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projections.

The official community plan states that the

community has adequate land resources to support

this growth for the foreseeable future.

As population grows, the city will, quote:

"Will focus on infill

opportunities and densification

within our existing service

boundaries."

But we do also understand that there is a

boundary extension process under way.

According to BC Stats, a population forecast,

the project will advance by about two to

three years, the need for services, and will have a

negligible effect once the project is operational.

We do appreciate the work, the considerable

work, that the city has done to outline the

community needs for their future.

We have heard their concern about their

ability to pay for future population growth, and

understand that while the project is located

outside their current boundaries, it is adjacent to

the city.

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For these reasons, we have made a proposal to

provide a financial contribution to the city in

addition to other mitigation measures.

A tax-based proposal was one that was made

because it provides consistency and transparency

for how industry contributes to local government

revenue.

We have been unable to find a similar

mechanism to the financial impact model proposed by

the city for a single project proponent. However,

we remain optimistic that we can work

collaboratively to find a model that can address

the city's concerns in a way that also meets the

needs of BC Hydro to do so in a way that is

transparent and consistent or comparable with how

other industrial entities contribute to local

government revenue.

Councillor Bolin made a presentation with

respect to housing. He expressed concern that

BC Hydro should be doing more to mitigate the

potential effects on the housing market.

We've noted previously that our camp will be

planned to provide a bed for each worker, and we

will have our contractors on shift arrangements,

which will be discussed with the city, and believe

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the absence of a living-out allowance will create a

strong, financial, inducement for workers to use

camp or temporary accommodations.

In partnership with BC housing, we have all

proposed to fund 50 new housing units within the

city, and will be providing funds for non-profit

emergency and transitional housing.

The city has expressed a concern about

managing the pressure on the local rental market.

We believe the use of camps and the preparation for

up-scaling them, as required and the provision of

the 50 additional housing units will substantially

mitigate some of that demand, but we also have

proposed to monitor the rental housing market, and

to understand BC Hydro's influence on that market,

and, if necessary, take other measures.

Finally, with respect to housing, the city

requested an update on our status of our agreement

with BC housing, and we have signed a letter of

intent with them, which enables them to advance the

planning on these units, and they will do that with

input from the city.

We had a presentation from Mr. Donnelly on

transportation, and, as he noted, BC Hydro is

collaborating with the city, its consultants, and

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the Ministry in developing a City of Fort St. John

traffic monitoring and mitigation plan, or TMMP.

It will include traffic volume and road safety

monitoring activities that would take place leading

up to construction of dam, and during construction.

The TMMP states that actual transportation

conditions will be assessed during the construction

period, and that unforeseen impacts will be

adequately addressed on an ongoing and timely basis

during construction. And we will be working with

the city to finalize this plan.

Just briefly, on the water system, Mr. Coxon

and Mr. Watterson made a presentation on the city's

water system, and, as they indicated, BC Hydro and

the city have worked to an agreed and appropriate

monitoring program for the water supply system,

including BC Hydro's implementation of a surface

water quality monitoring program that will align

with the ongoing City of Fort St. John water supply

monitoring they already undertake.

And I think, importantly, if adverse effects

are identified due to the project, BC Hydro would

be responsible for undertaking the appropriate

mitigation.

Ms. Hunter presented on the city's concerns

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with respect to RCMP resources. We have met with

the Ministry of Justice, the city, and the RCMP to

discuss policing resources.

As we mentioned yesterday, the Ministry's

recommendation was the embedding of an officer into

the project to be able to accurately evaluate the

project impacts, and to provide advice to us about

responsible management around safety and security,

both of our camp and our project as a whole.

We believe this is a sensible approach, and

we have agreed to fund and to support the officer

in this planning.

We will also be providing direct funding

under agreement with the Ministry of Justice to

increase police resources in the region, once the

appropriate complement is determined.

We heard from Mr. Lidstone about the

potential effects of the project to the city. Now,

he noted that they were unique because there were

no federal or provincial government agency to

oversee monitoring.

As we understand the city's position, it has

requested an independent monitoring body with

powers to ensure mitigation is performed and to be

able to draw on a reserve fund.

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Mr. Chair, we'll say more about this in our

argument, our final argument, but as per your

request of last evening, we would like to provide

some comments now, if we may.

Mr. Lidstone has suggested that the 1983

monitoring program, recommended by the BCUC, should

be used as the model for overseeing the potential

effects to the city.

In 1983, the Utilities Commission created the

monitoring program under Section 25.1 of the

Utilities Commission Act in force at the time,

which gave the lieutenant governor and council the

authority to empower a person to enforce conditions

of an order or certificate and to add to those

conditions.

Neither the BCEA Act or the CEAA Act were in

place at the time. And Section 25.1 of the

Utilities Commission Act has since been repealed.

As I'm sure you know, this process of today is

being conducted under very different legislation

schemes than in 1983.

Therefore, it can't be assumed that the same

monitoring program that was recommended in 1983

under a different Act can or should be implemented

today.

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Mr. Lidstone also stated that the potential

effects to the city would not be subject to

regulatory oversight, and suggested that mitigation

may not occur. We are somewhat perplexed by this

remark.

Under both the BCEA Act and CEAA 2012, there

is a clear mechanism in place for monitoring and

enforcement.

The environmental assessment office explained

this in its letter of October 2nd, 2013 to the

Peace River Regional District.

I would note that, as part of its submission,

the city filed two audit reports of the EAO

oversight of certified projects, and I would just

like to point a couple of things out from that

second audit of 2012.

First, the EAO complied with the auditor's

request to clarify post-certification monitoring

responsibilities --

(Stenographer requests speaker to slow

speaking speed).

Sorry, Nancy. Sorry.

First, the EAO complied with the auditor's

request to clarify post-certification monitoring

responsibilities and compliance mechanisms.

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Second, the EAO now develops a compliance

management plan for each EA process.

And third, a component of the EAO compliance

and enforcement program is oversight of proponent

self-monitoring and compliance inspections. We

are, therefore, a bit puzzled by the submission

that there would be no body overseeing monitoring

and effects to the city.

Between the EAO and the permitting agencies,

there is a comprehensive scheme of regulation and

enforcement, and, in our view, another institution

is not required.

Mr. Lidstone also suggested three mechanisms

by which monitoring could be structured.

The first was through Section 33 of the BC

Environmental Assessment Act. We don't agree that

that section actually provides the authority to set

up a monitoring body, and we will say more about

that in our final argument.

The second mechanism suggested was to --

marrying together a number of sections under the

Utilities Commission Act.

While Mr. Lidstone did not specify what

sections he was referring to, and we do not see any

sections which would give the commission the -- we

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don't see any sections that would give the

commission the necessary powers, it would be

surprising, then, to result -- it would be a

surprising result to use the Utilities Commission

Act to monitor and enforce the terms of a

certificate granted under a different statute.

And the third suggestion, Mr. Lidstone

suggested is by way of an agreement. And as we've

stated, we are in favour of entering into an

agreement with the city, and those negotiations are

ongoing. And we continue to be optimistic that we

can achieve an agreement that would be set out in a

formal document.

Finally, with respect to the eight issues

that were listed as those that would require an

enforcement mechanism to apply, the topics that

were raised in relation are fairly narrow in

relation to the broad EIS. And already have the

involvement and oversight of existing institution.

I'll quickly just to -- policing, a decision

on the incremental funding of policing resources

will be determined by the Ministry of Justice, but

we have agreed, as I said, to fund the planning and

incremental resources.

For 85th Avenue, reclamation, the site is

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currently in the Peace River Regional District.

And as again, we have noted, we have provided a

site mitigation plan and have proposed to develop a

site to have -- the jurisdiction develop a site

master plan that would guide the final grades and

replacement of internal roads and power lines,

et cetera.

Traffic management and mitigations, MOTI, is

the appropriate agency to review these plans.

As far as number four: housing. Units built

by BC housing and BC Hydro would be permitted by

the city and in accordance with BC building codes.

For air quality, BC Ministry of Environment

provides air quality management objectives that

BC Hydro has to propose to follow in its management

plan. For microclimate, there are no identified

effects on the city.

For water supply, as we noted, we have a

draft agreement on the respective roles and

monitoring. And if adverse impacts are noted, we

will be responsible for mitigation.

And, finally, the direct financial

contribution. There is a difference in -- we still

have a difference -- this is a subject to

negotiation, and when we reach an agreement, as I

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am hopeful we will, it will be in a formal document

that we would abide by.

We recognize that the establishment of a

monitoring program is a priority for the city, and

others. And as set out on page 5 of our proposal,

we have committed to create a community liaison

committee that would meet monthly or as-required

throughout the project's construction phase to

review progress about -- of the project and to

discuss any associated community issues and

interests.

This committee could review -- have regular

updates about construction, construction

scheduling, up-coming activities. It could

represent the local community in terms of bringing

forward concerns and interests as they arise.

Could work with the construction team and other

members, to identify and discuss project associated

community interests and issues. And to seek

solutions to review reports on mitigation and

follow-up programs, specified in the conditions of

the provincial EA and federal decision statement.

And to review information and development and

implementation of environmental management plans

and monitoring reports through those EMPs

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As indicated on page 6 of our proposal to the

city, again, we would set out these in a legally --

an agreement between city and BC Hydro would be

legally-binding.

And we do also support the request for a

dispute resolution mechanism, and suggest that that

could be included in that agreement.

So BC Hydro has concluded agreements -- I

would just say that we have concluded agreements

with other communities, and we remain hopeful that

we can also do so with Fort St. John to resolve any

remaining details on mitigation and monitoring and

to reach a formal agreement.

Finally, I would just say that we believe the

Joint Review Panel should have confidence that

BC Hydro will live up to its commitments and legal

obligations. And it can and should have confidence

in the existing legal and regulatory regime to

ensure that that is the case.

We finished last night with a presentation

from Mr. Whiten, and appreciate the historical

perspective he brings, and we note the strong role

played by the provincial government in some of the

planning initiatives that he discussed.

This morning, we began with a presentation

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from Kwadacha's legal counsel regarding concerns

about price of regional goods and services.

Given the distance of the Kwadacha community

from the project and its primary reliance on Prince

George, at the Prince George market, we would

expect -- we would not expect a large degree of

overlap between the project and Fort Ware's demand

for services.

BC Hydro's measures to encourage local

contractor participation in the project may also be

expected to lead to an increase in local contractor

capacity as industry grows to meet demand.

And we are committed to working with Kwadacha

to participate in trades, training for Kwadacha

members, in addition to the training initiatives

that we have already discussed, there's a

newly-established heavy-duty equipment operator

course that's offered through the College of New

Caledonia in Mackenzie.

Dr. Badenhorst described the boom and bust

cycles, and their impact on communities. Northeast

BC, even with the project, is not forecast for a

decline --

Sorry.

As the project construction phase slows,

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forecast growth in other sectors continues,

resulting in a transition of opportunities from the

project to these sectors at the end of

construction.

We agree that we play a key role -- we have a

key role to play in helping communities to plan and

to prepare for both the onset and the

demobilization project.

We appreciate the input and plans and

policies of Northern Health, and we very much

welcome the suggestion to be part of a forum to

work with other industries and the Northern Health

to address some of the important issues that

Dr. Badenhorst raised today.

Ms. Gagnon from the Fort St. John development

centre provided a presentation of the really

valuable work that they do in this community and

the pressures they are experiencing. We have heard

these pressures and concerns from other non-profit

organization.

Ms. Gagnon has requested more formal

discussions with BC Hydro to plan and to prepare

for the potential impacts of Site C.

We greatly appreciate her willingness to

continue our engagement, and we had the opportunity

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to discuss a couple of option at the break. We

look forward to our next meeting with her and her

team.

Representatives from Forests, Lands and

Natural Resources were present to address tourism,

and also to answer questions. I won't summarize

the questions, but on the tourism, I would note

that BC Hydro will continue to support regional

tourism through our existing visitor centres,

including the Bennett Dam, which has about 10,000

visitors each year.

In addition, too, we have committed to

maintenance of boat launches and recreational and

new RV sites, which we believe will benefit the

recreational vehicle travellers that Ms. Davis

noted were an important part of tourism in this

region.

During construction, we anticipate that the

unique opportunity to view a large dam under

construction may also attract niche tourists, and

we are providing safe viewpoints to support that

interest.

And, finally, we have proposed to support

local area museums, who also have an important role

to play in tourism. There are several in area that

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provide interpretive opportunities related to the

fur trade. These include the North Peace museum in

Fort St. John, Hudson's Hope historical society,

and replica historic Rocky Mountain Fort dedicated

to the original northwest company fort founded in

1796 that exist at the Peace Island Park in Taylor.

Mr. Churchill shared his passion for the

valley and the region and the many ways this place

is special to his family. We understand that his

personal attachment to the valley is strong, and he

does not wish to see this project proceed.

I would just like to make a brief comment

with respect to consultation. I believe our

consultation efforts have been extensive and we

sought early input. Many of the staff and the

experts that are here were those that attended

those consultations because we believed it was

important for those who were responsible for the

project design and assessment to be directly

engaged in the consultation process.

Dr. Ciruna from Forests, Lands and Natural

Resource Operations presented to us about the

Dawson Creek operational trial for cumulative

effects. This process provides a mechanism for

policy objectives and management at a regional

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283

scale, and was described as a separate, but

complimentary, to project level assessments.

When completed, we feel this work will prove

very useful for BC Hydro and for other proponents

in the implementation of mitigation measures guided

by regional policy objectives --

THE CHAIRMAN: Excuse me, would you leave

those doors alone, please, until we are finished.

MS. YURKOVICH: Guided by regional policy

objectives and management development by the

Province in consideration of regional cumulative

effects.

And, finally, we heard from Mr. Thompson's

concerns regarding potential weather impacts in the

Fort St. John -- as Mr. Lundgren discussed in some

detail at the atmospheric topic session earlier in

these hearings, any changes to microclimate at the

airport will not be statistically significant; as

an upper limit, there might be change in fog at the

airport of seven hours per year. For this reason,

we did not propose mitigation measures to address

fog at the airport.

I would like to confirm that our approach and

our preliminary results of our assessment were

reviewed by Grant Youngson, senior air specialist

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284

at Transport Canada, who considered the approach

taken to be appropriate.

Thank you, panel, and thank you for your

indulgence. It's been a very busy two days.

THE CHAIRMAN: It has indeed. Thank you

very much.

The panel, the whole show, goes to Blueberry

River tomorrow, and we'll be back here on Thursday

for, what promises to be, an interesting session on

the need, purpose, and alternatives to the project.

So for those of you who are going to be here

on Thursday, maybe we'll see you at 9 o'clock.


Just so everyone knows, there is a special

presentation by Treaty 8, which is what was going

on behind the walls there, they are going to open

the walls, and then you are most welcome to turn

your chairs around and watch what should be quite

an interesting performance.

(Proceedings adjourned at 5:20 p.m.)

(Performance by Treaty 8 First Nations entitled:

"Dreamer's Prophecy")

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REPORTER'S CERTIFICATION

I, Nancy Nielsen, RCR, RPR, CSR(A), Official

Realtime Reporter in the Provinces of British Columbia

and Alberta, Canada, do hereby certify:

That the proceedings were taken down by me in

shorthand at the time and place herein set forth and

thereafter transcribed, and the same is a true and

correct and complete transcript of said proceedings to

the best of my skill and ability.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto subscribed

my name this 23rd day of January, 2013.

_____________________________________

Nancy Nielsen, RCR, RPR, CSR(A)

Official Realtime Reporter

$

$1,000 [1] - 46:17

$100,000 [1] - 10:24

'

'06 [1] - 106:22

'06/'07 [1] - 106:22

'40s [1] - 224:2

'63 [1] - 203:20

'67 [1] - 203:22

'68 [1] - 203:23

'70s [1] - 106:13

'71 [1] - 203:23

'73 [1] - 203:24

'77 [1] - 204:1

'78 [1] - 207:5

'79 [1] - 204:4

'80s [1] - 106:13

'84 [1] - 204:11

0

0 [1] - 50:24

1

1 [5] - 1:17; 26:22; 95:23;

209:15; 215:3

1,000 [8] - 139:21; 209:2;

239:11; 240:3; 257:16, 22;

258:18

1,200 [1] - 51:19

1,208 [1] - 54:2

1,300 [1] - 130:21

1,900 [1] - 215:1

1.1 [1] - 75:9

10 [9] - 36:19; 75:18; 209:15;

225:25; 237:5; 238:18;

243:7; 264:4; 266:22

10,000 [2] - 266:22; 281:10

10.2.4 [2] - 234:4; 244:17

100 [3] - 119:14; 183:9;

258:20

100th [1] - 130:1

11 [5] - 36:19; 190:11;

234:18; 235:15; 243:20

11308 [1] - 1:23

115 [1] - 6:8

11:55 [1] - 128:17

12 [5] - 36:19; 211:11;

213:23; 244:15; 257:7

12-65 [1] - 256:22

12.4.3.2 [1] - 254:3

12.5.2.1 [1] - 254:4

120 [1] - 207:13

125 [1] - 52:4

128 [1] - 132:17

129 [1] - 4:3

13 [3] - 3:13; 89:24; 247:6

13.4 [3] - 68:15; 75:8; 255:2

130 [1] - 4:9

13th [3] - 11:11; 257:18;

259:20

14 [1] - 248:6

15 [9] - 26:21, 25; 61:5;

68:24; 96:9; 169:21; 170:1;

180:24; 250:1

15-metre [1] - 256:10

16 [3] - 8:16; 26:23; 27:1

160 [2] - 4:11; 51:24

162 [1] - 53:1

165 [2] - 221:21

17 [1] - 220:22

1792 [1] - 102:19

1793 [1] - 102:20

1796 [1] - 282:6

18-year-olds [1] - 39:20

1800s [2] - 31:20; 197:2

183 [1] - 6:11

19 [3] - 52:25; 232:15; 250:16

1909 [1] - 257:7

191 [1] - 228:25

1925 [1] - 131:14

1940 [1] - 223:25

1950s [1] - 68:24

1957 [1] - 198:4

1962 [1] - 203:17

1972 [1] - 133:16

1975 [1] - 132:9

1977 [1] - 131:17

1983 [4] - 272:5, 9, 21, 23

1988 [1] - 132:3

1989 [1] - 264:10

1992 [1] - 145:21

1993 [1] - 132:3

1995 [1] - 132:6

1997 [2] - 132:9, 23

1998 [3] - 132:3; 133:1;

137:18

1:30 [2] - 128:15, 19

2

2 [16] - 1:13; 6:4; 7:5; 8:10;

9:13; 118:23; 160:15, 21;

174:21; 216:24; 231:4;

239:4; 240:4, 8; 255:2;

256:17

2.5 [1] - 8:15

20 [6] - 30:3; 106:10; 111:14;

148:23; 240:9; 266:22

20,000 [1] - 49:15

200 [1] - 209:7

2001 [1] - 132:6

2002 [2] - 40:20; 130:7

2004 [1] - 117:23

2005 [1] - 260:1

2008 [4] - 40:20; 143:11;

144:12, 17

2009 [1] - 172:11

2009/2010 [1] - 51:13

2010 [1] - 140:20

2011 [5] - 54:2; 70:16; 130:8;

131:17; 264:14

2012 [15] - 11:17; 12:22;

19:18; 20:9; 51:19; 64:19;

139:23; 194:5; 196:16;

198:24; 201:11, 16;

234:12; 273:6, 16

2013 [7] - 24:1; 51:19; 52:2;

54:2; 232:15; 273:10;

285:14

2014 [3] - 1:15; 7:1; 24:1

2016 [1] - 64:19

202 [1] - 4:13

21 [1] - 1:15

21st [1] - 7:1

22-and-a-half [1] - 207:15

2246 [1] - 232:16

229 [2] - 4:14, 17

231 [1] - 4:19

238 [1] - 4:20

23rd [1] - 285:14

24-hour [1] - 8:15

240 [1] - 51:5

243 [1] - 4:22

2432 [1] - 230:15

245 [1] - 5:1

248 [1] - 5:2

25 [5] - 61:5; 68:6; 88:16;

110:12; 266:23

25.1 [2] - 272:10, 17

250 [1] - 250:15

251 [1] - 250:15

252 [1] - 5:4

255 [1] - 52:3

26 [1] - 1:16

262 [1] - 5:5

269 [3] - 130:2; 148:14; 149:3

26th [1] - 194:5

27 [1] - 3:14

270-something [1] - 215:10

280 [2] - 126:2, 11

29 [1] - 157:20

290 [2] - 218:7, 9

2nd [1] - 273:10

3

3 [4] - 29:15; 194:4; 223:22;

232:17

3.3.5 [1] - 26:18

30 [13] - 67:2; 68:21; 79:20;

95:22; 98:13; 106:10;

126:4; 136:2, 14; 148:7;

219:16; 240:5; 261:14

30,000 [1] - 266:23

30-night [1] - 80:3

30-year [1] - 137:3

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 604.520.3838 [email protected]

1

300 [1] - 56:11

300,000 [2] - 41:6; 158:3

31st [2] - 54:2; 234:11

32 [1] - 53:13

33 [4] - 53:13; 211:7; 264:19;

274:15

35 [2] - 134:5; 135:7

3CG [1] - 229:1

3rd [1] - 200:4

4

4 [3] - 31:1; 164:6; 233:2

4.3 [1] - 70:18

40 [3] - 49:4; 55:12; 172:1

407 [1] - 193:4

40th [1] - 49:4

41 [1] - 221:4

45 [2] - 208:5; 221:20

45-degree [1] - 207:18

450 [1] - 51:12

47 [1] - 3:15

48 [2] - 96:6; 172:7

5

5 [7] - 50:24; 55:14; 75:21;

165:13; 172:1; 233:10;

277:5

5,000 [2] - 225:10, 16

50 [6] - 53:9; 71:17; 87:23;

171:25; 269:5, 12

500 [2] - 209:5; 215:3

52 [1] - 244:23

53 [2] - 257:19; 259:6

55 [1] - 146:3

570 [1] - 229:1

5:20 [1] - 284:21

5th [1] - 201:16

6

6 [7] - 209:11, 14; 210:5;

223:22; 233:22; 278:1

60 [3] - 132:2; 206:25; 207:13

61 [2] - 3:17, 21

63 [1] - 4:1

694 [1] - 51:13

7

7 [4] - 3:4; 233:3; 236:15

70 [3] - 75:23; 76:9; 214:23

771 [1] - 54:2

78 [1] - 252:21

8

8 [33] - 14:6; 52:11; 75:10;

115:11, 16-17, 19; 117:11,

18, 25; 118:18; 120:24;

121:7, 23; 123:1, 14;

130:17; 131:2; 139:25;

189:9; 192:13; 193:14;

200:19; 213:23; 225:11;

237:17; 264:24; 265:3, 5,

7; 266:21; 284:15, 22

84 [1] - 6:5

85 [1] - 169:22

85th [1] - 275:25

88 [2] - 6:3; 9:12

89 [2] - 6:5; 84:21

9

9 [5] - 3:12; 6:3; 225:25;

241:8; 284:12

90 [4] - 6:8; 68:25; 115:3;

207:10

91 [2] - 6:11; 183:19

95 [1] - 68:3

97 [1] - 129:25

9:00 [1] - 7:8

A

a.m [2] - 7:8; 128:17

abide [1] - 277:2

abilities [1] - 44:19

ability [4] - 15:17; 127:7;

267:22; 285:11

able [17] - 16:11; 96:10;

119:10; 148:1; 149:3;

155:3; 161:15; 167:16;

185:20; 189:3; 190:9;

197:1; 199:3; 200:6;

247:16; 271:6, 25

Aboriginal [35] - 12:2, 10,

12-13, 17; 13:4; 21:19, 21;

71:15; 72:19; 97:5, 10;

99:22, 24; 100:2, 9, 11, 14,

18, 20-21, 24; 101:1;

110:18; 113:12; 116:15,

19, 25; 117:14; 178:5;

263:13, 17, 23

absence [3] - 137:25; 236:9;

269:1

absolutely [2] - 57:18;

103:22

abundance [4] - 72:18;

238:19; 240:22; 242:20

abundance-based [1] -

242:20

abundant [3] - 134:17;

139:3, 7

abused [1] - 41:17

accept [2] - 41:15; 205:1

acceptable [5] - 150:17;

172:16; 199:25; 217:19;

221:7

accepted [2] - 119:11;

140:13

access [11] - 24:12; 56:7, 19;

117:1; 147:20; 150:5;

157:11; 164:21; 166:11;

184:22

accesses [1] - 86:25

accessibility [1] - 55:25

accessible [2] - 55:6; 165:5

accessing [4] - 52:6, 19;

74:20; 264:25

ACCI [1] - 233:5

accident [1] - 39:14

accidents [2] - 129:1, 5

accommodate [1] - 38:10

accommodation [6] - 46:13;

67:21; 68:2; 73:9; 74:10

accommodations [4] -

74:15; 82:15; 132:24;

269:3

accompaniment [1] - 230:8

accordance [3] - 263:1;

276:12

according [2] - 174:15;

267:14

account [4] - 20:4; 116:8;

235:11; 248:11

accounts [1] - 26:25

accrued [1] - 68:6

accruing [1] - 68:9

accumulate [1] - 162:7

accumulated [1] - 194:17

accuracy [3] - 202:21; 249:1,

5

accurate [1] - 216:8

accurately [3] - 210:19;

262:12; 271:6

achieve [3] - 22:3; 127:3;

275:12

achieved [1] - 12:21

achieving [1] - 12:19

acknowledge [6] - 130:16;

145:5; 171:6; 180:11;

195:20; 251:15

acknowledged [1] - 21:16

acknowledges [1] - 23:16

acknowledgment [1] - 188:6

acquaintances [1] - 131:9

acquisition [2] - 147:13;

148:12

Act [17] - 29:15; 84:11;

133:10; 173:5; 182:8;

237:7; 252:17; 272:11, 16,

18, 24; 273:6; 274:16, 22;

275:5

acted [1] - 151:5

action [6] - 25:13; 69:10;

86:10, 21; 102:1; 137:14

actioning [1] - 88:8

actions [2] - 168:18; 257:13

active [2] - 24:7; 181:12

actively [1] - 126:1

Activities [1] - 173:5

activities [19] - 15:15; 19:20,

23; 20:3, 5, 10; 37:21;

66:5; 85:2; 95:5; 121:1;

149:11; 173:7, 15; 194:18;

238:22; 247:24; 270:4;

277:14

activity [5] - 25:11; 108:24;

172:20; 173:3; 265:14

actual [4] - 119:16; 121:4;

214:15; 270:6

acute [2] - 52:16; 53:17

ad [1] - 63:6

adaptive [2] - 248:17; 252:24

add [10] - 34:24; 37:20; 41:9;

62:24; 66:9; 90:22; 217:1;

224:7; 228:15; 272:14

added [1] - 144:22

addiction [2] - 31:12; 41:4

adding [1] - 114:14

Addison [10] - 3:20; 61:22;

62:18; 104:10; 116:5, 11;

120:10; 121:6; 122:1;

123:17

ADDISON [27] - 82:2; 83:4,

18; 84:9; 93:8; 103:9;

104:17, 24; 106:6, 9;

107:11; 108:10; 109:20,

24; 110:16; 111:8; 112:24;

113:2, 16, 20; 114:20, 23;

116:12; 119:9, 20; 122:2;

123:19

addition [11] - 18:24; 19:25;

23:20; 91:10; 171:13;

237:12; 239:13; 245:22;

268:3; 279:15; 281:12

additional [9] - 55:13; 63:25;

78:8; 89:8; 150:18; 153:1;

168:5; 241:4; 269:12

address [19] - 18:6; 21:18;

22:17; 117:8; 119:10;

135:22; 165:11; 179:4;

180:16; 182:10; 235:7;

236:9; 243:19; 250:24;

266:14; 268:12; 280:13;

281:5; 283:21

addressed [10] - 20:13; 32:7;

44:17; 60:3; 62:25; 118:2;

195:24; 234:13; 259:19;

270:9

addressing [2] - 12:1; 165:1

adds [1] - 15:24

adequate [7] - 19:16; 20:19;

24:12; 151:15; 152:15;

235:15; 267:3

adequately [8] - 16:19; 18:6;

19:2; 24:9; 239:20; 240:12;

270:9

adieu [1] - 160:8

adjacent [1] - 267:24

adjourned [2] - 128:17;

284:21

adjournment [1] - 128:18


2

adjusted [1] - 109:12

administers [1] - 158:15

administration [1] - 152:6

admit [1] - 237:19

admittedly [1] - 23:5

adopted [2] - 25:17; 136:5

adopting [1] - 179:13

adult [2] - 238:19; 245:17

advance [5] - 119:9; 160:14;

164:8; 267:15; 269:20

advancing [1] - 23:17

advantage [1] - 86:21

adventure [3] - 67:17; 71:16;

76:19

adventure" [1] - 85:8

adverse [6] - 24:9; 234:9, 20;

264:8; 270:21; 276:20

advertising [4] - 91:8, 12,

15, 18

advice [8] - 13:14; 45:2, 10;

134:8; 141:1; 142:14;

177:13; 271:7

advised [1] - 146:10

advising [2] - 13:12; 177:6

advisory [2] - 145:10; 152:2

advocates [1] - 50:6

aerial [1] - 198:8

aesthetic [1] - 88:21

affairs [1] - 56:23

affect [4] - 41:18; 110:13;

215:25; 256:19

affected [2] - 147:23; 148:11

affects [1] - 221:23

affiliated [1] - 74:9

affluence [1] - 101:14

affluent [1] - 86:7

afford [2] - 70:11; 217:21

affordable [2] - 24:12; 55:6

afield [1] - 123:5

afternoon [5] - 11:13;

128:21; 159:5; 229:23;

266:11

age [5] - 38:1; 39:23; 43:25;

55:14; 200:2

age-1 [1] - 257:23

age-3 [2] - 240:7; 242:9

agencies [6] - 10:19; 23:17,

24; 180:2; 261:9; 274:9

Agencies [1] - 23:16

AGENCY [1] - 1:6

agency [8] - 63:23, 25;

178:2; 193:5; 195:15;

214:5; 271:20; 276:9

Agency [3] - 196:23; 198:22;

205:25

agenda [1] - 64:12

aghast [1] - 213:8

ago [15] - 28:1; 30:9; 48:9,

13; 49:19; 51:11; 52:3, 24;

64:23; 88:18; 97:9; 120:18;

136:14; 152:15; 206:18

agree [8] - 55:11; 102:13;

177:2; 194:6; 198:16;

205:8; 274:16; 280:5

agreed [8] - 194:23; 201:2;

206:18; 207:12, 23;

270:15; 271:11; 275:23

agreement [15] - 22:21;

56:22; 84:7; 206:22; 266:3;

269:18; 271:14; 275:8, 10,

12; 276:19, 25; 278:3, 7,

13

agreements [2] - 278:8

agrees [1] - 263:12

agricultural [3] - 133:19;

150:21; 152:22

agriculture [4] - 87:13;

137:5; 143:8, 10

agritourism [4] - 87:11, 13,

17; 88:4

agro [1] - 93:23

agro-tourism [1] - 93:23

ahead [8] - 15:13; 17:3;

123:2; 156:23; 179:21;

195:17; 198:23; 231:7

aid [2] - 10:5; 236:24

aids [1] - 204:8

aim [1] - 236:23

Air [3] - 210:3; 218:1; 220:11

air [30] - 6:3; 8:4, 10, 21;

9:12; 134:12; 167:23;

201:2; 203:4, 18; 210:20;

211:3; 213:5, 25; 217:13;

222:16; 223:4; 224:16, 25;

226:12, 18; 227:1, 6,

10-11; 276:13; 283:25

aircraft [7] - 203:23; 206:25;

211:14; 220:20; 221:1, 15;

222:3

airfield [1] - 204:6

airfoils [1] - 216:1

airframe [4] - 210:14; 211:2;

215:20; 227:9

airplane [6] - 207:17; 211:5;

215:24; 216:5, 7, 11

airplanes [7] - 207:12;

208:16; 218:20; 219:12,

19; 223:6

airport [25] - 33:3; 202:19;

203:7, 16; 204:2; 205:13,

17; 209:23; 211:25; 212:2,

6, 21; 213:19; 216:18;

218:24; 220:23; 222:3, 7;

223:2, 11-12; 224:15;

283:18, 20, 22

Airport [1] - 204:5

airports [2] - 204:12, 15

al [1] - 259:25

alarming [1] - 184:16

Alaska [19] - 1:23; 43:4;

72:24; 73:25; 74:6; 76:14,

25; 78:13, 25; 85:22;

86:24; 90:22; 91:7, 24;

96:7, 14; 133:16, 21; 158:4

Alberta [9] - 21:15; 72:24;

93:2; 161:14, 16; 175:7;

224:25; 285:5

Albertans [1] - 76:9

alcohol [4] - 36:7, 25; 39:24;

40:15

ALEX [2] - 129:21; 130:7

Alex [5] - 2:19; 3:7; 4:5; 7:19;

129:12

Alexander [1] - 102:18

align [2] - 218:6; 270:18

aligned [2] - 77:18; 88:5

alignment [1] - 216:9

alive [1] - 117:18

alleviate [2] - 18:15; 24:19

allocate [1] - 125:9

allocation [6] - 170:5, 18-19;

171:10, 13; 181:5

allocations [1] - 170:8

allow [9] - 57:16; 135:11;

151:21; 162:7; 208:17;

218:11, 19; 219:10; 248:21

allowable [1] - 173:1

allowance [1] - 269:1

allowed [2] - 111:2; 121:1

almost [3] - 47:3; 93:2; 203:9

aloft [1] - 211:2

alone [2] - 16:21; 283:8

already-limited [1] - 149:8

alternate [7] - 221:16, 18;

222:4, 8-9; 265:9

alternates [1] - 222:2

alternative [4] - 258:1, 4-5;

259:11

alternatives [1] - 284:10

Alyssa [13] - 4:16; 5:1;

229:19; 230:20; 231:6;

232:5; 237:18; 238:20;

244:25; 245:4, 7; 248:5

ALYSSA [6] - 231:8; 245:6,

8; 246:3, 5, 9

amazing [1] - 48:14

ambient [2] - 26:19, 25

ambitious [1] - 213:13

America [2] - 212:9; 213:3

amount [7] - 49:13; 106:2;

144:6; 171:3; 172:13;

241:21; 248:10

amounts [1] - 152:4

ample [1] - 236:3

analyses [4] - 233:19;

250:10; 259:8, 10

analysis [9] - 20:22; 109:7;

143:8; 147:4; 151:9;

239:18; 249:10; 250:13;

260:1

analytical [1] - 247:14

analyze [2] - 68:22; 176:18

AND [2] - 1:4, 7

angle [1] - 207:18

animal [1] - 111:16

animals [3] - 119:14; 120:2;

124:16

anniversary [1] - 49:5

annual [5] - 12:5, 19; 23:20;

91:14; 242:8

annually [2] - 51:12; 125:15

answer [22] - 8:24; 11:19;

26:7; 60:14; 63:17; 77:13;

80:22; 82:2; 85:19; 86:22;

96:21; 105:21; 107:20;

110:9; 112:3; 114:21;

123:21; 124:2; 196:5;

230:25; 251:9; 281:6

answered [4] - 79:2; 99:18;

116:9; 118:1

answering [3] - 98:3, 8;

220:17

answers [4] - 34:2; 154:13;

155:4; 191:19

antennas [2] - 216:7, 10

anti [1] - 226:10

anti-clockwise [1] - 226:10

anticipate [2] - 136:19;

281:18

anticipated [2] - 21:5; 171:2

anticipates [1] - 266:21

anxiety [1] - 149:24

anyway [2] - 60:12; 85:7

apart [1] - 239:2

apartment [1] - 46:12

apologize [1] - 153:13

appear [4] - 23:5; 144:21;

148:3; 186:15

APPEARANCES [1] - 2:1

appeared [3] - 133:20;

141:13

appendices [1] - 27:10

appendicis [1] - 27:15

Appendix [13] - 6:4; 8:10;

9:13; 239:4; 240:5, 8;

255:3; 256:17; 257:2, 9,

17; 259:9; 264:16

apples [1] - 75:17

applicable [1] - 263:4

application [2] - 173:16;

214:21

applications [1] - 90:11

applied [4] - 162:24; 163:2;

185:25; 260:3

Applied [2] - 132:18; 231:22

applies [2] - 110:4; 122:14

apply [6] - 14:25; 90:18;

142:20; 173:2; 258:14;

275:16

applying [2] - 163:22; 174:3

appointed [1] - 29:10

appointment [1] - 59:22

appreciate [9] - 10:9; 64:6;

84:19; 125:4; 263:10;

267:18; 278:21; 280:9, 24

appreciated [1] - 182:14

approach [44] - 21:7; 25:16;

51:3; 160:19; 162:4, 10;

163:9, 14, 18-19; 164:2, 7,


3

11, 13, 15; 165:16; 166:18;

168:8, 11, 19, 22; 170:11,

13; 174:1; 185:16; 186:9;

192:1; 196:17; 204:7;

205:9; 218:11; 222:24;

223:16; 225:8; 252:24;

253:8; 254:21; 259:24;

260:2; 263:8; 271:10;

283:23; 284:1

approaches [6] - 21:18;

166:3; 189:23; 190:4;

227:19; 259:24

approaching [4] - 170:9;

206:25; 207:12; 209:8

appropriate [14] - 112:1;

122:23; 166:15; 240:17;

242:10; 259:22; 260:4;

264:22; 265:16; 270:15,

23; 271:16; 276:9; 284:2

appropriately [1] - 10:6

approved [6] - 24:10; 25:24;

74:9; 82:14; 170:23;

217:25

April [2] - 100:20; 121:12

aquatic [7] - 11:11; 169:16;

232:6; 244:20; 245:13;

253:1; 255:1

Arctic [19] - 226:12; 233:25;

239:5, 10; 248:24; 249:4,

18; 250:25; 252:13; 253:5,

11; 256:21; 257:14, 17, 21,

24; 258:6, 10, 25

arctic [4] - 237:11; 240:2;

242:8; 262:4

area [101] - 30:6; 31:1; 32:25;

38:16; 48:22; 57:14; 73:18;

74:7, 14, 19, 23, 25; 75:2,

11, 25; 76:2, 6, 8; 77:3;

80:24; 81:17, 20; 83:10,

13; 86:9; 87:20; 88:4, 13;

95:16; 97:3; 98:11, 25;

99:8; 101:12-14, 16;

106:12; 107:24; 108:7, 13;

109:1; 119:15; 120:3,

12-13; 121:2, 14; 122:23;

123:8; 124:8, 12, 15, 20;

131:13, 15; 139:13; 154:8;

156:18; 160:21-23; 163:19;

164:13; 166:7; 168:2;

170:2, 15; 171:25; 172:8;

174:21; 175:1, 4; 176:10,

24; 178:18, 23; 180:9;

184:2, 5, 7, 17-18, 25;

188:15; 189:19; 191:22;

194:12; 204:18; 207:24;

224:21, 24; 227:4; 233:4,

15; 237:17; 245:21;

246:24; 281:24

Area [1] - 172:4

area-based [1] - 163:19

areas [40] - 11:4; 12:16, 21;

39:16; 40:11; 43:2; 59:10;

66:24; 86:23; 95:6; 107:19;

125:17; 155:1; 157:7;

171:23; 172:2, 6, 10, 13,

25; 173:4, 10, 16; 182:21;

183:7, 10; 186:5, 13;

226:11; 232:25; 233:6, 9,

11; 241:17; 243:13;

255:20; 265:24

arguably [1] - 249:19

argue [1] - 213:13

argued [1] - 93:1

argument [6] - 155:24;

197:25; 198:14; 272:2;

274:19

arguments [3] - 195:13;

198:15, 21

arise [1] - 277:16

arising [1] - 235:19

arm's [1] - 152:1

arm's-length [1] - 152:1

arranged [1] - 158:10

arrangements [1] - 268:24

array [1] - 248:8

arrived [1] - 18:8

arriving [2] - 208:16; 219:11

art [1] - 101:7

articulated [1] - 20:8

articulation [1] - 59:21

as-required [1] - 277:7

Asia [1] - 70:4

aspect [1] - 18:25

aspects [3] - 20:22; 35:23;

78:4

aspen [1] - 214:23

asphalt [1] - 212:12

assemble [1] - 165:21

assess [9] - 116:18, 23;

167:24; 188:12; 203:14;

206:8; 223:20; 228:19;

235:16

assessed [11] - 16:20; 143:3;

152:12; 167:10; 170:3;

175:2; 182:18; 183:8;

205:15; 214:13; 270:7

assessing [3] - 161:2;

163:20; 185:19

assessment [104] - 11:16;

17:14; 19:17; 20:1, 19;

115:24; 122:5; 124:9;

139:13; 144:15, 22; 145:1;

150:15; 153:12; 154:19;

155:1, 4; 159:17; 160:19;

161:1, 11-12, 19, 24-25;

162:10, 15; 163:10, 15;

164:2, 20; 165:4, 16,

19-20, 22-23; 166:25;

167:8, 25; 168:3, 23;

169:13, 25; 170:10, 14, 25;

172:7; 174:1, 4; 175:3;

176:21, 25; 177:4; 178:7,

12, 14, 16, 24; 179:13, 23;

180:6; 185:3, 21; 186:23;

189:25; 190:25; 191:21;

192:4, 25; 193:8; 194:4;

195:16, 19; 196:4, 18;

197:23; 198:22; 201:23;

202:3; 203:8; 213:6; 214:5,

7, 18; 215:21; 220:7, 9;

228:17; 232:20; 246:16;

248:11, 22; 258:1; 263:1;

266:17; 273:9; 282:19;

283:24

Assessment [12] - 133:10;

152:11; 163:13, 25;

177:11, 22; 178:19;

196:22; 198:2; 205:25;

262:23; 274:16

ASSESSMENT [2] - 1:6, 8

Assessments [1] - 163:17

assessments [8] - 19:14;

124:10; 138:17; 165:9;

167:1; 168:4; 206:9; 283:2

assets [1] - 94:2

assignment [1] - 204:22

assist [3] - 56:15; 135:20;

144:8

assistance [4] - 23:3; 57:14;

59:5; 237:19

assistant [1] - 209:24

assisting [1] - 237:4

associated [12] - 16:5; 18:19;

24:10; 138:10; 143:16,

21-22; 161:1; 167:14;

169:8; 277:10, 18

association [5] - 28:8; 32:15;

86:11; 100:2

Association [12] - 28:10;

86:3; 91:8; 96:3; 115:12;

131:2; 136:8; 193:15;

232:7; 264:24; 265:5, 7

association's [1] - 12:25

associations [1] - 12:7

assume [4] - 79:18; 168:15;

212:25; 258:13

assumed [2] - 257:16;

272:22

assuming [1] - 168:12

assumption [1] - 258:24

assumptions [16] - 138:18;

184:17; 239:8, 15; 240:11;

242:5; 248:13, 21; 249:1,

6; 256:25; 257:1, 14;

258:17; 259:11, 16

assurance [1] - 151:22

assure [1] - 207:21

assuring [1] - 149:4

astounded [1] - 86:13

AT [1] - 1:11

at-hand [1] - 245:19

at-migration [1] - 36:10

Atkins [1] - 91:22

ATKINS [1] - 91:23

Atmospheric [2] - 4:13;

202:15

atmospheric [1] - 283:16

attach [1] - 38:18

attached [2] - 18:23; 58:5

Attachie [1] - 157:1

attachment [2] - 51:3;

282:10

attempt [1] - 135:19

attempting [1] - 243:18

attend [1] - 130:23

attended [3] - 45:3; 203:17;

282:16

attendees [1] - 142:16

attending [1] - 209:22

attention [2] - 29:21; 117:6

attitude [1] - 138:7

attract [2] - 223:5; 281:20

attraction [1] - 147:18

attractions [3] - 74:10;

77:15; 103:23

attractive [1] - 16:16

attributable [1] - 40:15

attributes [2] - 254:20; 255:4

Audio [1] - 2:18

AUDIO/SOUND [1] - 2:17

audit [2] - 273:13, 16

auditor's [2] - 273:17, 23

Austin [1] - 124:7

authorities [3] - 32:14;

138:14

authority [3] - 213:12;

272:13; 274:17

AUTHORITY [1] - 1:4

authorization [2] - 165:2;

252:17

authors [2] - 230:22; 259:13

autism [1] - 51:7

availability [9] - 14:11; 15:6;

17:7, 25; 18:16; 24:20;

198:15; 199:2

available [22] - 11:19; 45:6;

96:11; 164:21; 167:16;

168:2; 171:4, 16; 176:5,

16, 19, 22; 197:7, 15;

230:14, 25; 232:15; 244:5;

251:8; 258:9; 259:3;

263:17

Avenue [1] - 275:25

average [3] - 39:5; 40:7;

169:21

averaging [2] - 9:5; 26:20

averse [1] - 260:18

aviation [16] - 202:19, 21;

203:10; 205:5, 19-20, 22;

206:17, 20, 22; 212:22;

213:22, 25; 214:22;

217:23; 220:10

avoid [6] - 211:17, 21;

213:14; 217:3, 7, 10

avoiding [1] - 255:21

AVW [1] - 2:18

AVW-TELAV [1] - 2:18

aware [13] - 89:12; 115:15;

116:1; 118:16; 186:25;

190:22; 193:10; 226:9;

229:24; 230:5; 233:5;


4

234:2

awareness [4] - 71:3, 5;

101:22; 102:11

axiom [2] - 139:2, 6

B

BA3 [1] - 229:1

Bachelor [2] - 231:24;

232:11

Bachelor's [1] - 131:20

back-casting [1] - 170:12

back-up [2] - 43:10; 204:8

backdrop [1] - 69:18

background [8] - 8:14;

26:19, 21, 25; 206:11;

210:1; 214:14; 225:21

backtrack [2] - 219:7, 11

Badenhorst [18] - 3:14;

26:11; 27:19, 21; 30:15;

42:21; 44:22, 25; 45:4;

47:9; 48:3, 6, 21; 51:21;

54:9; 129:4; 279:20;

280:14

BADENHORST [6] - 27:22;

30:17; 43:1; 44:3; 45:24;

47:17

bag [6] - 109:5, 8, 22-24;

110:1

baker [1] - 262:18

balance [2] - 38:20; 94:7

Ballroom [1] - 1:23

bank [6] - 175:25; 176:1;

177:7; 227:24; 256:13

banking [1] - 209:24

banks [1] - 127:13

bar [3] - 172:12, 15

Barbour [1] - 2:19

base [4] - 163:21; 181:25;

185:9; 266:25

based [28] - 21:12; 81:5, 22;

85:3; 108:23, 25; 111:16;

123:14; 124:9; 135:3;

138:13; 140:11; 143:8;

162:9; 163:19; 164:13;

166:14; 167:11; 168:8;

170:24; 172:3; 185:16;

201:18; 241:4; 242:19;

259:24; 268:4

based-modelling [1] -

259:24

baseline [11] - 139:1; 144:6;

193:7; 194:19; 195:5;

198:24; 201:12, 17-18;

241:16; 263:5

basic [3] - 8:18; 15:17; 34:16

basin [5] - 144:2, 8; 145:22;

146:1

Basin [2] - 146:6, 12

basis [10] - 19:20; 21:23;

23:20; 65:21; 71:22;

190:13; 234:12; 239:14;

260:16; 270:9

battle [1] - 35:24

bay [1] - 169:10

bay-breasted [1] - 169:10

BC [186] - 1:4; 2:9; 3:5, 12;

4:3; 5:4; 7:15; 9:18; 10:4,

22; 12:19; 13:5, 13; 16:19,

22; 17:12, 18; 18:3, 11;

19:6, 8; 21:2, 16; 22:21;

23:4, 12, 24; 24:1, 4, 6, 16;

25:3, 20; 28:2, 7, 10, 25;

29:10; 30:3-5; 32:12, 14;

33:23; 35:19; 38:3, 6; 39:5,

17, 25; 40:8, 11, 16; 41:11;

43:24; 44:2, 20; 47:2;

48:10; 54:14, 18; 55:9;

56:15; 60:24; 65:21; 66:1;

67:4, 6; 68:12, 19; 71:4;

72:5, 16, 23; 75:8; 76:9;

78:21; 80:21; 82:20; 83:19;

85:16; 86:6; 94:18; 95:14;

97:24; 100:22; 108:18;

109:6; 110:11; 113:7, 10;

115:15; 118:24; 130:22;

131:14; 132:19; 134:1;

136:2; 143:17; 144:1;

146:6, 10, 20; 147:9, 12;

152:21; 153:19; 181:23;

191:4, 20; 194:1; 195:25;

205:24; 206:2; 207:4;

212:20; 214:5, 9; 222:13;

232:8; 233:2; 234:11, 14,

22; 235:14, 25; 236:3;

239:12; 243:15, 22;

244:12; 247:10; 248:9;

249:14; 250:11, 23;

251:24; 252:1; 254:13;

256:8, 11; 257:5, 11;

262:10, 22, 25; 263:12;

264:14; 265:2, 25; 266:24;

267:14; 268:14, 20; 269:4,

15, 19, 24; 270:14, 17, 22;

274:15; 276:11-13, 15;

278:3, 8, 16; 279:9, 22;

280:22; 281:8; 283:4

bC [1] - 129:9

BC's [2] - 23:17; 101:21

BCEA [2] - 272:16; 273:6

BCUC [4] - 136:11; 138:2;

272:6

bear [9] - 120:20; 121:24;

122:2, 7, 16; 123:3, 22;

124:16, 21

bears [12] - 106:3; 120:8;

121:4, 11, 13, 19; 122:6,

21; 124:5, 11, 14

Beatton [1] - 253:13

BEAUDET [58] - 8:6; 27:3,

14; 42:23; 43:21; 58:1;

59:7; 60:8; 80:7; 81:23;

82:11; 83:15, 19; 84:18;

85:1; 86:12; 93:14; 95:12;

96:15; 104:7, 12, 18;

105:23; 106:7, 23; 107:23;

108:17; 109:3, 23; 110:10,

17; 112:10; 113:1, 11, 17,

24; 114:22; 115:1; 174:10,

22; 175:9, 22, 24; 176:23;

178:17; 179:17; 180:22;

182:15; 183:1, 17, 24;

192:23; 195:24; 197:24;

198:14, 20; 199:13; 201:24

Beaudet [16] - 2:2; 8:5;

11:24; 26:8; 42:22; 84:16;

93:13; 104:11; 129:22;

174:9, 20; 191:25; 192:21;

201:8, 10; 264:9

beautiful [4] - 93:17; 97:4;

204:20; 223:12

beauty [2] - 69:18; 72:17

became [3] - 33:6; 149:17;

223:12

become [5] - 43:19; 48:17;

120:25; 243:13; 246:12

becomes [6] - 35:2; 78:17;

139:9; 192:2; 209:10

becoming [1] - 69:4

bed [1] - 268:23

beehive [1] - 226:7

beg [1] - 262:16

began [3] - 149:19, 23;

278:25

begin [2] - 134:5; 209:11

beginning [1] - 14:5

behalf [2] - 14:3; 264:24

behaviour [3] - 210:20;

258:6; 259:12

behind [4] - 41:24; 212:25;

284:16

believer [1] - 107:11

believes [1] - 265:25

belong [1] - 155:13

below [1] - 256:23

BEN [9] - 62:3; 63:9; 159:5,

16; 160:8; 199:16; 200:11,

20, 22

Ben [10] - 3:18, 22; 61:19;

62:1, 5; 159:7, 15; 160:7,

13, 17

benchmark [1] - 12:5

benefit [2] - 147:5; 281:14

benefits [1] - 266:3

Bennet [1] - 158:12

Bennett [3] - 196:9; 198:2;

281:10

benthic [1] - 256:4

berms [1] - 128:3

berries [1] - 134:16

beside [1] - 222:15

best [14] - 16:2; 24:4; 30:4;

50:6; 70:17; 99:5; 137:2;

140:13; 182:10; 209:8;

217:10; 222:13; 248:18;

285:11

best-equipped [1] - 209:8

bet [1] - 214:8

better [13] - 34:15; 41:13, 22;

46:11; 92:2; 102:12;

161:16; 171:16; 191:24;

203:11; 205:8; 211:19

betterment [1] - 50:20

Bettina [2] - 4:6; 129:15

BETTINA [6] - 196:2; 198:6,

18, 25; 201:9; 202:1

between [32] - 22:21; 32:1;

35:24; 38:20; 47:10; 66:10;

84:7, 12; 91:25; 94:7;

108:24; 112:24; 113:3, 5;

130:7; 143:20; 151:7;

163:9; 188:3; 192:1;

204:16, 18; 208:16; 212:1;

218:20; 219:11; 226:12;

254:25; 258:15; 274:9;

278:3; 279:7

Beverton [3] - 240:15;

259:18, 21

Beverton-Holt [3] - 240:15;

259:18, 21

beyond [7] - 91:12; 125:14;

127:6; 160:25; 161:5, 10;

237:20

bid [1] - 23:2

big [26] - 34:17; 43:6, 15, 17;

49:11; 52:9; 55:17; 59:11;

67:20; 73:20; 78:12, 18;

97:4; 109:17; 182:9;

184:10; 208:6; 209:9;

211:2, 15; 213:21; 215:18,

21; 219:17; 221:23

bigger [3] - 34:5; 59:8;

219:25

biggest [3] - 36:16; 42:6;

224:6

billion [3] - 68:15; 75:8

billion-dollar [1] - 68:15

binding [2] - 22:21; 278:4

biological [4] - 149:15;

241:11; 248:22; 258:3

biologist [8] - 132:7, 12, 16;

157:19; 231:20; 232:6

Biologists [2] - 132:19;

232:8

biologists [4] - 132:20;

144:13; 229:8; 238:22

Biology [1] - 231:22

biology [1] - 232:12

biomass [2] - 252:7; 255:6

birth [3] - 38:8; 51:21; 53:23

births [1] - 38:10

bit [40] - 23:6; 44:4; 51:1;

63:19, 22; 65:21; 67:14;

71:11; 73:12; 76:5, 15-16;

77:5, 9; 81:14; 82:20; 93:7,

12, 21; 97:15; 101:25;

106:18; 116:17; 120:11,

13-14; 129:6; 167:7;

168:11; 172:20; 174:18;

189:20; 211:22; 215:20;

219:21; 237:20; 245:10;


5

246:2; 250:4; 274:6

black [1] - 169:9

black-footed [1] - 169:9

blame [1] - 46:6

bleed [1] - 127:3

block [2] - 46:12; 60:3

blowing [1] - 227:14

blue [8] - 38:1; 39:3, 15, 18;

70:5; 73:20; 227:15;

231:18

Blueberry [1] - 284:7

blunt [2] - 56:2; 94:8

board [10] - 28:8; 44:4; 49:6;

158:9, 13, 18, 22-23; 212:8

Board [1] - 133:10

boards [3] - 23:24; 24:2;

112:7

boat [3] - 78:1; 157:2; 281:13

bodies [1] - 32:13

body [4] - 132:19; 271:23;

274:7, 18

Boeing [1] - 211:14

Bolin [1] - 268:18

bolster [1] - 176:12

bond [1] - 134:19

books [2] - 216:20

boom [8] - 15:15; 25:11;

28:14; 31:21; 34:19; 35:9;

41:23; 279:20

booms [1] - 101:24

Boon [1] - 92:12

BOON [1] - 92:13

boots [2] - 79:15; 187:9

border [4] - 122:18; 161:14,

17; 175:7

born [3] - 53:13; 58:17; 60:6

bottom [1] - 221:23

bottoms [1] - 171:2

bought [1] - 203:23

Boulder [1] - 211:12

boundaries [6] - 17:11;

108:11; 161:5; 194:24;

267:10, 24

boundary [13] - 6:10; 115:5;

160:21, 24; 161:4, 10;

174:24; 184:3, 6; 213:18;

226:11; 267:13

bounds [1] - 259:9

Bowering [1] - 42:8

box [1] - 226:6

boys [1] - 220:14

Bradford [2] - 259:20

bragged [1] - 213:3

branch [3] - 62:12; 65:13;

103:10

brand [7] - 68:19, 22; 69:9,

19; 72:4

branding [1] - 72:2

breach [1] - 134:14

bread [2] - 85:23; 94:1

break [11] - 43:2; 61:4, 9;

80:3; 104:2, 9; 202:8, 10;

219:6; 221:9; 281:1

breaks [1] - 153:4

breasted [1] - 169:10

breathe [1] - 31:4

breathtaking [3] - 69:18;

85:4, 12

BRENT [1] - 252:2

Brent [4] - 4:8; 5:4; 129:18;

252:1

BRIAN [5] - 130:13; 140:9;

156:24; 157:24

Brian [6] - 2:4, 7; 4:9;

128:23; 130:11, 14

Bridget [1] - 2:10

brief [7] - 9:21; 61:9; 63:4;

199:18; 202:10; 262:14;

282:12

briefing [1] - 260:11

briefly [4] - 203:21; 236:18;

243:7; 270:12

briefs [1] - 179:19

brightness [1] - 225:15

brilliant [1] - 133:19

bring [13] - 28:11; 29:20;

30:16; 55:12, 17, 21;

82:23; 94:3; 96:20, 22;

117:6; 218:1; 228:18

bringing [3] - 59:2; 101:13;

277:15

brings [3] - 49:22; 73:3;

278:22

Britain [1] - 211:14

BRITISH [2] - 1:3, 8

British [63] - 1:24; 7:2; 21:7,

14; 22:4; 23:14; 24:24;

62:6, 16; 64:15, 21, 24;

65:3, 14, 16; 66:23; 68:13,

16, 19-20; 69:12, 21; 70:1,

7, 19, 23; 71:1, 3, 17, 25;

72:4; 74:11; 75:5; 86:4, 17;

92:3; 93:16; 94:9; 95:19,

21; 96:2, 11, 13; 99:23;

100:1, 3, 15, 18; 101:1;

112:25; 113:3; 119:12;

131:21, 24; 132:8, 17;

158:22; 159:8; 164:9;

232:12; 241:14; 285:4

broad [7] - 116:14; 123:25;

162:14; 163:18; 168:7;

169:1; 275:18

broader [3] - 21:6; 24:24;

168:13

brought [3] - 113:13; 156:14;

157:11

brown [1] - 241:2

brush [1] - 225:19

buck [1] - 37:3

bucket [1] - 78:14

bucket-list [1] - 78:14

budget [4] - 29:8; 152:14, 16

buffer [1] - 256:11

build [14] - 22:5; 34:23;

60:20; 78:22; 112:5;

173:24; 175:25; 176:1;

191:13; 192:8; 198:3;

213:17; 238:21; 239:1

Build [1] - 49:19

building [7] - 13:12; 16:8;

22:25; 49:15; 191:16;

192:5; 276:12

Building [1] - 21:12

built [5] - 22:8; 136:14;

222:21; 223:11; 276:10

bulk [1] - 19:7

bull [13] - 146:24; 239:5;

240:6; 242:7; 248:24;

249:4, 13; 250:25; 252:12;

255:17; 256:20; 259:22

bull-of-the-north [1] - 146:24

bullet [2] - 242:15, 18

bunch [1] - 223:3

burbot [1] - 252:12

burn [1] - 208:18

burner [1] - 226:7

burning [4] - 212:15; 221:6,

13

burst [1] - 49:16

bus [5] - 33:5, 12; 34:22;

122:8; 158:19

business [24] - 12:14, 17;

66:8, 15, 25; 67:17; 74:24;

76:12, 24; 79:10, 17, 25;

81:10; 82:7; 83:2, 21;

98:16; 100:11; 136:15, 18,

20, 24; 138:13; 141:23

businesses [19] - 49:11;

65:2; 66:13; 71:7; 74:8, 12,

18; 77:1; 81:1, 5, 11, 16,

22; 88:5; 91:12; 100:25;

101:6, 8; 223:14

businessman [1] - 131:14

bust [6] - 28:15; 31:21;

34:19; 36:1; 41:23; 279:20

busy [3] - 51:20; 73:12;

284:4

butter [2] - 85:23; 94:1

buy [5] - 30:21; 37:7; 134:8;

216:18

buying [1] - 113:8

BY [1] - 1:3

C

C-h-u-r-c-h-i-l-l [1] - 130:15

Cache [2] - 131:12, 15

calculate [1] - 108:20

calculated [1] - 258:3

calculation [1] - 214:14

Caledonia [1] - 279:19

Calgary [2] - 93:2; 204:16

camp [7] - 45:9; 78:1; 83:10;

154:18; 268:22; 269:3;

271:9

campaign [3] - 71:14; 102:9

camped [4] - 102:19

camps [6] - 10:11; 44:10;

55:19; 149:23; 154:6;

269:10

Canada [33] - 21:17; 30:11;

66:2; 68:25; 69:5, 7; 70:7;

76:7; 193:16; 196:15;

204:13; 206:6; 209:20;

211:9; 213:9, 14, 21;

214:1; 216:19; 228:16;

235:23; 262:21; 263:10,

20; 264:10, 12, 15, 18;

284:1; 285:5

CANADA [1] - 1:6

Canada's [1] - 263:2

Canadian [6] - 12:6, 13, 24;

32:15; 133:10; 196:22

cancelled [1] - 222:1

candella [2] - 225:10, 16

cannot [4] - 20:1; 140:12;

148:7; 152:8

Canyon [2] - 145:6; 198:1

capabilities [1] - 237:21

capable [1] - 62:23

capacity [3] - 34:24; 50:2;

279:12

captain [1] - 221:3

capture [2] - 124:16, 21

capturing [1] - 124:13

car [1] - 227:18

card's [1] - 37:6

care [9] - 10:5; 38:21; 41:6,

9; 46:23; 52:17; 85:21;

95:4

career [3] - 127:15; 132:7;

157:18

caregiver [2] - 51:3, 16

cares [1] - 48:15

cargo [1] - 223:4

Cariboo [1] - 96:2

caribou [7] - 133:11; 161:4,

9; 182:24; 183:1, 3

carried [1] - 20:10

carrier [1] - 208:1

carrot [1] - 35:17

carry [5] - 118:13; 175:7;

208:3; 221:17; 246:8

carrying [1] - 9:21

cars [1] - 157:4

case [7] - 37:11; 122:17;

216:23; 262:5; 266:25;

278:19

caseload [2] - 52:3

cases [1] - 160:24

cast [1] - 146:21

casting [1] - 170:12

catch [1] - 109:5

category [5] - 13:2; 63:3;

81:25; 84:3; 202:24

causes [2] - 40:4; 43:20

causing [1] - 41:2

CDC [1] - 60:12

CEAA [6] - 19:18; 20:8;


6

193:5; 232:16; 272:16;

273:6

CEAR [2] - 230:14; 257:7

ceiling [1] - 209:2

celebrating [1] - 49:4

Celesa [2] - 4:7; 129:16

cement [1] - 223:14

Centre [2] - 3:16; 47:25

centre [29] - 10:18, 21; 35:5;

48:9; 51:11, 20, 23, 25;

52:6, 19; 53:4, 18-19; 54:3,

23; 56:22; 58:17; 59:8, 11,

14; 62:10; 77:17; 78:2,

20-21, 23; 94:21; 204:12;

280:16

centreline [1] - 218:10

centres [8] - 15:9; 17:20;

77:14; 92:5, 7; 95:2;

102:12; 281:9

certain [5] - 73:1; 111:13;

112:16; 177:14; 243:13

certainly [20] - 76:2; 80:23;

83:11; 86:22, 25; 87:25;

94:25; 111:21; 113:20;

116:1; 117:3; 122:8;

138:23; 145:13; 156:8;

184:10; 200:11; 210:2;

261:5, 16

certainty [6] - 136:16, 20, 23;

139:2; 198:12

certificate [5] - 18:23; 90:12;

165:4; 272:14; 275:6

CERTIFICATION [1] - 285:1

certification [2] - 273:18, 24

certified [1] - 273:14

certify [1] - 285:5

cetera [10] - 91:18; 125:22;

127:19; 128:3; 141:6;

169:11; 185:6; 195:7;

196:9; 276:7

CHADDER [4] - 9:1; 26:13;

27:12, 17

Chadder [2] - 9:2; 26:7

chain [1] - 134:14

chair [1] - 201:6

Chair [20] - 8:6; 9:19; 26:6;

62:3; 80:7; 129:2; 132:4;

156:6; 159:2, 5; 174:10;

192:23; 199:16; 200:22;

202:16; 228:10; 229:5;

252:2; 262:11; 272:1

Chairman [8] - 2:2; 3:4; 7:10;

87:7; 88:15; 89:11; 132:3;

260:25

CHAIRMAN [109] - 7:11; 8:3;

9:10, 15; 13:19; 14:1, 18,

21; 26:1, 5, 10; 27:18;

30:15; 42:20; 43:22; 44:21;

45:16; 47:9, 19; 48:1; 57:1,

5; 60:9; 61:1, 3, 11; 63:6,

10; 64:1, 4; 79:6; 82:13;

87:6; 89:14, 17, 20; 91:22;

92:11; 93:11; 96:16;

103:17, 25; 104:8; 115:8;

116:1, 11; 117:12, 18;

118:7, 13; 119:6, 17, 21;

120:5; 122:1, 24; 123:4,

17; 124:24; 128:11, 21;

130:9; 140:7; 153:14, 25;

154:12; 155:23; 156:1, 4;

157:15; 158:25; 159:3;

161:6; 174:7; 186:17, 20;

187:1, 10, 12, 21, 25;

189:6; 192:9, 12, 15, 19;

199:14; 200:7, 13, 21, 24;

202:6, 12; 210:11; 228:4,

11, 20, 24; 229:14; 245:25;

246:4, 8; 251:23; 260:6;

261:6, 13, 24; 283:7; 284:5

chairs [1] - 284:18

challenge [1] - 163:4

challenged [1] - 77:13

challenges [3] - 42:6;

101:22; 264:25

chance [1] - 229:9

change [24] - 9:7; 16:24;

32:11; 38:13; 80:17; 81:1;

82:9; 99:16; 105:8; 109:5;

111:5, 22; 112:12; 134:25;

154:8; 155:18; 166:14;

233:23; 239:25; 246:22;

252:8; 259:18; 283:19

changed [4] - 90:25; 146:11;

197:20; 214:8

changes [20] - 17:3; 54:25;

76:21, 23; 77:6; 98:4;

99:15; 109:17, 21; 144:4;

154:9; 185:9; 235:9;

239:20; 240:22; 255:6;

256:17; 258:11; 263:23;

283:17

changing [6] - 54:4; 103:6;

105:10; 127:23; 163:5;

247:1

character [1] - 103:7

characteristics [1] - 72:2

characterization [1] - 97:16

characterize [2] - 194:11;

254:4

characterized [2] - 201:18;

251:16

characterizing [1] - 194:8

charge [2] - 16:3; 203:24

charged [1] - 102:14

charity [1] - 49:12

CHARL [6] - 27:22; 30:17;

43:1; 44:3; 45:24; 47:17

Charl [3] - 3:14; 26:10; 27:21

Charles [1] - 150:12

Charlie [1] - 218:22

chart [1] - 67:19

charts [1] - 69:22

chased [1] - 127:2

cheap [1] - 46:13

cheaper [1] - 46:19

checked [1] - 222:1

chemicals [2] - 213:24;

214:15

cheque [1] - 216:24

Chetwynd [2] - 150:7; 222:5

Chief [3] - 121:8; 189:9;

190:22

chief [2] - 41:1; 42:7

CHIEF [6] - 189:11; 190:5,

21; 191:2, 15; 192:16

Chiefs [1] - 13:11

Chilcotin [1] - 96:3

Child [2] - 3:16; 47:24

child [15] - 28:25; 30:2; 48:8;

50:4; 51:4, 10, 15, 18;

53:19; 54:23; 56:22; 58:8;

59:13, 20

childcare [5] - 27:6; 58:20;

59:1, 3

childhood [1] - 50:25

children [19] - 48:18, 24;

50:1, 10; 51:7, 12, 14;

52:25; 53:9, 11, 25; 55:10,

13; 56:4, 18; 59:16; 60:2;

76:16

Chillborne [1] - 132:21

choice [1] - 225:14

choices [2] - 57:17; 208:19

choked [2] - 222:15, 19

choose [4] - 87:24; 107:18;

134:25; 135:5

chosen [2] - 8:18; 138:18

CHRIS [27] - 82:2; 83:4, 18;

84:9; 93:8; 103:9; 104:17,

24; 106:6, 9; 107:11;

108:10; 109:20, 24;

110:16; 111:8; 112:24;

113:2, 16, 20; 114:20, 23;

116:12; 119:9, 20; 122:2;

123:19

Chris [5] - 3:20; 61:22;

62:18; 82:25; 125:7

Chris' [2] - 91:13; 128:6

chronic [1] - 40:6

chunk [2] - 67:21; 155:11

CHURCHILL [4] - 130:13;

140:9; 156:24; 157:24

Churchill [12] - 4:9; 128:23;

130:9, 11, 14; 140:7;

153:14; 154:1; 156:10;

159:1; 195:10; 282:7

circle [1] - 208:15

circling [1] - 209:6

circulating [1] - 67:7

circumstances [1] - 45:23

CIRUNA [33] - 159:15; 160:7,

13; 161:8; 174:20, 23;

175:17, 23; 176:2; 177:23;

178:18; 180:4; 181:17;

182:17; 183:23; 185:1;

186:16, 19, 21; 187:6, 11,

19, 22; 188:2; 189:15;

190:8; 191:1, 8, 23;

192:11, 14; 195:22; 196:1

Ciruna [12] - 3:20; 4:11;

61:23; 159:11, 23; 160:11;

161:6; 174:7; 192:9;

200:15, 24; 282:21

cites [1] - 29:16

citizen [1] - 12:3

citizens [4] - 24:5, 8; 33:25;

41:15

city [32] - 36:12; 46:9; 59:2;

69:15; 71:12; 211:23;

223:13; 267:5, 19, 25;

268:2, 10, 25; 269:6, 8, 17,

22, 25; 270:11, 15; 271:2,

18; 272:8; 273:2, 13;

274:8; 275:10; 276:12, 17;

277:4; 278:2

City [5] - 132:6; 136:9;

266:12; 270:1, 19

city's [7] - 266:19, 21;

268:13; 270:13, 25; 271:22

civil [1] - 206:16

claims [2] - 243:15, 24

clarification [3] - 8:7; 110:7;

255:10

clarify [8] - 104:22; 124:4;

201:7, 15; 257:21; 264:14;

273:18, 24

clarity [1] - 97:21

classic [2] - 163:24; 178:19

classifications [1] - 122:15

clauses [1] - 90:15

CLEAN [1] - 1:2

clear [14] - 32:6; 33:1; 44:16;

105:7; 156:8; 180:14;

203:2; 205:18; 208:12;

227:15; 236:13; 241:20;

242:3; 273:7

clearly [15] - 20:8, 24; 24:23;

28:14; 30:24; 31:23; 41:1,

4; 99:19; 145:4; 168:20;

214:19; 217:15; 227:15;

240:10

client [4] - 51:17; 70:10;

82:3; 86:8

clientele [11] - 76:21, 23;

77:11; 80:19; 85:9, 12, 16,

20; 86:1; 88:3; 99:16

clients [8] - 51:13, 20; 52:6,

19; 82:23; 94:16; 130:24

climb [2] - 148:22; 228:1

clinic [3] - 31:13; 38:9, 22

clinician [1] - 58:24

clinicians [1] - 53:7

clinics [4] - 38:18; 41:3;

44:15

clockwise [1] - 226:10

close [6] - 26:17, 23; 95:22;

135:21; 180:9; 212:7

closed [3] - 43:9; 218:25;

219:2

closely [8] - 45:21; 95:18;

100:2; 153:25; 166:20;

177:14; 178:3; 190:19


7

closer [4] - 14:19; 30:16;

140:8; 213:17

closest [2] - 211:24; 264:3

closing [3] - 173:20; 193:2;

228:21

Closing [2] - 5:5; 262:10

cloud [16] - 135:13, 25;

146:18, 21; 147:22; 148:5;

150:14; 152:20; 209:1;

215:3, 8; 217:2, 5; 223:23;

225:2

Club [5] - 125:6, 16; 128:4;

131:19; 137:11

Co [2] - 2:6

co [2] - 168:13; 169:6

Co-Manager [2] - 2:6

co-occur [1] - 168:13

co-occurring [1] - 169:6

coal [2] - 132:11; 134:4

coarse [3] - 168:11, 21

coarse-filter/fine-filter [3] -

168:11, 21

coast [1] - 102:19

Coast [2] - 21:10; 96:3

coat [1] - 216:6

cockpit [1] - 211:19

codes [1] - 276:12

coffee [4] - 61:4; 202:7;

221:3; 222:23

coincidence [1] - 147:16

cold [6] - 226:19, 21-22;

227:10; 255:16

collaborate [1] - 21:17

collaborating [1] - 269:25

collaboration [1] - 28:3

collaborative [1] - 263:8

collaboratively [1] - 268:12

collaring [4] - 107:16;

118:17, 22; 124:14

colleague [2] - 8:5; 107:25

colleagues [4] - 65:6; 70:25;

75:15; 153:15

collect [1] - 181:12

collected [5] - 176:14; 187:4;

189:22; 201:22; 241:16

collection [3] - 171:12;

251:6; 253:10

collective [1] - 167:3

collectively [2] - 166:24;

203:2

College [3] - 132:18; 231:22;

279:18

colleges [1] - 38:13

collision [2] - 129:25; 130:4

Colorado [1] - 211:12

colours [1] - 214:3

COLUMBIA [2] - 1:3, 8

Columbia [69] - 1:24; 7:2;

21:8, 15; 22:4; 23:14;

24:25; 62:6, 16; 64:15, 21;

65:3, 14, 16; 66:23; 68:14,

16, 19-20; 69:12; 70:1, 8,

19, 23; 71:1, 3, 17, 25;

72:4; 74:11; 75:5; 86:4, 17;

92:4; 93:16; 94:9; 95:19,

21; 96:2, 12-13; 99:23;

100:1, 3, 15, 18; 101:2;

112:25; 113:4; 119:12;

131:21, 25; 132:8, 17;

143:12, 17; 144:8; 145:19,

22, 25; 146:6, 12; 158:23;

159:8; 164:9; 232:13;

241:14; 285:4

Columbia's [2] - 64:24;

69:21

column [1] - 8:14

combination [3] - 153:2, 6

combinations [1] - 241:24

combined [4] - 132:12;

149:13; 153:1, 5

comfort [1] - 135:4

comfortably [1] - 58:14

coming [32] - 26:9, 11;

32:23; 35:19; 37:19; 40:16;

41:14; 49:23; 56:3; 58:16;

59:25; 68:4; 69:6, 23; 70:9,

18, 20; 71:5; 78:13; 99:23;

101:17; 105:15; 117:9;

133:16; 181:21; 182:24;

214:4; 215:9; 222:9;

227:21; 228:2; 277:14

commenced [1] - 7:8

comment [16] - 57:6; 80:23;

88:23; 92:14; 93:6; 97:2;

119:21; 123:18; 156:3;

157:19; 158:20; 192:17;

200:9; 215:25; 241:12;

282:12

commenting [1] - 262:22

Comments [1] - 5:4

comments [23] - 5:5; 9:24;

44:23; 47:12; 60:9; 80:12,

15; 94:4; 96:24; 97:1;

142:19; 193:2, 9, 12;

194:2; 228:21; 252:1;

254:2; 256:16; 262:10;

263:20; 272:4

commercial [2] - 90:12;

205:14

Commission [7] - 136:3;

178:4; 272:9, 11, 18;

274:22; 275:4

commission [2] - 274:25;

275:2

commitment [3] - 22:9;

131:1, 4

commitments [3] - 18:22;

19:14; 278:16

committed [7] - 11:5; 12:22;

264:12; 265:4; 277:6;

279:13; 281:12

committee [6] - 13:8, 15;

145:10; 277:7, 12

committees [2] - 181:2, 13

common [8] - 32:17; 84:14;

142:6; 147:8; 162:23;

168:14; 179:9; 207:14

commonly [2] - 111:25;

240:23

commonly-employed [1] -

240:23

communicate [1] - 263:13

communicating [1] - 23:23

communication [2] - 204:10;

216:8

communications [3] - 79:16;

263:9, 11

communities [53] - 15:1;

17:13, 15; 19:4; 22:18, 22;

24:8, 11; 28:16; 32:5, 21,

23; 33:15; 34:12; 35:17;

41:13, 16, 20, 22; 42:13;

44:8; 57:16; 75:12; 78:10,

16; 85:25; 102:3, 5;

115:21; 116:21; 118:1;

121:7, 20; 123:12; 145:8;

146:8; 150:6; 165:11;

166:9, 21; 174:2; 176:10;

189:16, 18, 22; 261:8;

263:17, 23; 278:10;

279:21; 280:6

community [93] - 10:12;

12:18; 13:3; 14:12; 15:8,

11, 18; 17:8; 18:13; 22:24;

23:3; 24:17; 28:6; 29:6, 24;

30:11; 31:12, 14; 32:17;

33:13; 34:4, 18; 35:14;

36:8; 37:8, 17, 21; 38:5,

11-12; 41:24; 42:4, 12;

46:2; 47:6; 48:14, 17; 49:3,

7; 50:1, 21; 51:6; 53:22;

54:13; 55:13, 16, 20;

60:25; 90:25; 94:20;

116:18; 125:17; 135:10;

136:24; 144:3; 147:11;

148:16; 149:9, 20; 152:22,

25; 153:3, 21; 154:3, 19;

155:11, 13-14; 205:19;

212:1; 214:23; 217:24;

264:3, 6; 265:1; 266:19;

267:2, 20; 277:6, 10, 15,

19; 279:3; 280:17

commute [1] - 17:16

commuted [1] - 134:7

companies [3] - 16:1, 15;

220:15

company [4] - 58:5; 132:22;

238:21; 282:5

comparability [1] - 77:6

comparable [3] - 75:10;

86:8; 268:15

comparative [1] - 75:17

compare [5] - 52:23; 75:22;

76:3; 162:19; 242:19

compared [11] - 38:6; 39:17,

24; 40:7, 9, 11; 43:7;

44:20; 126:25; 171:3;

220:18

comparing [1] - 77:8

comparison [2] - 89:18;

242:17

comparisons [2] - 52:1; 54:1

compensate [4] - 16:4;

145:2; 234:8, 20

compensating [2] - 151:23;

249:25

Compensation [1] - 143:24

compensation [27] - 83:16;

84:8, 10; 90:6; 142:19, 21;

143:1, 12; 144:9; 145:24;

146:7; 151:13, 18, 25;

232:23; 233:12; 234:15,

23; 236:1, 11, 13, 25;

237:8; 252:23; 261:3

competitive [2] - 35:2; 68:23

competitiveness [1] - 35:1

complement [2] - 164:4;

271:16

complete [3] - 134:2; 186:21;

285:10

completed [4] - 49:19; 239:5;

241:20; 283:3

completing [1] - 173:22

complex [5] - 33:21; 56:5;

59:17; 204:12

compliance [4] - 273:25;

274:1, 3, 5

complicated [2] - 110:2;

116:20

complications [1] - 15:20

complied [2] - 273:17, 23

complimentary [1] - 283:2

component [10] - 65:4;

73:23; 99:24; 187:17;

245:12; 247:8; 252:16, 22;

274:3

composition [1] - 252:9

comprehensive [3] - 12:14;

144:15; 274:10

compress [1] - 16:8

compromise [1] - 216:12

computers [1] - 131:4

concentrate [1] - 94:2

concentrating [1] - 85:11

concentrations [3] - 8:13;

26:15, 19

concept [3] - 114:7; 136:16;

169:1

conceptual [1] - 234:23

concern [20] - 17:4; 29:17;

43:18; 54:24; 55:3, 5;

60:22; 220:7; 232:24;

233:16; 236:19; 238:14;

251:3; 253:16; 254:10;

267:21; 268:19; 269:8

concerned [7] - 15:4; 18:5;

29:16; 30:9; 109:4; 137:10;

260:1

concerning [2] - 114:17;

235:25

concerns [23] - 14:23; 19:21;


8

22:17; 41:10; 54:8; 55:24;

136:7; 144:25; 155:7;

165:12; 205:18; 206:4;

210:16; 213:9; 235:12, 24;

254:23; 268:13; 270:25;

277:16; 279:1; 280:19;

283:14

concise [2] - 135:19; 156:8

conclude [3] - 173:13, 18

concluded [2] - 278:8

concludes [1] - 20:20

conclusion [1] - 249:17

conclusions [6] - 204:25;

248:1, 7; 256:19; 257:8;

259:15

concrete [1] - 45:22

concur [1] - 92:13

concurred [1] - 257:8

concurrently [2] - 19:8;

21:20

condensation [1] - 225:1

condition [14] - 162:20;

165:7; 167:17; 169:8;

170:3; 172:9; 176:20;

185:21; 188:7, 13, 25;

194:20; 199:4

conditions [17] - 16:5, 7;

18:22; 57:23; 147:15;

166:6, 15; 170:21; 198:10;

208:17; 227:16; 248:23;

263:5; 270:7; 272:13, 15;

277:21

condolences [1] - 204:21

conduct [2] - 165:20, 22

conducted [10] - 27:25;

163:11; 232:18, 21;

238:13; 242:16; 250:10;

254:14; 262:25; 272:20

conducting [4] - 10:10;

143:25; 202:3; 230:18

confer [1] - 114:24

confidence [3] - 242:2;

278:15, 17

confidential [1] - 263:25

configuration [1] - 111:17

confines [1] - 145:5

confirm [8] - 6:3; 9:12;

207:3; 231:5; 242:19;

250:11; 264:1; 283:23

confirmation [1] - 250:14

conflict [1] - 151:7

conflicting [2] - 19:12; 30:18

confluence [1] - 125:19

connections [1] - 166:22

connectivity [1] - 143:20

consecutive [2] - 66:7, 22

consequences [1] - 29:7

conservation [10] - 133:3;

137:5, 8, 12-13; 158:14;

238:15, 17; 249:15

Conservation [3] - 4:10;

130:11; 158:8

conservative [2] - 240:16;

241:6

consider [21] - 17:18; 21:2;

25:7; 111:10; 116:13, 16;

119:3; 123:14; 151:3, 10;

198:23; 205:4; 206:24;

207:6, 16, 22; 215:9;

222:4; 235:13; 250:19;

251:8

considerable [4] - 124:15;

128:14; 215:16; 267:18

considerably [1] - 204:23

consideration [10] - 7:12;

20:7; 109:8; 121:21; 151:4;

194:14; 250:23; 265:15;

266:18; 283:11

considerations [2] - 14:24;

116:9

considered [18] - 54:13;

70:8; 98:5, 9; 119:23;

120:15; 121:25; 123:1;

155:4; 201:17, 23; 203:9;

213:2; 236:20; 251:4;

264:22; 266:8; 284:1

considering [2] - 162:6;

249:22

considers [1] - 162:16

consistency [1] - 268:5

consistent [10] - 9:6; 25:16;

124:10; 163:2; 165:5;

166:3; 179:5; 253:7; 263:3;

268:15

consisting [1] - 13:9

conspired [1] - 159:11

constant [1] - 226:13

constantly [3] - 148:14;

246:13; 247:15

Constitutional [1] - 97:12

constraints [1] - 16:12

constructed [1] - 235:20

construction [32] - 10:25;

15:7, 14; 17:6, 9, 17, 21;

18:19; 19:2; 23:8; 98:10,

20; 101:10; 143:16; 144:4;

149:23; 197:21; 238:16;

254:3, 9; 270:5, 7, 10;

277:8, 13, 17; 279:25;

280:4; 281:18, 20

constructive [3] - 10:2; 22:8,

13

consult [4] - 42:12; 124:5;

175:11; 180:2

consult" [1] - 140:23

consultant [2] - 209:11;

215:22

consultants [5] - 11:10;

53:8; 133:6; 259:25;

269:25

consultation [17] - 118:19;

135:23; 140:11, 20;

141:24; 142:4, 13-14, 18;

149:2, 7; 205:13; 206:1;

282:13, 20

consultations [3] - 141:12,

18; 282:17

consultees [2] - 141:15;

142:5

consulting [1] - 132:22

Consulting [3] - 230:21;

231:19; 232:17

consumer [1] - 96:5

consumer's [1] - 101:22

consumers [1] - 96:10

consumption [1] - 263:18

contact [2] - 97:8; 148:15

contain [2] - 161:10; 226:1

contains [2] - 215:3, 8

content [3] - 230:10, 25;

234:12

context [11] - 20:14; 54:13;

63:20; 65:23; 155:3, 6;

178:21; 261:7

contexts [1] - 154:25

contextual [1] - 20:5

contingencies [1] - 152:16

continue [20] - 11:20; 54:3;

60:22; 68:21; 69:9;

76:23-25; 77:2; 128:5;

146:15; 171:17; 173:24;

176:1; 190:3; 246:6;

275:11; 280:25; 281:8

Continued [2] - 4:22; 5:2

continued [2] - 243:4; 248:3

continues [2] - 70:2; 280:1

continuing [7] - 67:13;

100:11; 135:10; 136:3;

191:13; 253:22; 266:1

contract [1] - 58:23

contracting [1] - 209:25

contractor [2] - 279:10

contractors [3] - 19:11; 23:2;

268:24

contrary [2] - 139:18; 153:10

contribute [3] - 156:21;

199:12; 268:16

contributes [1] - 268:6

contribution [4] - 26:22;

212:17; 268:2; 276:23

contributions [1] - 140:2

control [8] - 208:10; 211:20;

212:10; 213:6; 215:17;

216:1; 217:13; 221:11

controlled [1] - 146:8

controller [1] - 228:2

Controllers [3] - 210:3;

218:2; 220:12

convened [1] - 62:7

convenience [1] - 141:6

convention [1] - 206:16

conventions [1] - 71:15

conversation [8] - 56:20;

104:13; 116:21; 117:11;

118:9; 156:11; 188:18

conversations [1] - 54:17

converse [1] - 169:21

conversion [1] - 245:19

convert [2] - 71:2, 5

convince [1] - 195:15

convinced [2] - 198:21;

228:7

cooled [8] - 211:1, 3-4;

215:8, 16; 218:15; 224:9;

226:1

cools [1] - 215:11

cooperative [1] - 95:24

coordinated [4] - 163:3;

164:13; 166:3; 252:25

coordinated-area-based [1]

- 164:13

Copper [1] - 195:7

copy [3] - 83:17; 244:23;

264:10

core [2] - 64:21; 183:5

corporate [2] - 12:3; 146:13

corporation [7] - 21:1; 23:12;

64:22; 71:1; 138:3; 211:14;

214:1

correct [12] - 9:4; 27:2;

104:22; 106:16; 140:14;

178:18; 181:17; 187:1, 5-6;

189:15; 285:10

correlation [1] - 80:2

correspondence [1] - 234:11

corresponding [1] - 168:17

corresponds [1] - 160:22

corridor [1] - 107:1

corridors [1] - 106:24

cost [18] - 14:11; 15:6, 19;

16:13; 17:8; 24:21; 37:8;

70:8, 13; 135:12, 24;

136:13; 143:9; 147:4;

150:20; 151:11; 205:6

cost-effective [1] - 150:20

costs [6] - 15:25; 22:17;

37:13; 137:4; 165:9; 219:1

council [8] - 12:13; 28:3;

29:11; 33:2; 36:12; 46:9;

211:10; 272:12

councillor [1] - 132:5

Councillor [1] - 268:18

councils [1] - 121:8

Counsel [8] - 2:4, 9-10; 3:13;

4:18; 13:24; 229:21

counsel [5] - 14:3; 62:5;

159:8; 229:25; 279:1

Counsel) [4] - 3:18; 4:15;

61:19; 229:17

count [4] - 43:6; 125:16, 18;

128:1

counteract [1] - 112:21

countries [3] - 31:22; 40:23;

68:24

country [8] - 31:9; 73:25;

85:21; 90:8, 13; 91:16;

99:7; 133:12

couple [18] - 9:25; 47:2;

51:8; 53:24; 54:7; 55:1, 23;

76:17; 87:8; 90:1; 102:17;


9

184:1, 8; 228:24; 262:7,

16; 273:15; 281:1

coupled [1] - 15:14

couples [1] - 46:16

course [7] - 72:21; 74:14;

86:18; 109:9, 19; 224:5;

279:18

courses [1] - 171:7

COURT [1] - 2:13

courtesy [1] - 251:15

Courtney [1] - 2:6

cover [9] - 126:2; 152:16;

245:17; 247:5, 16; 255:19;

262:17; 265:14

covered [4] - 97:17; 128:14;

217:8; 262:13

Coxon [1] - 270:12

crack [1] - 82:12

crackfill [1] - 219:2

Craig [1] - 2:9

Cranbrook [1] - 207:5

crash [2] - 42:23; 204:1

crashes [4] - 40:4, 12-13;

43:20

create [9] - 19:12; 20:25;

38:9; 180:16; 193:7; 198:9;

199:3; 269:1; 277:6

created [5] - 20:17; 37:5;

137:4, 9; 272:9

creates [4] - 35:22, 24;

43:17; 134:13

creating [1] - 77:16

creation [4] - 237:16; 243:10;

247:24; 256:20

creations [1] - 35:12

creche [1] - 46:18

creches [1] - 46:15

credentials [5] - 205:21;

209:12, 22, 24; 210:4

credibility [1] - 19:13

credible [1] - 214:13

credit [1] - 37:6

Creek [12] - 6:10; 115:5;

131:12; 159:18; 160:20,

23; 172:4; 175:1; 180:9;

222:5; 282:23

Creston [3] - 130:22; 150:4,

6

crime [3] - 39:18; 41:2;

149:23

criminal [1] - 36:24

crisis [3] - 36:6, 9; 148:24

crisp [1] - 77:13

criteria [1] - 167:11

critical [7] - 16:10; 74:1;

101:21; 128:9; 150:25;

233:4; 236:24

critters [2] - 125:19; 127:16

cross [6] - 107:5, 21-22;

127:7, 17

crossing [3] - 127:13, 21;

133:22

crossings [1] - 253:16

crosswalk [1] - 47:10

crowded [1] - 69:4

Crown [9] - 21:1; 23:12,

16-17, 24; 64:22; 70:25;

108:15; 214:1

crud [1] - 217:4

CSR(A [3] - 2:15; 285:3, 19

cubic [4] - 8:16; 26:17;

214:24; 215:5

culling [1] - 156:5

CULLING [3] - 156:6; 157:16;

159:2

cultural [4] - 71:23; 97:20;

100:10; 266:7

culture [10] - 72:19; 97:13;

99:22, 24; 100:13, 18, 24;

133:15; 148:13; 149:8

cultures [4] - 69:15; 97:5, 7,

10

cumulative [53] - 14:13;

17:6; 19:16, 19; 20:1, 15,

19, 21; 21:3, 23; 139:12,

16; 144:14; 151:1, 9;

152:24; 153:10; 159:17;

160:2, 18; 161:18, 24;

162:10, 15, 25; 163:10, 20;

164:3, 19; 165:1, 12, 15,

23; 167:25; 173:25; 174:4;

176:25; 177:3; 179:4, 14;

192:24; 193:7; 194:3, 10;

195:19; 196:4, 17; 201:23;

202:17; 223:20; 282:23;

283:11

cumulatively [1] - 16:21

current [20] - 15:15; 124:10;

125:23; 135:23; 138:24;

162:20; 165:6, 8; 166:12;

167:17; 170:3; 172:9;

185:21; 188:12; 194:19;

197:20; 264:13; 265:12;

266:21; 267:24

curves [2] - 216:2; 258:10

customer [1] - 86:6

customized [1] - 254:18

cut [1] - 184:21

cutblocks [1] - 185:6

cuts [2] - 127:3; 184:20

CVs [1] - 232:14

cycle [1] - 35:9

cycles [8] - 28:15; 31:21, 23;

32:5; 34:15, 19; 41:23;

279:21

cyclic [1] - 224:5

D

D'Arcy [2] - 3:9; 7:22

dad [1] - 51:16

dads [1] - 36:18

dam [25] - 41:25; 42:15;

135:25; 136:10; 137:21;

144:4, 7; 146:18, 22;

147:22; 148:19, 25;

150:13; 152:21; 153:23;

154:6; 157:8; 158:12;

197:21; 198:3; 217:25;

238:15; 244:10; 270:5;

281:19

Dam [5] - 77:7, 9; 198:1, 3;

281:10

damage [1] - 16:5

dams [13] - 77:15; 92:6, 16;

93:5; 143:17; 145:17;

148:11; 193:13; 195:9, 17,

21; 197:10

Dane [1] - 133:15

Dane-Zaa [1] - 133:15

dark [10] - 135:13, 24;

146:18, 21; 147:22; 148:5,

8; 150:14; 152:20; 217:6

Darvill [2] - 266:5

Daryl [2] - 3:9; 7:23

dashed [1] - 162:22

data [45] - 8:10; 30:10; 40:18;

42:25; 58:6; 117:14; 118:5;

167:16; 168:2; 171:13;

175:12, 16-17, 20; 176:1,

4, 14, 17; 180:14; 181:12;

187:3; 189:23; 194:23;

197:8, 16, 25; 198:3-5, 7,

15; 200:3; 201:24; 214:15;

241:13, 16; 242:11; 260:2;

263:8, 18; 264:16

data-gathering [1] - 263:8

database [1] - 202:5

databases [1] - 201:21

datas [1] - 136:21

datasets [1] - 176:13

date [7] - 175:15; 199:23;

200:2; 201:11, 19-20;

202:23

dating [1] - 198:7

Dave [2] - 4:8; 129:19

DAVID [5] - 9:1; 26:13;

27:12, 17; 256:15

David [4] - 9:1; 42:8; 102:21;

139:24

DAVIES [1] - 63:15

Davies [2] - 4:1; 63:12

davis [1] - 62:23

Davis [6] - 3:19; 61:20;

62:11; 63:10; 64:1; 281:15

DAVIS [12] - 64:3, 6; 79:19,

23; 80:23; 82:16; 85:18;

86:16; 87:16; 94:6; 99:11;

103:22

Dawson [11] - 6:10; 115:5;

159:18; 160:20, 23; 172:4;

174:25; 180:9; 222:5;

282:23

day-by-day [1] - 149:16

day-to-day [1] - 246:14

daycare [4] - 46:18; 54:24;

55:2, 6

days [12] - 59:24; 67:2;

98:14; 133:22; 215:7;

225:24; 255:13; 260:7;

262:7, 16; 284:4

daytime [1] - 255:21

dead [1] - 47:15

deal [24] - 8:25; 23:10; 38:25;

90:19; 91:6; 101:24;

135:22; 136:1, 6; 137:3,

18; 138:8, 15-16, 23;

139:19, 23; 140:5; 151:5;

208:6; 209:9; 211:2, 15;

215:21

dealing [5] - 6:6; 84:2, 21;

86:6; 264:25

deals [2] - 65:13; 84:3

dealt [1] - 138:14

death [2] - 40:3; 127:3

deaths [3] - 40:12, 15, 23

debatable [1] - 94:24

debris [2] - 245:15; 255:19

debt [1] - 36:6

decade [4] - 132:15; 148:17;

254:13

decades [6] - 103:3; 138:2;

142:11; 154:4; 155:10;

156:16

December [2] - 121:13;

232:15

decide [1] - 73:1

decided [1] - 150:1

decimates [1] - 147:11

decision [27] - 25:5; 120:23;

121:5; 123:2; 124:1; 135:5;

161:25; 163:6; 164:10,

12-15, 17, 22-23; 166:2;

171:8; 207:16; 208:2;

209:7, 13; 214:22; 222:12;

275:20; 277:22

decision-makers [3] -

164:22; 166:2; 171:8

decision-making [11] - 25:5;

161:25; 163:6; 164:10,

12-15, 17, 23; 222:12

decisions [8] - 22:3; 93:10;

162:4, 13; 163:21; 171:6;

210:4; 261:11

declared [1] - 214:6

decline [4] - 106:22; 117:7;

252:13; 279:23

declined [2] - 106:21; 172:21

decrease [2] - 138:20;

139:19

decreased [1] - 106:15

dedicated [1] - 282:4

deemed [4] - 142:17; 152:21;

153:8; 217:19

deep [4] - 45:16; 127:1;

206:13; 255:20

deer [15] - 106:4, 8, 18, 20;

107:13, 22; 110:1; 125:25;

126:3, 5, 20-21; 127:17;

158:19


10

default [1] - 217:18

defensible [1] - 259:2

deficiencies [1] - 232:21

deficient [4] - 233:18;

235:22; 249:9

define [8] - 65:25; 67:18;

79:24; 101:18; 165:18;

166:22; 182:1; 264:20

defined [1] - 168:20

defining [1] - 178:14

definite [1] - 75:6

definitely [9] - 45:1; 54:10;

55:6; 75:4; 77:3, 15; 81:7;

82:21; 180:18

definition [5] - 66:2, 14, 17,

22; 140:22

definitions [1] - 141:12

defrost [1] - 225:18

defrosts [1] - 226:4

degree [5] - 103:16; 131:20,

23; 249:9; 279:6

degrees [4] - 215:10; 218:8;

225:11

delay [1] - 25:12

deliberations [1] - 251:22

delicate [1] - 94:7

delighted [2] - 156:7, 9

deliver [3] - 45:14; 65:18;

225:10

delivered [1] - 10:6

delivery [3] - 64:20; 65:5, 11

demand [7] - 64:25; 95:10;

170:22; 265:1; 269:13;

279:7, 12

demobilization [1] - 280:8

democratic [1] - 41:16

demographic [5] - 74:6;

76:13; 82:24; 105:20;

117:15

demonstrate [1] - 236:4

demonstration [4] - 161:20,

23; 176:8; 186:4

dense [1] - 215:8

densification [1] - 267:8

densities [1] - 124:18

density [3] - 105:24; 111:12;

240:1

density-dependent [1] -

111:12

department [2] - 203:17;

250:8

Department [2] - 250:7, 12

departure [1] - 219:16

dependent [2] - 111:12;

256:5

depicted [1] - 29:14

deprived [1] - 19:4

depth [3] - 117:10; 153:20;

188:18

derived [1] - 230:11

describe [4] - 72:14; 197:9;

234:6; 244:20

described [10] - 22:7; 31:21;

154:10; 239:23; 255:2, 9;

256:22; 265:23; 279:20;

283:1

describes [1] - 265:11

DESCRIPTION [2] - 3:2; 6:2

design [5] - 118:20; 144:16;

210:25; 260:1; 282:19

designated [3] - 125:17;

172:6; 173:4

designed [3] - 225:10; 244:4;

260:23

designing [1] - 163:1

desirable [1] - 139:9

desired [2] - 22:1; 164:17

desk [1] - 229:1

desktop [1] - 189:14

despite [5] - 37:15; 146:24;

234:10; 248:8; 256:7

Destination [5] - 62:16;

64:21, 23; 71:1; 74:11

destination [4] - 69:5, 17;

70:14; 71:3

destinations [1] - 70:8

detail [10] - 128:14; 167:8;

181:20; 184:15; 234:17;

239:13; 243:23; 249:16;

250:4; 283:16

detailed [3] - 107:16; 154:15;

173:18

details [7] - 80:21; 106:2;

151:19; 236:6; 243:16;

278:12

determinants [1] - 48:22

determine [7] - 20:5; 41:16;

88:21; 109:16; 110:25;

234:7; 238:14

determined [6] - 11:3;

108:18; 174:15; 182:19;

271:16; 275:22

determining [3] - 102:15;

144:2; 238:9

develop [18] - 29:18; 34:8,

22; 41:12; 42:13; 81:14;

138:11; 144:10; 157:7;

166:1; 173:6; 218:14;

223:8; 247:20; 250:24;

263:14; 276:3

developed [10] - 36:12;

95:10; 103:18; 157:5;

212:21; 234:16; 236:14;

259:6; 266:18

developing [4] - 173:14;

192:1; 223:4; 270:1

Development [2] - 3:16;

47:25

development [49] - 10:18,

21; 12:17; 20:7; 32:9; 37:4,

8; 48:8; 50:25; 51:6, 10;

52:2; 53:19; 54:23; 56:22;

59:14; 81:6, 10; 83:1;

94:20; 100:5; 102:16;

151:2; 152:25; 162:17;

164:1; 168:16; 170:15, 20;

173:1, 9; 178:5; 185:4;

210:25; 218:14; 220:25;

235:22; 236:21; 248:21;

251:5; 261:4, 22; 265:15,

21; 266:20; 277:23;

280:15; 283:10

developments [7] - 101:12;

132:25; 137:7; 144:1;

145:23; 172:21; 193:20

develops [1] - 274:1

DFO [5] - 257:3, 18-19;

259:5, 20

DFO's [1] - 257:7

diagram [2] - 223:19; 227:6

diagrams [1] - 205:3

dialogue [5] - 22:8; 118:4;

120:8, 17; 138:1

DIANE [3] - 156:6; 157:16;

159:2

Diane [1] - 2:15

dictate [1] - 16:9

dictionary [1] - 140:22

die [1] - 127:16

difference [4] - 32:1; 41:10;

276:23

differences [1] - 163:9

different [34] - 32:25; 40:3;

59:2; 73:7; 77:10-12;

80:13; 90:14; 92:22; 95:24;

96:11; 104:20; 106:18;

107:19; 110:1; 114:8, 18;

143:15; 180:1, 24; 181:7,

13; 184:16; 185:10, 25;

193:9; 242:22; 246:21;

258:17; 272:20, 24; 275:6

differentiate [3] - 112:24;

113:3, 5

differently [1] - 186:1

difficult [17] - 32:19; 38:14,

25; 40:18; 43:1, 11; 77:9;

83:5, 13; 107:17; 112:2;

119:17; 146:2; 197:3;

210:19; 227:3; 246:12

difficulty [1] - 147:1

digestive [1] - 40:6

dilemma [1] - 36:9

Dinosaur [1] - 174:17

direct [7] - 83:5, 14; 178:24;

179:16; 193:18; 271:13;

276:22

directed [3] - 220:21; 252:25;

265:23

directing [1] - 236:25

direction [10] - 23:23; 64:13;

146:11; 177:8, 20; 179:1;

181:2; 197:13; 204:9;

220:4

directions [1] - 195:2

directly [6] - 10:4; 53:8; 96:5;

100:7; 251:24; 282:19

director [7] - 62:12, 15, 18;

158:21; 159:20; 196:13;

197:12

directors [2] - 49:6; 100:6

dirty [1] - 152:6

disagreed [3] - 194:23;

195:12

disappear [1] - 149:22

disasters [1] - 37:5

discover [1] - 99:7

discovering [1] - 93:15

discuss [10] - 25:22; 167:2;

190:14; 243:7; 256:23;

265:3; 271:3; 277:10, 18;

281:1

discussed [12] - 191:25;

196:17; 208:21, 25; 209:9;

218:4; 264:25; 265:20;

268:25; 278:24; 279:16;

283:15

discussing [2] - 146:23;

266:3

discussion [13] - 13:18;

56:15; 63:4; 97:14; 141:17;

190:22; 193:20; 196:21;

199:1; 209:1; 247:14;

266:2, 20

discussions [12] - 10:2;

11:21; 21:13; 57:10, 13,

19; 78:22; 104:21; 178:8;

196:14; 265:4; 280:22

diseases [1] - 40:6

dismiss [1] - 206:3

dismissed [1] - 136:9

Disneyland [1] - 70:13

dispersed [1] - 124:17

dispersion [1] - 226:25

display [3] - 211:18, 20;

218:15

displays [1] - 233:3

dispute [1] - 278:6

disquisition [1] - 228:14

disruption [1] - 205:6

distance [2] - 211:25; 279:3

distinction [1] - 66:10

District [3] - 132:2; 273:11;

276:1

disturb [1] - 211:5

disturbances [2] - 184:14,

19

disturbed [3] - 184:23;

194:13; 211:4

disturbing [1] - 53:2

diverse [2] - 72:14; 137:23

diversity [1] - 69:14

divert [1] - 221:15

divide [2] - 71:25; 141:15

division [2] - 28:9; 32:16

document [7] - 193:25;

194:1; 230:14; 232:16;

264:10; 275:13; 277:1

documentation [2] - 232:20;

248:8

documented [2] - 143:6;


11

264:11

documents [2] - 113:13, 25

Doig [2] - 121:17; 125:20

dollar [3] - 68:15; 216:19, 24

dollars [6] - 19:9; 35:5;

49:13; 140:1; 158:16;

220:6

domestic [1] - 67:6

domestically [1] - 70:2

donations [1] - 140:2

done [57] - 34:17; 41:25;

43:3, 14; 45:22; 75:15, 20;

89:12; 96:6; 100:14; 101:3;

112:23; 114:1, 6; 118:22;

120:4, 22; 121:5; 123:13;

124:8, 11; 128:2; 135:22;

136:1, 6; 137:3, 18; 138:8,

15-16, 23; 139:19, 23-24;

140:5; 151:5; 167:8;

178:13; 179:23; 181:22;

184:24; 185:2, 23; 186:18;

187:4; 195:5; 198:2; 199:8;

229:10, 12; 240:25; 241:1,

21; 242:23; 267:19

done-deal [8] - 137:3, 18;

138:8, 15-16, 23; 139:19;

151:5

Donnelly [1] - 269:23

door [1] - 148:22

doors [1] - 283:8

doubt [1] - 142:12

Douglas [1] - 21:9

down [40] - 25:20; 35:4; 38:4;

40:17; 43:2; 53:21; 54:15,

19; 63:20; 64:3; 72:11;

80:4; 110:19, 22; 111:1,

20; 118:3; 133:16; 158:6;

161:7; 172:20; 187:8;

191:10; 192:13; 207:18;

208:7; 215:11; 217:8;

219:4, 7, 20; 224:11;

225:13; 226:17, 21;

227:13; 246:2; 260:10;

285:7

downfall [1] - 128:9

downstream [3] - 145:5, 12;

197:18

downwind [1] - 215:11

dozen [1] - 82:8

Dr [36] - 2:2; 3:14, 20; 4:11;

26:10; 27:19, 21; 30:15;

42:7, 21; 44:22, 25; 45:4;

47:9; 48:3, 6, 21; 51:21;

54:9; 61:23; 112:13; 129:4;

152:19; 160:11; 161:6;

174:7; 192:9; 200:15, 24;

257:6; 259:20; 279:20;

280:14; 282:21

DR [39] - 27:22; 30:17; 43:1;

44:3; 45:24; 47:17; 159:15;

160:7, 13; 161:8; 174:20,

23; 175:17, 23; 176:2;

177:23; 178:18; 180:4;

181:17; 182:17; 183:23;

185:1; 186:16, 19, 21;

187:6, 11, 19, 22; 188:2;

189:15; 190:8; 191:1, 8,

23; 192:11, 14; 195:22;

196:1

draft [7] - 11:7; 186:23;

187:2; 264:13, 15, 18;

276:19

drain [2] - 17:19; 244:10

drainage [1] - 132:14

drains [1] - 22:18

draw [4] - 88:3; 97:5; 220:13;

271:25

drawing [2] - 156:15; 157:18

drawn [2] - 72:16; 133:14

dreaded [1] - 199:19

dream [3] - 147:8; 150:12

dreamer [1] - 50:13

Dreamer's [1] - 284:23

dreams [2] - 135:9; 147:6

dressing [2] - 34:13; 42:10

dries [1] - 224:16

drifts [1] - 215:11

drill [1] - 149:10

drilled [1] - 28:23

drilling [1] - 34:21

drink [1] - 214:8

drinkall [2] - 90:3, 8

Drinkall [1] - 83:8

drinking [1] - 263:20

drive [5] - 43:5; 91:24; 96:6;

157:20; 220:1

drive-through [1] - 220:1

driven [2] - 25:1; 130:21

driver's [4] - 31:3; 36:24;

39:12; 43:13

drivers [3] - 43:15; 170:16

drives [3] - 92:2

driving [1] - 228:9

drop [6] - 36:3, 14, 20; 38:4;

80:19; 244:11

dropped [1] - 106:5

dropping [1] - 69:5

drops [4] - 35:5; 207:8;

243:12

drove [1] - 148:18

drug [2] - 39:13; 40:19

drunk [1] - 133:13

dry [3] - 133:25; 225:22

dual [1] - 131:21

duct [1] - 222:17

due [11] - 40:3, 12, 19;

156:19; 159:4; 160:25;

237:10; 247:1; 263:24;

270:22

Dumbrell [1] - 266:16

dumped [1] - 215:16

Dunlevy [1] - 158:11

Dunvegan [1] - 195:8

duration [2] - 20:24; 214:16

during [24] - 17:16; 22:24;

144:17; 155:7; 196:7, 24;

197:20; 206:9; 213:21;

236:20; 243:9, 11; 250:6;

251:4; 252:22; 254:3, 9;

255:13, 21; 263:24; 270:5,

7, 10; 281:18

duty [1] - 279:17

dynamic [3] - 155:21;

239:24; 240:11

dynamics [4] - 42:4; 154:3;

259:2; 260:9

E

EA [4] - 18:23; 20:12; 274:2;

277:22

EAO [12] - 178:9; 179:12;

196:13, 23; 197:12;

205:24; 273:13, 17, 23;

274:1, 3, 9

early [9] - 36:17; 39:23;

50:23, 25; 61:4; 104:3;

118:20; 282:15

earned [2] - 131:20, 23

ease [2] - 85:9; 250:14

easier [1] - 47:5

easily [3] - 66:19; 135:2;

183:15

east [5] - 130:1; 184:5;

212:16; 224:19, 22

easterly [1] - 224:24

eastern [4] - 48:10; 59:5;

211:23; 213:18

easy [5] - 60:2; 78:16; 120:3;

220:8; 224:2

easy-fix [1] - 60:2

eat [1] - 43:18

eaten [1] - 256:1

ecological [8] - 134:11;

143:18; 150:24; 152:25;

153:3; 168:14; 169:23

ecologists [1] - 121:22

ecology [2] - 131:22; 232:11

economic [15] - 7:13; 9:22;

32:2; 33:22; 34:19; 36:2;

37:16; 41:22; 42:5; 135:6,

12; 139:2, 6; 155:2

Economic [2] - 1:14; 7:6

economical [6] - 28:12; 29:5;

33:17; 36:9; 37:5, 10

economics [1] - 134:20

economists [1] - 47:15

economy [7] - 19:11; 20:23;

35:13; 66:18, 20; 71:12;

136:13

ecosection [1] - 137:15

ecosystem [9] - 137:24;

139:8; 143:15; 144:7;

168:8; 253:1; 255:8; 266:6

ecosystems [4] - 133:25;

143:19, 23

ecotourism [4] - 71:16;

74:17; 81:21, 25

Edge [4] - 64:16, 18, 20; 71:9

Edmonton [2] - 204:4;

223:10

education [4] - 37:2; 43:25;

44:12

educations [1] - 44:11

effect [17] - 83:6; 109:7, 12;

111:22; 112:22; 151:16;

153:2; 163:22; 185:12;

193:8; 194:4, 9-10; 195:19;

260:13; 267:17

effective [8] - 23:2; 137:6;

145:12; 146:8; 150:20;

248:22; 254:12; 263:14

effectively [2] - 146:16;

234:20

effectiveness [7] - 143:2;

145:16; 165:8; 193:23;

234:7; 235:16; 254:21

effectness [1] - 143:9

effects [82] - 11:16; 14:13;

15:4; 17:5; 19:16, 19; 20:1,

15, 19, 21; 21:24; 42:12;

83:11; 111:6; 145:5; 151:9;

152:24; 156:12; 159:17;

160:2, 18; 161:19, 24;

162:6, 10, 15, 25; 163:10,

20; 164:3, 19; 165:1, 12,

15, 23; 167:25; 174:1, 4;

176:25; 177:3; 179:4, 14;

192:24; 193:22; 194:17;

195:21; 196:4, 17; 197:5,

9, 23; 198:13; 199:5, 12;

201:23; 234:5, 9, 20;

235:8; 237:11; 243:15, 24;

244:18; 250:25; 254:6, 9;

255:1; 256:20; 264:8, 21;

268:21; 270:21; 271:18;

272:8; 273:2; 274:8;

276:17; 282:24; 283:12

efficacy [2] - 151:17; 152:8

efficiency [1] - 242:7

efficient [2] - 203:16; 229:10

effort [6] - 43:3; 124:15, 21;

137:21; 143:10; 230:16

efforts [9] - 18:25; 59:15;

137:16; 140:3; 237:1, 6;

251:18; 282:14

eggs [1] - 239:10

eight [7] - 30:8; 48:13; 64:14;

68:16; 211:8; 219:13;

275:14

EIS [43] - 8:9; 11:17; 16:19;

17:12; 19:14, 17; 20:18;

27:9, 15; 45:5; 123:23;

142:23; 143:4, 7; 144:19;

151:4; 154:15; 155:8;

177:7; 193:6, 10; 196:8;

197:10; 206:3; 209:17;

214:19; 234:4, 6; 244:17,

19, 24; 248:16; 254:4;

256:19, 22; 259:15; 260:4;


12

263:2; 264:19; 265:18;

266:9; 275:18

either [7] - 16:21; 82:5;

101:19; 137:22; 152:16;

154:17; 177:6

El [1] - 224:4

elaborate [1] - 174:18

Elders [1] - 121:7

elected [1] - 227:22

elections [1] - 35:12

electric [1] - 150:23

electrician [2] - 204:6, 12

electricity [5] - 12:6, 24-25;

23:9

Elementary [1] - 148:20

elements [3] - 65:5; 77:25;

178:10

elevation [2] - 107:14, 19

elicit [2] - 39:13; 40:19

elk [13] - 106:4, 8, 10-11;

107:21; 110:2; 111:3;

113:6, 8; 119:18; 126:7;

127:14

Elliott [1] - 240:25

elsewhere [8] - 67:10; 70:9;

71:4; 147:20; 208:5, 19;

234:13; 249:25

embedded [1] - 49:8

embedding [1] - 271:5

emerged [1] - 87:20

emergency [3] - 11:6;

244:10; 269:7

emerging [1] - 88:1

emission [2] - 215:9; 223:2

emissions [3] - 214:6;

219:20; 227:4

emphasize [1] - 125:12

empirical [1] - 258:8

employable [1] - 39:8

employed [4] - 240:19, 23;

243:1; 244:7

employee [1] - 157:10

employers [1] - 59:13

employment [5] - 12:17;

39:6; 66:13; 67:20; 134:5

empower [1] - 272:13

empowering [2] - 18:14;

24:18

EMPs [1] - 277:25

enables [1] - 269:20

encampments [1] - 102:25

encourage [4] - 19:19;

22:12; 96:9; 279:9

encouraged [1] - 45:20

end [14] - 37:9; 38:4; 50:7;

52:24; 56:24; 57:6; 92:22;

173:21; 186:23, 25;

198:11; 199:10; 227:20;

280:3

endlessly [1] - 228:6

endorsed [1] - 263:10

endowment [2] - 133:3;

137:9

Endowment [2] - 4:10;

130:12

ends [1] - 156:2

enduring [1] - 13:12

energy [7] - 21:10; 87:25;

88:1; 137:22; 178:5;

217:17

Energy [2] - 133:10; 217:21

ENERGY [1] - 1:2

enforce [2] - 272:13; 275:5

enforceable [2] - 18:22;

213:20

enforcement [4] - 273:8;

274:4, 11; 275:16

engage [6] - 21:22; 47:11;

173:24; 190:10; 253:25

engaged [2] - 237:2; 282:20

engagement [5] - 12:18;

13:4, 9; 261:20; 280:25

engaging [2] - 24:11; 86:3

engine [3] - 216:12; 221:5,

13

England [1] - 241:1

enhance [1] - 157:11

enhanced [1] - 158:5

enhancement [11] - 132:12;

158:17; 232:23; 237:13,

16; 247:23; 253:3, 11, 14,

18, 24

enhancements [1] - 233:21

enhancing [1] - 237:9

enjoy [4] - 70:12; 78:16;

96:10; 157:4

enjoyed [1] - 132:7

enjoying [1] - 101:16

enjoyment [1] - 81:7

ensure [5] - 19:1; 24:11;

251:19; 271:24; 278:19

ensuring [1] - 24:7

enter [1] - 103:20

entering [1] - 275:9

enters [1] - 245:16

entertain [1] - 228:11

enthusiasts [1] - 72:15

entire [3] - 75:9; 95:15; 158:6

entirely [2] - 187:3; 259:6

entities [1] - 268:16

entitled [3] - 23:14; 230:6;

284:22

entrenched [1] - 48:17

entrepreneur [1] - 81:13

entrepreneurship [1] - 100:8

envelopment [1] - 139:11

environment [13] - 66:7;

69:16; 91:13; 99:16;

147:20; 169:24; 201:2;

205:9-11; 245:13

Environment [20] - 1:14; 7:6;

114:11, 24; 132:9; 136:8;

152:11; 156:16; 178:4;

193:16; 196:13, 15;

197:12; 206:6; 213:21;

214:9; 228:16; 230:6;

257:5; 276:13

environmental [27] - 22:1;

33:19, 21; 139:12; 153:4,

12; 165:4; 178:6, 24;

179:22; 180:6; 188:23;

190:25; 191:21; 192:3;

193:22; 195:16; 198:22;

205:7; 214:5; 232:20;

234:9; 265:8; 273:9;

277:24

Environmental [16] - 131:2;

132:22; 133:10; 163:13,

16, 25; 177:11, 22; 178:19;

193:18; 196:22; 198:2;

205:25; 230:20; 246:15;

274:16

ENVIRONMENTAL [2] - 1:6,

8

environmentally [2] -

219:24; 221:7

environments [1] - 255:1

envisaged [1] - 112:22

envision [1] - 178:12

envisioning [1] - 180:15

equal [1] - 209:14

equipment [5] - 16:6; 18:12;

24:17; 36:4; 279:17

equipped [1] - 209:8

ER [1] - 38:24

erodes [1] - 226:21

error [1] - 216:10

errors [2] - 142:6; 204:24

ERs [1] - 38:23

especially [8] - 85:17; 96:13;

116:15; 191:22; 194:25;

195:20; 218:13; 225:7

Esq [3] - 2:4, 9

essence [2] - 69:11; 178:13

essential [1] - 19:4

essentially [4] - 117:1;

243:11, 21; 259:4

establish [2] - 22:1; 236:12

ESTABLISHED [1] - 1:2

established [13] - 13:8; 49:6,

10; 80:25; 88:20; 152:5,

15; 172:11; 181:24;

245:21; 246:13; 247:18;

279:17

establishing [4] - 162:23;

179:8; 188:9; 203:4

establishment [3] - 179:9;

247:3; 277:3

esteemed [1] - 62:4

estimate [4] - 151:13;

171:16; 244:14; 247:10

estimated [2] - 26:21; 244:13

estimates [2] - 154:16;

242:22

et [11] - 91:18; 125:22;

127:19; 128:3; 141:6;

169:11; 185:6; 195:7;

196:9; 259:25; 276:7

Europe [1] - 70:5

European [1] - 97:8

evaluate [2] - 143:25; 271:6

evaluating [1] - 232:2

evaluation [1] - 186:22

evening [2] - 266:11; 272:3

event [1] - 244:10

events [1] - 49:12

eventually [1] - 180:3

evergreen [1] - 90:14

everywhere [1] - 227:15

evidence [2] - 20:5; 255:7

eviscerated [1] - 147:12

evolve [3] - 97:11; 102:6;

190:3

exacerbate [1] - 16:15

exacerbated [1] - 19:22

exact [1] - 84:1

Exactly [1] - 200:20

exactly [4] - 86:7; 107:17;

122:3; 209:21

exaggerated [1] - 150:18

examine [1] - 258:15

examined [1] - 55:7

example [24] - 67:20; 68:5;

74:22; 100:6; 110:15;

137:8; 146:5; 154:21;

161:2, 4; 168:25; 169:2,

14, 17; 171:20; 173:19;

190:18; 237:8; 239:9, 18;

240:2; 241:12; 253:14

examples [4] - 166:16;

195:6, 9; 222:13

exceed [2] - 173:1; 255:15

exceeded [3] - 131:3;

152:18; 172:18

excellence [1] - 12:21

excellent [6] - 49:9; 82:16;

85:18; 94:6, 22; 100:23

except [2] - 171:23; 175:6

exceptional [4] - 69:18;

70:14; 85:5, 14

excess [1] - 140:2

excited [1] - 55:3

exciting [1] - 178:11

exclude [1] - 195:17

exclusive [1] - 167:20

excuse [2] - 195:24; 283:7

executive [4] - 62:11;

158:21; 196:13; 197:12

executives [1] - 42:3

exempt [1] - 214:7

exercise [4] - 42:9; 43:18;

97:18, 20

exercises [1] - 107:17

exercising [1] - 24:13

exhaustive [1] - 260:11

exist [2] - 114:19; 282:6

existing [39] - 10:19; 14:15;

16:22; 17:21; 19:22; 20:2;

21:4; 57:11, 23; 75:4; 81:4,


13

16, 20; 88:3; 89:18; 92:6;

94:11; 103:23; 137:6;

145:17; 154:21; 156:20;

166:14; 167:13; 176:4,

12-13; 182:20; 187:7;

193:20; 194:14, 23;

245:21; 247:18; 267:9;

275:19; 278:18; 281:9

exotic [1] - 69:3

expand [1] - 180:15

expanded [4] - 49:14, 18;

55:1; 223:13

expanding [2] - 223:3;

260:18

expansion [1] - 128:1

expansive [1] - 72:14

expect [8] - 16:13; 82:7;

153:22; 154:5; 252:5, 11;

279:6

expectation [1] - 23:22

Expectations [1] - 23:15

expectations [1] - 24:1

expected [9] - 76:21; 98:4;

154:10, 16; 168:16; 235:9;

244:21; 279:11

expecting [3] - 99:15;

106:16; 117:10

expended [1] - 146:4

expending [1] - 260:19

expenditure [1] - 145:25

expenditures [3] - 69:24;

75:21, 24

expense [1] - 130:23

expensive [3] - 46:24;

219:24; 221:5

experience [21] - 17:2;

58:13; 71:23; 78:15; 80:17;

85:5, 14; 88:10; 95:9;

99:24; 100:13; 120:24;

140:12, 18; 156:15; 157:6;

188:15; 232:1; 263:23;

264:8

Experiences [2] - 82:20;

94:18

experiences [7] - 69:15, 19;

70:15; 91:16; 96:11;

142:22

experiencing [1] - 280:18

expert [2] - 119:1; 133:9

expertise [6] - 107:25;

203:13; 206:14; 213:12;

214:11; 220:13

experts [5] - 11:18; 50:9;

228:18; 238:21; 282:16

explain [3] - 85:3; 114:5;

210:5

explained [2] - 44:6; 273:9

explanation [1] - 259:4

explicit [3] - 167:18; 187:23;

265:14

exploration [1] - 173:9

exploring [1] - 163:5

express [4] - 189:4; 209:16;

215:22

expressed [3] - 144:25;

268:19; 269:8

expressing [1] - 147:25

extend [4] - 160:25; 161:5, 9;

175:5

extended [2] - 161:13

extension [2] - 29:12; 267:13

extensive [4] - 194:1; 232:1;

241:1; 282:14

extensively [1] - 106:5

extent [8] - 58:2; 93:21;

111:4, 6; 144:2; 161:11;

194:12

external [2] - 12:15; 82:23

extirpate [1] - 233:24

extirpated [4] - 120:16, 25;

122:14; 237:10

extra [1] - 221:22

extreme [2] - 94:14; 124:21

extremely [1] - 56:6

eye [2] - 225:11, 13

Eyford [4] - 21:9, 16, 20;

22:7

Eyford's [1] - 22:10

F

fabric [2] - 87:4; 152:23

face [4] - 62:18; 191:11;

243:14

face-to-face [1] - 191:11

faced [1] - 208:14

faces [1] - 53:7

facet [2] - 133:3; 137:9

facilitated [1] - 251:20

facilitators [1] - 149:2

facilities [5] - 27:6, 8; 78:17;

156:25; 254:15

facility [2] - 223:4; 254:19

facility-specific [1] - 254:19

fact [13] - 45:20; 95:1;

152:13; 169:6; 177:10;

199:21; 212:2, 22; 216:24;

227:20; 248:11; 259:10;

264:3

factor [4] - 210:15; 224:3;

258:19

factors [1] - 188:14

factual [1] - 119:6

failed [2] - 151:9; 152:11

fails [1] - 20:18

failure [1] - 135:23

fair [3] - 35:19; 106:2; 187:10

fairly [10] - 9:6; 44:1; 59:21;

85:9; 91:11; 99:18; 107:16;

116:24; 117:10; 275:17

fairness [2] - 137:1; 212:20

fall [3] - 63:3; 215:15; 255:25

fallen [1] - 82:11

falls [1] - 40:6

false [1] - 107:12

familiar [2] - 62:17; 133:24

families [10] - 48:19, 24;

50:1, 6; 53:9; 55:18, 21;

56:2, 18; 149:21

family [14] - 28:9; 32:16;

36:6; 50:5; 58:19; 59:2;

73:11; 130:25; 134:8;

135:3, 9; 148:10, 15; 282:9

far [13] - 6:10; 60:1; 75:3;

86:13; 99:3; 115:5; 123:5;

134:2; 175:14; 183:1;

212:24; 264:7; 276:10

farcical [1] - 203:9

farm [1] - 172:6

farmland [1] - 256:11

farms [1] - 134:18

fascinating [2] - 228:7, 14

fashion [1] - 143:3

fast [1] - 34:22

fatal [1] - 129:24

fathom [1] - 55:11

fatiguing [1] - 135:17

fault [1] - 212:21

faulty [1] - 151:12

favour [2] - 8:4; 275:9

favouring [1] - 227:19

February [1] - 200:4

federal [6] - 21:9; 25:8;

175:11; 265:23; 271:20;

277:22

feed [1] - 117:15

feedback [1] - 158:21

feet [5] - 49:16; 53:11; 209:2,

5, 7

FELDBERG [2] - 26:6; 229:5

Feldberg [2] - 2:10; 26:5

felt [1] - 141:12

fence [1] - 227:12

Fentanyl [1] - 40:22

few [17] - 9:24; 28:1, 17;

35:5; 65:14; 75:7; 81:23;

93:15; 94:17; 106:20;

124:12; 134:9; 167:6;

172:11; 174:13; 229:12

fewer [3] - 76:16; 111:18

field [4] - 120:22; 121:4;

201:19; 237:4

fieldwork [1] - 187:5

fifth [1] - 241:3

figure [3] - 31:18; 110:14;

192:17

figures [2] - 39:3; 40:13

filed [6] - 221:25; 229:9;

230:7, 13; 232:14; 273:13

filing [1] - 11:17

filled [1] - 127:8

filling [1] - 263:24

filter [3] - 168:11, 21

filter/fine [3] - 168:11, 21

final [12] - 7:12; 77:20; 135:1;

186:22; 217:19; 229:3;

235:6; 236:12; 250:19;

272:2; 274:19; 276:5

finalize [1] - 270:11

finalized [2] - 196:14; 197:11

finally [12] - 11:23; 13:6;

24:23; 222:17; 226:7, 22;

269:17; 275:14; 276:22;

278:14; 281:23; 283:13

finance [2] - 85:10; 132:4

financial [9] - 11:5; 23:4;

131:5; 136:21; 138:20;

268:2, 9; 269:2; 276:22

findings [3] - 11:15; 136:2

fine [1] - 238:1

finished [4] - 90:3; 125:15;

278:20; 283:8

firefighter [1] - 204:1

firm [1] - 107:11

first [39] - 10:5; 14:11; 15:3;

22:17; 38:8; 63:22; 65:20,

25; 87:9; 90:1; 94:1; 97:2;

101:17; 109:15; 110:25;

125:9, 11; 128:23; 130:16;

169:18; 172:12; 174:14;

179:22; 186:18; 187:2;

192:2; 200:16; 203:23;

222:19; 231:5; 243:22;

246:22, 25; 250:22;

257:21; 266:16; 273:17,

23; 274:15

First [84] - 3:13; 4:14, 18-19,

21-22; 5:1, 3; 11:9; 13:10,

13, 20, 23; 14:4, 6; 21:13;

25:3, 21; 37:24; 97:18;

105:13; 115:16; 116:6, 8;

121:7, 23; 123:1, 15;

125:10; 130:17; 139:25;

148:12; 165:11; 166:8, 20;

174:2; 176:9; 184:11;

186:11, 14; 188:5, 20;

189:4, 10; 190:17; 192:7;

193:3; 229:4, 16, 22, 25;

230:3; 231:14; 232:24;

233:7; 235:13; 236:8, 16,

18; 237:2, 13; 238:3;

243:5; 245:4; 248:4; 251:2,

12, 20; 252:10; 253:5, 23;

254:23; 256:24; 257:15;

260:21; 261:2, 19, 21;

264:2; 265:20, 25; 284:22

first-aid [1] - 10:5

firstly [1] - 31:17

fiscal [3] - 173:21; 186:23

fish [79] - 11:13, 16, 21-22;

127:24; 132:13; 142:22;

143:12, 24; 144:3, 9;

145:19; 169:10; 213:23;

229:7; 230:4, 7; 232:2, 18,

23; 233:12, 25; 234:14, 23;

235:9, 18; 236:10, 13, 19;

237:19; 238:8, 12; 240:20;

241:7; 243:8, 13, 15, 19,

23; 244:13; 245:17; 247:4,

17; 251:3; 252:7; 253:15;


14

254:2, 6-7, 11, 19-20;

255:4, 7, 11, 16, 19-20;

256:1, 8, 16; 257:11;

258:1, 4; 259:12; 263:7, 18

fish-stranding [2] - 243:15,

19

fisheries [20] - 11:10, 18;

145:14; 231:20, 23;

232:11; 233:11, 24; 234:2;

235:17, 21; 236:5, 17;

237:14; 238:22; 244:21;

247:21; 248:19; 252:4, 6

Fisheries [4] - 237:7; 250:7,

12; 252:17

fishermen's [1] - 158:16

fishery [2] - 249:24; 254:8

fishes [1] - 260:8

fit [2] - 81:25; 178:9

five [8] - 29:8; 36:20; 65:22;

76:20; 106:14; 167:10;

213:18; 223:1

fix [2] - 29:3; 60:2

fixed [7] - 239:9; 240:3;

241:12; 257:23; 258:14, 18

fixture [1] - 225:8

flares [1] - 212:15

flash [1] - 225:12

flashes [1] - 225:17

flavour [4] - 70:16; 72:3;

73:13; 138:19

flew [1] - 223:16

flexible [1] - 21:18

flight [4] - 208:8; 209:3;

221:25

FLIR [3] - 118:25; 119:10, 18

FLNRO [6] - 115:14; 118:9;

121:17, 22; 123:10, 14

floats [2] - 224:13

flood [4] - 87:12; 103:2;

156:19; 265:11

flooded [1] - 89:17

flooding [2] - 83:21; 108:19

floor [8] - 26:2; 44:22; 60:10;

104:2; 153:16; 202:13;

228:12; 262:2

flourish [1] - 50:2

flow [8] - 78:11; 134:12;

135:15; 169:21, 23;

171:18; 197:20; 224:24

flown [1] - 227:18

flows [3] - 134:13; 171:9;

224:25

fluctuates [1] - 110:6

fluctuating [2] - 246:14;

247:15

fluctuations [6] - 240:14;

243:11; 245:23; 246:10;

247:2; 254:5

fly [5] - 33:4; 42:2; 208:10;

215:12

flyers [1] - 210:1

flying [2] - 203:25; 227:2

focus [18] - 49:25; 50:23, 25;

64:24; 70:22; 94:9; 132:23;

133:11; 161:23; 162:11,

23; 164:17; 232:21; 233:8;

237:8; 249:23; 260:18;

267:7

focused [6] - 16:23; 17:14;

45:11; 164:14; 232:10

focuses [2] - 94:18; 233:10

focusing [2] - 71:19; 95:1

focussed [1] - 45:6

fog [6] - 31:5; 159:4; 227:24;

283:19, 22

folks [2] - 67:4; 186:24

follow [14] - 38:3; 48:5;

62:24; 74:25; 89:6; 157:15;

175:4; 216:21; 234:6;

252:19, 23; 257:12;

276:15; 277:21

follow-up [8] - 62:24; 74:25;

89:6; 157:15; 234:6;

252:19; 257:12; 277:21

following [8] - 22:16; 57:24;

138:2; 151:4; 167:11;

234:24; 238:15; 250:17

food [9] - 15:20; 67:21;

150:22; 245:14; 247:4, 17;

255:25; 256:2

foods [1] - 43:19

footed [1] - 169:9

foothills [1] - 225:3

footprint [4] - 144:1, 5;

185:4; 205:7

footprints [1] - 144:8

forbearance [1] - 135:18

force [1] - 272:11

forced [2] - 33:12; 227:7

forces [3] - 46:4, 9; 147:17

ford [2] - 228:25; 229:1

forecast [11] - 111:25;

203:20; 205:22; 208:3;

210:15, 19; 211:17;

266:17; 267:14; 279:22;

280:1

forecaster [1] - 205:21

forecasters [2] - 210:2;

220:11

forecasting [1] - 170:12

forecasts [2] - 202:22;

206:22

forefront [1] - 148:19

foreign [1] - 85:8

foremost [1] - 192:3

foresee [1] - 179:12

foreseeable [7] - 14:15;

17:22; 19:23; 20:2; 162:17;

185:20; 267:4

foresight [1] - 47:11

forest [5] - 131:24; 133:21;

171:22; 172:19; 181:8

Forest [4] - 3:21; 61:25;

153:18; 217:18

FOREST [5] - 153:18; 154:2;

155:6, 25; 156:2

forestry [3] - 131:23; 173:3;

217:16

Forestry [5] - 3:17; 4:1;

61:13, 17; 63:13

Forests [12] - 4:11; 6:7;

62:19; 65:6; 84:23; 103:9;

159:21; 160:11; 177:25;

257:4; 281:4; 282:21

forests [1] - 181:15

forever [2] - 42:16; 204:3

forge [1] - 255:23

forget [1] - 84:1

Forging [1] - 21:11

forgot [1] - 8:8

forgotten [1] - 182:12

form [6] - 32:20; 62:25; 84:6;

224:11; 259:17; 265:12

formal [8] - 23:22; 33:23;

56:15, 21; 275:13; 277:1;

278:13; 280:21

formats [1] - 141:14

formed [3] - 134:18; 135:9;

147:14

former [1] - 131:16

forming [3] - 133:2; 147:15;

190:2

Fort [73] - 1:24; 3:15; 7:2;

10:17, 20; 11:7; 14:12, 24;

15:9, 12, 21-22; 16:2, 8,

14, 23; 17:1, 9, 12-13, 15;

18:17; 24:20; 33:3, 5; 38:7;

42:25; 47:24; 48:11, 14,

19, 25; 49:8, 19; 51:21;

54:22, 25; 56:3; 60:19, 23;

90:24; 91:1, 25; 92:23;

93:1; 102:23; 120:11;

129:5; 130:22; 131:9, 17;

132:6; 134:7, 10; 136:9;

149:9; 150:7; 154:3; 158:9;

204:11; 222:4; 260:16;

266:12; 270:1, 19; 278:11;

279:7; 280:15; 282:3;

283:15

fort [1] - 282:5

forth [1] - 285:8

fortitude [2] - 135:18; 150:11

forts [1] - 102:22

forum [5] - 22:20; 46:3, 8;

100:20; 280:11

forward [27] - 10:13, 16;

11:20; 13:14, 17; 25:23;

45:1; 57:13, 24; 78:5, 8;

105:22; 119:2; 126:19, 21;

149:19; 174:5; 190:2;

191:14; 216:3; 253:22;

261:5; 263:9; 266:1;

277:16; 281:2

forward-looking [1] - 119:2

forwarded [1] - 113:22

foundation [1] - 22:7

founded [1] - 282:5

four [17] - 12:16, 21; 36:20;

39:9; 49:19; 75:1; 99:22;

135:22; 213:18; 215:4;

223:6; 233:10, 13; 252:3;

256:23; 259:23; 276:10

fourth [1] - 240:15

fowl [1] - 227:16

fragile [1] - 146:25

framework [1] - 252:19

France [1] - 211:14

frankly [1] - 95:3

Fraser [4] - 87:19; 93:24;

102:20; 231:25

freeze [1] - 215:12

freezing [3] - 127:12; 217:1;

224:9

frequency [1] - 214:16

frequent [1] - 149:13

Friday [1] - 200:8

friends [4] - 73:6, 11; 131:9;

150:1

front [5] - 67:19; 123:21;

183:13; 226:17; 229:1

frontier [2] - 71:23; 72:17

frost [1] - 225:9

frozen [2] - 97:7; 215:13

fruit [1] - 180:13

frustrates [1] - 145:15

frustration [3] - 138:6; 142:3;

149:2

frustrations [1] - 34:7

FTE [2] - 52:11

fuel [13] - 15:25; 208:1, 3-5,

18; 221:6, 13, 17, 19-20,

22; 222:10

full [4] - 52:12; 57:3; 117:23;

161:11

full-time [1] - 52:12

fully [6] - 68:1; 206:8;

243:16, 25; 246:12; 254:4

fun [3] - 49:23; 122:9

function [6] - 114:13;

242:11; 245:24; 246:10;

258:11; 259:22

functional [1] - 246:17

functions [2] - 134:11;

259:19

fund [9] - 57:16; 143:7;

152:3; 252:23; 269:5;

271:11, 25; 275:23

Fund [2] - 158:9, 15

fundamentally [1] - 138:2

funding [5] - 137:22; 143:4;

151:16; 271:13; 275:21

fundraised [1] - 49:13

funds [6] - 11:2; 95:16;

127:25; 128:1; 152:7;

269:6

fur [1] - 282:2

furthering [1] - 182:6

furthermore [1] - 141:18

furthest [2] - 197:17; 198:6


15

future [26] - 25:5; 102:6;

112:2; 117:8; 118:3; 128:5;

136:19; 150:2, 22; 162:17;

168:4; 201:22; 236:14, 25;

248:16, 22, 24; 249:4, 22;

257:13; 261:1; 265:17;

266:18; 267:4, 20, 22

G

G.8 [1] - 8:12

G7 [1] - 26:16

G8 [3] - 6:4; 9:13; 26:14

gagnon [1] - 280:15

Gagnon [6] - 3:15; 47:20, 24;

48:1; 280:21

GAGNON [6] - 48:4; 57:4;

58:7; 59:12; 60:18; 61:2

gain/loss [1] - 81:15

Gaining [3] - 64:16, 20; 71:9

gaining [1] - 64:18

gains [1] - 60:3

game [1] - 46:6

gap [1] - 117:12

gapping [1] - 214:19

gaps [1] - 236:24

Gary [3] - 3:10; 7:24; 83:8

Gas [2] - 173:5; 178:4

gas [12] - 28:22; 34:20, 25;

84:4; 170:20; 172:21;

173:7, 15; 178:5; 212:11,

15; 217:15

gastrolyne [1] - 41:2

Gateway [1] - 133:9

gather [3] - 97:19; 128:25;

159:4

gathered [3] - 142:15;

175:14; 189:12

gathering [2] - 179:25; 263:8

gear [2] - 244:5, 8

gear-size [1] - 244:8

gears [1] - 51:1

Gelita [1] - 113:22

general [7] - 19:1; 25:22;

54:8, 16; 55:23; 84:6;

142:21

generalizations [1] - 107:12

generally [9] - 48:16; 66:12;

107:12; 108:10; 109:22;

160:22; 184:14, 23

generate [3] - 19:10; 85:24;

225:18

generated [1] - 223:18

generates [2] - 75:8; 226:4

generating [1] - 66:12

generation [4] - 147:15;

150:19, 23; 194:15

generically [1] - 185:24

gentleman [2] - 60:21;

231:17

geography [1] - 131:22

George [14] - 15:24; 17:19,

24; 32:4; 33:4; 47:14;

48:12; 72:7; 222:6, 22, 25;

223:5; 279:5

Germany [1] - 72:24

Gilbride [1] - 2:10

GIS [1] - 189:24

given [10] - 68:14; 75:2, 7;

159:10; 166:9; 179:10;

217:18; 257:10; 259:2;

279:3

global [2] - 94:12; 224:4

globally [1] - 67:24

globally-standard [1] - 67:24

glove [1] - 180:21

glycol [3] - 219:19, 23;

220:18

goal [1] - 65:1

goals [1] - 22:4

goat [1] - 110:4

god [1] - 226:7

Godsoe [1] - 2:9

gold [3] - 12:20; 31:25; 32:2

Gold [1] - 195:7

Gold-Copper [1] - 195:7

golf [1] - 49:22

Goliath [1] - 139:24

goods [11] - 14:11; 15:5, 25;

17:19, 24-25; 19:2, 7;

22:19; 24:12; 279:2

goodwill [1] - 46:5

governance [1] - 137:1

governed [1] - 49:5

government [36] - 23:21;

25:1, 9, 21; 29:12; 32:13;

37:9; 38:17; 64:9; 96:19,

25; 97:25; 98:5, 8; 99:10;

118:3, 24; 121:20; 136:18;

157:10; 162:21; 163:6, 15;

164:19; 166:19; 176:4, 6;

177:1; 179:1; 188:4;

263:13; 268:6, 17; 271:20;

278:23

government's [3] - 21:17;

23:18, 25

Government's [1] - 23:15

government-to-

government [1] - 188:4

governments [4] - 21:22;

34:10; 164:18; 265:24

governor [1] - 272:12

Grade [1] - 36:19

grades [1] - 276:5

graduate [2] - 39:21; 133:24

graduation [1] - 203:19

Grand [2] - 204:2; 210:14

grandma [2] - 51:16; 58:21

grandpa [1] - 58:21

Grant [1] - 283:25

granted [1] - 275:6

granting [1] - 130:19

granular [2] - 72:12; 79:24

graph [4] - 38:3; 54:5;

162:22; 172:10

graphs [1] - 134:21

grapple [1] - 185:8

gratitude [2] - 201:1; 251:17

grave [1] - 53:7

gravel [1] - 15:23

grayling [22] - 234:1; 237:11;

239:5, 10; 240:2; 242:8;

248:25; 249:4, 19; 250:25;

252:13; 253:6, 11; 256:21;

257:14, 17, 21, 25; 258:7,

10; 259:1; 262:4

great [23] - 45:13; 48:5;

55:20; 60:3, 13; 69:14;

73:20; 78:15, 20; 86:18;

87:17; 88:7, 11-12; 95:9;

98:6, 25; 103:23; 153:1;

160:7; 177:23

greater [4] - 139:16; 150:22;

153:5; 266:24

greatest [2] - 11:4; 57:17

greatly [2] - 144:21; 280:24

green [1] - 169:9

Green [2] - 3:9; 7:22

grieve [1] - 150:9

grim [1] - 44:1

grizzlies [1] - 120:12

grizzly [18] - 106:3; 120:8,

20; 121:3, 11, 13, 19, 24;

122:2, 7, 16, 21; 123:2, 21;

124:5, 11, 13

gross [1] - 215:23

grossly [1] - 152:17

ground [7] - 187:9; 216:11;

220:3; 224:13; 226:23;

227:7; 263:22

Group [3] - 230:21; 231:19;

232:18

group [6] - 12:2; 13:11;

36:25; 38:1; 128:6; 196:19

groups [11] - 10:20; 12:10;

21:21; 41:15; 64:9; 65:17;

85:7; 110:18; 113:13;

141:25; 194:22

grow [5] - 75:6; 76:3; 77:3;

101:8; 105:4

growing [2] - 69:8; 87:14

grown [1] - 58:4

grows [2] - 267:5; 279:12

growth [21] - 37:16; 42:5;

52:20; 88:7; 156:22;

171:21, 23, 25; 172:1, 5,

10, 13, 24; 173:3, 10,

15-16; 266:21; 267:4, 22;

280:1

guaranteed [1] - 18:21

guess [9] - 107:20; 123:9;

127:23; 143:6; 187:14;

196:21; 213:8; 214:2;

218:7

guidance [8] - 141:2; 142:15;

166:1, 6; 179:14; 263:2;

264:15, 18

Guide [1] - 86:3

guide [12] - 74:22; 82:3;

83:15, 20, 23; 84:4, 9;

90:11; 91:10; 94:19;

257:13; 276:5

guided [2] - 283:5, 9

guidelines [16] - 6:6; 84:1, 8,

21; 142:24; 193:6, 11, 18;

194:3; 196:8, 14; 197:11;

234:4; 244:17, 24; 263:3

guides [2] - 82:18, 21

guiding [1] - 237:3

Gun [5] - 125:6, 16; 128:4;

131:19; 137:11

gunk [1] - 225:5

guy [2] - 33:11; 227:22

guys [2] - 79:14; 212:16

H

Habitat [1] - 158:8

habitat [44] - 11:13, 17, 22;

110:12; 124:9; 132:11, 13;

133:2; 137:8, 12; 143:19;

144:2; 158:14; 182:21;

183:5, 7, 10; 186:5; 189:1;

213:23; 230:4, 7; 232:2,

18; 234:15, 23; 235:10, 18,

25; 236:10, 13; 237:9, 15;

244:20; 246:17; 247:12,

15; 252:24; 253:2; 254:19;

255:4; 256:13

habitat-based [1] - 124:9

habitats [5] - 175:13; 236:20;

251:3; 254:12; 255:22

Hadland [2] - 87:6; 89:2

HADLAND [7] - 87:7; 88:14;

89:3, 11, 16, 19, 21

half [11] - 82:8; 126:23;

130:2; 140:1; 158:23;

207:9, 19; 208:22; 209:3;

221:10; 223:22

Halfway [2] - 122:19; 253:13

Hamilton [2] - 120:19; 124:7

hammer [1] - 112:6

hand [4] - 180:21; 218:25;

232:4; 245:19

hand-in-glove [1] - 180:21

handles [1] - 68:12

hands [8] - 57:2; 61:15;

62:21, 23; 76:16; 144:13;

152:6; 160:9

hands-on [1] - 144:13

hang [1] - 211:3

hangar [1] - 222:23

hanging [2] - 137:3; 180:12

happy [5] - 46:21; 99:12;

105:6; 124:8; 251:9

hard [10] - 38:19; 50:3;

55:11; 79:14; 189:3;

200:10; 210:22; 217:7, 11;

244:23


16

harder [1] - 217:3

hardly [1] - 260:6

Harrison [7] - 3:9, 19; 7:23;

61:21; 62:15; 89:5, 9

HARRISON [1] - 95:17

Harry [3] - 2:2; 192:10; 246:1

harvest [7] - 105:8; 110:5;

111:16, 19-20; 116:6, 24

harvestable [1] - 241:6

harvested [3] - 237:9; 252:8,

10

hashed [1] - 54:20

hat [1] - 88:9

hats [2] - 28:5; 79:14

haul [1] - 249:20

Hawaii [1] - 67:11

hazard [1] - 29:25

head [2] - 132:14; 199:21

heading [1] - 179:9

Health [24] - 10:1, 3, 7, 10,

14; 28:4; 29:13, 18; 33:6;

45:2, 10; 48:8; 262:21;

263:1, 10, 20; 264:10, 12,

15, 18; 280:10, 12

health [58] - 10:3, 6, 12;

13:2; 28:3, 7, 10, 13; 29:8,

17-18, 21-22, 24-25; 30:1,

7, 10-12, 14, 20, 23; 32:14;

33:1, 20-21; 36:9, 21;

37:15, 23; 38:21; 40:1;

41:9, 18-19; 42:6; 43:17;

44:9; 45:8; 46:10, 22;

48:21; 50:9; 51:4; 52:17;

113:16; 135:11; 149:8;

150:2; 254:6; 262:20;

263:1; 264:20

Health's [1] - 45:7

healthcare [2] - 34:11; 46:13

healthy [2] - 124:18; 126:9

hear [19] - 10:1, 17; 11:9;

26:11; 30:19; 67:16; 94:4;

116:7; 117:4; 122:8;

136:15; 196:7; 202:8;

206:10; 229:3; 237:23, 25;

260:7

heard [26] - 32:21; 53:15;

83:8; 85:6; 87:12; 104:20;

107:4; 108:3; 110:11;

113:12; 114:4; 118:25;

120:9; 121:15; 123:11;

142:25; 152:19; 201:14;

202:25; 206:6; 262:15;

263:6; 267:21; 271:17;

280:18; 283:13

hearing [5] - 117:13; 121:23;

135:16; 140:16; 187:20

HEARING [1] - 1:11

hearing/start [1] - 136:10

hearings [6] - 130:23;

135:14; 136:11; 138:2;

143:5; 283:17

heartburn [2] - 225:6; 228:3

hearts [1] - 150:9

heat [2] - 225:18; 226:4

heavily [1] - 141:18

heavy [4] - 211:22, 24; 212:1;

279:17

heavy-duty [1] - 279:17

hectare [1] - 108:20

hectares [2] - 171:25; 172:1

height [4] - 55:10; 209:2, 6

heights [1] - 223:23

Held [1] - 1:22

held [2] - 214:20; 221:1

heli [2] - 86:8; 98:18

heli-ski [1] - 86:8

heli-skiing [1] - 98:18

helicopter [1] - 208:25

helicopters [1] - 221:8

help [37] - 18:15; 22:3, 5;

24:19; 28:20; 41:12; 58:20;

59:3; 66:18; 74:12; 77:17;

79:5, 9; 82:19; 86:5; 101:8,

24; 155:15; 165:1, 9;

166:22; 171:5; 179:13;

189:24; 197:4; 199:5, 10;

203:11; 206:7; 211:21;

217:20; 218:12; 219:17;

234:18; 239:1; 242:22;

261:10

helped [1] - 228:17

helpful [6] - 57:20; 79:6;

80:5, 8; 194:11; 261:25

helping [5] - 100:19; 167:3;

169:7; 230:24; 280:6

helps [2] - 168:22; 171:9

Henry [2] - 32:4; 47:13

Hep [1] - 37:12

herd [1] - 161:9

herds [1] - 161:5

hereby [1] - 285:5

herein [1] - 285:8

hereunto [1] - 285:13

heritage [4] - 65:14; 102:16;

103:10, 22

hesitate [1] - 189:7

hi [2] - 183:25; 231:11

hidden [1] - 217:5

High [1] - 222:5

high [25] - 16:3; 39:16, 24;

40:4, 14, 16; 42:24; 43:5;

56:6; 70:8, 13, 15; 82:23;

86:7; 90:8; 98:21; 120:2;

122:13; 124:18; 142:4;

166:10; 190:10; 226:11;

233:6; 238:23

high-cost [2] - 70:8, 13

high-paid [1] - 82:23

high-pay [1] - 86:7

higher [6] - 106:11; 107:19;

139:17; 146:3; 224:17

highest [4] - 40:11; 47:1;

50:2; 53:23

highlight [2] - 213:19;

250:22

highlighted [2] - 167:22;

216:14

highlights [1] - 19:9

highly [3] - 59:17; 68:23;

140:20

highly-competitive [1] -

68:23

highly-structured [1] -

140:20

Highway [17] - 43:4; 73:25;

74:6; 76:15, 25; 78:13;

79:1; 85:22; 86:24; 90:23;

91:7; 96:14; 129:25;

133:16, 22; 157:20; 158:4

hill [1] - 148:23

hillsides [1] - 134:1

himself [1] - 207:21

hinges [2] - 248:25; 249:5

hiring [1] - 58:23

historic [2] - 155:2; 282:4

historical [6] - 52:1; 54:1;

103:18; 154:21; 278:21;

282:3

historically [2] - 109:17;

223:25

history [7] - 32:1; 133:5;

135:3; 200:2; 254:20;

260:8; 262:4

hit [1] - 56:5

hitchhike [1] - 228:8

hits [1] - 175:6

hitting [1] - 171:1

HIV [1] - 37:12

hmm [5] - 57:4; 59:12; 60:18;

117:17; 191:1

hoc [1] - 63:6

Hoffman [1] - 152:19

holder [1] - 84:4

holders [4] - 6:6; 84:2, 13, 22

holding [5] - 131:14; 132:9;

220:21; 221:2, 4

holds [2] - 231:23; 232:9

hole [2] - 148:19, 25

Holt [3] - 240:15; 259:18, 21

home [5] - 39:10; 59:24;

67:12; 150:10

honoured [2] - 132:1, 5

Hope [11] - 38:15; 91:25;

131:16; 134:6; 144:11;

145:8; 158:11; 184:4, 6;

204:19; 282:3

hope [12] - 31:10; 50:15;

79:2; 96:25; 104:12, 19;

154:13; 165:10; 174:3;

186:21; 210:23; 223:18

hopeful [3] - 118:2; 277:1;

278:10

hopefully [1] - 57:16

hopes [1] - 147:6

hoping [5] - 28:11; 54:14;

105:14; 161:15; 203:10

horrendous [1] - 215:7

horticulture [2] - 147:8, 17

Horvath [2] - 4:7; 129:16

hospital [3] - 10:7; 53:12;

223:15

hospitalisation [1] - 40:19

hospitalization [1] - 39:15

hospitals [1] - 27:6

host [2] - 60:7; 158:8

hosting [1] - 100:19

hot [1] - 255:13

Hotel [1] - 1:23

hotel [1] - 79:11

hotels [2] - 68:4; 74:14

hotspots [1] - 266:6

hour [4] - 43:9; 61:5; 207:1,

13

hour's [1] - 43:10

hourly [1] - 224:1

hours [4] - 38:22; 221:6, 13;

283:20

house [4] - 112:5; 134:9;

142:3; 176:6

housing [15] - 11:6; 15:11,

17; 266:18; 268:19, 21;

269:4, 7, 12, 14, 17, 19;

276:10

Hudson's [10] - 38:15; 91:25;

131:16; 134:6; 145:8;

158:10; 184:4; 204:19;

282:3

huge [8] - 73:5, 22; 93:4;

114:14; 147:18; 148:16;

155:11; 185:13

hugely [1] - 152:22

Huggins [1] - 2:15

human [1] - 262:20

Human [1] - 262:22

hundred [1] - 97:9

hung [1] - 135:13

hunt [9] - 97:19; 109:13;

110:23; 111:3; 112:16;

116:8, 25; 122:22

huntable [2] - 125:10; 128:6

hunter [3] - 110:3; 158:16;

270:25

hunters [4] - 110:17, 24;

116:25; 184:22

hunting [5] - 91:14; 105:3;

111:10; 186:13; 188:16

HYDRO [2] - 1:3

hydro [5] - 78:3; 137:6;

154:12; 204:22; 220:24

Hydro [115] - 2:9; 3:5, 12;

4:3; 5:4; 7:15; 9:16, 18;

10:4, 22; 12:19; 13:5;

16:19, 22; 17:12, 18; 18:3,

11; 19:6, 8; 21:2; 22:21;

23:4, 12, 24; 24:1, 4, 6, 16;

25:3, 20; 44:23; 45:21;

54:14, 18; 55:9; 56:15;

57:6; 60:24; 78:21; 83:19;

88:16, 20, 23; 89:19;


17

90:16; 108:18; 109:6;

110:11; 115:15; 128:25;

129:9; 131:14; 143:17;

144:1; 146:6, 10, 20;

147:12; 152:21; 153:19;

154:9; 155:18; 192:22;

194:1; 195:25; 206:2;

212:20; 229:4; 234:11, 22;

235:14, 25; 236:3; 239:12;

243:15, 22; 244:12;

247:10; 248:9; 249:14;

250:11, 23; 251:24; 252:1;

254:13; 256:8, 11; 257:11;

261:9; 262:5, 10, 25;

263:12; 264:14; 265:2, 25;

266:24; 268:14, 20;

269:24; 270:14, 22;

276:11, 15; 278:3, 8, 16;

280:22; 281:8; 283:4

Hydro's [9] - 209:10; 228:20;

233:2; 234:14; 260:7;

262:22; 269:15; 270:17;

279:9

Hydro-owned [1] - 256:11

hydroelectric [3] - 193:20;

194:15; 195:8

hydrology [4] - 197:16;

198:5, 7; 254:19

hypotheses [1] - 258:6

I

ice [11] - 147:13, 15; 211:6,

17; 215:22, 25; 216:6, 12;

219:19, 21

icing [6] - 126:20; 210:14;

211:3; 215:20; 218:14;

227:9

idea [6] - 55:19; 78:20;

104:3; 105:4; 261:14;

263:11

ideal [3] - 86:6; 98:19, 22

ideally [4] - 23:10; 24:6;

70:11; 98:21

identical [1] - 259:5

identifiable [1] - 142:8

identification [2] - 218:21;

261:22

identified [17] - 13:10;

131:13; 137:20; 145:3, 11;

152:10, 12; 169:15; 170:2;

232:19; 235:8; 238:13;

240:4; 253:18; 259:12;

270:22; 276:16

identifies [1] - 143:13

identify [14] - 21:23; 22:2;

151:16; 152:3; 156:17;

165:21; 170:12; 207:2, 7,

20; 233:15, 18; 244:19;

277:18

identifying [2] - 164:25;

236:23

IDP [1] - 52:24

IFR [1] - 208:13

ignored [2] - 148:17; 209:5

ignoring [1] - 210:6

II [1] - 219:23

illegal [1] - 40:22

illustrating [1] - 146:23

illustration [1] - 165:15

ILSs [1] - 218:8

image [1] - 119:2

images [1] - 53:24

imaging [1] - 119:23

imbalances [1] - 18:5

imbedded [1] - 217:5

impact [41] - 15:16; 17:25;

18:1; 28:15; 29:5, 17, 23;

33:17, 20-21; 42:11, 16;

52:21; 81:7; 82:10; 83:2, 5;

84:12; 87:12; 88:21; 92:17;

109:14, 18; 131:13; 136:1;

138:24; 139:12, 14; 148:4;

153:5, 7, 10; 154:8; 185:8,

19, 25; 224:3, 6; 266:2;

268:9; 279:21

Impact [11] - 152:11; 163:13,

16, 25; 177:11, 22; 178:19;

193:19; 198:2; 230:6;

246:15

impacted [14] - 24:22; 36:21;

43:5; 77:25; 81:12, 18;

82:8; 111:4; 150:15;

152:22; 162:12; 210:21;

244:21; 264:7

impacts [51] - 16:20; 17:6;

18:11, 16, 19; 20:6; 21:1,

3; 22:18; 23:11; 24:10, 20;

28:12; 33:19; 36:11; 54:21;

56:16; 86:20; 96:21; 98:9;

102:15; 139:17; 143:16;

144:1, 5, 7; 145:16;

146:17, 24; 151:8, 23;

153:6; 162:7, 16; 177:16;

186:10; 202:18, 20; 206:4;

212:19; 223:20; 233:8;

235:18; 236:9; 245:1;

265:21; 270:8; 271:7;

276:20; 280:23; 283:14

impaired [1] - 138:9

impedes [1] - 145:13

imperative [1] - 25:14

implement [2] - 167:4; 192:6

implementation [6] - 182:7;

235:1, 10; 270:17; 277:24;

283:5

implemented [6] - 22:20;

236:5; 249:21; 253:21;

261:18; 272:24

implementing [2] - 163:1;

232:2

implications [1] - 99:9

implies [1] - 138:3

importance [6] - 157:20, 22;

186:13; 188:21; 233:6;

238:24

important [36] - 15:20; 18:24;

20:22; 23:13; 32:19; 45:25;

55:4; 65:5; 67:25; 68:8;

69:11; 70:7; 73:23; 75:25;

76:1; 83:12; 86:17; 87:18,

22; 95:20; 96:12; 105:2,

15; 123:16; 127:4; 166:23;

167:24; 177:8; 188:22;

245:12; 255:11; 280:13;

281:16, 24; 282:18

importantly [1] - 270:21

impose [1] - 102:3

impossible [2] - 47:3; 61:6

impression [2] - 30:24;

141:11

impressive [1] - 43:8

improve [4] - 44:5; 171:12;

173:25; 211:16

improved [3] - 44:3; 164:24;

172:23

improvement [3] - 171:17;

250:10, 13

improvements [1] - 250:18

improves [1] - 208:19

IN [2] - 1:1; 285:13

in-depth [3] - 117:10;

153:20; 188:18

in-migration [1] - 154:23

in-stream [1] - 169:23

Inc [1] - 2:14

incandescent [1] - 226:3

incapable [1] - 147:25

inch [1] - 225:9

incidents [1] - 149:13

include [24] - 17:12; 25:2;

108:7; 109:2; 143:19;

144:20; 167:25; 168:3, 5;

197:13; 205:9; 234:12;

236:11, 22; 237:13;

239:23; 241:10; 244:13;

250:19; 256:10; 261:1;

270:3; 282:2

included [12] - 91:3; 123:23;

133:7; 142:6; 191:3;

193:13; 206:21; 234:10;

247:22; 249:16; 259:10;

278:7

includes [12] - 12:9, 14;

13:2; 35:14; 64:13; 65:10;

67:6; 148:9; 153:7; 193:19;

205:3; 266:25

including [19] - 10:24; 12:16;

13:2; 20:22; 65:12; 145:7;

164:9; 194:13; 200:2;

211:9, 11; 233:25; 234:24;

236:19; 239:15; 251:3;

256:4; 270:17; 281:10

inclusion [2] - 49:25; 86:23

income [1] - 35:18

incoming [1] - 219:7

incomplete [2] - 20:23;

117:14

incorporate [1] - 189:24

Incorporated [1] - 231:20

incorporated [4] - 182:2;

187:8; 247:23; 259:1

incorporating [2] - 10:14;

161:24

increase [13] - 36:14; 41:2;

52:8; 139:14; 149:5; 165:8;

170:22; 172:22; 252:5, 11;

271:15; 279:11

increased [7] - 15:5; 52:12;

98:10; 106:14; 248:20;

254:5; 265:1

increases [4] - 15:19; 40:21;

139:10; 205:5

increasing [2] - 54:6; 65:2

increasingly [1] - 69:4

incredibly [2] - 73:24; 86:16

incremental [3] - 150:19;

275:21, 24

incursion [1] - 172:14

incursions [8] - 171:24;

172:11, 16, 18; 173:1;

183:8; 184:12; 185:3

indeed [1] - 284:5

independent [4] - 12:15;

187:4; 240:7; 271:23

independently [2] - 257:6;

259:7

indescribable [1] - 63:24

INDEX [2] - 3:1; 6:1

index [2] - 119:13, 15

indicate [5] - 160:6; 172:24;

180:25; 187:15; 247:19

indicated [5] - 181:4; 193:4;

248:16; 270:14; 278:1

indicates [4] - 19:7; 139:3, 7;

207:24

indication [2] - 12:20; 177:20

indicators [7] - 12:1; 30:8,

13, 23; 37:15; 45:8; 170:16

indiscernible [8] - 35:5;

131:18; 147:18; 156:20;

171:24; 240:20, 24; 242:12

indiscernible) [2] - 178:17;

245:14

individual [3] - 50:4; 135:16;

171:7

individual-stream [1] - 171:7

individuals [13] - 49:11;

58:12; 83:7, 12; 107:18;

117:5; 134:23; 136:7, 17,

23; 137:10, 20; 232:14

inducement [1] - 269:2

indulgence [2] - 262:17;

284:4

industrial [18] - 15:15; 20:14;

101:12; 132:25; 139:11;

151:2; 193:7; 196:9; 197:1;

199:4; 214:20; 217:4;

219:20; 223:2; 225:5;

227:3; 268:16

industries [11] - 33:24; 34:6,


18

17; 35:16; 46:5, 8; 67:15;

68:14; 114:8; 166:8;

280:12

industry [24] - 21:21; 32:13;

34:3; 35:2; 36:11; 39:22;

49:9; 68:9, 15; 87:14;

114:15; 164:21; 166:21;

170:15; 174:3; 176:10;

211:22, 24; 212:2; 213:1,

17; 224:3; 268:6; 279:12

inefficient [1] - 146:16

infant [2] - 51:6; 52:2

infected [1] - 113:12

infer [1] - 188:8

infill [1] - 267:7

inflated [1] - 152:17

inflow [1] - 101:10

influence [5] - 29:8; 131:5;

149:22; 246:20; 269:15

influx [2] - 88:10; 112:17

inform [3] - 248:18; 249:8;

258:1

information [99] - 6:9, 12;

54:12; 58:10; 70:17; 72:10;

75:2; 87:10; 103:11, 15;

104:22; 115:3, 6; 123:20;

125:24; 128:25; 129:7, 22;

130:3; 135:15; 140:4;

141:2, 4, 13; 142:4, 14-15;

144:19; 146:2; 151:19;

152:7; 160:1; 161:16;

162:19; 164:20, 22, 24;

165:5, 21, 25; 166:24;

170:24; 175:10, 14, 20, 25;

176:3, 12, 16, 21; 177:18;

178:20; 179:18, 25;

183:14, 20; 187:7; 189:13,

21; 190:15; 196:20, 25;

197:7, 14-15, 19, 22;

199:2, 22, 24; 200:1, 6;

234:18, 24; 235:14, 24;

241:15, 17; 245:1; 248:12,

18; 249:7; 250:3; 252:20;

253:10; 258:8; 259:3;

263:13, 16, 25; 266:9;

277:23

informational [1] - 236:24

informed [2] - 234:14;

254:17

informing [1] - 190:6

infrared [3] - 119:1, 23

Infrastructure [1] - 129:24

infrastructure [10] - 15:8, 12,

18; 17:8; 21:10; 34:9;

77:25; 155:14; 170:23;

172:22

ingredient [1] - 224:8

inherent [1] - 257:10

initial [2] - 187:13; 239:22

initiate [3] - 18:12; 24:16;

137:12

initiatives [3] - 237:5;

278:24; 279:15

injuries [1] - 39:12

injury [1] - 129:24

inner [1] - 178:2

inner-agency [1] - 178:2

innovative [1] - 21:18

input [8] - 180:23; 238:24;

239:21; 247:17; 253:23;

269:22; 280:9; 282:15

inputs [4] - 239:17; 242:6;

245:14; 247:4

insects [1] - 255:25

insert [1] - 84:15

insignificant [2] - 152:21;

153:9

inspections [1] - 274:5

install [2] - 218:3, 13

installations [1] - 204:15

installed [1] - 203:6

instance [12] - 37:11; 80:11;

83:8, 20; 85:6; 93:23;

95:13; 105:25; 108:4;

110:11; 155:7; 181:5

instant [1] - 211:5

instead [6] - 16:22; 17:5, 14;

20:19; 85:11; 149:18

Institute [1] - 211:12

institution [3] - 137:19;

274:11; 275:19

institutional [1] - 260:15

instructor [1] - 115:11

instrument [3] - 119:19;

216:9; 218:4

instrumentation [2] - 211:1,

18

instruments [1] - 216:5

insufficient [2] - 142:15;

258:8

insurance [1] - 39:7

insurmountable [1] - 135:16

intact [1] - 139:18

intactness [1] - 183:9

integrated [4] - 65:9; 164:8;

255:6, 8

intend [2] - 37:3; 114:18

intended [4] - 164:18, 20;

165:10; 206:7

intensely [1] - 189:17

intensively [2] - 190:12

intent [5] - 105:17; 122:20;

153:11; 257:24; 269:20

intentfully [1] - 105:21

intention [2] - 105:8, 16

intentions [1] - 140:16

interaction [1] - 240:12

interactions [3] - 132:23;

180:1; 239:24

interest [16] - 37:7; 130:25;

137:2; 140:6; 141:5, 25;

151:6, 24; 153:11; 178:11;

182:8; 186:11; 200:17;

233:4; 253:5; 281:22

interested [6] - 57:19; 93:14;

124:3; 133:6; 167:21;

260:21

interesting [9] - 76:10; 77:4;

158:1; 180:23; 185:7;

193:16; 200:16; 284:9, 19

interests [11] - 22:9, 12;

24:4; 84:7; 101:6; 123:15;

142:16; 146:14; 277:11,

16, 19

interior [1] - 39:4

internal [2] - 163:6; 276:6

internally [1] - 105:12

International [1] - 204:5

international [7] - 70:18;

76:8; 100:17, 20; 157:23;

206:16; 210:24

internationally [1] - 65:1

internet [2] - 44:11; 83:24

interpret [1] - 40:18

interpretation [1] - 140:14

interpretive [2] - 87:1; 282:1

interprovincial [1] - 204:5

interrupt [2] - 199:17; 246:1

intersection [1] - 219:14

intervention [2] - 29:6; 50:23

interventions [1] - 41:9

introduce [3] - 62:7; 131:11;

231:2

introduced [1] - 245:8

introduction [3] - 133:12;

160:17; 231:14

Introduction [3] - 3:21; 4:19;

61:25

inundated [1] - 92:19

inundating [1] - 103:6

inundation [1] - 147:10

Inuvik [1] - 204:16

inventory [3] - 88:6; 101:6;

122:10

inverse [1] - 227:8

inversion [3] - 214:18; 215:6;

226:24

inversion" [1] - 206:10

inversions [2] - 214:17;

226:17

invertebrates [1] - 256:5

invest [3] - 88:1; 136:24

invested [3] - 36:3; 37:17;

135:7

investigating [1] - 173:16

investing [3] - 94:14; 95:13;

137:22

investment [5] - 12:18; 13:3;

135:10; 148:15; 170:22

investments [1] - 134:23

invitations [1] - 141:23

invite [2] - 51:23; 250:18

involve [1] - 247:13

involved [10] - 31:11; 35:16;

96:8; 118:18, 21; 124:1,

15; 140:21; 211:8; 234:25

involvement [3] - 34:12;

114:12; 275:19

involves [1] - 162:25

involving [1] - 257:3

IR [1] - 89:23

ironically [1] - 150:4

irrespective [1] - 105:10

irresponsibly [1] - 33:19

irritable [1] - 149:17

Island [1] - 282:6

islands [6] - 108:5, 8, 21;

109:2; 115:25; 119:4

isolated [1] - 150:6

issue [14] - 59:1; 97:23;

116:18; 184:10; 199:19;

205:21; 213:14; 233:15;

238:11; 243:8; 245:19;

260:10; 263:21

issued [3] - 18:23; 202:22;

235:14

issues [19] - 12:2; 21:19;

40:1; 77:23; 138:13;

148:18; 149:24; 151:4;

152:13; 184:8; 196:3;

203:10; 210:14; 227:9;

256:24; 275:14; 277:10,

19; 280:13

items [2] - 205:4; 252:3

itself [8] - 77:17; 87:13;

88:25; 110:5; 159:24;

218:6; 225:18; 226:5

IZETT [2] - 129:21; 130:7

Izett [5] - 3:7; 4:5; 7:19;

129:6, 12

J

JACKSON [5] - 44:24; 89:5,

23; 119:7; 154:13

Jackson [4] - 3:7; 4:4; 7:18;

129:11

JAMES [3] - 60:12; 89:25;

125:3

James [1] - 102:24

jams [1] - 147:13

janitorial [1] - 209:25

January [6] - 1:15; 7:1;

11:11; 257:18; 259:20;

285:14

JASON [12] - 115:10; 116:3;

117:17, 20; 118:8, 14;

119:25; 120:4, 7; 122:25;

123:7; 125:1

Jason [1] - 115:11

Jeff [4] - 3:11; 4:7; 8:1;

129:17

JENNIFER [13] - 63:15; 64:3,

6; 79:19, 23; 80:23; 82:16;

85:18; 86:16; 87:16; 94:6;

99:11; 103:22

Jennifer [6] - 3:19; 4:1;

61:20; 62:11; 63:12;

103:14


19

jeopardize [1] - 19:13

Jesse [17] - 4:15, 17, 19, 22;

5:2; 229:17, 21, 24; 231:8,

11, 15; 237:23; 243:2, 4;

245:6; 247:25; 248:3

JESSE [10] - 229:23; 231:9,

16; 237:25; 243:6; 248:5;

260:24; 261:12, 16; 262:8

Jim [5] - 2:3; 90:1; 106:16;

183:25; 185:1

Jim's [2] - 79:8; 187:18

jive [1] - 30:24

job [6] - 31:3, 5; 34:4; 35:12;

68:17; 213:21

jobs [4] - 36:5; 64:14; 65:2;

68:17

Jobs [2] - 62:12; 64:10

Jocelyne [1] - 2:2

John [49] - 1:24; 3:16; 7:2;

10:17, 21; 11:8; 17:15;

33:4; 38:7; 42:25; 47:24;

48:11, 14, 19; 49:1, 8;

50:11; 51:22; 54:22; 55:1;

56:3; 60:19, 23; 91:25;

93:1; 120:12; 129:5;

130:22; 131:9, 17; 132:6;

134:7, 10; 136:9; 149:9;

150:8; 154:4; 158:10;

204:11; 260:16; 266:12;

270:1, 19; 278:11; 280:15;

282:3; 283:15

join [2] - 46:9; 50:15

joined [1] - 230:19

joint [1] - 265:6

JOINT [3] - 1:1; 2:1

Joint [4] - 89:7; 133:9;

252:20; 278:15

jointly [1] - 191:3

joke [1] - 33:2

Josh [1] - 257:6

journalist [1] - 32:4

JRP [1] - 89:23

judgment [1] - 109:6

Judy [4] - 3:8; 4:6; 7:21;

129:14

JUDY [1] - 83:24

jump [1] - 52:9

June [1] - 194:5

jurisdiction [3] - 213:10, 15;

276:4

Justice [3] - 271:2, 14;

275:22

justification [1] - 242:4

juvenile [5] - 245:17; 257:23;

258:16, 18, 24

juveniles [2] - 258:11, 14

K

Kamloops [1] - 222:14

Kechika [2] - 91:3; 133:18

keep [9] - 36:14; 58:7, 9;

72:6; 92:9; 159:12; 221:14;

251:18; 263:24

keeping [2] - 139:17; 144:18

KEITH [3] - 119:22; 120:1;

124:4

Keith [1] - 124:2

Ken [1] - 153:18

KEN [6] - 92:13; 153:18;

154:2; 155:6, 25; 156:2

key [23] - 12:16; 14:9; 19:18;

32:20; 69:21; 70:2; 71:8,

19; 72:22; 77:12, 23;

94:18; 165:18; 185:6;

196:6; 233:11, 16; 239:7;

247:7; 256:19; 259:11;

280:5

key-role [1] - 32:20

kick [1] - 125:11

kid [1] - 46:18

kids [6] - 50:7, 24; 51:5, 24;

56:11; 60:5

kill [1] - 126:21

kilometre [3] - 130:2; 215:3;

225:24

kilometres [7] - 126:2, 11;

130:1, 21; 215:5; 225:25;

264:4

kind [15] - 15:25; 52:5; 64:18;

65:8, 17; 70:17; 106:15;

127:5, 14; 134:8; 155:20,

22; 184:20; 260:14; 261:10

kinds [3] - 83:11; 181:1;

260:9

King [5] - 99:4, 6-7; 102:7

knowledge [4] - 105:18;

142:9; 159:24; 203:15

knows [1] - 284:14

kokanee [2] - 239:6; 256:22

Kootenay [1] - 143:17

Kootenays [1] - 150:7

Korman [1] - 257:6

Kristy [12] - 3:20; 4:11;

61:23; 159:10, 14, 16, 20;

160:3, 11; 183:25; 189:13;

200:23

KRISTY [33] - 159:15; 160:7,

13; 161:8; 174:20, 23;

175:17, 23; 176:2; 177:23;

178:18; 180:4; 181:17;

182:17; 183:23; 185:1;

186:16, 19, 21; 187:6, 11,

19, 22; 188:2; 189:15;

190:8; 191:1, 8, 23;

192:11, 14; 195:22; 196:1

KURSCHNER [1] - 183:3

Kwadacha [23] - 3:13; 13:20,

23; 14:4, 12, 23; 15:3, 10;

16:10; 17:1, 10, 23; 18:2,

5, 11; 22:22; 24:15; 25:16,

19; 92:21; 279:3, 13

Kwadacha's [2] - 15:16;

279:1

L

LAA [1] - 17:11

labour [3] - 18:4; 20:22;

266:17

lack [10] - 16:24; 19:16;

81:20; 101:22; 147:20;

149:7; 151:15, 18; 235:24;

248:14

lacked [1] - 142:1

lacking [3] - 149:18; 151:20;

256:11

lag [1] - 18:6

laid [3] - 35:4; 36:3; 37:2

lake [5] - 80:14, 16; 99:17;

134:15; 256:1

Lake [4] - 174:17; 190:20;

222:4; 237:14

land [32] - 6:9; 21:22; 22:3;

36:12; 108:12, 14-15;

111:4; 112:20; 114:19;

115:4; 131:12; 147:12;

163:21; 172:3; 174:24;

181:1, 24-25; 184:11, 14,

19, 22; 185:9; 186:12;

187:16; 208:5; 224:12;

232:25; 264:4; 265:13;

267:3

land-use [2] - 181:1, 24

landed [1] - 227:24

landing [5] - 205:10; 216:9;

218:3; 227:25

landmark [3] - 207:2, 7, 20

landowner [2] - 108:15;

153:18

landowners [1] - 265:8

lands [1] - 133:4

Lands [19] - 3:17, 22; 4:1,

11; 6:7; 61:13, 17, 25;

62:20; 63:13; 65:6; 84:23;

103:9; 159:21; 160:12;

177:25; 257:4; 281:4;

282:21

landscape [5] - 89:15;

111:15; 133:19; 134:18;

139:9

language [1] - 59:23

large [15] - 148:8; 155:9;

172:1; 203:5; 212:7, 11,

13; 232:3; 242:13; 245:21;

248:8; 255:14; 279:6;

281:19

largely [4] - 81:8; 103:1;

248:25; 249:5

larger [3] - 16:16; 49:1;

184:17

largest [4] - 49:2; 212:8;

213:3

last [36] - 28:1; 53:1; 63:1;

70:21; 83:9; 85:1; 86:11;

93:15; 97:8; 102:7; 104:14;

106:14; 114:3; 120:10;

126:4, 7; 133:7; 143:6;

146:11, 19; 154:4; 155:21;

167:6; 180:22; 192:17;

213:21; 222:9; 242:18;

251:11; 260:7, 11; 262:6,

16; 272:3; 278:20

late [1] - 215:15

laughable [1] - 217:12

launches [3] - 78:1; 157:2;

281:13

law [4] - 36:23; 208:6;

219:21; 234:3

laws [2] - 34:20; 36:2

layer [1] - 185:4

layers [1] - 185:25

lead [2] - 145:2; 279:11

leader [1] - 132:10

leaders [2] - 13:10; 100:17

leadership [2] - 10:9; 155:12

leading [4] - 166:19; 170:16;

178:1; 270:4

leads [4] - 21:6; 35:13;

97:23; 98:16

leaps [1] - 52:11

learn [1] - 32:3

learned [4] - 34:6; 134:11;

173:23; 214:23

learning [1] - 44:19

learnings [1] - 174:4

least [7] - 76:18; 117:5;

126:1; 143:7; 214:25;

220:2; 242:25

leave [15] - 36:13, 17, 19;

41:24; 46:23; 47:7; 62:21;

82:25; 150:3; 155:16;

160:9; 219:4; 283:7

leaves [1] - 36:8

leaving [2] - 20:21; 251:13

lecturing [1] - 203:25

led [5] - 100:15; 138:16;

249:17

LEE [12] - 115:10; 116:3;

117:17, 20; 118:8, 14;

119:25; 120:4, 7; 122:25;

123:7; 125:1

Lee [1] - 115:11

lee [4] - 117:12; 120:5;

122:24; 124:24

left [13] - 36:5; 40:5; 48:7;

53:12; 56:9; 62:17; 102:25;

125:25; 126:24; 169:18;

172:12; 226:2; 231:18

leftover [1] - 8:4

legacy [1] - 150:23

legal [11] - 14:3; 62:5; 159:7;

162:21; 167:15; 173:2;

187:15; 229:25; 278:16,

18; 279:1

Legal [12] - 2:4, 9-10; 3:13,

18; 4:15, 17; 13:24; 61:19;

229:17, 21

legally [4] - 18:22; 22:21;

278:2, 4


20

legally-binding [2] - 22:21;

278:4

legally-enforceable [1] -

18:22

legislation [1] - 272:20

legitimate [1] - 248:12

leisure [4] - 66:8, 15; 76:11;

80:1

length [2] - 152:1; 246:23

Lennon [1] - 50:11

lens [2] - 67:9; 78:12

less [20] - 31:1; 38:3; 68:7;

79:20; 98:14; 109:13;

131:3; 139:3, 7, 13;

141:19; 171:25; 172:2;

206:20; 219:1; 223:23;

240:16; 254:11

lessons [1] - 173:22

letter [5] - 23:21, 25; 194:5;

269:19; 273:10

letters [2] - 205:24

letting [2] - 63:16; 220:2

Level [1] - 222:5

level [32] - 12:20, 22; 72:12;

78:7; 85:12; 136:17; 143:4;

153:9; 163:12, 16, 25;

165:7; 166:5, 7, 12; 171:8;

172:17; 190:10; 224:8;

225:1; 235:20; 238:14, 23;

241:25; 243:11; 245:23;

246:10; 247:15; 249:14;

254:5; 283:2

levels [8] - 16:23; 25:9; 52:9;

142:3; 241:6; 244:11;

263:7, 12

liability [1] - 147:13

liaison [1] - 277:6

liberty [1] - 71:24

library [1] - 216:20

licence [14] - 31:3; 36:24;

39:12; 113:6, 8-9; 115:19;

136:22, 25; 138:21; 172:7;

216:20, 22

license [1] - 108:6

licensed [3] - 110:3; 116:25;

171:15

licenses [1] - 108:7

licensing [1] - 108:3

LiDAR [2] - 210:25; 218:13

Lidstone [6] - 260:11;

271:17; 272:5; 273:1;

274:23; 275:7

lidstone [1] - 274:13

lieutenant [1] - 272:12

life [9] - 40:10; 42:14; 51:6;

131:3; 135:8; 150:8;

254:20; 260:8; 262:3

lifetime [1] - 96:7

lifts [1] - 224:13

light [6] - 18:18; 151:6;

196:18; 217:6; 225:8;

226:4

lighter [1] - 226:19

lighting [4] - 204:7; 218:10;

226:3

likely [7] - 15:19; 18:11;

24:22; 151:21; 205:7;

233:23; 265:17

likewise [1] - 9:4

limit [3] - 208:24; 209:3;

283:19

limitations [3] - 187:16;

197:8; 230:17

limited [8] - 20:2; 100:13;

112:15; 149:8; 196:25;

243:19; 256:7; 259:3

limiting [1] - 169:20

limits [8] - 109:5, 8, 22-24;

110:1; 242:2; 260:13

line [19] - 37:24; 38:1; 39:5,

16; 45:6; 65:11; 83:14;

108:4, 11, 19, 25; 109:1;

115:16; 118:23; 159:13;

162:22; 219:3; 221:23;

226:16

line-up [1] - 219:3

lined [2] - 218:8; 219:13

lines [5] - 39:18; 175:4;

224:5; 255:7; 276:6

link [6] - 6:5; 48:23; 84:17,

21; 178:24; 179:16

linkages [2] - 191:12; 192:1

linked [1] - 68:1

links [2] - 65:17; 262:20

liquid [6] - 211:1; 215:14, 16;

218:15; 224:9; 226:1

list [12] - 36:7; 40:7; 56:7;

78:14; 82:14; 104:19;

148:8; 156:25; 180:15;

222:25; 250:1; 265:22

listed [2] - 72:23; 275:15

listen [2] - 33:13; 54:9

listening [2] - 48:21; 191:19

listing [4] - 74:8, 10, 13, 18

listings [1] - 74:24

literally [2] - 125:25; 127:2

literature [6] - 31:20; 168:20;

175:11; 179:3; 180:5;

258:9

LITTLE [3] - 60:12; 89:25;

125:3

live [14] - 30:4; 42:2, 15;

46:20, 24; 48:14; 50:16;

58:21; 88:11; 98:7; 135:6,

12; 147:9; 278:16

lived [4] - 58:4; 134:6;

148:14; 223:10

lives [2] - 58:5; 135:9

living [5] - 41:6; 47:4;

134:10; 154:17; 269:1

living-out [1] - 269:1

Liz [1] - 189:9

LIZ [6] - 189:11; 190:5, 21;

191:2, 15; 192:16

load [1] - 215:7

loans [1] - 36:13

local [32] - 7:13; 9:21; 11:3;

19:11; 29:6; 32:13; 34:10;

35:21; 58:11; 63:21; 71:12;

73:17; 74:25; 77:1; 78:16;

112:24; 114:15; 133:2;

137:11, 19; 217:23;

233:24; 236:20; 248:19;

251:3; 268:6, 16; 269:9;

277:15; 279:9, 11; 281:24

Local [2] - 1:14; 7:6

locality" [1] - 41:2

localized [1] - 170:7

locally [5] - 19:8; 64:25;

74:2; 200:18; 237:9

locally-harvested [1] - 237:9

locals [1] - 58:4

locate [2] - 149:3; 211:1

located [2] - 15:1; 267:23

location [3] - 144:6; 181:7;

254:8

locations [3] - 69:3; 237:12;

264:22

log [1] - 214:24

Logan [1] - 189:9

LOGAN [6] - 189:11; 190:5,

21; 191:2, 15; 192:16

logical [1] - 160:25

long-term [11] - 18:19, 21;

22:6; 23:11; 42:12; 54:21;

56:16; 66:25; 73:21; 136:1;

149:21

look [95] - 8:20; 9:2; 10:13;

11:20; 13:14, 17; 26:18;

27:14; 30:12, 19, 23, 25;

31:25; 32:12; 35:9; 37:11,

14, 22-23; 38:2, 7; 39:3,

14, 18, 20, 25; 40:13, 20,

25; 41:3; 43:4; 45:1, 5;

46:17, 25; 49:21; 52:18,

21; 54:4; 56:24; 57:12, 23;

69:9; 70:4, 24; 73:16;

75:18; 78:20; 80:10; 81:3,

19; 82:18; 92:7, 22; 93:18,

23; 94:1; 95:5, 14, 16;

104:1; 107:24; 109:16;

110:10; 113:25; 114:18;

123:19; 126:6; 153:20;

155:17; 163:5; 166:7;

167:1, 19; 174:16; 176:17,

19; 177:5; 179:17, 20;

185:4; 193:9; 207:17;

210:24; 212:3; 222:14;

223:24; 224:21; 237:18;

240:25; 241:17; 253:22;

266:1; 281:2

looked [20] - 30:7; 74:16;

78:3; 79:11; 87:14; 126:9;

142:23; 154:9, 19, 24;

177:14; 183:2; 184:15, 18;

187:23; 193:25; 197:16;

200:3; 201:22

looking [37] - 30:9; 51:3;

53:16; 58:23; 70:3; 71:18;

77:22; 78:9; 81:13; 88:18;

92:1; 101:7; 105:24;

106:24; 119:2; 120:20;

149:19; 155:8; 163:21;

166:10, 12; 170:14; 171:8;

179:1, 8; 182:23; 184:1, 5;

185:15; 186:4, 9; 201:21;

202:4; 217:7; 227:12;

241:13; 248:6

lookout [1] - 157:1

looks [4] - 57:2; 69:23;

154:19; 163:25

loopholes [1] - 214:20

loose [2] - 122:3; 126:23

lose [4] - 35:6; 36:23; 39:22;

83:21

losing [2] - 103:5; 216:22

loss [11] - 36:5; 38:10;

110:12; 143:19-21; 210:5;

245:21; 246:17; 247:12

losses [1] - 145:3

lost [3] - 40:10; 44:7; 108:19

love [3] - 78:21; 99:11; 102:8

low [20] - 37:18; 38:11;

44:20; 133:4; 170:5; 171:1;

172:25; 180:12; 181:5, 8;

217:2, 5; 224:8, 19, 22-23;

225:2

low-hanging [1] - 180:12

low-level [1] - 224:8

low-risk [3] - 171:2; 181:5

lower [6] - 96:6; 145:7, 14;

218:11; 233:24; 246:20

Lower [2] - 159:4; 195:10

lowered [1] - 109:10

lowlands [2] - 137:14, 23

lows [1] - 226:9

LRMP [3] - 91:2; 160:23, 25

lubricating [1] - 138:21

lucrative [2] - 16:16; 35:3

lumber [2] - 212:8, 12

lunch [1] - 128:12

luncheon [1] - 128:18

Lundgren [5] - 3:11; 4:7; 8:1;

129:17; 283:15

lure [1] - 73:3

lush [2] - 133:19; 134:1

M

m'mm [5] - 57:4; 59:12;

60:18; 117:17; 191:1

m'mm-hmm [5] - 57:4;

59:12; 60:18; 117:17;

191:1

M-u-r-d-o-c-h [1] - 245:9

Mackenzie [4] - 15:24; 99:4;

102:18; 279:19

madam [1] - 201:10

Madam [16] - 8:5; 11:24;

26:7; 42:22; 84:16; 93:13;


21

104:11; 129:22; 174:9, 20;

191:25; 192:21; 196:2;

198:18; 201:7; 264:9

magical [2] - 195:14; 198:21

magnitude [4] - 109:11;

146:3; 154:6; 213:1

main [5] - 50:23; 210:15;

243:21; 248:7

Mainland [3] - 2:14; 87:20;

159:4

maintain [5] - 168:23; 169:7,

22

maintained [1] - 19:3

maintaining [6] - 12:23;

151:11; 169:5; 182:4;

241:6; 249:24

maintenance [1] - 281:13

major [17] - 76:21, 23; 98:4;

99:15; 106:22; 131:21;

133:7; 157:13; 163:12;

164:8; 165:3; 170:1, 6, 16;

177:16; 197:25; 254:15

maker [1] - 178:25

makers [3] - 164:22; 166:2;

171:8

male [1] - 45:12

manage [8] - 21:23; 22:2;

24:4; 105:11, 22; 122:20;

158:17; 193:24

manageable [2] - 162:11, 14

managed [4] - 34:15; 141:19;

195:14

management [65] - 6:9; 24:3;

34:16; 62:19; 65:9; 77:24;

78:17; 115:4; 120:14, 21;

122:14, 18; 123:8; 132:13;

134:22; 138:9, 12; 145:14;

159:18; 160:19; 161:19;

162:1, 11; 163:20; 164:2,

8; 166:1, 3, 9, 11; 167:2, 4;

168:17, 23; 171:11, 23, 25;

172:2, 6, 10, 13, 24; 173:4,

10, 13, 15; 174:1, 5, 15,

25; 182:25; 185:18;

189:24; 208:2; 248:17, 19;

265:13; 271:8; 274:2;

276:8, 14-15; 277:24;

282:25; 283:10

Manager [2] - 2:6

manager [3] - 205:14; 209:23

managing [4] - 162:25;

168:8; 179:5; 269:9

mandate [3] - 151:24;

206:13; 213:11

mandated [1] - 24:7

manner [1] - 63:20

manuals [1] - 217:14

map [6] - 149:4; 170:2;

174:15; 184:2; 218:24;

266:20

mapped [2] - 167:18; 186:14

maps [1] - 184:16

March [7] - 49:24; 52:2, 25;

53:1; 54:2; 186:25

marginalize [1] - 81:9

marine [1] - 232:12

Maritime [1] - 226:12

mark [1] - 164:6

Mark [3] - 160:3, 14, 16

marker [1] - 80:3

market [25] - 15:11; 18:5;

20:23; 40:22; 69:12; 70:3;

71:7; 74:2, 5; 75:2, 4;

82:19; 87:19, 21; 94:16;

95:8; 96:12; 147:16;

170:21; 218:16; 268:21;

269:9, 14-15; 279:5

market-ready [1] - 87:21

marketable [1] - 218:15

marketing [8] - 59:15; 62:16;

64:25; 70:24; 74:20; 77:18;

100:4; 102:2

marketplace [3] - 68:23;

69:4, 10

markets [5] - 69:22; 72:23;

88:2; 94:12

marks [1] - 120:15

Marmorek [1] - 256:14

MARMOREK [1] - 256:15

marrying [1] - 274:21

Marts [1] - 113:8

mass [1] - 210:20

Master [1] - 232:9

master [1] - 276:5

Master's [3] - 131:23;

231:23; 266:5

mat [1] - 80:1

match [2] - 95:11; 161:16

material [3] - 149:5; 242:14;

262:17

materials [7] - 15:7, 21, 25;

17:9; 19:2, 5; 142:10

mathematical [1] - 44:19

Matt [1] - 124:7

matter [5] - 8:13, 15; 25:12;

86:15; 140:17

MATTER [1] - 1:1

MATTISON [7] - 79:9, 22;

80:5; 86:13; 102:14;

183:25; 186:8

Mattison [2] - 2:3; 183:25

maximize [1] - 254:20

maximum [2] - 8:12; 26:15

MAYA [6] - 13:25; 14:2, 20,

22; 26:4; 96:18

Maya [4] - 3:13; 13:23; 14:2;

96:17

Mayor [1] - 213:13

Mayors [2] - 32:25; 33:8

McCormack [3] - 4:17;

229:21; 260:20

mcCormack [1] - 229:6

McCormick [21] - 4:15, 19,

22; 5:3; 229:17, 23, 25;

231:9, 15-16; 237:25;

243:4, 6; 248:3, 5; 251:23;

259:19; 260:24; 261:12,

16; 262:8

McLeod [2] - 102:23; 190:20

meadow [1] - 31:4

mean [17] - 31:24; 85:8, 12;

93:19; 95:14; 105:9; 107:8;

108:4, 8; 111:5; 123:19,

22; 168:25; 198:1, 4;

215:24; 242:2

meaning [2] - 51:13; 169:22

meaningful [6] - 25:4; 83:2;

137:25; 197:4; 199:3;

261:20

meaningfully [1] - 77:17

means [14] - 20:16; 23:22;

24:13; 31:5, 7, 14; 32:5;

35:10; 37:24; 40:3; 44:12;

207:19; 219:10; 222:7

meant [2] - 97:11; 239:1

measure [7] - 12:8, 11; 13:6;

145:1; 167:17; 258:22;

261:4

measured [2] - 20:16; 252:6

measures [37] - 10:23;

11:21; 12:15; 13:5; 77:21;

151:17; 193:23; 217:22;

232:3, 19; 233:9, 19;

234:8; 235:4; 236:1, 4, 9,

14; 237:15; 249:8, 11;

254:11, 15, 18; 256:9;

258:2, 4-5; 261:3, 23;

265:3, 22; 268:3; 269:16;

279:9; 283:5, 21

mechanism [12] - 22:20, 23;

24:11; 84:10; 260:15, 22;

268:9; 273:7; 274:20;

275:16; 278:6; 282:24

mechanisms [3] - 261:15;

273:25; 274:13

medical [9] - 28:2, 8; 29:10,

16; 32:14; 33:7; 41:11;

42:7

medivac [1] - 220:14

meet [11] - 15:17; 22:25;

116:15, 19; 151:14, 23;

163:4; 173:11; 249:14;

277:7; 279:12

meeting [14] - 15:10; 42:3;

53:6; 158:9; 190:23;

196:15, 21, 24; 199:1;

205:13; 206:18; 209:18,

22; 281:2

meetings [4] - 190:14;

191:10; 206:1

meets [1] - 268:13

member [4] - 29:4; 59:2;

115:23; 131:18

members [20] - 14:24; 17:23;

18:2, 13-14; 24:17; 44:5;

62:4; 115:17, 21, 23;

121:7; 156:13; 158:12;

159:6; 229:23; 262:8;

277:18; 279:15

members' [1] - 15:17

memo [2] - 201:25; 265:11

memorandum [5] - 230:5,

11-12, 23; 233:8

memories [1] - 204:2

men's [1] - 43:17

mental [3] - 51:4; 135:11;

147:23

mentality [4] - 136:5; 138:16,

23; 139:20

mentally [1] - 148:1

mention [8] - 57:12; 91:19;

98:6; 116:6; 160:3; 176:25;

181:16; 195:4

mentioned [21] - 19:25;

24:15; 27:13; 30:2; 36:1;

57:10; 64:8; 86:2; 94:17;

98:1, 15; 105:25; 117:22;

118:16; 121:16; 175:10;

177:5; 198:21; 221:17;

229:7; 271:4

Merci [1] - 63:15

mercury [1] - 262:20

merit [1] - 136:16

message [1] - 47:10

met [6] - 11:14; 54:17;

141:12; 150:19; 238:15;

271:1

metadata [1] - 175:18

meteorological [1] - 206:17

meteorologist [3] - 205:16,

20; 214:10

meteorology [1] - 203:25

methadone [1] - 31:13

method [1] - 196:5

methodology [3] - 66:1;

67:25; 68:11

methods [3] - 192:6; 239:16;

244:7

methylation [1] - 262:20

methylmercury [1] - 263:7

metre [2] - 8:16; 26:17

metres [1] - 214:24

metric [1] - 215:1

Mexico [1] - 67:10

mic [3] - 14:18; 30:16; 140:8

microclimate [4] - 134:13,

16; 276:16; 283:17

microgram [2] - 8:16; 26:17

mid [1] - 224:11

mid-morning [1] - 224:11

middle [1] - 213:5

midterm [1] - 90:18

might [34] - 36:13; 45:22;

48:3; 67:10; 77:25; 82:19;

88:24; 93:1, 9; 103:19;

104:3; 107:14, 18; 119:9;

130:4; 151:3; 154:17;

161:3, 5, 9; 166:7; 167:2;

176:12; 184:24; 185:13;

186:24; 188:11; 190:18;


22

197:20; 199:18; 261:18;

283:19

migrated [1] - 58:12

migration [4] - 35:13; 36:10;

154:23

Mike [1] - 259:20

mile [8] - 207:1, 9-10, 14;

208:22; 209:11; 210:5;

223:22

mile-and-a-half [3] - 207:9;

208:22; 223:22

miles [13] - 206:20, 24-25;

207:6, 13, 22-24; 208:2,

6-7, 11; 213:18

Military [1] - 223:11

mill [15] - 203:6; 212:8,

12-13; 213:2; 214:3, 25;

215:4, 17-18; 222:14;

224:7; 225:21

million [8] - 70:18; 95:23;

140:1; 146:3; 158:15;

213:24; 214:24; 216:25

millions [2] - 19:9; 220:6

mills [1] - 223:8

mind [4] - 29:20; 39:25;

42:17; 72:6

Mine [1] - 195:7

mines [1] - 178:5

minimize [1] - 171:10

minimizing [1] - 138:16

minimum [2] - 208:23; 209:6

mining [1] - 173:8

Minister [9] - 29:13, 18;

114:11; 132:8; 196:12;

197:11; 214:9; 217:18, 20

Minister's [1] - 190:23

Ministries [2] - 175:12

Ministry [34] - 3:17, 21; 4:1,

11; 6:6; 61:6, 13, 17, 25;

62:12, 19; 63:12; 64:10;

65:6; 83:22; 84:22; 91:13;

103:13; 114:11, 23;

129:23; 132:8; 156:16;

157:19; 159:21; 160:11;

177:25; 178:3; 257:5;

270:1; 271:2, 14; 275:22;

276:13

ministry [2] - 64:11; 75:15

Ministry's [2] - 130:3; 271:4

minor [2] - 171:23; 172:25

minority [2] - 41:15; 150:13

minted [1] - 64:22

minute [4] - 88:18; 202:7;

207:1, 11

minutes [15] - 61:5; 148:23;

167:7; 205:12, 24; 206:1;

207:2, 7-8; 208:5; 219:16;

221:4, 11, 20; 229:12

misidentified [1] - 142:8

miss [2] - 116:10; 254:11

missed [1] - 227:25

missing [3] - 88:24; 93:4;

110:8

mist [5] - 217:2, 5; 224:8

mistake [1] - 8:18

mitigate [11] - 18:10; 145:2,

16; 146:16; 161:25; 163:1,

23; 234:8; 254:8; 268:20;

269:13

mitigated [3] - 32:8; 243:16,

25

mitigating [1] - 151:23

mitigation [51] - 11:8, 21;

56:16; 77:21; 135:24;

137:6; 142:19, 24; 143:1,

7, 13; 144:16; 145:24;

151:14, 25; 152:3; 217:22;

232:3, 19, 22-23; 233:9,

19-20; 234:6; 243:17;

244:19; 249:8, 11, 20;

254:18; 256:9; 257:13;

258:2, 5; 261:3, 22; 265:3,

22; 268:3; 270:2, 24;

271:24; 273:3; 276:3, 21;

277:20; 278:12; 283:5, 21

mitigations [1] - 276:8

mix [2] - 224:18; 225:5

Mo [1] - 190:19

Moberly [10] - 191:4, 9;

233:3, 25; 237:14; 248:23;

249:18; 253:12; 257:25

mobile [2] - 44:14; 154:18

mobility [1] - 154:22

model [42] - 9:7; 26:15;

143:9; 146:6, 12; 226:5;

239:2, 16; 240:2, 6, 16,

20-21, 23; 241:4, 18, 23;

242:4, 13, 19-20; 243:1;

248:13, 21; 249:1, 6, 17;

255:8; 256:25; 257:14, 17,

21, 24; 258:3, 13, 21;

259:1, 13; 268:9, 12; 272:7

modelled [2] - 240:18;

259:18

modelling [17] - 26:14, 21;

171:19; 204:24; 209:11;

210:6; 233:12; 237:20;

238:8, 11, 20; 244:14;

256:16, 18, 23; 257:8;

259:24

models [17] - 134:22; 238:9,

13, 21, 23; 239:4, 12, 19,

23; 240:11, 19; 242:16;

243:1; 249:8; 257:2

moderate [2] - 172:25; 181:8

moderated [1] - 64:5

modify [1] - 177:15

MOE [1] - 132:10

moisture [6] - 206:11;

210:17; 214:14; 215:4, 8;

224:8

mold [1] - 41:20

mom [1] - 51:15

moment [2] - 110:22; 199:18

moms [1] - 36:18

money [22] - 35:7, 14, 18, 20,

22; 36:10, 18, 22; 37:13,

17; 38:17; 39:9; 46:22;

47:7; 67:7, 11; 70:12;

157:9; 158:16; 211:15;

223:3

monitor [4] - 144:10; 261:10;

269:14; 275:5

monitoring [35] - 71:18;

171:18; 234:7; 248:17;

252:25; 253:11; 254:17;

257:12; 260:2, 15, 22;

261:14; 263:14; 270:2, 4,

16, 18, 20; 271:21, 23;

272:6, 10, 23; 273:7, 18,

24; 274:5, 7, 14, 18;

276:20; 277:4, 25; 278:12

month [1] - 46:18

monthly [2] - 169:21; 277:7

months [3] - 28:1; 93:16;

124:21

moose [47] - 105:3, 5-6, 8,

11, 19, 22; 106:1; 110:2,

13, 19-20, 23-24; 111:3,

9-10, 14-15, 18-19; 113:6,

9, 11, 18; 116:6, 8; 117:2,

7, 15; 119:18; 126:9, 13;

127:1, 10, 13; 157:22;

158:5, 19; 169:9; 184:10;

188:11, 15; 260:8

Mormorek [2] - 4:8; 129:19

morning [20] - 7:11; 9:1, 20;

13:25; 14:1; 27:22; 53:6;

61:11; 62:3; 79:13; 92:21;

104:16; 129:4; 156:10;

199:20; 224:11; 229:7;

262:14; 278:25

mortality [5] - 40:2; 122:12;

243:14; 244:13; 258:15

Mossop [4] - 4:8; 5:4;

129:18; 252:1

MOSSOP [1] - 252:2

most [29] - 27:1; 30:13;

33:24; 34:2, 12; 50:2; 55:4;

58:16; 65:5; 74:1; 85:24;

92:3; 113:8; 128:22; 133:5,

7; 135:7; 137:19, 23;

145:11; 155:15; 172:10;

178:10; 182:1; 229:10;

230:18; 240:22; 255:11;

284:17

mostly [2] - 134:12; 218:5

MOTI [1] - 276:8

motivators [2] - 72:25; 73:4

motor [5] - 39:14; 40:4, 12;

42:23; 129:4

Mountain [2] - 92:18; 282:4

mountain [7] - 65:13; 110:4;

222:17; 234:1; 251:1;

252:13; 256:21

Mountains [1] - 134:14

mountains [3] - 93:3;

133:17; 225:2

mouthful [1] - 172:3

move [19] - 10:16; 13:15;

36:5; 50:8; 105:21; 107:5,

10, 14, 18-19; 140:8;

160:5; 174:5; 190:2;

191:13; 192:21; 202:24;

247:6

moved [3] - 48:13; 134:7;

150:4

movement [1] - 253:15

moving [7] - 71:21; 75:1;

164:14, 16; 226:13;

255:22; 263:9

MR [110] - 9:1; 26:6, 13;

27:12, 17; 60:12; 62:3;

63:9; 79:9, 22; 80:5; 82:2;

83:4, 18; 84:9; 86:13; 87:7;

88:14; 89:3, 11, 16, 19, 21,

25; 91:23; 92:13; 93:8;

95:17; 102:14; 103:9;

104:17, 24; 106:6, 9;

107:11; 108:10, 22;

109:20, 24; 110:16; 111:8;

112:24; 113:2, 16, 20;

114:20, 23; 115:10; 116:3,

12; 117:17, 20; 118:8, 14;

119:9, 20, 22, 25; 120:1, 4,

7; 122:2, 25; 123:7, 19;

124:4; 125:1, 3; 129:21;

130:7, 13; 140:9; 153:18;

154:2; 155:6, 25; 156:2,

24; 157:24; 159:5, 16;

160:8; 183:25; 186:8;

199:16; 200:11, 20, 22;

202:16; 210:12; 228:9, 15,

23; 229:5, 23; 231:7, 9, 11,

16; 237:23, 25; 238:4;

243:6; 248:5; 252:2;

256:15; 260:24; 261:12,

16; 262:8

MS [112] - 8:6; 9:19; 13:25;

14:2, 20, 22; 26:4; 27:3,

14; 42:23; 43:21; 44:24;

48:4; 57:4, 8; 58:1, 7; 59:7,

12; 60:8, 18; 61:2; 63:15;

64:3, 6; 79:19, 23; 80:7,

23; 81:23; 82:11, 16;

83:15, 19, 24; 84:16, 18;

85:1, 18; 86:12, 16; 87:16;

89:1, 5, 23; 93:14; 94:6;

95:12; 96:15, 18; 99:11;

103:22; 104:7, 12, 18;

105:23; 106:7, 23; 107:23;

108:17; 109:3, 23; 110:10,

17; 112:10; 113:1, 11, 17,

24; 114:22; 115:1; 119:7;

129:2; 154:13; 156:6;

157:16; 159:2; 174:10, 22;

175:9, 22, 24; 176:23;

178:17; 179:17; 180:22;

182:15; 183:1, 3, 17, 24;

192:23; 195:24; 196:2;

197:24; 198:6, 14, 18, 20,

25; 199:13; 201:6, 9, 24;


23

202:1; 231:8; 245:6; 246:3,

5, 9; 262:11; 283:9

mule [10] - 106:4, 7, 18, 20;

107:13, 22; 126:3, 5, 15;

158:19

multi [2] - 163:19; 164:12

multi-sector [2] - 163:19;

164:12

multiphase [1] - 143:25

multiple [1] - 255:7

multitude [1] - 158:2

municipality [1] - 90:24

MURDOCH [5] - 231:8;

245:6; 246:3, 5, 9

Murdoch [10] - 4:16; 5:1;

229:19; 230:20; 231:6;

232:5; 245:4, 7, 25

Murphy [1] - 2:7

museum [1] - 282:2

museums [1] - 281:24

Muskwa [2] - 91:3; 133:18

must [9] - 18:21; 20:4; 25:1,

3; 41:5; 45:17; 64:5;

195:14; 228:7

mutually [1] - 167:20

N

Nagy [1] - 112:13

name [12] - 14:2; 61:7; 62:5;

63:24; 84:1; 90:25; 130:14;

159:7; 229:24; 238:5;

245:7; 285:14

named [1] - 99:5

Nancy [4] - 2:15; 273:22;

285:3, 19

narrative [3] - 195:18, 20;

197:9

narrow [2] - 97:16; 275:17

NASA [1] - 211:12

Nation [16] - 3:13; 11:9;

13:10, 21, 23; 14:4;

115:17; 121:7; 184:11;

186:11; 193:3; 232:25;

253:5; 254:23; 256:24;

260:21

National [1] - 133:9

national [2] - 137:20; 157:23

nationally [1] - 65:1

Nations [64] - 4:14, 18-19,

21-22; 5:1, 3; 13:13; 14:7;

21:13; 25:4, 21; 37:24;

97:18; 105:13; 116:7;

121:23; 123:1; 125:10;

130:18; 139:25; 148:12;

165:11; 166:8, 20; 174:2;

176:9; 186:14; 188:5, 20;

189:5, 10; 190:11, 17;

192:7; 229:4, 16, 22;

230:1, 3; 231:14; 232:24;

233:7; 235:13; 236:8, 16;

237:2; 238:3; 243:5; 245:5;

248:4; 251:12; 252:11;

253:23; 257:15; 261:2, 19,

21; 264:2, 4; 265:20, 25;

284:22

Nations' [5] - 123:15; 236:18;

237:14; 251:2, 20

native [1] - 169:10

Natural [21] - 3:17, 22; 4:1,

11; 6:7; 61:13, 17, 25;

62:20; 63:13; 65:7; 68:20;

72:4; 84:23; 103:9; 159:22;

160:12; 177:25; 257:4;

281:5; 282:21

natural [10] - 65:10; 162:5,

24; 163:3, 23; 164:10;

166:4; 170:20; 178:4;

179:6

nature [2] - 73:5; 103:7

NAV [1] - 214:1

navigability [1] - 236:2

navigational [2] - 204:8;

235:12

Naylor [7] - 3:18, 22; 61:19;

62:1, 5; 64:8; 159:7

NAYLOR [9] - 62:3; 63:9;

159:5, 16; 160:8; 199:16;

200:11, 20, 22

near [10] - 162:20; 165:7;

170:9, 17, 19; 172:19;

176:20; 185:22; 255:22

near-surface [1] - 255:22

near-term [7] - 162:20;

165:7; 170:9, 17; 172:19;

185:22

nearly [1] - 217:12

neatly [1] - 175:4

necessarily [6] - 82:5;

110:14; 139:23; 239:2;

242:23; 266:14

necessary [5] - 18:15; 24:19;

32:7; 269:16; 275:2

need [49] - 11:4; 20:8; 21:6;

22:25; 24:23; 34:3, 10-11;

46:7, 15; 50:19; 57:17;

59:5; 62:25; 63:7; 70:24;

76:17; 82:9; 102:2; 105:21;

108:14; 116:15; 117:7;

119:7; 123:20, 24; 136:15,

23; 139:5; 150:17; 151:25;

166:8; 171:12; 179:4;

191:23; 192:20; 203:3, 13;

210:3; 216:4; 219:10;

221:19; 222:8; 228:19;

260:14; 262:3; 263:24;

267:16; 284:10

needed [6] - 22:24; 121:18;

123:12; 164:5; 175:5;

202:4

needing [1] - 56:3

needs [15] - 15:11, 18; 25:2;

54:12; 55:7; 97:21; 116:19;

117:11, 15; 136:20;

150:19; 166:14; 267:20;

268:14

negative [1] - 131:5

negatively [1] - 162:12

neglected [1] - 93:21

negligible [1] - 267:17

negotiate [1] - 90:17

negotiated [1] - 188:3

negotiation [2] - 188:9;

276:25

negotiations [3] - 188:4, 19;

275:10

NEIL [5] - 202:16; 210:12;

228:9, 15, 23

Neil [4] - 4:13; 199:14;

200:25; 202:15

Nelson [4] - 90:24; 91:1;

222:4; 264:23

nested [3] - 168:10, 12;

169:3

nesting [1] - 169:1

net [4] - 67:4; 81:14; 82:10

network [2] - 87:3; 149:21

networks [2] - 78:24; 94:21

never [1] - 158:23

nevertheless [1] - 103:3

new [31] - 13:14; 18:4, 7, 20;

22:25; 34:21; 41:18; 53:10;

54:5; 55:2, 13; 56:1; 88:1;

106:12; 127:20; 138:25;

150:8; 154:18; 224:7;

237:6; 245:24; 246:10, 12,

18-19; 247:14; 248:18;

263:16; 269:5; 281:14

New [3] - 31:22; 69:3; 279:18

newcomers [2] - 35:25;

48:20

newly [2] - 64:22; 279:17

newly-established [1] -

279:17

newly-minted [1] - 64:22

next [23] - 26:8; 29:8; 33:11;

49:2; 72:5; 127:14; 159:3,

9; 160:5; 162:2; 167:5;

168:24; 169:12; 171:20;

172:15; 173:19; 175:9;

176:24; 190:21; 238:7;

266:22; 281:2

nice [4] - 37:6; 126:20;

219:24; 227:11

nicer [1] - 92:2

niche [3] - 85:15, 25; 281:20

Nicol [3] - 3:10; 7:25; 108:22

NICOL [1] - 108:22

Nielsen [3] - 2:15; 285:3, 19

night [5] - 212:14; 226:13;

255:23; 260:12; 278:20

nights [1] - 79:21

nine [1] - 203:7

Nino [1] - 224:4

NO [2] - 3:2; 6:2

nobody [1] - 207:21

noise [4] - 264:11, 17, 20

non [10] - 10:20, 25; 11:3;

48:25; 49:2; 54:15, 22;

142:8; 269:6; 280:19

non-identifiable [1] - 142:8

non-profit [8] - 10:20, 25;

11:3; 48:25; 49:2; 54:15;

269:6; 280:19

non-profits [1] - 54:22

none [5] - 74:18-20; 88:22;

256:17

normal [4] - 43:7; 124:16;

226:3; 255:16

normalized [1] - 43:24

normally [1] - 224:11

North [10] - 28:9; 49:2; 75:14;

96:4; 125:5; 128:4; 131:18;

212:8; 213:3; 282:2

north [33] - 11:1; 40:10, 13;

41:7; 42:8, 24; 48:10;

72:17, 21, 23; 73:4, 11, 21,

23; 75:9, 19; 86:15, 17, 22;

87:21; 88:10; 92:22; 94:23;

101:3, 23; 132:2; 133:17;

134:2; 146:24; 152:23;

212:16; 224:21; 227:12

north-eastern [1] - 48:10

northeast [16] - 28:19, 21,

23-24; 30:5; 39:4, 16; 44:1;

73:17; 132:11; 134:4;

159:21; 190:11; 204:18;

219:9; 279:21

Northern [18] - 10:1, 3, 7, 9,

13; 28:4; 33:6; 45:2, 7, 10;

48:8; 90:23; 91:2, 4, 6;

133:9; 280:10, 12

northern [35] - 21:7; 22:4;

24:24; 31:22; 37:14, 23;

38:1; 39:4; 40:15; 71:22;

72:5, 8, 13, 16; 73:15;

80:21; 85:17; 93:20; 95:13,

15, 19, 21; 96:2, 13; 97:3,

24; 101:21; 133:23; 161:4;

182:23, 25; 184:3, 6;

232:10; 252:12

northwest [3] - 39:4; 161:22;

282:5

Northwest [1] - 112:14

notably [2] - 19:6, 18

note [29] - 9:23; 11:13; 18:3;

63:1; 66:21; 67:25; 78:6;

89:7; 98:24; 101:1; 105:2;

143:11; 145:18, 22;

161:12; 170:7; 172:5;

206:9; 215:2; 235:23;

244:16; 249:3; 251:11;

262:25; 266:8; 273:12;

278:22; 281:7

noted [9] - 21:20; 262:12;

268:22; 269:24; 271:19;

276:2, 18, 20; 281:16

notes [3] - 17:10; 24:2; 99:21

nothing [3] - 102:24; 127:15;

213:15


24

notice [3] - 106:25; 148:23;

177:9

noticeably [1] - 80:18

notion [2] - 47:14; 50:19

November [1] - 190:23

NPA [1] - 209:18

NPAS [1] - 209:18

number [58] - 9:23; 10:23;

28:18; 38:10; 43:6; 50:22;

52:6; 55:9; 73:14, 16-17;

74:7; 80:25; 81:4, 11, 16;

89:24; 92:15; 106:14;

108:21; 109:13; 110:19;

111:1; 112:15; 116:22;

126:5, 13, 15; 128:9;

132:9, 17; 133:1; 141:23;

147:24; 148:3; 152:12;

153:6; 154:4; 155:9, 21;

193:4; 230:15; 232:16;

234:18; 235:15; 239:9, 25;

240:7; 252:20; 257:23;

258:11, 18, 24; 266:13;

274:21; 276:10

numbers [22] - 6:4; 9:3, 5-6,

8, 12; 26:16, 25; 27:2;

40:17; 42:21; 51:9, 22;

52:18; 53:2; 94:11; 105:25;

109:16; 134:21; 154:24

numerous [4] - 21:13; 23:9;

191:10; 261:7

nutrient [2] - 247:4, 17

nutrients [1] - 245:13

O

o'clock [1] - 284:12

object [1] - 140:24

objective [16] - 135:14;

162:21, 23; 166:12;

169:20, 25; 170:4, 6;

171:1, 22; 172:17; 173:12;

183:9; 185:17

objectives [25] - 23:19;

146:7; 167:15; 173:2, 13;

179:10-12; 180:14, 16;

181:25; 182:2, 19, 21, 24;

183:5; 186:5; 235:2;

238:15, 17; 249:15;

276:14; 282:25; 283:6, 10

obligations [1] - 278:17

observers [1] - 142:1

obtain [1] - 23:3

obvious [1] - 142:7

obviously [2] - 58:10; 95:19

occupations [1] - 134:23

occur [4] - 124:18; 168:13;

243:9; 273:4

occurred [2] - 193:22;

258:15

occurring [1] - 169:6

Oceans [2] - 250:8, 12

OCP [1] - 266:21

OCR [1] - 2:15

October [4] - 11:15, 17; 28:1;

273:10

odds [1] - 127:13

OF [3] - 1:1; 3:1; 6:1

off-road [1] - 138:12

offer [9] - 50:22; 51:5; 93:22;

203:12; 217:22; 220:16;

250:17; 251:16; 261:17

offered [1] - 279:18

offers [4] - 59:9; 60:19;

80:21; 207:15

OFFICE [1] - 1:8

office [11] - 56:9; 121:17, 22;

178:7, 25; 195:16; 198:22;

203:20, 24; 214:5; 273:9

officer [6] - 29:10, 16; 42:7;

203:24; 271:5, 11

officers [2] - 28:2; 41:11

offices [3] - 28:3; 33:2, 7

official [3] - 212:1; 266:19;

267:2

Official [2] - 285:3, 20

offs [2] - 135:2

offset [1] - 18:4

offsetting [17] - 233:11;

234:3; 235:17, 21; 236:6,

17, 21-22; 237:6, 12;

247:21; 249:23; 250:24;

251:4; 252:5, 15, 25

often [12] - 67:9; 76:14, 17;

80:1; 82:23; 85:13; 86:6;

98:16; 142:8; 244:2;

255:20

oil [9] - 28:22; 34:20; 84:4;

172:20; 173:6, 15; 195:6;

212:15; 217:15

Oil [2] - 173:4; 178:4

Okanagan [1] - 161:22

old [14] - 31:25; 35:25;

171:21, 23, 25; 172:1, 5,

10, 13, 24; 173:3, 10, 15

old-growth [12] - 171:21, 23,

25; 172:1, 5, 10, 13, 24;

173:3, 10, 15

old-timers [1] - 35:25

older [4] - 38:4; 76:15; 98:1;

242:9

oldest [2] - 175:15, 17

omissions [1] - 204:24

once [10] - 41:25; 89:17;

152:4; 153:23; 206:10;

229:11; 239:21; 242:5;

267:17; 271:15

one [122] - 8:7; 19:18; 24:13;

26:17; 28:18; 30:4, 19;

32:16; 33:2, 16; 34:7;

36:16; 37:11, 25; 42:6;

43:22; 45:2, 5, 25; 46:18;

49:1; 50:14, 17; 59:14, 22;

64:14; 65:5, 9; 66:7, 21-22,

25; 68:16; 69:23; 70:21;

72:6; 73:14; 74:7; 75:12;

77:14; 79:8; 85:7; 86:10,

14; 87:9; 90:2, 5-6, 10;

91:2, 23; 92:2, 8; 94:18;

96:20, 22; 99:5, 22; 100:6;

101:11, 21; 102:17;

108:12; 109:25; 110:3, 24;

111:2; 112:10; 117:12;

124:25; 125:6; 126:3;

129:24; 130:5; 134:9;

142:5; 150:6; 153:17;

155:6; 156:13, 25; 158:15;

159:10; 161:20; 162:23;

168:5; 169:16, 18; 184:8,

11; 195:7; 203:14; 204:18;

207:1, 3, 22; 209:19;

210:16; 214:10, 24-25;

215:17; 218:1, 5; 222:12;

223:1, 21; 227:13; 228:11;

239:7; 240:25; 252:22;

256:25; 258:20; 268:4

one-five [1] - 223:1

one-one [1] - 227:13

ones [8] - 71:19; 78:2; 85:23;

139:4, 8; 142:6; 225:12;

226:5

ongoing [7] - 10:10; 21:25;

254:17; 260:15; 270:9, 19;

275:11

online [1] - 140:22

onset [1] - 280:7

Ontario [1] - 133:23

open [10] - 72:18; 97:4, 14,

17; 142:3; 164:19; 176:16;

214:20; 218:22; 284:16

opened [1] - 55:2

opening [4] - 8:3; 9:16, 18;

13:17

Opening [3] - 3:4, 12; 7:10

operate [6] - 49:15; 70:14;

82:9; 95:25; 160:4; 203:15

operating [4] - 126:1; 173:6,

14; 176:10

operation [2] - 145:20;

197:21

operational [19] - 65:4; 78:7;

159:18; 160:19; 161:18;

163:4; 165:16; 166:5, 17;

167:11; 173:20; 180:11;

205:20; 254:17; 267:17;

282:23

Operations [18] - 3:17, 22;

4:2, 12; 6:7; 61:14, 18;

62:1, 20; 63:13; 65:7;

84:23; 103:10; 159:22;

160:12; 178:1; 257:4;

282:22

operations [2] - 243:11;

252:22

operator [1] - 279:17

operators [1] - 67:17

opportunities [16] - 16:17;

18:20; 78:8; 156:18; 157:5,

21; 232:22; 253:3, 9, 15,

20, 24-25; 267:8; 280:2;

282:1

opportunity [26] - 13:16;

27:24; 42:18; 44:13; 45:14;

61:12; 86:9; 88:7, 13; 90:3;

125:4, 12; 130:20; 135:24;

137:4; 147:4; 151:11;

158:8; 230:2; 236:4; 250:8;

251:14; 253:17; 265:2;

280:25; 281:19

opposite [3] - 92:12; 149:6;

227:22

optimistic [3] - 249:17;

268:11; 275:11

optimize [1] - 32:8

option [3] - 16:15; 25:13;

281:1

options [3] - 167:2, 4; 266:3

orally [2] - 81:24; 229:11

orange [1] - 226:6

oranges [1] - 75:17

order [10] - 29:11; 34:4;

146:2; 172:4; 179:4, 21;

234:18; 247:20; 266:14;

272:14

organization [10] - 12:16;

23:13; 48:25; 49:2; 56:18;

66:3; 91:14; 206:17;

280:20

organizations [9] - 11:1;

24:3; 54:15; 136:5, 7, 18;

155:13; 211:9, 11

organized [1] - 28:2

orientation [1] - 164:2

original [1] - 282:5

originally [2] - 48:12; 120:18

OSB [3] - 213:2; 224:7;

225:21

Oszik [1] - 144:11

otherwise [2] - 226:14;

228:13

Ottawa [2] - 203:19; 218:7

ourselves [3] - 69:12; 84:15;

150:1

out-migration [1] - 154:23

outcome [2] - 138:19; 165:10

outcomes [3] - 22:1; 27:24;

164:17

outdoor [6] - 65:12; 71:15;

72:15; 74:4, 17; 81:25

outfitter [2] - 85:7; 90:8

outfitters [14] - 74:23; 81:24;

82:3, 18, 21; 83:16, 20;

84:4, 9; 90:6, 9, 11; 91:10;

94:19

Outfitters [1] - 86:3

outline [3] - 135:15; 247:7;

267:19

outlined [2] - 11:7; 252:18

outlook [1] - 148:5

outputs [1] - 242:1

outs [1] - 157:3

outside [10] - 66:6; 95:2;


25

102:12; 161:3; 175:6;

208:15, 18; 213:10; 221:8;

267:24

outstanding [1] - 117:21

outweigh [1] - 37:5

overall [10] - 40:8; 82:10;

83:4, 12; 144:25; 153:7;

170:5, 24; 172:24; 252:5

overarching [1] - 233:17

overcome [1] - 230:16

overdose [1] - 40:24

overestimate [2] - 67:3; 68:9

overhanging [1] - 245:15

overlap [2] - 108:24; 279:7

overlapping [4] - 6:6; 84:2,

7, 22

overlay [1] - 219:2

overlook [1] - 150:12

overnight [1] - 75:20

overproduce [1] - 36:2

oversee [1] - 271:21

overseeing [3] - 204:15;

272:7; 274:7

oversight [4] - 273:3, 14;

274:4; 275:19

overstating [1] - 100:16

overstressed [1] - 151:1

overview [3] - 162:3; 169:13;

262:19

overweight [1] - 43:19

overwhelming [1] - 149:22

own [10] - 18:25; 43:16; 50:9;

64:15; 72:1; 91:11; 130:22;

214:9

owned [1] - 256:11

owner [1] - 131:12

Oxford [1] - 140:22

P

P-a-l-m-e-r [1] - 238:6

p.m [2] - 128:19; 284:21

Pacific [1] - 70:4

PAD [1] - 194:25

Paddle [1] - 139:22

paediatric [2] - 50:23; 60:20

paediatrician [3] - 53:20, 22;

60:23

page [9] - 84:5; 194:4; 240:5,

9; 244:23; 256:22; 257:7;

277:5; 278:1

PAGE [2] - 3:2; 6:2

Pages [1] - 1:17

pages [3] - 213:23; 250:15

paid [1] - 82:23

paint [2] - 214:2; 219:1

PALMER [4] - 231:7, 11;

237:23; 238:4

Palmer [12] - 4:16, 20;

229:18; 230:19; 231:5,

18-19; 232:17; 238:3, 5

panel [69] - 2:6; 4:19; 9:20;

14:10; 22:16; 25:7; 27:22;

28:17; 29:4; 41:5; 45:17;

62:4, 7, 9-10; 63:5; 65:18;

87:9; 89:12; 93:6; 96:19,

25; 98:5, 8, 15; 99:10, 14;

101:5; 102:14; 115:10, 15;

125:23; 128:13; 130:19,

23; 133:11; 138:4; 140:4;

141:10; 142:25; 147:21;

151:21; 152:10; 156:13;

159:6, 25; 199:21, 25;

200:6; 204:21; 229:24;

230:13; 231:3, 14; 234:2,

14, 17, 19, 22; 236:11;

250:6, 18; 251:13; 262:8;

265:19; 284:3, 7

PANEL [3] - 1:1; 2:1

Panel [13] - 3:5, 17, 22; 4:3,

14; 7:15; 61:18; 62:1; 89:7;

129:9; 229:16; 252:20;

278:15

panel's [5] - 62:14, 17;

135:18, 20; 251:17

parachuting [2] - 155:19

paradox [1] - 31:16

parameter [8] - 208:21;

239:15, 17, 21; 241:23;

242:4; 249:1, 6

parameters [5] - 146:14;

210:7; 223:21; 238:24

paraphrasing [1] - 120:11

pardon [1] - 256:2

parent [1] - 51:3

parenthood [2] - 36:6; 37:12

parents [3] - 58:2, 5, 10

Park [1] - 282:6

park [2] - 147:19; 157:4

parking [1] - 79:11

parks [8] - 74:4; 86:15, 19,

23, 25; 87:1; 156:13

part [37] - 12:2, 5, 24; 28:2;

31:22; 33:1; 36:1; 57:15,

22; 67:15, 18; 73:25; 76:1;

79:10; 81:3; 82:22; 83:21;

85:20; 87:2, 4; 93:20;

100:21; 102:8; 172:7;

174:16; 178:2; 182:1, 11;

189:1, 12; 215:13; 236:5;

243:10; 260:22; 273:12;

280:11; 281:16

participant [1] - 195:11

PARTICIPANTS [1] - 2:8

participants [3] - 140:15;

259:13; 260:19

participate [3] - 115:22;

266:1; 279:14

participated [1] - 139:22

participation [6] - 25:17;

230:17; 251:20; 261:2, 21;

279:10

particular [12] - 15:6; 45:11;

84:10; 95:16; 104:10;

105:2, 11; 106:20; 157:13;

187:16; 248:24; 261:18

particularly [12] - 10:20;

15:4; 16:10; 29:15; 48:11;

50:22; 56:17; 85:24; 88:8;

105:20; 186:12; 262:23

particulate [5] - 8:13;

210:21; 212:18; 214:15

particulate" [1] - 206:12

parties [1] - 9:24

partly [3] - 18:4; 48:18

partner [1] - 64:21

partners [2] - 74:11; 137:13

partnership [5] - 45:13;

62:15; 95:20; 102:4; 269:4

partnerships [3] - 32:21;

49:9

Partnerships [1] - 21:12

parts [2] - 85:19; 213:24

Pass [1] - 127:16

pass [1] - 31:2

passage [5] - 242:7; 256:20;

258:2, 5, 17

passed [2] - 102:18; 109:6

passenger [1] - 221:22

passengers [2] - 219:15;

221:14

passion [1] - 282:7

past [21] - 14:14; 20:4; 21:4;

31:2; 32:3; 40:23; 44:5;

120:9; 121:2; 125:14;

126:3; 141:10; 148:9;

161:14; 162:16; 185:19;

194:17; 205:13; 218:5;

220:19; 253:16

pastoral [1] - 134:17

path [1] - 223:16

pathologist [1] - 59:23

patience [1] - 201:1

patients [3] - 38:18, 20

pattern [2] - 73:10; 221:5

patterns [2] - 220:21; 221:2

paved [1] - 134:9

pavement [1] - 227:23

pay [5] - 35:8; 37:7; 46:17;

86:7; 267:22

paying [2] - 69:25; 70:4

Peace [82] - 4:10; 11:1;

14:16, 25; 19:23; 21:5;

22:22; 23:11; 24:8; 25:11;

28:9; 49:3; 75:11, 14, 18;

81:4; 87:11; 92:9; 107:2;

122:10; 125:5, 21; 126:12,

14; 127:4; 128:2, 4;

130:11; 131:2, 7, 19;

132:2, 14-15; 133:2, 4, 12,

14; 134:1, 6, 15; 135:8, 23;

136:8; 137:8, 14, 23;

139:14, 18, 22; 142:22;

144:23; 145:6, 8, 15, 18,

22; 147:9; 150:9, 21;

152:23; 184:3; 193:21;

194:16; 198:1; 204:19;

222:5; 233:3; 234:1;

237:15; 245:20; 253:3;

261:8; 265:7, 10, 17;

273:11; 276:1; 282:2, 6

Peace-Moberly [1] - 233:3

Peace-Williston [2] - 142:22;

144:23

Pearson [2] - 205:17; 219:25

pee [1] - 31:2

peer [1] - 259:14

peer-reviewed [1] - 259:14

pellet [1] - 212:7

pending [1] - 137:21

penetrate [1] - 226:10

PENNY [6] - 48:4; 57:4; 58:7;

59:12; 60:18; 61:2

Penny [4] - 3:15; 47:20, 24;

57:10

people [116] - 30:1, 21; 31:9;

33:7, 12-13; 35:4, 6-7, 14,

21; 36:3, 5, 10, 13, 17;

37:1, 25; 38:4, 14, 23;

39:8, 22; 41:6; 42:1, 14;

43:18; 44:7, 12, 17;

46:14-16, 20; 47:6; 48:15;

51:18; 55:17, 19; 58:8, 12,

16, 18; 59:4, 10; 63:25;

66:18; 67:6, 10, 16; 70:9,

19; 71:4; 73:10, 20; 77:15;

78:14; 79:12; 80:12; 84:13;

88:10; 91:16, 23; 92:6;

94:12; 95:8; 99:6, 23;

100:11; 101:10, 13, 15, 19;

102:25; 105:5; 107:4;

109:18; 112:19, 25;

114:24; 125:21; 126:12;

127:6; 136:4; 139:22, 25;

140:11; 141:11; 147:25;

148:3, 10-12; 150:11;

155:9, 16, 19; 157:3;

169:15; 187:3; 193:12;

200:9; 209:22; 217:16;

261:10; 264:11; 266:22

peoples [1] - 263:14

per [16] - 8:16; 26:17; 39:15;

47:1; 58:9; 110:3, 23;

133:14; 207:1; 213:24;

220:20; 240:3; 257:16, 22;

272:2; 283:20

perceive [1] - 166:18

perceived [5] - 117:6;

138:15; 139:9, 19; 141:19

percent [24] - 30:3; 31:1;

39:20; 68:3, 6, 25; 75:10,

18, 21, 23; 76:9; 110:12;

111:14; 119:14; 169:21;

171:24; 172:1; 183:8;

209:15; 214:23; 237:5;

238:18

percentage [6] - 39:6; 58:15;

69:6; 108:18; 215:23;

258:22

perception [5] - 136:25;

137:17; 138:8; 151:5;


26

263:6

perfect [1] - 218:17

perform [1] - 241:19

performance [9] - 12:4, 6,

11; 13:1; 44:20; 216:12;

258:4; 284:19, 22

performed [1] - 271:24

perfunctory [1] - 138:5

perhaps [7] - 96:25; 97:15;

124:2; 130:25; 135:1;

138:5; 147:19

period [14] - 15:14; 18:20;

22:24; 23:8; 26:20; 48:7;

54:5; 60:4; 98:14; 196:12,

19; 270:8

periods [2] - 9:6; 106:10

permission [2] - 108:13

permit [2] - 118:19; 166:6

permitted [1] - 276:11

permitting [2] - 108:3; 274:9

perplexed [1] - 273:4

persistent [1] - 23:10

person [10] - 8:21; 63:16;

80:14; 86:7; 114:20; 147:7;

157:24; 159:12; 272:13

person's [1] - 141:5

personal [7] - 131:1; 134:18;

146:23; 148:4, 10; 157:6;

282:10

personally [3] - 88:6; 148:2;

190:21

persons [3] - 19:11; 66:5;

133:2

perspective [18] - 10:11;

28:11; 77:2, 11, 21; 79:20;

80:9; 81:1, 6, 15; 94:25;

103:8; 140:14; 143:18;

182:5; 205:5; 215:2;

278:22

perspectives [1] - 34:1

pertains [1] - 19:16

PETER [3] - 26:6; 95:17;

229:5

Peter [4] - 2:10; 3:19; 61:21;

62:14

phase [3] - 36:1; 277:8;

279:25

phenomenon [1] - 206:19

philosophy [1] - 37:6

phone [2] - 122:9; 231:6

phonetic [1] - 144:11

photo [1] - 232:5

photographs [1] - 198:8

photography [1] - 91:17

physical [6] - 19:20, 23;

20:3, 9; 131:22; 149:24

physician [6] - 10:5; 28:6;

30:7; 31:11; 38:16

physicians [5] - 29:23;

38:11, 14, 17

physiotherapist [1] - 58:25

pick [3] - 87:24; 180:12;

219:21

picked [2] - 33:9

picture [7] - 43:25; 71:13, 25;

78:25; 225:7; 226:2;

227:17

pictures [4] - 89:15; 121:12;

205:3

pie [2] - 67:19; 69:22

piece [1] - 73:6

pieces [2] - 179:15; 182:10

pike [1] - 252:13

piles [1] - 225:2

pilot [5] - 177:19; 203:22;

205:14; 207:6; 222:16

pilot's [1] - 225:11

pilots [4] - 211:21; 214:12;

220:11; 225:13

Pine [3] - 127:16; 253:13

pipeline [2] - 170:23; 172:22

pipelines [4] - 34:23; 185:5;

220:24

pity [1] - 174:11

pivotal [1] - 71:2

place [26] - 43:13; 47:3;

69:13; 73:2; 85:4; 88:11;

92:18; 98:7; 107:1; 134:25;

135:1, 5, 10; 153:23;

155:15; 166:15; 218:17;

223:13; 224:1; 270:4;

272:17; 273:7; 282:8;

285:8

placed [1] - 204:22

places [5] - 30:4; 66:6;

93:22; 148:8; 157:3

plan [49] - 10:4; 12:5, 8;

29:19; 32:22; 33:15; 41:12;

46:4; 47:11; 64:14, 16;

112:5; 135:24; 136:19;

166:9; 181:13; 182:25;

212:1; 221:25; 234:3, 15,

17, 23; 235:1, 3, 6-7,

10-11, 17; 236:6, 21-22;

247:21; 250:24; 251:4;

252:15, 19; 263:11;

266:19; 267:2; 270:2, 11;

274:2; 276:3, 5, 16; 280:6,

22

plane [1] - 227:18

planes [1] - 228:1

planned [2] - 104:16; 268:23

planning [24] - 6:9; 21:7, 22,

25; 24:24; 37:3; 93:19, 25;

114:19; 115:5; 133:4;

137:14; 143:13; 149:18;

174:25; 177:12; 181:1, 24;

234:25; 235:21; 269:21;

271:12; 275:23; 278:24

plans [15] - 10:15; 25:23;

42:13; 68:17; 134:22;

141:7; 181:2, 22; 182:8;

234:7, 19; 265:13; 276:9;

277:24; 280:9

plant [1] - 212:7

planting [1] - 256:10

plants [3] - 223:14; 246:12;

247:3

play [8] - 23:17; 24:7; 46:6;

71:1; 182:4; 280:5; 281:25

played [1] - 278:23

players [1] - 32:20

plays [1] - 30:5

pleased [3] - 100:19; 230:2;

251:13

plough [1] - 219:1

plume [5] - 217:4, 9; 225:24;

227:13

plumes [1] - 217:3

plunge [1] - 36:14

plus [2] - 125:16; 188:16

PM10 [1] - 9:4

PM2.5 [2] - 26:14, 20

PMT [1] - 233:5

point [42] - 15:3; 19:15;

28:13; 29:21; 35:10; 37:10;

43:17; 54:7; 65:25; 66:14;

67:5; 78:18; 82:16; 85:1;

90:5, 21; 94:22; 102:7, 10;

111:24; 114:3; 115:8;

116:4; 129:25; 146:19;

151:19, 21; 168:5; 180:22;

185:10; 210:8; 218:1, 3;

222:2; 223:19; 239:19;

240:15; 241:3; 242:15;

255:10; 273:15

pointed [1] - 101:15

points [13] - 14:9; 66:9;

88:20; 90:1, 7; 104:19;

125:4; 196:6; 233:16;

234:24; 239:1, 7; 243:21

Poland [1] - 211:13

polar [1] - 223:5

police [2] - 41:1; 271:15

policies [5] - 10:16; 29:23;

32:12; 41:12; 280:10

policing [3] - 271:3; 275:20

policy [11] - 23:14, 18; 38:12;

162:21; 167:15; 178:25;

180:16; 282:25; 283:6, 9

policy-maker [1] - 178:25

policy-taker [1] - 178:25

political [2] - 35:10

poll [1] - 56:10

pollution [4] - 206:12;

210:18, 21; 226:25

Pomeroy [2] - 1:23

pond [1] - 127:7

Ponderosa [1] - 133:25

pool [1] - 46:4

pooled [1] - 68:14

poor [2] - 30:13; 217:6

populating [1] - 233:12

population [54] - 16:23; 17:2;

37:22; 40:8; 43:23; 45:12;

98:1, 10, 13, 20, 22-23;

105:19, 24; 106:4; 109:9;

110:20; 112:18; 117:2, 16;

119:16; 120:20; 121:10;

122:5, 10, 16; 124:16, 19;

125:10; 128:7; 154:23;

237:20; 238:8, 13-14;

239:22; 240:13, 20; 242:1;

244:14; 249:14; 256:16;

258:7, 23; 259:1; 263:19;

266:17, 25; 267:5, 14, 22

population-level [1] - 238:14

populations [12] - 107:9, 13;

108:1; 117:7; 125:9, 24;

128:9; 143:21; 169:11;

233:25; 257:11

portrays [1] - 160:21

pose [2] - 30:1; 42:6

posed [1] - 103:11

position [5] - 105:17; 117:23;

148:21; 261:17; 271:22

positioned [1] - 21:2

positions [2] - 132:10;

155:12

positive [2] - 146:12; 218:20

positively [1] - 162:12

possibility [2] - 243:12;

249:11

possible [4] - 101:8; 111:22;

112:22; 200:12

possibly [4] - 44:2; 144:15;

166:14; 217:16

post [3] - 260:3; 273:18, 24

post-certification [2] -

273:18, 24

post-project [1] - 260:3

potential [36] - 16:20; 20:6;

40:10; 75:6; 77:8; 78:2;

87:11, 15; 92:24; 93:4;

147:10; 151:7, 17; 154:9;

156:11; 173:9; 194:9;

233:20; 234:5; 237:12;

239:20, 24; 244:18;

250:25; 254:6; 264:21;

265:15, 20, 22; 268:21;

271:18; 272:7; 273:1;

280:23; 283:14

potentially [3] - 124:13;

166:11; 185:13

pounds [2] - 221:21

poverty [5] - 28:25; 30:2, 22;

35:23; 36:15

Powder [5] - 99:4, 6-7; 102:7

POWER [1] - 1:4

power [2] - 204:8; 276:6

PowerPoint [5] - 160:4;

230:8, 10, 12, 23

powers [2] - 271:24; 275:2

practice [3] - 28:9; 32:16;

147:8

practices [2] - 173:14;

248:19

practising [1] - 28:6

pragmatic [1] - 170:13

Prairie [2] - 204:2; 210:14


27

pre [13] - 20:14; 97:8; 193:7;

196:9; 197:1; 199:4;

205:13; 206:1; 238:18;

258:22; 260:4

pre-Bennett [1] - 196:9

pre-consultation [2] -

205:13; 206:1

pre-European [1] - 97:8

pre-industrial [6] - 20:14;

193:7; 196:9; 197:1; 199:4

pre-project [3] - 238:18;

258:22; 260:4

precisely [1] - 80:22

preclude [1] - 195:18

predators [2] - 126:22, 24

predict [2] - 240:12; 260:14

predicted [4] - 8:12; 198:12;

247:11; 255:6

predicting [1] - 240:23

prediction [1] - 259:9

predictions [3] - 238:10;

241:5; 257:12

preface [1] - 166:17

preference [1] - 105:8

preliminary [3] - 11:14;

283:24

premature [1] - 60:6

prenatal [1] - 38:9

preparation [3] - 193:18;

194:2; 269:10

prepare [8] - 32:22; 33:15;

41:13, 22; 177:7, 21;

280:7, 22

prepared [4] - 93:8; 104:12;

148:21; 193:11

preparing [1] - 144:19

preschool [1] - 51:5

prescribe [1] - 254:7

prescriptive [1] - 25:19

presence [1] - 138:1

present [16] - 11:12; 27:23;

42:18; 45:22; 148:9; 160:1,

18; 162:16; 181:9; 185:19;

201:3; 230:3; 251:14;

266:9; 281:5

Presentation [13] - 3:13-15;

4:1, 9, 11, 13, 17, 20; 5:1;

13:23; 47:24; 229:21

presentation [47] - 4:22; 5:2;

14:5; 27:21; 47:22; 57:9;

62:22; 63:12; 86:14; 92:20;

104:5; 130:11, 20; 142:10;

159:3, 10; 160:4, 11;

180:25; 202:15; 229:3;

230:3, 9-10, 18, 23; 233:7,

10; 238:3; 243:4; 245:4;

248:3; 250:5, 7; 251:12;

262:21; 264:23; 265:6, 9,

19; 268:18; 269:23;

270:13; 278:20, 25;

280:16; 284:15

presentations [8] - 9:23;

81:23; 101:11; 104:21;

109:4; 114:5; 206:5;

266:12

presented [11] - 26:16; 27:2,

25; 125:8; 249:13; 253:7;

266:5, 15-16; 270:25;

282:22

presenter [2] - 26:8; 32:22

presenter's [1] - 142:9

preserved [1] - 114:6

president [2] - 132:18;

231:19

press [1] - 213:4

pressing [1] - 104:1

pressure [4] - 38:24; 53:18;

170:19; 269:9

pressures [4] - 54:3; 168:17;

280:18

prestigious [1] - 211:8

pretty [8] - 9:3; 42:21; 45:21;

72:7; 122:3; 126:22; 213:8;

224:17

prevailing [3] - 218:6; 224:22

prevails [2] - 206:23; 218:9

prevent [2] - 141:16; 147:13

prevents [1] - 255:12

previous [9] - 32:22; 47:12;

80:16; 92:16; 193:12;

195:21; 197:10; 202:24;

215:21

previously [4] - 199:20;

255:9; 259:19; 268:22

price [3] - 35:4, 8; 279:2

prices [3] - 36:2, 13, 20

primarily [5] - 96:1; 132:24;

158:16; 173:2; 256:2

primary [7] - 55:5; 64:24;

142:7; 144:2; 170:18;

256:3; 279:4

Prince [12] - 15:23; 17:19,

24; 33:4; 48:12; 72:7;

222:6, 22, 25; 223:5; 279:4

principal [1] - 132:21

principally [2] - 61:14; 62:10

priorities [6] - 23:18, 23;

236:19; 237:3; 251:2;

253:24

prioritise [1] - 144:10

prioritization [1] - 56:5

prioritizing [1] - 236:25

priority [14] - 122:11; 181:16,

20; 182:16-18; 185:14;

186:6; 187:14; 188:11, 24;

232:25; 253:17; 277:4

prisoners [1] - 47:14

private [3] - 55:2; 108:14;

263:25

privilege [3] - 48:5; 217:21

prizes [2] - 30:13; 39:19

proactive [3] - 164:16, 25;

177:18

probable [1] - 206:4

problem [10] - 43:16; 59:21;

60:24; 72:20; 101:25;

117:19; 120:25; 208:14;

224:18

problems [11] - 16:14; 31:14;

36:16; 43:12, 20; 45:16;

60:2, 7; 105:12; 114:7;

166:11

procedurally [1] - 199:19

procedures [1] - 173:6

proceed [2] - 252:18; 282:11

proceeding [1] - 202:25

proceedings [10] - 7:8;

128:17, 19; 133:11;

141:20; 144:24; 251:16;

284:21; 285:7, 10

PROCEEDINGS [2] - 1:11;

3:1

process [25] - 25:18; 135:17;

138:19; 143:13; 165:2;

166:21; 173:5, 14; 179:7;

180:7; 188:18; 189:14;

190:6, 15; 191:3, 7;

196:10; 252:16; 260:19;

262:19; 267:13; 272:19;

274:2; 282:20, 24

processes [6] - 21:25;

140:20; 163:6; 164:23;

168:14; 169:23

processing [2] - 212:11;

214:7

procured [1] - 19:8

produce [1] - 34:25

produced [1] - 141:21

producing [1] - 215:19

product [11] - 81:20; 87:18,

21; 95:9; 99:25; 100:4, 10;

102:11; 103:23; 211:17

production [2] - 212:12;

256:4

productive [1] - 135:8

productivity [17] - 143:22;

144:3; 233:11, 24; 234:3;

235:17, 21; 236:6, 17;

247:21; 248:25; 249:5, 23,

25; 251:1; 252:4, 6

products [12] - 67:12; 71:8,

17; 73:12, 14, 17-19; 74:3;

77:12; 87:24; 100:25

professional [4] - 132:16;

231:21; 232:7

professionals [6] - 46:10,

23; 52:16; 147:3; 220:9, 17

profile [4] - 37:22; 71:7; 76:6,

13

profiles [1] - 101:2

profit [8] - 10:20, 25; 11:3;

48:25; 49:2; 54:15; 269:6;

280:19

profits [1] - 54:22

program [39] - 12:7, 12-14,

25; 13:4, 7; 52:3; 59:24;

82:18, 20; 95:21; 96:4, 8;

123:22; 143:12, 24; 144:9,

16, 24; 145:1, 4; 146:7, 15;

181:24; 243:24; 244:4;

249:20; 254:7; 260:2;

263:9, 15; 270:16, 18;

272:6, 10, 23; 274:4; 277:4

programs [23] - 45:7, 11, 15;

65:12; 71:6; 94:17, 20;

95:24; 142:20; 145:2, 19,

25; 146:10; 148:12;

151:14, 25; 152:3, 8;

236:23; 248:17; 249:22;

277:21

progress [1] - 277:9

progressive [1] - 12:12

prohibited [1] - 141:20

PROJECT [2] - 1:2

Project [1] - 49:18

project [129] - 14:14; 15:1,

13; 16:21, 25; 17:3, 16;

19:10; 20:13, 25; 21:3;

23:2, 6-7; 24:22; 25:10,

23-24; 26:22; 29:1, 8;

34:16; 37:20; 42:16; 45:25;

49:14, 18; 55:10; 56:17;

76:22; 78:7; 83:10; 88:22;

108:24; 114:14; 118:17;

119:4, 25; 132:11; 133:5,

7; 134:4; 138:22; 141:14;

142:10; 143:25; 144:5, 17,

21; 150:17; 153:2, 5;

154:24; 156:12, 18;

157:11, 13; 159:24;

161:23; 162:6, 9; 163:11,

16, 25; 164:14; 176:8;

177:15; 180:19; 182:3;

185:7; 186:4; 188:6;

191:11; 193:5; 195:7;

197:5; 199:5, 11; 202:18;

205:15; 206:5, 8; 217:1;

222:11; 224:7; 234:5, 9,

21; 235:8, 19, 22; 237:10;

238:18; 241:16; 244:18,

22; 245:2; 252:17; 258:22;

260:3; 261:4; 263:4;

265:14, 16, 18; 267:15, 17,

23; 268:10; 270:22; 271:6,

9, 18; 277:9, 18; 279:4, 7,

10, 22, 25; 280:3, 8;

282:11, 19; 283:2; 284:10

project's [2] - 162:4; 277:8

project-level [1] - 163:25

projected [7] - 15:14; 16:17,

22, 24; 23:8; 138:7

projections [2] - 249:13;

267:1

projects [42] - 14:15; 16:18,

22; 17:7, 22; 18:20; 20:3;

21:5; 23:9; 25:2; 37:19;

41:18; 46:1; 55:17; 98:11;

137:12, 22; 144:11, 23;

145:6, 12; 146:1; 150:20;

152:4; 158:17; 159:20;

161:20; 163:12; 165:3;


28

179:21; 194:15, 18; 195:4,

6, 9; 198:9; 199:8; 201:22;

203:5; 204:15; 232:3;

273:14

prolong [1] - 192:10

prolonged [1] - 133:22

promise [2] - 69:20; 134:3

promises [1] - 284:9

promote [8] - 35:12; 68:19;

70:22; 74:12; 85:16; 133:3;

141:14; 245:20

promoted [1] - 103:20

promoting [2] - 93:20; 97:13

promotion [5] - 65:22; 70:23;

85:2; 97:3; 102:2

promotional [2] - 77:19; 95:5

promotions [1] - 86:5

prompted [1] - 27:4

promptly [2] - 18:12; 24:16

proof [1] - 141:9

propane [1] - 212:12

propellers [1] - 216:3

proper [4] - 27:10, 15; 52:20;

168:2

properly [4] - 39:2; 203:13;

206:15; 228:19

property [2] - 47:1; 136:24

Prophecy [1] - 284:23

proponent [28] - 23:6;

115:14; 118:25; 119:3;

121:15; 136:4; 138:1, 18;

140:12, 19; 142:17;

144:18; 146:14; 147:11;

149:12; 151:8; 152:3, 5,

14; 153:9; 163:18; 165:8;

177:2, 11; 193:6; 195:19;

268:10; 274:4

Proponent's [4] - 140:16;

151:13; 152:1; 234:19

proponents [10] - 25:2;

164:24; 165:3; 176:18;

177:6, 21; 178:20; 179:14;

180:1; 283:4

proportion [1] - 111:13

proportionately [3] - 68:7;

70:6; 75:5

proposal [9] - 11:8; 112:21;

146:22; 148:5; 157:8;

268:1, 4; 277:5; 278:1

proposals [4] - 105:3; 143:1;

151:18; 184:2

propose [4] - 233:19;

252:23; 276:15; 283:21

proposed [29] - 10:22; 14:14;

19:10; 20:7, 25; 21:3;

24:22; 57:18; 77:21;

102:16; 143:4; 145:18;

151:17; 232:22; 234:5;

235:7, 16; 244:19; 247:24;

249:23; 253:7; 255:4;

263:8; 264:5; 268:9; 269:5,

14; 276:3; 281:23

PROPOSED [1] - 1:3

proposition [1] - 117:19

prospect [1] - 148:17

prospering [1] - 22:6

Prosperity [1] - 195:6

protected [3] - 24:9; 217:14

protection [2] - 181:3, 11

protective [4] - 134:17;

245:16; 247:5, 16

protocol [1] - 244:10

protocols [1] - 119:11

prove [2] - 126:17; 283:3

proven [1] - 254:18

Proverbs [4] - 3:8; 4:5; 7:20;

129:13

provide [45] - 6:5; 10:4; 11:2,

5; 13:15; 20:18; 22:15, 23;

25:3; 45:13; 50:3; 60:12;

84:17, 21; 89:8; 103:11;

129:6; 140:3; 144:5; 152:8;

155:3; 178:21; 183:15;

184:22; 198:11; 199:23;

200:1; 234:22; 235:15;

237:18; 241:4; 242:3;

243:20, 23; 244:25;

247:10, 16; 248:18;

256:12; 264:12; 268:2, 23;

271:7; 272:3; 282:1

Provide [4] - 6:8, 11; 115:3;

183:19

provided [24] - 11:2; 45:9;

54:12; 55:8; 64:17; 69:22;

89:19; 95:23; 134:4;

141:13; 142:5; 154:15;

165:5; 235:25; 239:12;

250:3; 256:9; 257:11;

259:5; 262:19, 21; 265:21;

276:2; 280:16

providers [3] - 11:7; 34:11;

46:13

provides [13] - 23:22; 162:3;

164:7; 168:24; 245:13, 15,

18; 255:18, 24; 268:5;

274:17; 276:14; 282:24

providing [8] - 10:24; 71:24;

127:25; 128:1; 235:6;

269:6; 271:13; 281:21

province [4] - 35:15; 93:17;

95:15; 122:22

Province [35] - 24:5; 62:6;

65:16; 66:24; 67:8; 73:8;

76:2; 80:24; 94:13; 95:19,

25; 99:5; 102:3; 115:18;

122:17; 124:11; 132:17;

158:18; 159:8; 160:1;

161:21; 181:23; 192:6;

195:16; 198:23; 199:22;

200:5; 212:3, 23; 222:24;

253:19; 254:16; 265:12;

283:11

Province's [1] - 24:5

provinces [1] - 59:5

Provinces [1] - 285:4

provincial [17] - 23:21; 25:8;

63:20; 64:12; 77:1; 94:25;

95:1; 115:16, 22; 124:6;

136:13; 157:10; 175:13;

265:24; 271:20; 277:22;

278:23

provincially [6] - 76:4; 78:23;

87:16; 176:14; 192:2

provincially-collected [1] -

176:14

provision [1] - 269:11

provisions [1] - 20:9

proximity [1] - 98:25

public [22] - 23:13; 28:7, 10,

13; 29:14, 21-22; 30:6;

42:6; 44:9; 66:11; 81:8;

101:18; 130:25; 137:2;

140:5; 151:6, 24; 153:11;

176:17, 19; 194:2

publically [1] - 164:20

publicly [1] - 176:22

published [1] - 186:20

publishes [1] - 23:21

pudding [1] - 141:9

pull [3] - 14:18; 157:3; 239:2

pull-outs [1] - 157:3

pulp [4] - 212:13; 213:2;

215:18; 222:14

purple [2] - 70:5; 227:5

purpose [4] - 23:8; 149:18;

233:18; 284:10

purposes [3] - 19:18; 66:8;

137:11

pursue [1] - 16:15

pushed [1] - 222:18

put [18] - 38:24; 53:18; 63:17;

78:11; 79:3; 80:8; 87:25;

94:23; 148:21; 209:14;

211:15; 213:5, 25; 216:16;

222:14, 17; 223:15; 241:17

putting [4] - 57:15; 79:14;

188:1; 212:17

puzzled [1] - 274:6

PVA [1] - 139:25

Q

Q2 [1] - 256:17

Q3 [7] - 239:4; 240:5, 8;

257:2, 9, 17; 259:9

qualified [2] - 52:15; 133:8

qualitative [1] - 170:14

quality [16] - 6:3; 8:5, 10, 21;

9:12; 70:15; 135:4; 167:22;

185:12; 227:1; 235:16;

247:11; 270:18; 276:13

quantitative [1] - 170:11

quantity [6] - 8:19; 19:1;

169:19; 171:18; 247:11

quantum [1] - 68:13

quarter [1] - 207:14

quarters [4] - 207:10;

223:22; 225:9

query [2] - 74:13; 193:1

questionable [1] - 221:19

questioned [1] - 257:15

questioning [1] - 176:24

questions [49] - 11:19; 26:2;

28:17; 44:21; 62:8, 24;

63:2, 17-18; 65:24; 79:3;

86:19; 87:5, 8; 99:11, 20;

104:1, 7-8, 13; 105:20;

108:1; 118:8, 15; 123:21;

125:6; 153:15; 156:8;

174:8, 13; 181:10; 184:1;

189:8; 195:2; 196:18;

214:10; 220:16; 223:18;

231:1; 243:25; 251:10, 21;

262:1; 281:6

quick [8] - 29:3; 37:3; 56:10;

66:9; 118:14; 165:14;

169:13; 237:19

quickly [6] - 37:14; 65:22;

94:11; 150:1; 186:18;

275:20

quite [19] - 44:2; 49:12; 67:9;

95:4; 106:20; 110:2;

111:24; 114:12; 116:17;

120:3; 122:12; 124:8, 17;

127:10; 156:24; 178:11;

243:17, 19; 284:18

quotation [1] - 120:15

quote [1] - 267:5

R

R-i-c-k [1] - 238:6

radar [3] - 87:18; 204:9;

218:18

rain [1] - 220:15

rainbow [2] - 252:11; 255:17

Rainbow [1] - 222:4

raise [3] - 14:10; 49:12; 94:8

raised [20] - 11:24; 17:4;

19:21; 58:17; 62:8; 105:4;

121:8, 20; 135:9; 140:1;

205:23; 235:24; 252:3;

254:10, 23; 256:24;

263:21; 266:10; 275:17;

280:14

rallying [1] - 114:7

ramp [2] - 219:4; 221:12

rampant [1] - 179:3

ran [1] - 201:1

RANDAL [7] - 87:7; 88:14;

89:3, 11, 16, 19, 21

range [5] - 184:13; 249:15;

254:5; 255:16; 259:15

ranges [4] - 182:22; 183:6,

10; 186:6

ranking [1] - 69:7

rapid [1] - 255:12

rare [2] - 53:14; 60:6

rate [8] - 28:25; 30:2, 25;

37:18; 39:15; 40:17; 51:21;


29

53:23

rates [5] - 16:3; 36:15; 38:8;

40:3; 44:20

rather [7] - 41:20; 47:22;

57:5; 67:11; 143:6; 170:13;

203:14

ratio [1] - 40:3

RCMP [3] - 40:25; 271:1

RCR [3] - 2:15; 285:3, 19

re [2] - 198:9; 218:22

re-create [1] - 198:9

re-open [1] - 218:22

Reach [1] - 134:15

reach [3] - 225:1; 276:25;

278:13

reaching [3] - 176:9; 190:6;

192:7

react [1] - 140:11

reaction [2] - 140:18; 264:11

reactive [1] - 164:16

read [6] - 80:12; 198:10;

204:23; 210:9, 12; 216:17

reading [2] - 180:5; 204:22

ready [6] - 87:21; 136:4;

142:11; 144:19; 151:11;

265:5

real [9] - 35:20; 54:20;

122:20; 146:22; 150:14;

205:15, 19; 241:13; 242:6

real-world [1] - 242:6

realistic [1] - 241:11

reality [1] - 79:25

realize [2] - 42:5; 55:20

realized [2] - 156:19; 227:19

really [52] - 30:9; 32:3, 6;

33:14, 16, 23-24; 35:9;

41:6; 42:11; 48:9, 17, 20,

22; 49:25; 51:2; 54:12, 14,

19-20; 55:2, 11; 57:20;

65:17; 68:18; 70:7, 22, 24;

71:2; 76:22; 78:18; 79:24;

85:8; 87:18; 93:4; 100:9;

105:1; 112:7; 120:12;

122:13; 124:22; 128:8;

155:15, 20; 158:1; 167:24;

184:4; 199:10; 203:3;

210:20; 238:9; 280:16

Realtime [2] - 285:4, 20

REALTIME [1] - 2:13

reared [1] - 199:21

reason [6] - 10:22; 59:7;

80:10; 227:17; 246:25;

283:20

reasonable [4] - 16:13; 23:1;

89:4; 141:17

reasonably [9] - 14:15;

17:22; 19:22; 20:2, 16;

21:4; 154:17; 162:17;

185:19

reasons [4] - 91:23; 207:23;

246:21; 268:1

recapture [1] - 244:4

received [3] - 53:10; 121:11;

179:18

receiving [2] - 39:6; 249:7

recent [9] - 10:10; 23:25;

54:25; 106:9; 109:19;

133:7, 24; 154:20

recently [6] - 13:8; 21:11;

49:14; 106:7; 172:21;

219:12

receptors [2] - 9:8; 264:20

reclamation [1] - 275:25

recognition [2] - 57:22;

149:7

recognize [5] - 14:6; 28:16;

105:15; 238:24; 277:3

recognized [3] - 28:14;

29:22; 97:9

recognizing [4] - 98:12;

117:3; 124:12; 196:25

recollection [1] - 118:4

recommend [4] - 22:19;

213:17, 19; 259:8

recommendation [6] - 25:8,

10; 196:24; 197:6; 243:21;

271:5

recommendations [19] -

10:15; 22:16; 25:15; 56:14;

123:15; 166:1; 171:11;

233:17, 20; 236:12, 16;

241:9; 247:7; 250:2, 17;

251:7; 253:6; 261:1, 17

recommended [8] - 121:18;

123:10; 193:17; 216:15;

239:3; 272:6, 23

recommends [2] - 18:11;

24:16

reconciliation [1] - 178:6

reconfirm [2] - 9:3, 8

reconstructed [1] - 103:18

reconvene [3] - 104:3;

128:15; 202:12

reconvened [1] - 128:19

record [7] - 38:8, 11; 40:23;

60:17; 192:18; 251:9;

257:20

recording [1] - 141:20

records [2] - 36:24; 223:24

recreate [1] - 197:3

recreation [11] - 65:12;

66:11; 74:4; 81:8; 82:1;

88:17; 90:13; 101:18;

137:5; 138:13; 149:14

recreation-based [1] -

138:13

recreational [5] - 74:17;

98:17, 23; 281:13, 15

recruit [2] - 38:14; 258:10

recruiting [1] - 46:22

recruitment [14] - 18:4;

38:13; 52:15; 59:15; 239:9,

21; 240:3, 16, 19, 21;

241:12; 242:11; 258:14;

259:17

recruits [8] - 239:25; 240:3,

7; 257:16, 22-23; 258:19,

24

recycle [1] - 220:1

red [6] - 39:5; 72:6; 167:22;

216:15; 226:16; 229:1

reduce [9] - 147:14; 165:9;

218:19; 244:8; 245:23;

246:10, 23; 247:2, 4

reduced [1] - 237:10

reducing [1] - 206:19

reduction [1] - 108:23

refer [2] - 141:3; 217:13

reference [20] - 47:13; 83:25;

88:18; 89:10, 23; 98:18,

24; 144:12; 145:13;

151:15; 157:22; 185:10;

199:7; 201:7, 11; 209:17;

210:13; 242:5, 14; 250:14

referenced [2] - 71:9; 201:10

referrals [3] - 53:10; 54:6;

165:2

referred [4] - 53:11; 193:3;

252:15

referring [3] - 27:9; 174:21;

274:24

refinery [1] - 212:12

reflect [4] - 39:8; 201:20;

202:1; 262:15

reflected [2] - 73:9; 194:19

reflection [1] - 262:6

reflections [1] - 262:6

reflective [1] - 79:15

reflects [2] - 39:21; 43:11

reframe [1] - 187:19

regard [3] - 141:4; 142:16;

212:22

regarding [7] - 105:23;

113:11; 195:3; 239:14;

256:19; 279:1; 283:14

regardless [3] - 25:9; 105:9;

119:13

regards [5] - 92:14; 115:13;

118:9; 120:7; 123:7

regime [2] - 127:21; 278:18

Region [1] - 75:14

region [53] - 14:16, 25;

15:16; 16:18; 17:7, 20;

18:9; 19:3, 24; 21:1, 5;

22:22; 23:10; 24:8; 25:3,

12; 30:8; 31:10, 13; 33:8;

35:18; 37:19; 58:3; 59:9;

72:8, 13; 73:15; 80:20;

95:13, 23; 101:4; 105:5, 9;

122:13; 132:15; 137:24;

138:6; 139:16; 151:1;

154:22; 156:22; 159:21;

160:2; 161:22; 177:4;

179:17, 20; 204:14;

271:15; 281:17; 282:8

regional [36] - 15:5; 19:10,

20; 20:23; 21:7, 14, 23, 25;

22:19; 24:24; 73:14, 19;

90:24; 101:2; 103:20;

131:13; 132:10, 12;

152:24; 178:14, 21; 180:7;

190:24; 191:21; 192:3;

202:19; 220:23; 222:7;

279:2; 281:8; 282:25;

283:6, 9, 11

Regional [2] - 273:11; 276:1

regions [12] - 37:23; 40:24;

71:22; 72:1, 10-11; 73:8;

77:10; 94:15; 95:18; 102:4

register [1] - 82:14

registered [3] - 132:16;

231:21; 232:6

Registry [4] - 113:15; 193:4;

230:14; 232:16

regular [5] - 190:13; 243:10;

245:23; 246:9; 277:12

regulation [4] - 105:3;

109:21; 111:9; 274:10

regulations [5] - 41:12;

111:11, 22; 112:12; 237:7

regulators [1] - 212:24

regulatory [6] - 25:18; 32:13;

132:19; 173:11; 273:3;

278:18

rehab [1] - 60:20

rehabilitation [1] - 50:24

relate [2] - 48:3; 236:1

related [10] - 81:5; 129:7;

134:12; 143:22; 154:1;

183:5; 186:5; 262:23;

266:9; 282:1

relates [1] - 186:1

relating [1] - 235:24

relation [7] - 232:1; 233:16;

236:17; 243:17; 245:1;

275:17

Relations [1] - 13:4

relations [3] - 12:12; 178:6;

191:16

relationship [1] - 180:19

relationships [9] - 12:9;

13:13; 22:6, 13; 190:1, 16;

191:13; 240:24; 241:11

Relationships [1] - 21:12

relative [6] - 170:4; 246:24;

247:17; 258:1, 21

relatives [2] - 73:6; 101:20

released [1] - 21:11

relevance [2] - 68:22; 145:7

relevant [3] - 45:8; 197:23;

233:9

reliability [1] - 202:21

reliable [2] - 208:4; 222:8

reliance [1] - 279:4

relied [2] - 187:3; 264:2

relocation [2] - 254:11, 14

rely [3] - 84:12; 222:7

remain [3] - 208:12; 268:11;

278:10

remaining [3] - 65:24;

143:20; 278:12


30

remains [1] - 248:9

remark [1] - 273:5

remarks [8] - 3:4, 12; 7:10;

9:16, 18, 20; 13:17; 262:13

remember [3] - 106:4;

140:12; 207:5

remind [2] - 53:17; 127:6

reminder [1] - 64:7

remote [2] - 22:18; 230:17

remotely [1] - 15:1

RENATA [1] - 183:3

renowned [1] - 100:17

rental [2] - 269:9, 14

repealed [1] - 272:18

repeat [4] - 54:11; 139:5;

182:13; 198:19

repeatedly [3] - 17:4; 19:6;

20:20

replaced [1] - 149:15

replacement [2] - 77:24;

276:6

replica [1] - 282:4

report [19] - 8:11; 12:4; 13:1;

21:11, 16; 27:13; 75:11,

14, 16; 125:23; 133:8;

143:11; 165:24; 186:23;

206:21; 236:12; 241:25;

250:20; 264:16

reported [2] - 206:20; 258:21

Reporter [2] - 285:4, 20

REPORTER'S [1] - 285:1

REPORTING [1] - 2:13

reporting [2] - 11:25; 144:17

Reporting [1] - 2:14

reports [6] - 40:25; 202:19;

224:1; 273:13; 277:20, 25

represent [5] - 75:23; 91:1;

130:24; 147:24; 277:15

representation [1] - 155:24

Representative [1] - 2:19

representative [2] - 21:10;

97:25

representatives [6] - 10:3;

21:14; 25:21; 64:9; 257:3;

281:4

representing [2] - 125:5;

211:8

represents [2] - 76:14;

103:14

reps [1] - 28:18

reputation [4] - 93:17; 94:12;

146:24; 222:22

request [16] - 23:6; 25:7;

29:18; 159:25; 184:9;

234:10, 18; 235:14; 236:8;

244:12; 252:20; 272:3;

273:18, 24; 278:5

requested [12] - 117:24;

190:24; 199:8, 22; 200:1;

205:14; 234:17, 22; 264:9;

269:18; 271:23; 280:21

requesting [1] - 191:5

requests [2] - 196:8; 273:20

require [5] - 115:19; 123:11;

193:6; 208:1; 275:15

required [16] - 19:1; 25:13;

120:1; 136:17; 151:16, 22;

163:7; 203:15; 217:25;

234:3; 239:18; 240:12;

243:22; 269:11; 274:12;

277:7

requirement [2] - 173:11;

247:20

requirements [3] - 142:24;

173:17; 263:4

requires [1] - 136:25

requiring [2] - 22:7; 165:3

rescheduled [1] - 11:10

rescue [2] - 204:1; 220:12

research [13] - 10:10, 15;

120:22; 121:5; 123:22;

211:9; 236:23; 237:3-5;

248:16; 249:22; 253:10

researcher [1] - 132:10

reserve [5] - 87:12; 103:3;

156:19; 265:11; 271:25

reserved [1] - 208:13

reserves [2] - 156:20

reservoir [28] - 80:11, 14-15,

17; 92:24; 99:17; 127:8,

20; 210:17; 233:23; 243:9;

245:20; 246:11, 18, 20, 23;

248:23; 253:4; 254:24;

255:5, 14, 20; 256:2, 8, 12,

20; 263:24; 264:5

Reservoir [2] - 20:17; 158:20

reservoirs [1] - 264:7

reside [1] - 253:12

residences [1] - 223:14

residency [2] - 134:5; 135:1

resident [4] - 113:3; 131:7,

16

residents [4] - 38:2; 113:5;

148:9; 154:18

residual [5] - 20:21; 111:6;

151:10; 194:9; 254:8

resiliency [1] - 131:5

resolution [2] - 103:16;

278:6

resolve [1] - 278:11

resonate [1] - 66:19

resorts [2] - 65:14; 99:5

Resource [11] - 4:12; 6:7;

62:20; 65:7; 84:23; 103:10;

159:22; 160:12; 177:25;

257:4; 282:22

resource [21] - 6:9; 32:8;

37:4; 62:19; 65:9; 82:6;

105:6; 115:4; 139:2, 6;

156:22; 162:5, 24; 163:3,

24; 164:8, 10; 166:4;

174:25; 179:6; 265:13

resources [19] - 11:2; 49:3;

89:2; 94:14, 23; 95:2;

102:16; 138:10; 139:3, 7,

12, 14; 244:21; 267:3;

271:1, 3, 15; 275:21, 24

Resources [8] - 3:17, 22;

4:2; 61:13, 17; 62:1; 63:13;

281:5

respect [26] - 32:21; 42:10;

85:1; 111:8; 114:16;

135:17; 149:14; 154:22;

182:16; 186:12; 194:3, 25;

198:12; 199:12; 203:4, 9;

205:6; 252:4; 254:2;

256:15; 268:19; 269:17;

271:1; 275:14; 282:13

respective [1] - 276:19

respects [1] - 248:15

respite [1] - 51:7

respond [7] - 11:23; 97:1;

119:8; 168:16; 192:16;

229:9; 252:3

responded [3] - 194:2;

214:10; 259:21

responding [1] - 212:24

response [12] - 26:12; 92:15;

116:7; 132:25; 193:1, 3;

233:2; 235:14; 252:19;

253:1; 257:11; 259:5

responses [2] - 162:1; 213:8

responsibilities [3] - 29:14;

273:19, 25

responsibility [4] - 163:14,

17; 177:2; 206:14

responsible [7] - 64:11;

148:24; 152:2; 270:23;

271:8; 276:21; 282:18

rest [9] - 38:6; 39:17, 25;

40:9; 43:14, 24; 122:21;

125:11; 210:22

resting [1] - 135:1

restoration [3] - 114:4, 13,

17

restricted [5] - 112:20;

116:24; 141:24; 142:1, 9

result [9] - 16:25; 144:4;

145:9; 148:10; 193:23;

240:13; 243:14; 275:3

resulting [2] - 147:19; 280:2

results [15] - 6:12; 10:14;

26:14; 150:14; 169:14;

183:14, 20; 239:16, 19;

242:20; 243:1; 255:15;

258:21; 283:24

retail [2] - 67:22; 68:7

retain [1] - 171:22

retention [2] - 52:15; 173:17

retirement [2] - 131:6;

149:19

retrained [2] - 204:1, 4

retroactively [1] - 143:14

return [1] - 133:14

revealed [1] - 143:5

Revelstoke [4] - 77:7, 9;

80:11; 81:17

revenue [11] - 29:1; 30:5;

35:15; 65:2; 66:13; 75:8,

23; 85:24; 94:8; 268:7, 17

reverse [1] - 203:3

REVIEW [3] - 1:1; 2:1

review [16] - 11:14; 138:4;

153:20; 167:1; 196:8, 12,

19; 232:18, 21; 233:18;

251:9; 276:9; 277:9, 12,

20, 23

Review [4] - 89:7; 230:6;

252:20; 278:15

reviewed [5] - 199:9; 257:2,

6; 259:14; 283:25

Reynier [4] - 3:8; 4:6; 7:21;

129:14

REYNIER [1] - 83:24

rezoned [1] - 211:23

Rick [12] - 4:16, 20; 229:18;

230:19; 231:5, 18; 237:18,

22; 238:3-5; 243:6

RICK [4] - 231:7, 11; 237:23;

238:4

Ricker [4] - 240:20; 242:10,

13; 259:18

ridiculous [1] - 220:23

right-hand [2] - 218:25;

232:4

rightly [1] - 101:15

Rights [5] - 187:17, 23;

188:2, 8, 10

rights [2] - 97:10, 19

rigorous [2] - 143:3; 249:20

rigs [1] - 149:10

riparian [23] - 169:4; 175:13;

233:13; 244:16, 20; 245:2,

11; 246:11, 16; 247:11, 14;

254:24; 255:5, 10, 18, 24;

256:5, 7, 9, 11

rise [2] - 52:7; 54:4

rises [1] - 109:9

risk [18] - 163:2, 23; 165:7,

22; 166:10; 170:25; 171:2,

5, 10; 172:23; 173:8;

176:21; 181:5; 205:6;

241:4; 242:19; 259:23

risk-based [2] - 241:4;

242:19

risks [2] - 30:1; 162:1

River [30] - 14:25; 81:4;

107:2; 122:19; 127:17;

132:2; 134:1; 145:8, 15;

150:9, 21; 184:3; 193:21;

204:19; 222:5; 233:25;

234:1; 237:14; 245:20;

248:23; 249:18; 253:3;

257:25; 261:8; 265:10, 17;

273:11; 276:1; 284:8

river [28] - 80:13, 17, 25;

81:5, 7, 22; 83:22; 88:23,

25; 89:9, 15; 92:8; 99:16;

107:5, 22; 108:5, 9, 20;

127:10; 134:14; 143:17;

147:20; 210:18; 233:23;


31

246:17, 22

river-based [2] - 81:5, 22

river-use [1] - 81:7

riverine [1] - 245:22

rivers [1] - 108:8

Road [4] - 1:23; 130:3;

148:14; 149:3

road [11] - 15:23; 16:4, 7;

32:24; 33:9; 43:6, 9; 92:8;

138:12; 253:16; 270:3

roads [5] - 126:2; 129:1;

184:20; 185:5; 276:6

Robinson [2] - 3:10; 7:24

robust [3] - 181:23; 239:2;

259:15

robustness [2] - 239:16;

241:23

Rockies [4] - 90:23; 91:2, 4;

93:18

Rockies' [1] - 91:6

Rocky [3] - 92:18; 134:14;

282:4

Rod [5] - 125:5, 16; 128:4;

131:19; 137:11

role [18] - 23:17; 24:7, 14;

30:6; 32:20; 71:2; 152:1;

177:17; 180:3; 181:11, 21;

182:3; 256:7; 278:22;

280:5; 281:24

roles [4] - 25:4; 29:13; 65:8;

276:19

rolling [2] - 225:23; 251:18

room [5] - 47:20; 155:8;

222:23; 250:9, 13

roots [2] - 47:6; 142:7

rough [1] - 16:4

rounded [1] - 51:2

rounding [1] - 26:24

route [1] - 31:15

routes [1] - 86:25

RPR [3] - 2:15; 285:3, 19

rule [2] - 209:3; 214:8

rules [3] - 136:20; 208:8;

212:25

run [3] - 155:15; 167:7;

226:20

running [3] - 31:12; 122:18;

228:6

runoff [1] - 220:3

runs [1] - 64:19

runway [14] - 206:25; 207:3,

21; 209:8; 219:5, 8;

222:15; 223:1, 4, 9;

227:13, 17, 20

runways [1] - 208:23

rural [2] - 17:13; 59:10

rush [4] - 31:25; 32:2; 148:22

Russia [1] - 211:13

RV [5] - 73:22; 78:25; 96:5;

147:19; 281:14

RVers [1] - 78:12

RWDI [1] - 9:2

S

sad [1] - 59:16

safe [6] - 69:16; 85:4;

111:11; 203:16; 281:21

safer [1] - 228:9

safety [4] - 13:3; 43:13;

270:3; 271:8

sailed [1] - 204:18

sailors [1] - 204:17

sake [2] - 181:18; 250:21

salaries [1] - 98:21

sales [1] - 39:24

salvage [1] - 254:7

salvaging [1] - 243:23

Sander [2] - 4:6; 129:15

SANDER [6] - 196:2; 198:6,

18, 25; 201:9; 202:1

Sanders [1] - 201:6

Sandra [1] - 152:19

sands [1] - 195:6

sat [3] - 54:19; 141:10;

192:13

satisfaction [1] - 134:24

satisfied [2] - 142:13

Saulteau [53] - 4:14, 18-19,

21-22; 5:1, 3; 11:9, 14, 20;

190:19; 193:3, 15; 229:4,

16, 22, 25; 230:3; 231:14;

232:24; 233:6; 235:13;

236:8, 16, 18; 237:2, 13;

238:3; 243:4; 245:4; 248:3;

251:2, 12, 19; 252:10;

253:5, 23, 25; 254:23;

256:24; 257:15; 259:8, 25;

260:21; 261:2, 19, 21;

264:3; 265:20, 25; 266:2

Saulteau's [3] - 254:2;

256:16; 264:6

saw [10] - 126:3, 7-8, 10;

158:19; 223:11

sawmills [1] - 215:18

scale [4] - 103:15; 163:19;

184:16; 283:1

scales [1] - 116:15

scaling [2] - 258:19; 269:11

scanning [2] - 119:2, 15

scarce [6] - 139:4, 8-10;

236:7; 243:17

scarcity [1] - 139:6

scenario [1] - 197:3

scenic [1] - 92:3

scenics [1] - 77:23

scepticism [1] - 140:15

schedules [1] - 16:9

scheduling [1] - 277:14

schematic [2] - 165:14

scheme [1] - 274:10

schemes [1] - 272:21

school [10] - 23:1; 36:17, 19;

44:4, 8, 11; 122:8; 132:1;

203:18

School [1] - 132:2

schools [5] - 8:14; 27:5;

44:8; 203:25

Science [4] - 231:23, 25;

232:9, 11

science [1] - 123:14

science-based [1] - 123:14

scientific [1] - 242:3

scientifically [1] - 259:2

scientist [1] - 55:15

scientists [2] - 211:7, 13

scoot [1] - 221:10

scope [3] - 20:12; 138:17;

152:13

scoped [1] - 263:3

Scott [1] - 1:23

screen [4] - 211:18, 20;

231:17; 232:4

se [1] - 58:9

sea [1] - 133:20

seamless [1] - 161:17

seams [1] - 49:17

search [1] - 220:12

season [2] - 16:8; 113:10

seasonality [2] - 72:22;

171:9

seasoned [1] - 205:20

seasons [1] - 127:23

second [16] - 19:15; 30:12;

66:14; 69:24; 88:15; 116:4;

120:5; 157:17; 182:12, 15;

201:5; 218:3; 247:1;

273:16; 274:1, 20

secondary [5] - 218:18;

241:4; 242:19; 256:3;

259:23

secondly [2] - 14:13; 24:15

seconds [2] - 207:10, 15

secret [2] - 141:25; 149:10

SECRETARIAT [1] - 2:5

Secretariat [4] - 113:19, 23;

230:13; 251:17

Secretary [1] - 64:17

Section [10] - 29:15; 88:16;

234:4; 244:17; 254:3;

255:2; 264:19; 272:10, 17;

274:15

section [4] - 91:25; 92:19;

132:14; 274:17

sections [5] - 266:9; 274:21,

24-25; 275:1

sector [12] - 11:3; 23:13;

162:5; 163:19; 164:10-12;

166:4; 179:6; 202:22;

227:5

sector-specific [1] - 162:6

sectors [12] - 64:14; 65:10;

68:1, 17; 94:19; 162:24;

163:3, 24; 173:17; 280:1, 3

secure [1] - 17:23

security [2] - 150:22; 271:8

see [64] - 9:4; 28:19; 30:20;

31:13, 20; 36:16; 41:4;

52:6; 53:6; 54:3; 59:4;

70:1; 73:19; 75:3; 76:22;

82:5; 83:5, 14; 91:6;

111:21; 119:14; 124:3;

126:8; 128:6; 153:17;

172:9; 178:10; 179:15;

180:10; 187:15; 188:21;

191:25; 197:22; 205:23;

212:14; 217:7, 11, 17;

218:22; 223:1, 25; 224:2,

12; 225:12, 14; 226:2, 6;

227:13; 228:21; 229:1;

231:4, 17; 232:4; 233:2;

236:15; 248:6; 250:1;

251:6; 261:20; 274:24;

275:1; 282:11; 284:12

seeing [5] - 57:13; 157:22;

214:17; 219:3; 226:11

seek [3] - 23:3; 141:1; 277:19

seeking [1] - 87:19

seem [2] - 78:3; 260:18

segway [2] - 100:23; 157:18

seismic [1] - 184:20

selected [4] - 13:10; 162:15;

165:6

selecting [1] - 242:6

selection [1] - 168:6

selectivity [1] - 244:8

self [2] - 13:10; 274:5

self-identified [1] - 13:10

self-monitoring [1] - 274:5

senior [3] - 24:3; 231:20;

283:25

sensible [1] - 271:10

sensitive [3] - 240:21;

258:23; 264:20

sensitivity [7] - 239:18;

241:19, 21; 249:2, 6;

259:8, 10

sent [1] - 59:23

sentiment [2] - 136:11;

139:21

sentiments [1] - 148:1

separate [3] - 67:1; 141:16;

283:1

separation [1] - 218:19

September [4] - 72:22;

198:24; 201:11, 16

sequence [1] - 225:12

series [2] - 88:20; 266:11

serious [2] - 39:18; 204:24

seriousness [1] - 20:6

serve [3] - 48:24; 132:1, 5

served [2] - 51:13, 19

serves [1] - 245:16

Service [1] - 113:7

service [13] - 10:19; 11:6;

12:5, 8; 15:18; 50:3; 55:25;

56:7; 60:13, 15, 19; 79:16;

267:9

services [43] - 10:4, 6, 8;

14:12; 15:5, 7-8; 17:8, 19,


32

24; 18:1, 17; 19:7; 22:19;

24:13, 20; 31:12; 44:9-11;

46:19; 50:8, 22; 51:7;

54:19; 55:1; 56:4, 6, 19;

57:12; 59:9; 67:21, 23;

68:5; 149:9; 150:5; 203:18;

209:19; 265:1; 266:7;

267:16; 279:2, 8

Services [3] - 2:14, 19; 10:23

servicing [1] - 87:3

serving [2] - 51:12; 132:3

Session [2] - 1:12; 7:4

session [7] - 11:11; 20:1;

142:14; 157:25; 201:2;

283:16; 284:9

sessions [4] - 141:16, 24;

142:4; 197:19

set [21] - 48:9; 65:23; 93:12;

102:22; 103:19; 128:24;

146:14; 154:3; 162:11, 14;

166:13, 15; 168:23;

180:13; 182:1; 258:20;

274:17; 275:12; 277:5;

278:2; 285:8

set-up [1] - 93:12

setback [2] - 211:25; 212:4

sets [1] - 64:18

setting [3] - 64:13; 179:7;

229:6

settings [1] - 225:15

settle [1] - 260:10

seven [6] - 48:9; 51:11;

52:10; 63:18; 219:13;

283:20

several [16] - 9:5; 56:21;

90:9; 103:3; 104:25; 109:4;

114:4; 125:3; 130:1, 17;

133:17; 158:15; 190:14;

239:7; 258:4; 281:25

severe [1] - 16:12

severity [1] - 151:7

shade [2] - 247:16; 255:12

shading [2] - 245:18; 247:5

shadow [8] - 135:25; 146:18,

21; 147:22; 150:2, 13-14;

152:20

shall [3] - 206:20; 208:3

shallow [1] - 255:21

shallows [1] - 255:22

shape [3] - 216:1; 258:9

share [3] - 35:19; 101:4;

168:14

shared [5] - 22:12; 25:4;

139:21; 173:25; 282:7

sharing [1] - 130:18

sheep [2] - 110:4; 158:20

shelf [4] - 136:4; 142:11;

144:19; 151:11

shelf-ready [4] - 136:4;

142:11; 144:19; 151:11

shift [3] - 164:11, 19; 268:24

shifts [1] - 164:9

shine [1] - 220:15

shirt [1] - 231:18

shocking [1] - 42:21

shore [2] - 108:12; 127:19

shoreline [4] - 246:13, 19,

23; 247:1

short [6] - 48:7; 54:21; 56:16;

98:12; 107:20; 138:25

short-term [2] - 98:12;

138:25

shortcomings [1] - 152:10

shorter [1] - 60:4

shorthand [1] - 285:8

shortly [1] - 159:13

shot [1] - 186:18

show [13] - 32:24; 35:23;

44:18; 49:23; 51:8; 97:5;

186:15; 213:16; 224:20;

225:7; 226:15; 241:22;

284:7

showed [2] - 31:23; 43:23

shown [1] - 241:22

shows [4] - 40:2; 67:20;

172:13, 15

sibling [1] - 51:15

sic [3] - 139:3; 143:9; 199:19

sicker [1] - 40:8

side [23] - 30:19; 34:7; 37:25;

38:2; 40:5; 64:25; 70:25;

74:21; 77:19; 108:17;

158:11; 203:10; 211:11;

218:25; 222:17; 226:2;

232:4; 233:14; 244:16;

245:11, 22; 247:18

sighting [1] - 158:5

sightings [1] - 121:11

sightseeing [1] - 73:5

sign [1] - 205:21

signed [1] - 269:19

significance [4] - 138:17;

144:7; 158:7; 203:1

significant [20] - 15:24; 17:2;

18:1; 20:25; 28:15; 30:6;

36:11; 37:18; 40:21; 91:4,

7-8; 126:13; 131:4; 152:13;

153:8; 216:10; 235:20;

283:18

significantly [5] - 29:23;

127:25; 138:8; 152:18;

244:11

silver [1] - 228:25

similar [12] - 14:24; 17:20;

27:6; 133:13; 136:10;

144:20; 145:23; 195:5;

242:21; 268:8

similarly [2] - 17:18; 168:16

Simon [2] - 102:20; 231:25

simple [1] - 59:21

simplified [1] - 258:13

simply [2] - 201:20; 258:19

SIMPSON [3] - 119:22;

120:1; 124:4

Simpson [1] - 119:7

single [8] - 36:6; 37:12;

158:5; 164:1, 11; 257:1,

24; 268:10

single-development [1] -

164:1

single-sector [1] - 164:11

SIOBHAN [5] - 44:24; 89:5,

23; 119:7; 154:13

Siobhan [4] - 3:7; 4:4; 7:18;

129:11

sit [6] - 25:20; 33:12; 39:10;

54:14; 56:6; 118:3

SITE [1] - 1:2

Site [52] - 14:14; 15:4, 13;

16:17, 20, 25; 17:5, 11, 21;

20:13; 23:7; 24:10, 22;

25:10; 54:21; 56:17; 57:22;

76:22; 77:8; 83:1; 86:20;

98:11; 101:11; 105:10;

114:17; 123:5; 128:8;

136:4, 6, 13; 137:3, 17;

138:3, 7, 14; 140:5;

144:18; 148:18; 150:16,

18, 23; 151:11; 153:2;

156:23; 159:24; 184:2;

230:6; 253:4; 254:22;

265:16; 280:23

site [12] - 15:2; 17:16; 78:2;

83:25; 163:11; 164:1;

178:22; 241:16; 275:25;

276:3

site-specific [1] - 164:1

sites [9] - 78:1; 88:22, 25;

102:17, 24; 103:6, 17;

184:21; 281:14

sitting [7] - 28:7; 51:11; 53:5;

56:11; 59:18; 191:10;

215:6

situated [2] - 23:10; 24:6

situation [2] - 49:20; 139:24

six [17] - 72:1; 77:4; 92:15;

94:15; 95:18; 106:15;

206:19, 24; 207:2, 6-7,

22-23; 208:2, 6; 219:13

size [7] - 20:24; 150:7; 154:6,

16; 239:22; 242:1; 244:8

ski [2] - 86:8; 93:24

Ski [2] - 71:13; 102:9

skied [1] - 102:8

skiing [2] - 71:12; 98:18

skill [1] - 285:11

skills [4] - 18:15; 24:19;

44:19; 51:6

Skills [2] - 62:13; 64:10

skins [1] - 126:25

sky [2] - 40:4, 13

sleep [1] - 43:20

slice [3] - 70:5; 73:20

sliced [1] - 76:7

slices [1] - 70:20

slicing [1] - 72:11

slide [31] - 67:13; 70:21;

72:5; 73:13; 78:19; 101:17;

160:5, 15, 21; 162:2;

164:6; 165:13; 167:5;

168:24; 169:12; 174:21;

213:16; 231:4; 232:17;

233:2, 10, 22; 236:15;

241:8; 243:7, 20; 244:15;

247:6; 248:6; 250:1

Slide [1] - 237:17

slides [6] - 43:22; 44:18;

65:22; 96:20; 238:7;

250:17

slightly [1] - 161:3

slopes [1] - 126:15

sloughing [1] - 127:13

slow [5] - 53:21; 64:3; 161:6;

246:1; 273:20

slower [1] - 255:15

slowly [1] - 226:21

slows [1] - 279:25

small [10] - 43:7; 49:11;

69:15; 75:5; 132:22; 171:3;

216:9; 254:11; 255:11

small-town [1] - 69:15

smaller [3] - 43:2; 70:20;

150:6

smart [1] - 31:17

smoke [1] - 210:21

snapshots [1] - 181:19

snow [5] - 127:1, 4; 217:8;

219:1; 225:19

snow-covered [1] - 217:8

snowboarding [1] - 71:13

snowing [1] - 217:6

social [20] - 10:19; 12:2, 4;

13:2; 15:8; 134:24; 135:12;

136:22, 25; 138:21;

139:13, 16; 149:21;

152:23, 25; 153:3, 21;

154:2; 155:20; 265:21

Social [1] - 10:23

society [4] - 137:9, 11;

209:18; 282:3

socio [13] - 7:13; 9:22; 28:12;

29:5; 33:17, 22; 36:9; 37:5,

10; 134:20; 135:6; 150:5;

155:2

Socio [2] - 1:14; 7:6

socio-economic [5] - 7:13;

9:22; 33:22; 135:6; 155:2

Socio-Economic [2] - 1:14;

7:6

socio-economical [6] -

28:12; 29:5; 33:17; 36:9;

37:5, 10

socio-economics [1] -

134:20

socio-services [1] - 150:5

sockeye [1] - 242:7

soil [1] - 139:8

sold [1] - 216:23

solution [1] - 220:8

Solutions [1] - 2:18


33

solutions [3] - 22:9; 45:18;

277:20

solve [1] - 105:11

someone [2] - 31:19; 113:4

sometimes [6] - 33:18;

34:13; 35:3; 37:4; 66:17;

67:15

somewhat [6] - 61:4; 112:4;

145:23; 146:9, 25; 273:4

somewhere [2] - 119:8;

215:11

soon [4] - 200:6, 12; 218:16;

224:17

SOP [1] - 207:25

sophisticated [1] - 69:14

sorry [22] - 45:7; 56:13; 82:2;

83:18; 98:6; 99:2; 104:5;

108:8; 109:25; 110:7;

122:25; 130:5; 181:6;

183:12; 195:25; 198:18;

199:16; 210:10; 220:14;

273:22; 279:24

sort [23] - 48:22; 51:1; 52:9,

16; 54:4, 10; 58:12; 59:14;

60:2; 73:22; 74:15; 83:10;

84:6; 107:7; 112:21;

154:20; 163:19; 165:14;

177:24; 178:9; 247:23

sought [3] - 45:2; 142:14;

282:15

soul [1] - 135:4

sounds [2] - 89:3; 144:14

source [6] - 6:8; 115:3;

175:10, 15, 24; 255:25

sources [3] - 175:17; 256:6;

263:22

south [7] - 11:1; 147:11;

184:6; 212:10, 16; 224:23;

264:5

southeastern [1] - 133:25

southwest [2] - 218:9;

225:22

space [4] - 49:21; 97:12;

208:15; 217:14

spaces [4] - 72:18; 97:4, 15,

17

spare [1] - 8:3

spatial [3] - 17:11; 116:14;

194:24

spatially [1] - 167:18

spawn [1] - 257:25

spawner [4] - 240:1, 4;

257:16, 22

spawners [3] - 239:10;

240:8; 258:12

spawning [2] - 240:13;

258:16

SPEAKER [1] - 130:6

speaker [3] - 101:14; 128:23;

273:20

speaking [4] - 89:1; 238:5,

18; 273:21

speaks [2] - 50:19; 63:5

special [6] - 21:9; 27:25;

141:25; 208:17; 282:9;

284:14

specialist [1] - 283:25

specialists [1] - 124:6

specialized [2] - 10:7; 204:6

species [28] - 6:12; 128:7;

145:11; 183:4, 11, 13, 15,

19-20; 185:14; 188:17;

232:24; 236:19; 237:9;

238:14; 240:17, 24; 251:3;

252:7, 10, 12; 253:4;

255:7, 17; 257:1, 24

specific [22] - 40:1; 45:21;

78:1; 81:19; 83:1; 88:17;

99:14, 18; 133:11; 135:21;

143:2; 157:21; 159:24;

162:6; 164:1; 177:3;

188:19; 199:11; 236:4, 9;

252:16; 254:19

Specific [2] - 1:12; 7:4

specifically [15] - 14:23;

23:16; 24:2; 38:7; 52:5;

74:16; 83:9; 99:21; 106:12;

111:9; 159:19; 182:23;

188:24; 238:11; 261:7

specificity [2] - 176:7;

178:22

specifics [2] - 122:4; 151:15

specified [2] - 212:4; 277:21

specify [1] - 274:23

spectacular [1] - 72:15

speculate [1] - 93:9

speech [2] - 8:4; 59:22

speed [1] - 64:5

speed) [1] - 273:21

speeded [1] - 90:4

spelled [1] - 245:8

spelling [1] - 238:5

spend [4] - 46:22; 51:23;

61:5; 157:9

spending [1] - 70:12

spent [2] - 67:11; 223:3

spill [1] - 38:23

spiritual [1] - 97:20

spoken [1] - 205:17

sport [1] - 113:8

spray [3] - 219:18, 23

spring [2] - 122:7; 215:16

spruce [1] - 133:21

square [1] - 49:16

squashed [1] - 147:9

St [49] - 1:24; 3:16; 7:2;

10:17, 20; 11:8; 17:15;

33:4; 38:7; 42:25; 47:24;

48:11, 14, 19; 49:1, 8;

51:21; 54:22; 55:1; 56:3;

60:19, 23; 91:25; 93:1;

102:24; 120:12; 129:5;

130:22; 131:9, 17; 132:6;

134:7, 10; 136:9; 149:9;

150:8; 154:4; 158:10;

204:11; 260:16; 266:12;

270:1, 19; 278:11; 280:15;

282:3; 283:15

stabilization [1] - 256:13

stable [5] - 106:1; 110:20;

155:20; 172:20; 226:25

stack [2] - 214:3; 215:10

staff [8] - 38:25; 52:20;

53:19; 54:18; 120:17;

178:8; 266:20; 282:15

staffing [1] - 52:8

stage [7] - 48:10; 220:2;

235:22; 252:18; 258:16;

260:4

Stage [1] - 118:23

stagnant [1] - 227:1

stakeholder [2] - 13:3; 21:14

stakeholders [3] - 25:22;

95:25; 105:13

stale [1] - 222:15

stand [2] - 48:16; 106:16

standard [6] - 12:20; 66:1;

67:24; 68:11; 120:3; 175:1

standardized [1] - 40:2

standards [3] - 151:22;

207:11; 236:13

Stano [6] - 3:13; 13:23; 14:1;

26:3; 47:12

STANO [6] - 13:25; 14:2, 20,

22; 26:4; 96:18

Staples [1] - 259:25

start [13] - 47:4; 76:18;

90:19; 95:12, 15; 101:7;

104:23; 148:19; 184:21;

200:16; 210:6; 224:12;

246:6

started [11] - 51:10; 64:23;

82:17; 86:11; 105:24;

145:20; 185:7; 193:1;

203:22; 262:18

starting [5] - 49:16, 20;

86:10; 116:20; 167:9

state [5] - 41:1; 56:23;

147:23; 211:4; 234:4

statement [3] - 107:7;

123:25; 277:22

Statement [3] - 193:19;

230:7; 246:15

statements [2] - 19:12; 136:3

States [1] - 31:23

states [3] - 66:15; 267:2;

270:6

static [1] - 216:4

statistical [2] - 70:17; 79:19

statistically [1] - 283:18

statistician [1] - 55:15

statistics [5] - 43:24; 58:2;

67:1; 75:7; 129:5

stats [4] - 55:9; 58:8; 75:10

Stats [4] - 30:11; 68:12;

266:25; 267:14

status [3] - 30:10; 137:3;

269:18

statute [1] - 275:6

statutory [2] - 164:22; 166:2

stay [7] - 46:21; 47:3, 6;

55:19; 73:11; 99:25;

208:18

staying [3] - 66:6; 67:2; 68:4

stays [1] - 71:12

steep [1] - 127:13

steep-sloughing [1] - 127:13

Steiner [1] - 150:12

Stenographer [1] - 273:20

step [3] - 213:20; 216:15;

220:3

steps [1] - 173:19

sterile [1] - 147:3

STEVE [1] - 108:22

Steve [3] - 3:10; 7:25; 108:22

stewardship [1] - 205:8

stick [1] - 228:20

sticking [1] - 227:23

still [16] - 44:1; 55:3; 69:8;

97:12; 104:19; 118:1;

172:16; 215:14; 221:20;

227:7; 228:9; 248:9;

276:23

stimulate [2] - 35:13; 137:13

stipulates [1] - 240:6

stock [5] - 240:16, 21;

242:11; 258:9; 259:17

stock-recruitment [2] -

240:16; 242:11

stone [1] - 158:19

stop [4] - 33:9; 122:8;

136:10; 228:5

stop-the-hearing/start-the-

dam [1] - 136:10

stopped [2] - 201:20; 202:4

stops [2] - 87:2; 208:9

store [1] - 113:8

storing [1] - 176:6

story [5] - 33:1, 6, 10; 39:7;

106:18

straight [3] - 65:11; 207:17;

224:5

straight-line [1] - 65:11

strand [1] - 212:8

stranding [9] - 233:13;

243:8, 15, 19, 25; 244:13;

254:3, 9

strategic [12] - 13:9; 23:18;

64:13, 15; 159:20; 166:7;

179:22; 180:6; 190:24;

191:21; 192:3

strategies [3] - 59:15; 163:1,

23

strategy [7] - 71:9; 95:14;

103:21; 114:16; 122:14;

138:12; 243:18

straw [1] - 153:4

stream [8] - 169:23; 171:7;

233:14; 244:16; 245:11,

22; 247:18, 23


34

stream-side [5] - 233:14;

244:16; 245:11, 22; 247:18

streamline [1] - 165:2

streams [3] - 255:12, 18, 24

Street [1] - 130:1

street [1] - 149:11

streets [1] - 134:9

strengths [1] - 167:3

stress [2] - 18:16; 97:6

stressed [1] - 15:11

stresses [1] - 10:19

stretched [2] - 56:8; 57:12

strive [1] - 248:18

strong [3] - 269:2; 278:22;

282:10

stronger [2] - 13:12; 263:11

strongest [1] - 226:18

struck [2] - 47:9, 13

structure [7] - 154:3; 155:11,

18; 214:16; 256:25; 257:1;

258:25

structured [2] - 140:20;

274:14

structures [4] - 153:21, 23;

261:18

struggle [2] - 52:14; 226:13

struggled [1] - 222:16

struggles [1] - 15:10

students [1] - 148:22

studies [7] - 33:20; 119:5;

144:20; 151:8; 177:13;

201:19; 242:6

study [33] - 6:9, 13; 19:19;

115:4; 118:19; 121:19, 24;

122:3; 123:3, 10-11, 13,

24; 124:2; 160:22; 170:2;

174:21; 175:1, 4; 177:19;

180:9; 183:21; 184:2, 7;

187:13; 189:19; 200:4, 16;

201:19; 211:7; 218:14;

264:19

Study [1] - 75:13

stuff [5] - 91:9; 126:3; 128:2;

214:4; 260:9

style [2] - 135:22; 140:10

stymied [1] - 137:17

subcomponent [1] - 132:14

subheading [1] - 244:18

subject [5] - 112:11; 251:21;

260:10; 273:2; 276:24

submission [3] - 257:7;

273:12; 274:6

submissions [2] - 201:15;

206:2

submit [3] - 63:1; 151:3;

220:9

submitted [2] - 75:12;

257:19

submitting [1] - 133:8

subscribed [1] - 285:13

subsequent [1] - 22:3

subsequently [2] - 197:22;

259:14

substance [2] - 36:7, 25

substantial [4] - 15:19;

49:13; 91:18; 248:10

substantially [3] - 18:10;

165:11; 269:12

substantive [1] - 137:25

succeeding [1] - 12:9

success [3] - 12:16; 235:4;

240:13

successful [5] - 91:11;

142:18; 146:9; 179:2;

247:2

successfully [2] - 22:5;

227:24

successive [1] - 142:6

sucker [1] - 252:12

suddenly [4] - 36:13; 111:1;

133:20; 135:11

suffice [1] - 142:12

sufficient [5] - 116:14;

151:10; 239:13; 241:15

sufficiently [1] - 234:13

suggest [5] - 17:1; 61:3;

92:16; 225:22; 278:6

suggested [13] - 90:16;

112:14; 233:17; 241:9;

242:13; 256:18; 259:24;

266:6; 272:5; 273:3;

274:13, 20; 275:8

suggesting [3] - 9:7; 242:15;

260:16

suggestion [4] - 202:7;

206:15; 275:7; 280:11

suggestions [3] - 57:21;

135:21; 220:5

suicide [1] - 40:6

suite [10] - 6:11; 67:14;

143:15; 179:10; 182:18;

183:3, 11, 13, 19; 258:3

sum [3] - 26:15, 23; 153:5

summaries [1] - 141:21

summarize [2] - 26:19; 281:6

summarized [1] - 196:3

summary [7] - 22:15; 25:15;

65:8; 250:2; 258:25; 260:7;

262:6

summer [1] - 255:13

sums [1] - 27:1

Sunday [1] - 125:21

Super [2] - 68:20; 72:4

super [8] - 211:1, 3-4; 215:8,

16; 218:15; 224:9; 226:1

super-cooled [8] - 211:1,

3-4; 215:8, 16; 218:15;

224:9; 226:1

superseding [1] - 156:20

supervisor [1] - 205:16

supplemental [1] - 256:18

supplied [2] - 15:22; 248:9

suppliers [1] - 16:10

supplies [1] - 15:20

Supply [1] - 172:4

supply [10] - 15:19; 16:14;

22:18; 23:9; 95:7, 10;

144:12; 270:16, 19; 276:18

support [21] - 10:23, 25;

11:6; 17:20; 100:9; 125:13;

136:21; 144:24; 149:20;

164:18; 166:24; 171:17;

241:5; 243:24; 253:10;

267:3; 271:11; 278:5;

281:8, 21, 23

supported [2] - 24:9; 242:12

supporting [2] - 94:15; 233:7

supportive [1] - 34:9

suppose [5] - 43:3; 85:9, 17;

119:17; 177:7

suppressing [1] - 170:22

surface [4] - 246:24; 255:22;

263:22; 270:17

surfaces [1] - 216:2

surplus [2] - 116:14; 141:11

surprise [1] - 134:2

surprised [1] - 149:25

surprising [2] - 275:3

surrounded [1] - 223:13

surrounding [3] - 15:9; 19:3;

246:19

surveillance [4] - 244:3;

254:7, 10, 14

survey [1] - 120:3

surveying [1] - 244:2

surveys [2] - 30:11; 119:24

survival [2] - 242:8; 254:6

SUSAN [6] - 57:8; 84:16;

89:1; 129:2; 201:6; 262:11

Susan [4] - 3:6; 4:4; 7:17;

129:10

suspended [1] - 39:12

suspiciously [1] - 144:14

sustainability [5] - 11:25;

13:1; 150:25; 182:8;

249:18

Sustainability [1] - 182:7

sustainable [5] - 12:7, 25;

42:14; 82:6; 150:20

sustained [1] - 12:21

Swain [3] - 2:2; 192:10;

246:1

switching [1] - 51:1

syndromes [2] - 53:14; 60:6

synopsis [1] - 91:14

synthetic [1] - 89:15

system [12] - 40:6; 52:17;

115:16, 22; 117:13; 130:4;

143:18; 216:9; 218:4;

270:12, 14, 16

SYSTEM [1] - 2:17

systematic [2] - 63:19;

241:22

systems [7] - 171:4; 204:7,

10; 241:13

T

Table [5] - 6:4; 9:13; 26:14,

16, 18

table [2] - 8:12; 27:9

tableaux [1] - 103:19

tables [1] - 27:12

tag [1] - 112:16

take-off [1] - 205:11

takeaway [1] - 74:24

taker [1] - 178:25

talent [1] - 49:23

tall [1] - 223:15

tank [1] - 221:21

target [4] - 12:19; 70:10;

82:24; 94:16

targeted [2] - 96:5; 102:1

tasked [1] - 120:18

tax [2] - 47:1; 268:4

tax-based [1] - 268:4

taxes [1] - 46:25

taxi [4] - 68:5; 218:22; 219:4

taxis [1] - 68:5

taxiway [1] - 218:25

Taylor [7] - 147:11, 19;

148:20, 23; 184:4; 212:11;

282:6

teaching [1] - 148:20

team [7] - 45:3; 53:6; 100:21;

132:10; 178:2; 277:17;

281:3

teamed [1] - 133:1

teams [1] - 24:3

Technical [1] - 2:19

technical [14] - 8:10; 27:13;

151:19; 201:25; 230:5,

11-12, 22, 24; 233:8;

264:16, 19; 265:11

technicians [2] - 237:4;

253:25

technology [1] - 34:21

TELAV [1] - 2:18

telephone [2] - 159:4; 230:19

telephone) [4] - 4:16; 229:18

temperature [1] - 255:16

temporal [2] - 20:12; 170:8

temporary [1] - 269:3

ten [5] - 29:9; 154:20; 202:7;

203:7; 265:22

ten-minute [1] - 202:7

tend [1] - 140:11

tended [1] - 136:9

tending [1] - 71:18

tenure [9] - 6:6; 84:2, 13, 22;

90:13, 17, 20; 145:9

tenures [2] - 90:10, 14

term [27] - 18:19, 21; 22:6;

23:11; 42:12; 54:21; 56:16;

66:25; 73:21; 90:17, 20;

98:12; 122:3; 136:1;

138:25; 149:21; 152:5;


35

162:20; 165:7; 170:9, 17,

19; 172:19; 176:20;

185:22; 253:21

terms [33] - 44:18; 52:20;

55:9; 69:5; 75:17; 80:2;

81:21; 83:4; 109:6; 110:5;

123:20; 124:13; 125:18;

127:7, 23, 25; 138:21;

145:13; 147:4, 6; 151:14;

167:24; 171:1; 172:19;

186:6; 188:23; 195:22;

196:7, 11; 197:15; 215:23;

275:5; 277:15

terrain [1] - 217:8

terrestrial [6] - 143:15;

169:17; 171:21; 174:24;

255:1, 25

terrible [2] - 210:15; 222:11

territories [3] - 25:6; 97:18;

189:18

Territories [2] - 14:7; 112:15

territory [3] - 108:25; 130:17;

211:23

Territory [2] - 115:17, 20

test [4] - 31:2, 6; 180:14;

218:17

tested [1] - 239:20

testify [1] - 145:10

testimony [1] - 151:7

testing [3] - 180:8; 241:19,

21

text [2] - 27:10; 191:18

textbook [1] - 210:20

Thailand [1] - 69:3

thawing [1] - 127:12

THE [113] - 1:1; 2:5; 7:11;

8:3; 9:10, 15; 13:19; 14:1,

18, 21; 26:1, 5, 10; 27:18;

30:15; 42:20; 43:22; 44:21;

45:16; 47:9, 19; 48:1; 57:1,

5; 60:9; 61:1, 3, 11; 63:6,

10; 64:1, 4; 79:6; 82:13;

87:6; 89:14, 17, 20; 91:22;

92:11; 93:11; 96:16;

103:17, 25; 104:8; 115:8;

116:1, 11; 117:12, 18;

118:7, 13; 119:6, 17, 21;

120:5; 122:1, 24; 123:4,

17; 124:24; 128:11, 21;

130:9; 140:7; 153:14, 25;

154:12; 155:23; 156:1, 4;

157:15; 158:25; 159:3;

161:6; 174:7; 186:17, 20;

187:1, 10, 12, 21, 25;

189:6; 192:9, 12, 15, 19;

199:14; 200:7, 13, 21, 24;

202:6, 12; 210:11; 228:4,

11, 20, 24; 229:14; 245:25;

246:4, 8; 251:23; 260:6;

261:6, 13, 24; 283:7; 284:5

themselves [8] - 41:5; 82:5,

19; 91:11; 94:16; 95:4;

188:22

therapists [1] - 53:7

therapy [2] - 59:25

there'd [1] - 168:9

there'll [2] - 109:7; 111:19

thereafter [1] - 285:9

therefore [5] - 227:8; 258:13,

23; 272:22; 274:6

thereof [1] - 16:24

thesis [1] - 266:5

they've [2] - 103:2; 106:21

thin [1] - 126:25

thinking [6] - 83:3; 184:19;

195:2; 222:20; 223:7;

261:6

third [8] - 65:4; 67:5; 115:18;

182:11; 239:19; 254:23;

274:3; 275:7

Thompson [10] - 4:13;

102:21; 161:22; 199:15,

17; 200:25; 202:6, 13, 15;

228:4

THOMPSON [5] - 202:16;

210:12; 228:9, 15, 23

Thompson's [1] - 283:13

thorough [2] - 193:19;

246:16

thoughtful [1] - 117:8

thoughtfully [1] - 105:17

thousand [2] - 39:15; 130:7

thousands [1] - 162:4

threat [1] - 216:21

threatened [2] - 148:13;

150:2

threats [1] - 168:15

three [39] - 39:9; 40:24;

51:18; 59:25; 64:9; 65:17;

66:9; 73:17; 95:2; 99:21;

102:12; 110:23; 122:15,

17; 126:8; 131:3; 138:1;

142:11; 161:20; 164:9;

190:3; 193:14; 207:8,

10-11, 14; 208:7, 11, 23;

215:7; 223:22; 225:9, 15;

233:13; 257:2; 259:17;

267:16; 274:13

three-quarter [1] - 207:14

three-quarters [1] - 225:9

threshold [4] - 203:1;

207:20; 225:13; 226:3

thresholds [1] - 22:2

throughout [8] - 25:17;

95:25; 115:17; 118:23;

166:21; 250:4; 254:15;

277:8

throw [1] - 38:17

Thursday [2] - 284:8, 12

tight [1] - 80:2

tighter [1] - 79:24

timber [1] - 171:22

Timber [1] - 172:4

timeframes [1] - 106:19

timeline [1] - 235:5

timelines [1] - 243:18

timely [1] - 270:9

timers [1] - 35:25

timing [1] - 63:4

tireless [1] - 251:18

titled [1] - 21:11

TMMP [2] - 270:2, 6

TO [1] - 1:2

toad [1] - 169:10

today [33] - 9:24; 10:1; 11:18;

14:3, 8, 10, 17, 22; 15:22;

19:21; 25:14; 31:4; 32:2;

41:5; 48:23; 54:9; 63:1;

65:19; 103:12; 105:19;

113:19; 116:23; 118:10;

159:17; 160:1; 199:6, 24;

202:17; 257:19; 259:5;

272:19, 25; 280:14

today's [3] - 13:17; 42:9;

143:10

together [19] - 32:20; 46:4, 8;

48:16; 50:20; 57:15; 65:17;

68:15; 72:3; 84:14; 112:7;

166:25; 178:10; 190:4;

191:20; 261:9; 265:9;

274:21

tomorrow [1] - 284:8

tonne [2] - 215:1, 3

Tony [2] - 120:19; 124:7

TONY [1] - 91:23

took [5] - 33:10; 106:23;

209:14; 226:7; 227:17

tool [4] - 33:23; 112:1, 8;

177:12

tools [3] - 33:23; 34:16;

114:19

top [7] - 122:11; 165:18;

181:12; 210:18; 214:4;

222:25; 226:20

topic [9] - 147:2; 192:22;

202:23; 203:14; 205:23;

209:16; 262:24; 266:16;

283:16

Topic [2] - 1:12; 7:4

Topic-Specific [2] - 1:12; 7:4

topics [7] - 7:13; 9:22; 62:8;

128:13; 135:22; 266:10;

275:16

Toronto [1] - 205:17

total [10] - 20:15; 27:1; 39:18;

109:1; 172:3; 210:5; 237:6;

238:18; 246:24; 252:7

totally [1] - 124:10

touch [4] - 69:21; 76:5;

105:1; 238:7

touring [4] - 71:10; 73:20;

76:18; 98:2

tourism [75] - 61:14; 62:8,

12; 64:12, 14, 25; 65:10,

18, 21, 25; 66:2, 10, 12,

16, 19; 67:4, 9, 15-18;

68:1, 6, 10; 70:23; 71:15,

23; 72:1; 73:23; 74:5, 9,

24; 75:9, 25; 77:3, 10, 15,

18; 78:12; 79:11; 81:5, 10,

21; 82:7, 22; 83:13; 87:4;

88:9, 12; 91:5; 92:17, 24;

93:20, 23; 94:3, 9; 95:18,

21, 24; 100:9, 12, 20, 24;

101:17; 103:7, 13, 21;

156:11, 17, 22; 281:5, 7, 9,

16, 25

Tourism [10] - 62:13; 64:10;

75:13; 96:3; 100:3, 15, 22;

101:1; 103:14

tourism-related [1] - 81:5

tourist [3] - 85:20; 86:21;

90:23

Tourist [1] - 91:8

tourists [4] - 70:18; 97:24;

158:3; 281:20

tournament [1] - 49:22

tours [1] - 158:22

towards [4] - 96:5; 179:9;

228:1; 266:2

towed [2] - 228:25; 229:2

tower [1] - 211:20

town [3] - 58:22; 69:15;

204:19

towns [1] - 32:25

toys [1] - 30:21

track [2] - 58:11; 87:23

tracking [1] - 124:14

Tract [1] - 233:4

trade [3] - 135:2; 282:2

trade-offs [2] - 135:2

trades [6] - 15:7; 17:9; 18:12;

19:11; 24:16; 279:14

traditional [5] - 25:6; 97:17,

19; 130:17; 189:18

Traditional [1] - 14:7

traffic [19] - 78:11, 13, 17;

149:4; 208:13, 25; 209:3,

6; 213:5; 217:13; 219:3, 7;

221:9; 223:5; 227:21;

270:2; 276:8

Traffic [3] - 210:3; 218:1;

220:11

trails [3] - 74:4; 126:2; 157:2

train [1] - 223:14

trained [2] - 18:8; 237:3

Training [2] - 62:13; 64:11

training [11] - 18:3, 12, 20,

24; 24:17; 203:18, 22;

204:6; 209:23; 279:14

Trans [1] - 43:4

transcribed [4] - 64:4; 161:7;

246:4; 285:9

transcript [2] - 250:16;

285:10

transcripts [1] - 141:21

transects [1] - 118:23

transition [4] - 11:6; 161:17;

254:25; 280:2

transitional [1] - 269:7


36

translates [1] - 214:25

transparency [6] - 137:1;

142:2; 152:7; 248:14, 20;

268:5

transparent [2] - 141:19;

268:15

Transport [10] - 204:13;

206:7; 209:19; 211:10;

213:9; 216:15, 18; 228:16;

235:23; 284:1

transport's [2] - 203:18;

217:14

transportation [4] - 67:22;

203:5; 269:24; 270:6

Transportation [1] - 129:23

trap [12] - 97:19; 108:4,

11-12, 16, 19, 25; 109:1;

115:16, 19, 23; 249:20

trapped [1] - 243:13

trappers [2] - 84:5; 108:4

trapping [6] - 108:6; 115:13,

19, 22

trauma [1] - 148:10

travel [12] - 66:15, 17, 20;

67:1, 6; 72:25; 73:4; 79:25;

80:1; 98:16; 133:21

travelled [1] - 204:13

traveller [11] - 74:1, 6; 76:6,

12, 14-15; 79:10, 17;

85:22; 86:24; 98:19

travellers [6] - 68:25; 69:6;

76:8, 11, 24; 281:15

travelling [1] - 66:5

travels [1] - 73:22

treatment [1] - 202:23

Treaty [35] - 14:6; 115:11,

16-17, 19; 117:11, 18, 25;

118:18; 120:24; 121:7, 23;

123:1, 14; 130:17; 131:2;

139:25; 187:17, 22-23;

188:2, 8, 10; 189:2, 9;

192:13; 193:14; 200:19;

264:24; 265:3, 5, 7;

284:15, 22

tree [1] - 172:6

treks [1] - 73:21

tremendous [2] - 92:17, 25

Trench [1] - 92:18

trench [1] - 92:23

trend [4] - 165:7; 185:22;

188:13; 203:3

trends [8] - 154:21; 155:2;

165:21; 170:9, 12, 17;

172:19

Trevis [1] - 2:6

Trevor [4] - 3:8; 4:5; 7:20;

129:13

trial [15] - 159:19; 160:20;

161:18; 163:5; 165:17;

166:17; 167:11; 173:20-22;

180:12; 200:4; 282:23

trialing [1] - 180:8

Tribal [6] - 115:12; 189:9;

193:15; 264:24; 265:5, 7

TRIBAL [6] - 189:11; 190:5,

21; 191:2, 15; 192:16

tributaries [1] - 253:4

tried [6] - 81:19; 88:21;

113:24; 118:20; 195:1;

215:22

triggers [1] - 244:3

trip [7] - 33:7; 78:14; 96:7;

158:4, 6, 10, 18

trivialize [1] - 206:4

trouble [4] - 35:6; 36:23;

37:1; 39:11

troubled [1] - 261:13

troubleshooting [1] - 204:14

trough [1] - 227:6

trout [15] - 239:5; 240:6;

241:2; 242:7; 248:24;

249:4, 13; 250:25; 252:11;

255:17; 256:21; 259:22

truck [3] - 15:23; 43:15

trucking [2] - 15:7; 16:9

trucks [4] - 43:6; 79:16

true [5] - 47:17; 107:21;

109:25; 111:7; 285:9

truly [3] - 99:6; 179:4; 204:20

truncated [1] - 161:13

trust [6] - 22:8; 133:3; 137:1,

9; 140:17; 158:14

Trust [5] - 4:10; 130:12;

146:6, 12; 158:9

trusted [1] - 152:9

trustee [1] - 132:1

try [8] - 127:17; 138:11;

140:3; 147:3, 5; 196:5;

205:2; 206:3

trying [16] - 95:5; 96:9;

101:5; 112:4; 114:5;

145:16; 157:7; 162:22;

170:11; 177:17; 180:25;

198:20; 210:25; 211:16;

221:13; 223:19

Tuesday [1] - 7:1

turn [13] - 9:15; 19:15; 62:22;

128:24; 202:13; 219:8;

226:10; 237:17; 244:15;

247:3; 256:14; 262:5;

284:17

turning [7] - 15:3; 232:17;

233:22; 236:15; 243:7, 20;

250:1

two [64] - 14:9; 26:23; 49:11;

51:17; 52:3, 24; 55:22;

56:14; 65:8, 11; 69:22;

71:21; 73:16; 84:7, 13;

85:19; 90:13; 92:5, 8, 16;

93:5; 118:8, 11, 14;

128:13; 130:7; 140:19;

148:17; 152:15; 156:8;

161:21; 164:4; 167:22;

169:16; 176:24; 178:9;

179:15; 180:4; 181:10, 19;

182:9; 193:12; 195:17;

207:4; 215:18; 218:3;

221:10; 233:12; 238:7;

242:17, 25; 243:21;

246:21; 250:23; 251:2;

257:14; 260:7; 265:13;

267:15; 273:13; 284:4

two-and-a-half [1] - 221:10

type [14] - 56:21; 60:19;

80:19; 85:15; 90:19; 98:22;

127:11; 139:24; 177:3;

180:20; 182:3; 219:22;

239:17

types [8] - 170:14; 176:24;

240:17; 242:25; 244:5, 7;

253:14, 20

typically [1] - 51:17

U

U.S [2] - 76:8; 211:10

ultimately [1] - 244:9

UN [1] - 66:3

unable [2] - 23:1; 268:8

unacceptable [3] - 146:15;

153:10; 202:25

unactive [1] - 219:5

unbelievable [1] - 215:24

uncertainties [3] - 257:10;

259:11, 16

uncertainty [7] - 18:18;

19:13; 137:4; 241:25;

248:10; 259:9; 263:21

unconventional [1] - 170:20

uncrowded [1] - 72:17

under [32] - 20:7; 29:11;

49:15; 55:13; 90:10;

102:10; 147:15; 161:20;

169:3; 172:17; 173:4;

208:8, 17; 216:21; 226:24;

227:5; 237:6; 252:16;

258:4, 16; 261:9; 267:13;

271:14; 272:10, 20, 24;

273:6; 274:21; 275:6;

281:19

undergoing [1] - 163:12

underlying [2] - 181:2;

185:23

undertake [1] - 270:20

undertaken [4] - 140:19;

143:14; 153:20; 238:12

undertaking [8] - 106:23;

160:20; 163:15; 233:3;

257:18; 259:6; 270:23

UNDERTAKING [8] - 6:3, 5,

8, 11; 9:12; 84:21; 115:3;

183:19

undertakings [4] - 62:25;

63:2; 140:17; 199:23

UNDERTAKINGS [1] - 6:1

undeveloped [1] - 103:4

unemployment [2] - 30:25;

37:18

unexplained [1] - 149:11

unfold [2] - 41:19

unforeseen [1] - 270:8

unfortunate [1] - 126:19

unfortunately [8] - 20:18;

56:2; 60:4; 137:16; 159:11,

23; 183:12; 211:24

ungulate [4] - 182:22; 183:6,

10; 186:6

ungulates [3] - 107:3;

109:25; 132:24

unhappy [1] - 47:8

unintended [1] - 162:7

unique [10] - 51:13, 17, 19;

52:18; 72:1, 19; 149:15;

185:22; 271:19; 281:19

unit [5] - 120:14, 21; 161:11;

169:25; 174:15

units [14] - 122:16, 18; 123:8;

161:1, 3, 9, 13; 170:4;

175:3; 182:1; 269:5, 12,

21; 276:10

university [1] - 133:24

University [6] - 131:21, 24;

231:24; 232:10, 12

unknown [1] - 248:12

unless [4] - 56:4; 59:16;

104:1; 107:25

unlikely [1] - 249:19

unnecessary [1] - 138:5

unplanned [1] - 37:8

unpredictable [1] - 249:19

unrealistic [4] - 239:8;

240:10; 248:13; 249:16

unrelated [1] - 222:11

unrestricted [1] - 117:1

unsettled [1] - 149:17

unskilled [1] - 35:7

unstable [1] - 16:7

unsupportable [1] - 249:16

unsupported [1] - 239:8

unsustainable [1] - 203:3

unto [1] - 77:17

untouched [1] - 103:2

unusual [1] - 23:6

unwillingness [1] - 147:14

up [82] - 24:2; 26:9, 11; 32:4;

33:9; 37:20; 43:10; 49:23;

57:24; 58:4; 62:24; 72:7;

74:25; 76:7; 78:4; 79:13;

85:2; 87:4; 89:6; 90:3;

92:22, 24; 93:12; 94:10;

95:11; 96:6, 10, 22; 99:20;

101:9, 23; 102:22; 103:19;

106:16; 115:18; 116:17;

120:22; 121:13; 127:19;

128:24; 154:5; 156:14;

157:11, 15; 158:4, 6,

10-11; 165:23; 173:21;

179:7; 186:15; 192:13;

199:17; 200:18; 204:8;

212:6; 216:16; 218:8;

219:3, 13, 21; 220:22, 24;


37

222:17; 224:12, 14; 225:2;

229:6; 234:6; 237:5;

252:19; 257:12; 261:14;

269:11; 270:5; 274:18;

277:14, 21; 278:16

up-coming [1] - 277:14

up-scaling [1] - 269:11

update [1] - 269:18

updates [1] - 277:13

upfront [1] - 164:25

upgrade [2] - 218:10, 18

upgraded [1] - 222:6

uphill [1] - 224:25

upper [3] - 131:12, 15;

283:19

upslope [1] - 224:18

upstream [2] - 148:11; 184:4

urged [1] - 21:21

useful [2] - 131:3; 283:4

user [1] - 85:23

users [3] - 111:4; 112:20;

233:1

uses [4] - 66:3; 97:20; 99:7;

240:3

usual [2] - 8:3; 66:6

utilities [1] - 13:5

Utilities [6] - 136:2; 272:9,

11, 18; 274:22; 275:4

V

vacations [1] - 71:10

validation [2] - 239:15; 242:4

validity [1] - 257:15

valley [33] - 92:1; 102:18,

21-22; 103:1, 7; 106:21;

125:22; 127:9; 133:20;

134:12, 14, 17, 19; 135:13;

138:9; 146:21; 147:10, 17;

148:9, 15; 149:14; 150:24;

152:20; 157:8; 158:7;

172:23; 204:20; 212:11;

224:10, 14; 282:8, 10

Valley [18] - 87:11; 93:24;

126:12, 14; 127:4; 128:2;

131:2; 134:1; 136:8;

139:14, 18; 145:15;

150:22; 261:8; 265:7, 10,

18

Valley/Lower [1] - 87:20

valleys [1] - 150:21

valuable [2] - 137:23; 280:17

valuation [1] - 173:22

Value [1] - 75:13

value [22] - 8:16; 26:21;

139:4, 7, 10, 15, 17, 19;

143:10; 162:20; 166:13;

169:4, 19; 185:11, 18, 22;

186:15; 187:24; 188:12,

17; 233:6; 258:19

valued [2] - 171:21; 187:17

values [65] - 134:11, 19;

138:20, 25; 149:15;

150:15, 24; 153:1, 3;

161:1; 162:9, 12, 14, 18;

163:2, 22; 164:15; 165:6,

19-20; 166:23, 25; 167:9,

14, 16, 19, 22, 24; 168:6,

9-10, 12-13, 23; 169:1-3, 6,

8, 16; 175:2, 21; 178:13;

179:10; 180:13, 17; 181:6,

19; 182:5; 185:16; 186:2,

10; 187:14; 188:6, 22-23;

190:15; 200:3; 239:21

values-based [2] - 162:9;

185:16

values-focused [1] - 164:15

Vancouver [7] - 39:17;

75:22; 93:18; 94:10; 95:3;

99:1, 3

vapour [3] - 214:6; 215:1, 19

varied [1] - 133:5

various [2] - 28:5; 201:21

vary [1] - 242:1

VC [1] - 123:23

VCs [1] - 203:4

vegetation [19] - 233:14;

244:16; 245:2, 11-12, 15,

22; 246:11, 19; 247:18;

254:24; 255:5, 11, 18, 24;

256:8, 10, 12

vehicle [7] - 39:14; 40:4, 12;

42:23; 129:4; 138:12;

281:15

vehicles [6] - 30:21; 43:5, 7;

184:23; 228:24; 238:9

venting [1] - 216:4

verb [1] - 140:23

verification [1] - 12:15

verifications [1] - 8:8

verify [3] - 242:22; 243:1;

257:12

version [1] - 264:15

versus [5] - 163:10, 24;

171:15; 241:12; 242:7

vests [1] - 79:15

VFR [2] - 208:17, 24

via [4] - 4:16; 229:18

viability [1] - 249:24

vibration [1] - 264:17

Victoria [4] - 75:23; 94:10;

95:3; 228:8

view [18] - 28:13; 29:22;

35:10; 37:10; 43:17; 67:7;

82:22; 89:8; 92:12; 207:16;

209:13; 227:12; 235:18;

236:3; 250:11; 274:11;

281:19

viewing [6] - 73:5; 74:5;

138:11; 157:7, 12, 21

viewpoints [1] - 281:21

views [3] - 85:5, 12; 195:12

viewscapes [2] - 89:8; 103:1

VIPs [1] - 42:2

virtually [2] - 15:22; 145:7

visibility [11] - 120:2; 206:19,

24; 207:8, 14; 208:7, 22;

216:3; 218:12; 223:21

vision [4] - 176:16; 179:2;

265:9, 12

visit [5] - 88:12; 98:7;

101:20; 200:18

visiting [1] - 73:6

visitor [13] - 72:16; 74:1;

77:14, 16; 78:2, 20, 23;

87:2; 92:5, 7; 94:21; 281:9

visitor's [1] - 78:20

visitors [5] - 68:4; 75:20, 24;

157:23; 281:11

visits [1] - 72:16

Visual [1] - 2:18

visual [5] - 77:24; 89:2;

208:8; 209:3

vital [1] - 23:16

Volume [6] - 1:16; 6:4; 9:13;

250:16; 255:2; 256:17

volume [11] - 8:10; 69:7, 23;

70:3, 13; 85:23; 239:4;

240:4, 8; 255:14; 270:3

volunteer [2] - 131:1; 140:3

vulnerable [2] - 111:16, 19

W

WAC [1] - 158:12

wade [1] - 225:19

wait [7] - 56:7; 118:11; 219:6;

221:8, 12; 260:6

waiting [5] - 57:5; 208:15;

219:14, 16; 221:14

waitlist [1] - 53:1

waitlists [4] - 52:21; 56:10;

59:18

Wal [1] - 113:8

Wal-Marts [1] - 113:8

walk [2] - 41:3; 169:15

walk-in [1] - 41:3

walks [1] - 122:7

Wallace [1] - 2:4

walls [2] - 284:16

warbler [2] - 169:9

Ware [15] - 14:12, 24; 15:9,

12, 21, 23; 16:2, 14, 23;

17:9, 12-13; 18:17; 24:21;

92:23

Ware's [3] - 16:8; 17:2; 279:7

warm [8] - 134:12; 221:14;

224:12; 226:16, 18; 227:6,

10

warming [3] - 224:4; 255:12,

15

warms [1] - 224:16

Washington [1] - 72:24

waste [1] - 137:21

watch [4] - 51:24; 79:12;

284:18

watched [2] - 203:8; 213:7

water [41] - 127:19; 167:22;

169:18-20; 170:5, 17-18;

171:13, 18; 181:5, 7, 15;

182:8; 185:12; 214:24;

215:1, 19; 243:10, 12;

245:16, 23; 246:9, 24;

247:2, 15; 254:5; 255:14,

16; 256:1; 263:21; 264:6;

270:12, 14, 16, 18-19;

276:18

Water [1] - 182:7

waterfowl [1] - 106:24

waterfront [1] - 262:13

waterline [1] - 246:18

Waterloo [2] - 231:24;

232:10

waters [1] - 133:13

watershed [17] - 114:4, 12,

17; 145:6; 161:3; 166:10;

170:4, 6; 171:7; 181:3, 8,

11, 22; 182:1, 5; 246:21;

253:13

watersheds [6] - 170:1, 25;

180:24; 253:12, 17

Watterson [1] - 270:13

ways [4] - 44:15; 78:4; 163:5;

282:8

wealth [1] - 30:20

wearing [1] - 28:5

weather [18] - 126:20;

159:11; 202:19, 22;

203:24; 206:21; 207:24;

208:19, 23; 213:22, 25;

220:10; 221:18; 222:1;

224:1; 227:3; 283:14

website [7] - 6:7; 44:14;

83:25; 84:24; 91:5; 210:8,

23

Wednesday [1] - 53:5

week [11] - 53:10; 59:25;

83:9; 120:9; 130:23;

141:10; 143:5; 149:16

week-by-week [1] - 149:16

weekend [2] - 125:14; 126:3

weekly [1] - 59:24

weeks [5] - 28:1; 39:9; 53:13;

76:18; 133:17

weight [2] - 215:22

welcome [11] - 7:12; 27:17,

19; 48:1; 80:1; 130:9;

131:10; 201:4; 231:9;

280:11; 284:17

welcomes [1] - 48:20

welcoming [1] - 69:13

well-being [4] - 32:18;

139:13; 148:4, 24

well-established [2] - 49:6,

10

well-positioned [1] - 21:2

well-recognized [1] - 97:9

well-rounded [1] - 51:2

wells [4] - 28:22; 34:25;

264:1, 6


38

West [4] - 21:10; 190:19;

191:4, 8

west [3] - 93:3; 130:2; 225:4

westerly [1] - 222:18

western [2] - 169:9; 204:14

wet [1] - 215:7

whatnot [1] - 86:23

whatsoever [1] - 172:14

whereas [4] - 60:1; 81:15;

163:16; 256:1

WHEREOF [1] - 285:13

whichever [1] - 172:2

Whistler [5] - 75:22; 93:25;

94:10; 95:3; 98:24

white [1] - 217:9

whitefish [4] - 234:1; 251:1;

252:14; 256:21

Whitehorse [2] - 203:20, 22

Whiten [1] - 278:21

whitetail [1] - 126:15

whitetails [1] - 126:4

who've [1] - 31:9

whole [13] - 47:2; 50:5;

52:10; 60:7; 117:2; 196:4;

216:17; 224:24; 242:24;

263:19; 271:9; 284:7

wide [4] - 72:18; 97:4, 14, 16

wide-open [1] - 72:18

widely [2] - 33:18; 124:17

wife [4] - 125:20; 130:21;

135:7; 148:20

wildlife [58] - 19:25; 72:18;

74:5; 104:6; 125:15, 24;

127:14, 24; 128:1, 3;

131:24; 132:11, 13, 24;

134:16, 18; 138:11;

142:23; 143:12, 21, 24;

144:3, 9; 145:9, 14, 19;

157:7, 12, 19, 21, 24-25;

158:17, 24; 175:12;

181:16, 20; 182:16-18,

20-21; 183:4, 6, 9; 184:9,

12, 23; 185:14; 186:3, 5, 7,

12; 188:12, 25

Wildlife [1] - 84:11

wildlife-viewing [1] - 157:21

willing [4] - 16:1, 11; 25:20;

47:21

willingness [1] - 280:24

Williston [8] - 20:17; 134:15;

142:22; 144:23; 145:4, 19;

146:4; 158:20

win [3] - 30:13; 35:11; 39:19

wind [9] - 212:18; 218:6, 9;

222:18; 224:24; 225:4, 23;

261:14

window [2] - 34:13; 42:10

window-dressing [2] -

34:13; 42:10

winds [2] - 224:22; 227:19

windshield [2] - 207:17;

216:4

wing [2] - 211:5; 227:10

wings [1] - 216:1

winter [16] - 71:14; 102:10;

106:22; 125:25; 126:14,

16; 127:5, 11, 18; 182:22;

183:6, 10; 184:13; 186:6;

215:15

wisdom [1] - 93:11

wisely [1] - 36:23

wish [4] - 25:19; 92:6;

251:22; 282:11

withdrawal [1] - 171:3

withdrawals [1] - 169:20

withstand [1] - 148:2

WITNESS [1] - 285:13

witness [1] - 47:12

witnesses [1] - 179:19

wonder [7] - 43:10; 57:6;

88:23; 96:19; 99:9; 222:20;

223:7

wondered [2] - 184:18, 24

wonderful [4] - 67:12; 88:9;

99:25; 200:7

wondering [20] - 8:17; 42:24;

55:4; 83:17; 85:15; 87:10;

93:5, 19; 98:3, 8; 107:3, 6;

108:6; 109:15; 113:18;

114:13; 118:24; 119:3;

155:17; 179:24

wood [4] - 131:14; 212:7;

214:6, 25

woody [2] - 245:15; 255:19

word [11] - 32:16; 67:16;

86:14; 141:16; 206:10;

213:22, 25; 214:3, 18;

216:14; 217:19

words [2] - 22:10; 33:18

worker [2] - 10:11; 268:23

workers [7] - 17:16; 18:4, 7;

56:1; 98:13; 154:18; 269:2

workforce [4] - 45:9, 14;

154:16

works [4] - 50:4; 70:13;

203:8

workshop [4] - 27:25; 33:2;

45:3; 259:12

workshops [1] - 257:3

world [11] - 30:4; 50:16;

66:2; 69:6; 72:15; 85:13;

206:17, 23; 213:4; 241:13;

242:6

worldwide [1] - 152:18

worried [2] - 109:10; 110:18

worry [1] - 149:20

worst [2] - 222:24; 227:2

worth [1] - 97:13

worthwhile [2] - 16:4; 92:1

wrapped [1] - 51:18

wreck [1] - 210:13

writing [2] - 81:24; 214:11

written [4] - 66:3; 149:5;

213:1; 230:8


39

wrote [1] - 32:4

Y

Y2Y [1] - 265:8

yard [1] - 223:14

year [38] - 10:25; 13:1; 28:1;

30:12; 40:21; 46:25; 49:5,

12; 52:25; 53:1; 54:6;

64:23; 66:7, 23; 86:11;

95:12; 98:15; 110:3, 23;

111:2; 117:2, 9; 126:4, 7-8;

146:11; 148:6; 149:17;

158:4; 162:5; 186:24;

190:9; 191:10; 220:20;

281:11; 283:20

year-by-year [1] - 149:17

years [45] - 29:9; 30:9; 36:20;

40:10, 20, 24; 48:9, 13;

49:4, 19; 51:11; 52:3, 10,

24; 68:21; 95:22; 96:9;

97:9; 105:15; 106:10, 15;

109:19; 112:16; 117:25;

120:18; 130:6; 134:5;

135:7; 136:2, 14; 148:7;

149:19; 152:15; 154:4, 20;

155:22; 191:5; 201:19;

203:7; 206:18; 222:16, 19;

266:22; 267:16

yellow [3] - 37:23; 67:21

Yellowknife [1] - 203:21

yesterday [8] - 8:9; 11:24;

25:13; 56:9; 78:10; 262:18;

264:10; 271:4

York [1] - 31:22

young [9] - 36:17; 37:1, 25;

44:7; 45:12; 46:14; 47:2;

147:7

younger [3] - 37:25; 38:5;

43:23

Youngson [1] - 283:25

yourself [1] - 104:18

youth [3] - 39:6; 51:4; 100:7

YURKOVICH [8] - 9:19; 57:8;

84:16; 89:1; 129:2; 201:6;

262:11; 283:9

Yurkovich [5] - 3:6; 4:4;

7:17; 129:10, 21

Z

Zaa [1] - 133:15

Zealand [1] - 69:3

zone [21] - 108:24; 125:19,

24; 126:1, 11; 191:22;

208:10, 12, 15, 18; 209:6;

212:10; 213:6; 215:17;

217:13; 221:9, 11; 224:6;

254:25; 265:14

zones [2] - 91:2; 126:5

zooplankton [1] - 256:4

canada environmental assessment agency british … · daryl harrison. gary robinson. steve nicol....

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